diff options
| author | Andrew Dolgov <[email protected]> | 2022-07-31 09:15:00 +0300 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Andrew Dolgov <[email protected]> | 2022-07-31 09:15:00 +0300 |
| commit | 7187ab859db71fd706a6ea67587b21ad0fe588df (patch) | |
| tree | 0c36632720ec06fb18dd999132fffdb55284fb8c /plugins | |
| parent | 4aefbd628e9a0e1eac58523904ad887b0635cda3 (diff) | |
fork masterminds html5-php
Diffstat (limited to 'plugins')
144 files changed, 59632 insertions, 56 deletions
diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/composer.json b/plugins/af_readability/composer.json index 233f27557..7a7eab59c 100644 --- a/plugins/af_readability/composer.json +++ b/plugins/af_readability/composer.json @@ -1,9 +1,16 @@ { + "minimum-stability": "dev", + "prefer-stable": true, "repositories": [ { - "name": "fivefilters/readability.php", - "type": "vcs", - "url": "https://dev.tt-rss.org/fox/readability-php.git" + "name": "fivefilters/readability.php", + "type": "vcs", + "url": "https://dev.tt-rss.org/fox/readability-php.git" + }, + { + "name": "masterminds/html5", + "type": "vcs", + "url": "https://dev.tt-rss.org/fox/html5-php.git" } ], "require": { diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/composer.lock b/plugins/af_readability/composer.lock index 8b7fea05a..32e78d79f 100644 --- a/plugins/af_readability/composer.lock +++ b/plugins/af_readability/composer.lock @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ "Read more about it at https://getcomposer.org/doc/01-basic-usage.md#installing-dependencies", "This file is @generated automatically" ], - "content-hash": "351bb4bce6353ca338c03626bab6413f", + "content-hash": "183ed768c66eb8f183350edf06c06a63", "packages": [ { "name": "fivefilters/readability.php", @@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ "source": { "type": "git", "url": "https://dev.tt-rss.org/fox/readability-php.git", - "reference": "5ad152c70376002f043bb936d8ae5eed103fb993" + "reference": "8ac5abdd497b37d2be4833bcf18d6819bba4d9c9" }, "require": { "ext-dom": "*", "ext-mbstring": "*", "ext-xml": "*", "league/uri": "^6.4", - "masterminds/html5": "^2.0", + "masterminds/html5": "2.7.x-dev@dev", "php": ">=7.3.0", "psr/log": "^1.0" }, @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ "html", "readability" ], - "time": "2022-07-16T13:23:08+00:00" + "time": "2022-07-31T06:02:47+00:00" }, { "name": "league/uri", @@ -238,18 +238,12 @@ }, { "name": "masterminds/html5", - "version": "2.7.5", + "version": "dev-master", "source": { "type": "git", - "url": "https://github.com/Masterminds/html5-php.git", + "url": "https://dev.tt-rss.org/fox/html5-php.git", "reference": "f640ac1bdddff06ea333a920c95bbad8872429ab" }, - "dist": { - "type": "zip", - "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/Masterminds/html5-php/zipball/f640ac1bdddff06ea333a920c95bbad8872429ab", - "reference": "f640ac1bdddff06ea333a920c95bbad8872429ab", - "shasum": "" - }, "require": { "ext-ctype": "*", "ext-dom": "*", @@ -259,6 +253,7 @@ "require-dev": { "phpunit/phpunit": "^4.8.35 || ^5.7.21 || ^6 || ^7" }, + "default-branch": true, "type": "library", "extra": { "branch-alias": { @@ -270,7 +265,11 @@ "Masterminds\\": "src" } }, - "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/", + "autoload-dev": { + "psr-4": { + "Masterminds\\HTML5\\Tests\\": "test/HTML5" + } + }, "license": [ "MIT" ], @@ -291,18 +290,14 @@ "description": "An HTML5 parser and serializer.", "homepage": "http://masterminds.github.io/html5-php", "keywords": [ - "HTML5", "dom", "html", + "html5", "parser", "querypath", "serializer", "xml" ], - "support": { - "issues": "https://github.com/Masterminds/html5-php/issues", - "source": "https://github.com/Masterminds/html5-php/tree/2.7.5" - }, "time": "2021-07-01T14:25:37+00:00" }, { @@ -466,11 +461,11 @@ ], "packages-dev": [], "aliases": [], - "minimum-stability": "stable", + "minimum-stability": "dev", "stability-flags": { "fivefilters/readability.php": 20 }, - "prefer-stable": false, + "prefer-stable": true, "prefer-lowest": false, "platform": [], "platform-dev": [], diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/InstalledVersions.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/InstalledVersions.php index f11e99676..dff9a52c6 100644 --- a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/InstalledVersions.php +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/InstalledVersions.php @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class InstalledVersions 'aliases' => array ( ), - 'reference' => '5006c754c42a09f5b88b258c2da4b9eff7508357', + 'reference' => '4aefbd628e9a0e1eac58523904ad887b0635cda3', 'name' => '__root__', ), 'versions' => @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class InstalledVersions 'aliases' => array ( ), - 'reference' => '5006c754c42a09f5b88b258c2da4b9eff7508357', + 'reference' => '4aefbd628e9a0e1eac58523904ad887b0635cda3', ), 'fivefilters/readability.php' => array ( @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class InstalledVersions array ( 0 => '9999999-dev', ), - 'reference' => '5ad152c70376002f043bb936d8ae5eed103fb993', + 'reference' => '8ac5abdd497b37d2be4833bcf18d6819bba4d9c9', ), 'league/uri' => array ( @@ -74,10 +74,11 @@ class InstalledVersions ), 'masterminds/html5' => array ( - 'pretty_version' => '2.7.5', - 'version' => '2.7.5.0', + 'pretty_version' => 'dev-master', + 'version' => 'dev-master', 'aliases' => array ( + 0 => '2.7.x-dev', ), 'reference' => 'f640ac1bdddff06ea333a920c95bbad8872429ab', ), diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/autoload_psr4.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/autoload_psr4.php index ec14cbb94..bda58c36e 100644 --- a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/autoload_psr4.php +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/autoload_psr4.php @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ $baseDir = dirname($vendorDir); return array( 'fivefilters\\Readability\\' => array($vendorDir . '/fivefilters/readability.php/src'), 'Psr\\Log\\' => array($vendorDir . '/psr/log/Psr/Log'), - 'Psr\\Http\\Message\\' => array($vendorDir . '/psr/http-message/src', $vendorDir . '/psr/http-factory/src'), + 'Psr\\Http\\Message\\' => array($vendorDir . '/psr/http-factory/src', $vendorDir . '/psr/http-message/src'), 'Masterminds\\' => array($vendorDir . '/masterminds/html5/src'), 'League\\Uri\\' => array($vendorDir . '/league/uri/src', $vendorDir . '/league/uri-interfaces/src'), ); diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/autoload_static.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/autoload_static.php index b4d70b4f4..a21b92886 100644 --- a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/autoload_static.php +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/autoload_static.php @@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ class ComposerStaticInitb44cc79a0eaef9cd9c2f2ac697cbe9c0 ), 'Psr\\Http\\Message\\' => array ( - 0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/http-message/src', - 1 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/http-factory/src', + 0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/http-factory/src', + 1 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/http-message/src', ), 'Masterminds\\' => array ( diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/installed.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/installed.json index 210558b4a..48dd76515 100644 --- a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/installed.json +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/installed.json @@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ "source": { "type": "git", "url": "https://dev.tt-rss.org/fox/readability-php.git", - "reference": "5ad152c70376002f043bb936d8ae5eed103fb993" + "reference": "8ac5abdd497b37d2be4833bcf18d6819bba4d9c9" }, "require": { "ext-dom": "*", "ext-mbstring": "*", "ext-xml": "*", "league/uri": "^6.4", - "masterminds/html5": "^2.0", + "masterminds/html5": "2.7.x-dev@dev", "php": ">=7.3.0", "psr/log": "^1.0" }, @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ "suggest": { "monolog/monolog": "Allow logging debug information" }, - "time": "2022-07-16T13:23:08+00:00", + "time": "2022-07-31T06:02:47+00:00", "default-branch": true, "type": "library", "installation-source": "source", @@ -241,19 +241,13 @@ }, { "name": "masterminds/html5", - "version": "2.7.5", - "version_normalized": "2.7.5.0", + "version": "dev-master", + "version_normalized": "dev-master", "source": { "type": "git", - "url": "https://github.com/Masterminds/html5-php.git", + "url": "https://dev.tt-rss.org/fox/html5-php.git", "reference": "f640ac1bdddff06ea333a920c95bbad8872429ab" }, - "dist": { - "type": "zip", - "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/Masterminds/html5-php/zipball/f640ac1bdddff06ea333a920c95bbad8872429ab", - "reference": "f640ac1bdddff06ea333a920c95bbad8872429ab", - "shasum": "" - }, "require": { "ext-ctype": "*", "ext-dom": "*", @@ -264,19 +258,24 @@ "phpunit/phpunit": "^4.8.35 || ^5.7.21 || ^6 || ^7" }, "time": "2021-07-01T14:25:37+00:00", + "default-branch": true, "type": "library", "extra": { "branch-alias": { "dev-master": "2.7-dev" } }, - "installation-source": "dist", + "installation-source": "source", "autoload": { "psr-4": { "Masterminds\\": "src" } }, - "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/", + "autoload-dev": { + "psr-4": { + "Masterminds\\HTML5\\Tests\\": "test/HTML5" + } + }, "license": [ "MIT" ], @@ -297,18 +296,14 @@ "description": "An HTML5 parser and serializer.", "homepage": "http://masterminds.github.io/html5-php", "keywords": [ - "HTML5", "dom", "html", + "html5", "parser", "querypath", "serializer", "xml" ], - "support": { - "issues": "https://github.com/Masterminds/html5-php/issues", - "source": "https://github.com/Masterminds/html5-php/tree/2.7.5" - }, "install-path": "../masterminds/html5" }, { diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/installed.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/installed.php index 59bb35917..f5d8aae68 100644 --- a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/installed.php +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/composer/installed.php @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ 'aliases' => array ( ), - 'reference' => '5006c754c42a09f5b88b258c2da4b9eff7508357', + 'reference' => '4aefbd628e9a0e1eac58523904ad887b0635cda3', 'name' => '__root__', ), 'versions' => @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ 'aliases' => array ( ), - 'reference' => '5006c754c42a09f5b88b258c2da4b9eff7508357', + 'reference' => '4aefbd628e9a0e1eac58523904ad887b0635cda3', ), 'fivefilters/readability.php' => array ( @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ array ( 0 => '9999999-dev', ), - 'reference' => '5ad152c70376002f043bb936d8ae5eed103fb993', + 'reference' => '8ac5abdd497b37d2be4833bcf18d6819bba4d9c9', ), 'league/uri' => array ( @@ -50,10 +50,11 @@ ), 'masterminds/html5' => array ( - 'pretty_version' => '2.7.5', - 'version' => '2.7.5.0', + 'pretty_version' => 'dev-master', + 'version' => 'dev-master', 'aliases' => array ( + 0 => '2.7.x-dev', ), 'reference' => 'f640ac1bdddff06ea333a920c95bbad8872429ab', ), diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/.github/workflows/main.yml b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/.github/workflows/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3682e6434 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/.github/workflows/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +# This is a basic workflow to help you get started with Actions + +name: CI + +# Controls when the workflow will run +on: + # Triggers the workflow on push or pull request events but only for the master branch + push: + branches: [ master ] + pull_request: + branches: [ master ] + + # Allows you to run this workflow manually from the Actions tab + workflow_dispatch: + +# A workflow run is made up of one or more jobs that can run sequentially or in parallel +jobs: + # This workflow contains a single job called "build" + build: + # The type of runner that the job will run on + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + + strategy: + matrix: + php: ['7.3', '7.4', '8'] + libxml: ['2.9.4', '2.9.5', '2.9.10', '2.9.12'] + + # Steps represent a sequence of tasks that will be executed as part of the job + steps: + # Checks-out your repository under $GITHUB_WORKSPACE, so your job can access it + - uses: actions/checkout@v2 + + # Runs a single command using the runners shell + #- name: Run a one-line script + # run: echo Hello, world! + + # Runs a set of commands using the runners shell + - name: Run a multi-line script + run: | + composer install + docker build --build-arg PHP_VERSION=${{matrix.php}} --build-arg LIBXML_VERSION=${{matrix.libxml}} -t gh-action - < ./docker/php/Dockerfile + docker run --volume $PWD:/app --workdir="/app" --env XDEBUG_MODE=coverage gh-action php ./vendor/bin/phpunit --coverage-clover /app/test/clover.xml diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/composer.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/composer.json index aba02cf40..72706cca6 100644 --- a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/composer.json +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/composer.json @@ -5,6 +5,13 @@ "keywords": ["readability", "html"], "homepage": "https://github.com/fivefilters/readability.php", "license": "Apache-2.0", + "repositories": [ + { + "name": "masterminds/html5", + "type": "vcs", + "url": "https://dev.tt-rss.org/fox/html5-php.git" + } + ], "authors": [ { "name": "Andres Rey", @@ -32,7 +39,7 @@ "ext-xml": "*", "ext-mbstring": "*", "psr/log": "^1.0", - "masterminds/html5": "^2.0", + "masterminds/html5": "2.7.x-dev@dev", "league/uri": "^6.4" }, "require-dev": { diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/docker/php/build.Dockerfile b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/docker/php/build.Dockerfile new file mode 100644 index 000000000..270b6d99a --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/docker/php/build.Dockerfile @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +# Use this file to build a Docker image using the versions of PHP and Libxml specified. +# We have pre-built images at https://hub.docker.com/r/fivefilters/php-libxml which are faster to load than building from this file. +# To build using this file, use the following command from the root project folder (replace version of PHP/Libxml with the ones you want to use): +# docker build --build-arg PHP_VERSION=7.4 --build-arg LIBXML_VERSION=2.9.12 -t php-libxml -f ./docker/php/Dockerfile . + +# To upload the image to Docker Hub, the tag (-t) value should be something like org/repo:tag, e.g. for us, fivefilters/php-libxml:php-8-libxml-2.9.12 +# The tag can be applied afterwards too, e.g. docker tag php-libxml org/repo:tag + +ARG PHP_VERSION=8 +FROM php:${PHP_VERSION}-cli + +# Install sqlite and libonig-dev (required for building PHP 7.4) +RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y libsqlite3-dev libonig-dev +# Install libsodium (package doesn't work for some reason) +RUN curl https://download.libsodium.org/libsodium/releases/LATEST.tar.gz -o /tmp/libsodium.tar.gz && \ + cd /tmp && \ + tar -xzf libsodium.tar.gz && \ + cd libsodium-stable/ && \ + ./configure && \ + make && make check && \ + make install +# Install custom version of libxml2 +RUN apt-get install -y automake libtool unzip libssl-dev +# Remove current version +RUN apt-get remove -y libxml2 +# Download new version, configure and compile +ARG LIBXML_VERSION=2.9.12 +RUN curl https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxml2/-/archive/v$LIBXML_VERSION/libxml2-v$LIBXML_VERSION.zip -o /tmp/libxml.zip && \ + cd /tmp && \ + unzip libxml.zip && \ + cd libxml2-v$LIBXML_VERSION && \ + ./autogen.sh --libdir=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu && \ + make && \ + make install +# Recompile PHP with the new libxml2 library +RUN docker-php-source extract && \ + cd /usr/src/php && \ + ./configure \ + --with-libxml \ + --enable-mbstring \ + --with-openssl \ + --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/etc/php \ + --with-config-file-scan-dir=/usr/local/etc/php/conf.d && \ + make && make install && \ + docker-php-source delete + +RUN apt-get update + +#RUN pecl install libsodium + +# Check if there's a pinned version of Xdebug for compatibility reasons +ARG XDEBUG_VERSION +RUN pecl install xdebug$(if [ ! ${XDEBUG_VERSION} = '' ]; then echo -${XDEBUG_VERSION} ; fi) && docker-php-ext-enable xdebug + +# Required by coveralls +RUN apt-get install git -y diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/archive-of-our-own/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/archive-of-our-own/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0637a088a --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/archive-of-our-own/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/archive-of-our-own/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/archive-of-our-own/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f6df8f45 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/archive-of-our-own/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Organization for Transformative Works", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "An Archive of Our Own, a project of the Organization for Transformative Works", + "Image": null, + "Title": "Conversations with a Cryptid - Chapter 1 - AMournfulHowlInTheNight - \u50d5\u306e\u30d2\u30fc\u30ed\u30fc\u30a2\u30ab\u30c7\u30df\u30a2 | Boku no Hero Academia", + "SiteName": null +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/archive-of-our-own/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/archive-of-our-own/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1d1f93ce --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/archive-of-our-own/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,317 @@ +<div role="article" id="chapters"> + <h3 id="work"> + Chapter Text + </h3> + <p> + Izuku was struggling to understand how he had even managed to get here, seated before the archvillain of Japan with only a sense of dread to keep him company. All Might sat concealed in an observation room, of the firm opinion that he could only aggravate the prisoner and he sent Izuku off with a strained smile. A vague haze hovered over Izuku’s memory. It started with a simple conversation gone astray on a long drive home. + </p> + + <p> + “So, who is All For One? Do we know anything about him beyond what you told me before? He’s been imprisoned for months now.” Izuku remembered asking All Might from the backseat of the car as Detective Tsukauchi leisurely drove along a sprawling highway. + </p> + <p> + Playing on the car radio was an aftermath report of a villain attack in downtown Tokyo. Izuku caught the phrase “liquid body” from the female reporter before Detective Tsukauchi changed the channel. + </p> + <p> + “Nope. Still nothing. No one really wants to speak to him,” All Might had replied brightly. “He gives off polite airs, but he’s a piece of work.” All Might’s mostly obstructed shoulders in the front seat shrugged. “Not much you can do with someone like him. Everything that comes out is a threat or taunt.” All Might carefully waved his hand in a circular motion towards the side of his head. + </p> + <p> + “No one’s even made it through a full interview with him, from what I’ve heard,” Detective Tsukauchi added from behind the wheel. “He plays mind games with them. The prison also has a “no recent events” policy on any discussions with him as well. Just in case he ends up with ideas or has some means of communicating. Given that people only want to ask him about current events, it doesn’t leave much to talk about.” + </p> + <p> + “Wait, they still don’t know what Quirks he has?” Izuku asked exasperatedly. “They can’t if there’s still an information block on visits.” + </p> + <p> + “Nope. We have no idea what he can do. They can run DNA tests, but it’s not like anyone apart from him even knows how his Quirk works. They could get matches with any number of people, but if they’re not in a database then we can’t cross-reference them anyway. Even if they run an analysis, the data doesn’t mean anything without the ability to interpret it,” All Might gestured with a skeletal finger. “It’s a waste of time after the initial tests were conducted. They weren’t game to MRI him either, given he’s definitely got a Quirk that creates metal components.” + </p> + <p> + “No one’s bothered to ask him anything about… anything?” Izuku asked, dumbfounded. “He must be around two-hundred years old and people can’t think of a single non-current affairs thing to ask him?” + </p> + <p> + In some ways it was unfathomable that they’d let a potential resource go to waste. On the other hand, said potential resource had blown up a city, murdered numerous people and terrorised Japan for over a century. At the very least. + </p> + <p> + “Well, I tried to ask him about Shigaraki, but he didn’t say much of anything really. Some garbage about you being too dependent on me and him letting Shigaraki run wild and how he just wanted to be the ultimate evil,” All Might shrugged again. “He spends too much time talking about nothing.” + </p> + <p> + Izuku shifted his head onto his arm. “But, that’s not really nothing, is it?” + </p> + <p> + “What do you mean?” Izuku had the feeling that All Might would have been looking at him with the <i>you’re about to do something stupid aren’t you</i> expression that was thankfully becoming less common. + </p> + <p> + “Well, he clearly doesn’t know anything about us, All Might, if he thinks that you’re just going to let go of me after not even two years of being taught. Maybe Shigaraki was dependent on adult figures, but I don’t even remember my dad and mum’s been busy working and keeping the house together. I’ve never had a lot of adult supervision before,” Izuku laughed nervously. “I had to find ways to keep myself entertained. If anything, I’m on the disobedient side of the scale.” All Might outright giggled. + </p> + <p> + “I’ll say, especially after what happened with Overhaul. I’m surprised your mother let you leave the dorms again after that.” + </p> + <p> + “I’m surprised she didn’t withdraw and ground me until I was thirty.” + </p> + <p> + “Oh? That strict?” Tsukauchi asked. + </p> + <p> + “She has her moments,” Izuku smiled fondly. “Do you think she’d agree to me asking the archvillain of Japan about his Quirk?” Izuku asked, only partially joking. There was an itch at the back of his head, a feeling of something missing that poked and prodded at his senses. + </p> + <p> + All Might coughed and sprayed the dash with a fine red mist. “Absolutely not! I forbid it!” + </p> + <p> + “That’s exactly why I’m asking her and not you,” Izuku grinned from the backseat. + </p> + <p> + “He’s evil!” + </p> + <p> + “He’s ancient. You honestly don’t wonder about the sort of things someone with that life experience and Quirk would have run across to end up the way he did?” + </p> + <p> + “Nope, he made it perfectly clear that he always wanted to be the supreme evil,” All Might snipped through folded arms. + </p> + <p> + “Yeah, and I’ll just take his word for that, won’t I?” Izuku grinned. “If he does nothing but lie, then that’s probably one too, but there’s a grain of truth in there somewhere.” + </p> + <p> + “What would you even do? Harass him into telling you his life story?” All Might sighed. + </p> + <p> + “Not when I can kill him with kindness. Who knows, it might even be poisonous for him.” + </p> + <p> + “You’re explaining this to your mother. Teacher or not, I’m not being on the receiving end of this one.” + </p> + <p> + Izuku blinked for a moment. “You’ll let me?” + </p> + <p> + “I’m not entirely for it, but any prospective information on what influenced Shigaraki can only be a good thing. If anything goes south we can pull you out pretty easily. Just be aware of who and what you’re dealing with.” Struggling, All Might turned a serious look to Izuku around the side of the seat. “<i>Only</i> if your mother gives the okay.” + </p> + <p> + The conversation turned to school for the rest of the way. + </p> + + <p> + It might have been curiosity or it might have been the nagging sensation that chewed at his brain for the three weeks that he researched the subject of the conversation. All For One was a cryptid. Mystical in more ways than one, he was only a rumour on a network that was two-hundred years old. There were whispers of a shadowy figure who once ruled Japan, intermingled with a string of conspiracies and fragmented events. + </p> + <p> + Izuku had even braved the dark web, poking and prodding at some of the seedier elements of the world wide web. The internet had rumours, but the dark web had stories.<br> + </p> + <p> + An implied yakuza wrote about his grandfather who lost a fire manipulation Quirk and his sanity without any reason. His grandfather had been institutionalised, crying and repeating “he took it, he took it” until his dying days. No one could console him. + </p> + <p> + Another user spoke of a nursing home where a room full of dementia residents inexplicably became docile and no longer used their Quirks on the increasingly disturbed staff. The nursing home erupted into flames just before a court case against them commenced. + </p> + <p> + A user with neon pink text spoke of how their great-great-great-great grandmother with a longevity Quirk had simply aged rapidly one day and passed away in her sleep, her face a mask of terror. No cause had ever been found. + </p> + <p> + A hacker provided a grainy CCTV recording of a heist and a scanned collection of documents from over a century ago, where there was a flash of light and entire bank vault had been emptied. What separated it from the usual robbery was that it contained a list containing confidential information on the Quirks of the First Generation. Izuku had greedily snavelled up and saved the video and documents to an external hard drive. + </p> + <p> + Paging through, Izuku saw someone recount how their Quirkless uncle had developed a warp Quirk and gone from rags to riches under a mysterious benefactor. A decade ago, the uncle had simply disappeared. + </p> + <p> + Numerous and terrifying, the stories were scattered nuggets of gold hidden across the web. They’d never last long, vanishing within hours of posting. Izuku bounced from proxy to proxy, fleeing from a series of deletions that seemed to follow Izuku’s aliased postings across snitch.ru, rabbit.az, aconspiracy.xfiles and their compatriots. + </p> + <p> + After thirty-two identity changes (all carefully logged in a separate notebook), a large amount of feigning communal interest in a lucky tabloid article on All For One which had been released at the start of the first of the three weeks, Izuku hung up his tinfoil hat and called it a month. He haphazardly tossed a bulging notebook into his bookshelf and lodged his hard drive in a gap containing seven others and went to dinner. + </p> + <p> + It took another week to present his research to All Might and Tsukauchi, whose jaws reached the proverbial floor. + </p> + <p> + “We never found any of this,” the Detective Tsukauchi exclaimed. “How did you find all of it?” + </p> + <p> + “I asked the right people. Turns out criminals have very long and very unforgiving memories,” Izuku explained through sunken eyes. “There’s more than this that could be linked to him, but these ones seem to be the most obvious.” + </p> + <p> + “They would do, you can’t be head of the underworld without making an army of enemies,” All Might agreed. “You know, if you can get any more information about these events, I think you’ll give people a lot of peace of mind.” + </p> + <p> + “Provided mum agrees to it.” + </p> + <p> + “Only if she agrees to it.” + </p> + <p> + It took another month to convince his mother, who eventually gave in once All Might provided an extremely comprehensive schedule of how the visitations and any resulting research would be carefully balanced against Izuku’s schoolwork and internship. + </p> + + <p> + The day of the visit finally arrived, four months after the initial conversation, much to Izuku’s dismay. + </p> + <p> + Izuku remembered how he had arrived, with the Detective and All Might escorting him through its sterile, white innards. A list of rules rattled off at the gate, “no current affairs” was chief among them and an assertion that he’d be dragged from the room if need be if Izuku was to breach any of them. No smuggling of communication devices, no weapons, no Quirks, nothing that could compromise the prisoner’s secure status. + </p> + <p> + Heavily armoured and drilled guards leading him underground into the deepest bowels of the Tartarus complex. + </p> + <p> + Izuku understood the rules, dressed casually in a cotton t-shirt with “Shirt” printed across it in haphazard English and clutching at a carefully screened and utterly blank notebook. + </p> + <p> + Across from him, behind reinforced glass, the archvillain of Japan was bound and unmoving. + </p> + <p> + “Hello,” Izuku initiated uncertainly. His skin had been crawling the moment he crossed the threshold, a memory of the encounter and escape at the Kamino Ward months ago. + </p> + <p> + “Ah, All Might’s disciple,” drawled All For One, “is he too cowardly to come himself? Yet I don’t hear the garments of a hero.” With hardly a word out, All For One had already lunged for the figurative jugular. + </p> + <p> + A stray thought of <i>how does he know who I am if he’s blind and isn’t familiar with me?</i> whispered its way through Izuku’s head. + </p> + <p> + “Oh, no,” Izuku corrected hastily, almost relieved at the lack of any pretence, “I asked if I could talk to you. This isn’t exactly hero related.” + </p> + <p> + “I’m surprised he said yes.” While there was little by way of expression, Izuku could just about sense the contempt dripping from the prisoner’s tone. It wasn’t anything he wasn’t expecting. Kacchan had already said worse to him in earlier years. Water off a duck’s back. + </p> + <p> + “Well, he’s not my legal guardian, so I think you should be more surprised that mum said yes. She’s stricter with these things than All Might,” Izuku corrected again. “Mum gave the okay, but that was a stressful discussion.” And there it was, a miniscule twitch from the man opposite. A spasm more than anything else. <i>Interesting.</i> Pinned down as he was, the prisoner oozed irritation. + </p> + <p> + “At least your mother is a wise person. I wonder why the student doesn’t heed all of the advice of the teacher.” All For One’s tone didn’t indicate a question, so much as an implicit statement that All Might wasn’t worth listening to in any capacity. Kacchan would have hated the comparison, but the hostility had an almost comfortable familiarity. “He no doubt warned you off speaking to me, overprotective as he is, but here you are.” + </p> + <p> + Izuku found himself smiling at the thought of Kacchan’s outrage if he ever found out about the mental comparison as he replied. “I don’t think it’s normal for anyone my age to listen completely to their teachers. We pick and choose and run with what works best for us. He warned me, but I’m still here. Mum warned me as well, but I think she cared more about the time management aspect of it." + </p> + <p> + “Is that a recent development?” All For One probed. + </p> + <p> + “Not really. My old homeroom teacher told me not to bother applying to U.A.” His mother’s beaming face had carried Izuku through the cheerful and resolute signing of that application form. + </p> + <p> + “I see you followed their advice to the letter,” came the snide, dismissive reply. + </p> + <p> + Izuku hoisted up his legs and sat cross-legged in his seat. Leaning slightly forward as he did so as to better prop up his notebook. + </p> + <p> + “You’re a walking contrarian, aren’t you? All Might told me about his run ins with you. What someone does or doesn’t do really doesn’t matter to you, you’ll just find a way to rationalise it as a negative and go on the attack anyway. What you’re currently doing is drawing attention away from yourself and focusing it on me so you can withhold information.” Izuku flipped open his notebook and put pen to paper. “You’ve got something fairly big to hide and you diverting attention exposes that motivation as existing anyway. The only real questions here are what and why?” Izuku paused in mortification as the man opposite’s lips parted. “I just said that aloud, didn’t I?” + </p> + <p> + Of the responses Izuku had expected, it wasn’t laughter. Unrestrained, Izuku would have expected a violent outburst. In this situation, he would have expected another scathing comment. Instead, All For One laughed breathily, leaning into his bonds. Wheezingly he spoke, “I’ll have to change tactics, if that one’s too transparent for you. How refreshing.” + </p> + <p> + Doing his best not to glow a blinding red and simultaneously pale at the interest, Izuku carried on. “I add it to the list when you do. I’m not emotionally involved enough to really be impacted by what you’re saying. I know about you in theory, but that’s it. Maybe All Might has a history with you, but I don’t really know enough about you personally to…” + </p> + <p> + “Care,” All For One supplied, somewhat subdued as he struggled to breathe. “You’re only here to satisfy your curiosity as to whether or not the stories were true.” + </p> + <p> + Izuku nodded, scratching at his notebook with his left hand. “Yes and no, I’m actually here to ask you about how your Quirk works.” <i>For now.</i> + </p> + <p> + Another chortle, more restrained that the last. + </p> + <p> + "What makes you think others haven’t already asked?” Had All For One been unrestrained, Izuku could imagine the stereotypical scene of the villain confidently leaning back in some overblown chair in a secret lair, drink of choice in hand, if the tone of voice was any indication. Deflections aside, the man easily rose to each comment. + </p> + <p> + “Whether or not they asked it’s irrelevant if they can’t read the answers.” Answers didn’t matter if the people involved were too attached to read into the answers. If none of the interviewers had managed a full interview, then it seemed unlikely that any sort of effort was put into understanding the villain. + </p> + <p> + “And you think you can? What expertise do you hold above theirs?” Doubt and reprimand weighted the words. Oddly enough, had Izuku been any younger he could have mistaken the man for a disapproving parent rebuking an overly ambitious child. Albeit an extremely evil one. + </p> + <p> + Izuku inhaled shortly and went for it. “If there’s something I know, it’s Quirks and how they work. Maybe I don’t know you, but I don’t really need to. Quirks fall under broad categories of function. You can take and give, consent doesn’t seem to be a factor. You either can’t “see” certain types of Quirks or you need to have prior knowledge of it before you take it with what I know about your brother. Despite your <i>nom de guerre</i>, because we both know it’s not your real name, you have a history of giving multiple Quirks and causing brain damage to the receiver. You clearly aren’t impacted by those same restrictions, so it must either alter your brain mapping or adjust functions to allow for simultaneous use and storage. It also must isolate or categories the Quirks you stock, because from the few people who do remember you, you creating certain Quirks is always in the context of giving them to someone else meaning there’s probably an inherent immunity to stop it from tainting your own Quirk with a mutation,” Izuku mumbled, almost to himself. “The only thing really in question about your Quirk is the finer details and whether or not you need to maintain those features or if they’re inherent and your hard limit for holding Quirks.” + </p> + <p> + There was silence, for only a moment. “If only my hands were free, I would clap for such a thoughtful assessment. Clearly you’re not all brawn,” All For One positively purred. “Speculate away.” A wide and slightly unhinged smile was directed at Izuku. + </p> + <p> + It was all Izuku could do not to wince at the eagerness. An image of a nervous All Might, hidden in the observation room above with the grim-faced prison staff, came to mind. + </p> + <p> + “I note that you said thoughtful and not correct,” and Izuku breathed and unsteadily jotted it down in his notebook. “You don’t seem bothered by the guess.” + </p> + <p> + “Few people live long enough to question my Quirk, let alone have the talent to guess so thoughtfully at its functions. It seems we share a hobby.” There was something terribly keen in that voice that hadn’t been there before, twisting itself through the compliment. + </p> + <p> + “I suppose it helps that you’re playing along out of boredom,” Izuku verbally dodged, unease uncoiling itself from the back of his mind. + </p> + <p> + “I <i>was</i> playing along out of boredom,” All For One corrected smoothly. “Now, I’m curious. Admittedly, my prior assumptions of you weren’t generous, but I’ve been too hasty in my assessments before.” + </p> + <p> + “I’ll pack up and leave now if that’s the case,” Izuku replied with only half an ear on the conversation as the words on his page began to drastically expand to distract himself from the building anxiety. + </p> + <p> + “Sarcasm, so you do have characteristics of a normal teenager. Your willingness to maim yourself has often left me wondering…” + </p> + <p> + “You’re deflecting again,” Izuku observed. “I’m not sure if that’s a nervous habit for you or if you’re doing it because I’m close to being right about your Quirk. That being said, I don’t think you know what a normal teenager is if Shigaraki is any indication. He’s about seven years too late for his rebellious phase.” + </p> + <p> + “I’m hurt and offended,” came the amused reply. + </p> + <p> + “By how Shigaraki ended up or your parenting? You only have yourself to blame for both of them.” + </p> + <p> + “How harsh. Shigaraki is a product of society that birthed him. I can’t take credit for all of the hard work,” All For One laid out invitingly. Perhaps someone else would have risen to the bait, but Izuku was already packing his mental bags and heading for the door. + </p> + <p> + Clearly the prisoner’s anticipation had registered poorly with someone in the observation room, because a voice rang through the air. “Time’s up Midoriya-kun.” + </p> + <p> + “Okay!” Izuku called back and etched out his last thoughtful of words, untangled his legs and rose to his feet. + </p> + <p> + “What a shame, my visitations are always so short,” All For One spoke mournfully. + </p> + <p> + “Well, you did blow up half a city. They could have just let you suffocate instead. Same time next week, then?” Izuku offered brightly, notebook stuffed into a pocket and was followed out the door by wheezing laughter. + </p> + <p> + It was only after he had made it safely back to the communal room where All Might waited did he allow the spring to fade from his step and discard his nervous smile. Shuddering, he turned to All Might whose face was set in a grimace. + </p> + <p> + “I won’t say I told you so,” All Might offered, perched on the edge of his couch like a misshapen vulture. + </p> + <p> + “He’s… not really what I was expecting. I was expecting someone, more openly evil.” Izuku allowed himself to collapse into the leather of the seat. He shakily reached for the warm tea that had been clearly been prepared the moment Izuku left the cell. “I suppose he does it to lull people into a false sense of security. I didn’t understand how someone with only half a set of expressions could have “villain” written all over them until I met him.” + </p> + <p> + “He’s always been like that. He feigns concern and sympathy to lure in society’s outcasts. They’re easy targets,” All Might said through a mouthful of biscuit. + </p> + <p> + “Has he ever tried it on any of the One For All successors?” + </p> + <p> + “Not really, but you might have accidentally given him the incentive for it. He never had access to any of the One For All wielders while they were young.” All Might snorted, “not that it’ll make a difference with you”. + </p> + <p> + “I think he was trying to gauge me for a world view before the wardens ended it. I need more time to work out his response to the stuff on his Quirk.” + </p> + <p> + “He’s conversation starved since it’s solitary confinement. If what the people monitoring his brain activity said was true, you’re the most exciting thing to have happened to him in months. He replied after you left, said he was looking forward to it.” + </p> + <p> + “That’s pretty sad." + </p> + <p> + “It’s even sadder that we’re the only two members of the public who have had anything to do with him. Stain gets a pile of mail from his “fans”, but All For One has nothing,” All Might waved a tea spoon. “That’s what he gets.” + </p> + <p> + “Let’s get out of here and tell Detective Tsukauchi how it went.” Izuku gulped down his tea and headed for the exit, with him and All Might reaching it at roughly the same amount of time. + </p> + <p> + “At least your mum’s making katsudon for us tonight," was All Might's only optimistic comment. + </p> + <p> + Anxiety was still ebbing over Izuku after Tsukauchi had been debriefed in the car. + </p> + <p> + <i>“It seems we share a hobby.”</i> Haunted Izuku on the drive home. As if ripping someone’s Quirk from them and leaving them lying traumatised on the ground was just a fun pastime and not an act of grievous bodily harm. + </p> + <p> + And he’d be dealing with him again in another week. + </p> + </div>
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Greetings of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="26796918"> + 2. Quirk of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="27214968"> + 3. Motivations of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="27703398"> + 4. Hobbies of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="28158585"> + 5. Politics of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="28393172"> + 6. Interlude of a Successive Cryptid + </option> + <option value="28633304"> + 7. Exasperation of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="28907523"> + 8. History of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="28999791"> + 9. Approach of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="29259489"> + 10. Corporations of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="29796450"> + 11. Fear of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="29831925"> + 12. Condition of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="30029220"> + 13. Escape of a Cryptid + </option> + <option value="30089508"> + 14. Greetings of a Cryptid: Part 2 + </option> + </select> <span class="submit actions"><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Go" /></span> + </p> + </form> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/works/11808918/navigate">Full-page index</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="comments" id="show_comments_link_top"> + <a data-remote="true" href="/comments/show_comments?chapter_id=26640231">Comments</a> + </li> + <li class="share hidden"> + <a class="modal" title="Share Work" aria-controls="#modal" href="#share">Share</a> + <div id="share"> + <p class="note"> + Copy and paste the following code to link back to this work (<kbd>CTRL A</kbd>/<kbd>CMD A</kbd> will select all), or use the Tweet or Tumblr links to share the work on your Twitter or Tumblr account. + </p> + <p> + <textarea cols="50" rows="4" id="embed_code"><a href="https://archiveofourown.org/works/11808918"><strong>Conversations with a Cryptid</strong></a> (67379 words) by <a href="https://archiveofourown.org/users/AMournfulHowlInTheNight"><strong>AMournfulHowlInTheNight</strong></a><br />Chapters: 14/14<br />Fandom: <a href="https://archiveofourown.org/tags/%E5%83%95%E3%81%AE%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2%20%7C%20Boku%20no%20Hero%20Academia%20%7C%20My%20Hero%20Academia">僕のヒーローアカデミア | Boku no Hero Academia | My Hero Academia</a><br />Rating: General Audiences<br />Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply<br />Relationships: Midoriya Izuku & Yagi Toshinori | All Might, Midoriya Izuku & Sensei | All For One<br />Characters: Midoriya Izuku, Yagi Toshinori | All Might, Midoriya Inko, Sensei | All For One, Tsukauchi Naomasa, Shigaraki Tomura | Shimura Tenko, Bakugou Katsuki, Todoroki Shouto, Midoriya Hisashi<br />Additional Tags: Meta, Alternate Universe - Canon Divergence<br />Series: Part 1 of <a href="https://archiveofourown.org/series/800334">Conversations with a Cryptid</a><br />Summary: <p>The man was over a century old. There had to be more to it. In hindsight, it hadn’t been one of Izuku’s better ideas.</p></textarea> + </p> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="http://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-size="large" data-via="ao3org" data-text="Conversations with a Cryptid by AMournfulHowlInTheNight - 僕のヒーローアカデミア | Boku no Hero Academi..." data-url="https://archiveofourown.org/works/11808918">Tweet</a> + </li> + <li> + <a 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href="/tags/%E5%83%95%E3%81%AE%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2%20%7C%20Boku%20no%20Hero%20Academia%20%7C%20My%20Hero%20Academia/works">僕のヒーローアカデミア | Boku no Hero Academia | My Hero Academia</a> + </li> + </ul> + </dd> + <dt class="relationship tags"> + Relationships: + </dt> + <dd class="relationship tags"> + <ul class="commas"> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Midoriya%20Izuku%20*a*%20Yagi%20Toshinori%20%7C%20All%20Might/works">Midoriya Izuku & Yagi Toshinori | All Might</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Midoriya%20Izuku%20*a*%20Sensei%20%7C%20All%20For%20One/works">Midoriya Izuku & Sensei | All For One</a> + </li> + </ul> + </dd> + <dt class="character tags"> + Characters: + </dt> + <dd class="character tags"> + <ul class="commas"> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Midoriya%20Izuku/works">Midoriya Izuku</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Yagi%20Toshinori%20%7C%20All%20Might/works">Yagi Toshinori | All Might</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Midoriya%20Inko/works">Midoriya Inko</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Sensei%20%7C%20All%20For%20One/works">Sensei | All For One</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Tsukauchi%20Naomasa/works">Tsukauchi Naomasa</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Shigaraki%20Tomura%20%7C%20Shimura%20Tenko/works">Shigaraki Tomura | Shimura Tenko</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Bakugou%20Katsuki/works">Bakugou Katsuki</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Todoroki%20Shouto/works">Todoroki Shouto</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Midoriya%20Hisashi/works">Midoriya Hisashi</a> + </li> + </ul> + </dd> + <dt class="freeform tags"> + Additional Tags: + </dt> + <dd class="freeform tags"> + <ul class="commas"> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Meta/works">Meta</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="tag" href="/tags/Alternate%20Universe%20-%20Canon%20Divergence/works">Alternate Universe - Canon Divergence</a> + </li> + </ul> + </dd> + <dt class="language"> + Language: + </dt> + <dd class="language"> + English + </dd> + <dt class="series"> + Series: + </dt> + <dd class="series"> + <span class="series"><span class="position">Part 1 of the <a href="/series/800334">Conversations with a Cryptid</a> series</span> <a class="next" href="/works/13212258">Next Work →</a></span> + </dd> + <dt class="collections"> + Collections: + </dt> + <dd class="collections"> + <a href="/collections/Excellent_Completed_Gen_Fics">Excellent Completed Gen & Platonic Fiction</a>, <a href="/collections/Dad_For_One">Dad For One</a>, <a href="/collections/My_mustread_fics">Miscellaneous Must-read Fics</a>, <a href="/collections/thelastreclist">The Last Rec List</a>, <a href="/collections/MHABestOf">Best of My Hero Academia</a>, <a href="/collections/DadForOneByAtrunis">Atrunis' Dad For One Collection</a>, <a href="/collections/The_Witchs_Woods">The Witch's Woods</a>, <a href="/collections/MoonPaws_Hoard_of_Dad_for_One_Fics">MoonPaw's Hoard of Dad for One Fics</a>, <a href="/collections/Creative_Chaos_Discord_Recs">Creative Chaos Discord Recs</a>, <a href="/collections/Fave_Good_LONG_Fics">Long Fics to Binge</a> + </dd> + <dt class="stats"> + Stats: + </dt> + <dd class="stats"> + <!-- end of cache --> + <dl class="stats"> + <dt class="published"> + Published: + </dt> + <dd class="published"> + 2017-08-15 + </dd> + <dt class="status"> + Completed: + </dt> + <dd class="status"> + 2017-12-26 + </dd> + <dt class="words"> + Words: + </dt> + <dd class="words"> + 67379 + </dd> + <dt class="chapters"> + Chapters: + </dt> + <dd class="chapters"> + 14/14 + </dd> + <dt class="comments"> + Comments: + </dt> + <dd class="comments"> + 1664 + </dd> + <dt class="kudos"> + Kudos: + </dt> + <dd class="kudos"> + 7142 + </dd> + <dt class="bookmarks"> + Bookmarks: + </dt> + <dd class="bookmarks"> + <a href="/works/11808918/bookmarks">1648</a> + </dd> + <dt class="hits"> + Hits: + </dt> + <dd class="hits"> + 152759 + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + </dl> + </div><!-- BEGIN section where work skin applies --> + <div id="workskin"> + <div class="preface group"> + <h2 class="title heading"> + Conversations with a Cryptid + </h2> + <h3 class="byline heading"> + <a rel="author" href="/users/AMournfulHowlInTheNight/pseuds/AMournfulHowlInTheNight">AMournfulHowlInTheNight</a> + </h3> + <div class="summary module" role="complementary"> + <h3 class="heading"> + Summary: + </h3> + <blockquote class="userstuff"> + <p> + The man was over a century old. There had to be more to it. In hindsight, it hadn’t been one of Izuku’s better ideas. + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="notes module" role="complementary"> + <h3 class="heading"> + Notes: + </h3> + <p class="jump"> + (See the end of the work for <a href="/chapters/30089508#work_endnotes">notes</a>.) + </p> + </div> + </div> + <div id="chapters"> + <!-- This partial requires local variable 'chapter' --> + <div class="chapter" id="chapter-1"> + <!-- chapter management --> + <div class="chapter preface group" role="complementary"> + <h3 class="title"> + <a href="/works/11808918/chapters/26640231">Chapter 1</a>: Greetings of a Cryptid + </h3><!-- only display byline if different from the main byline --> + </div><!--main content--> + <div class="userstuff module" role="article"> + <h3 class="landmark heading" id="work"> + Chapter Text + </h3> + <p> + Izuku was struggling to understand how he had even managed to get here, seated before the archvillain of Japan with only a sense of dread to keep him company. All Might sat concealed in an observation room, of the firm opinion that he could only aggravate the prisoner and he sent Izuku off with a strained smile. A vague haze hovered over Izuku’s memory. It started with a simple conversation gone astray on a long drive home. + </p> + <p> +   + </p> + <p> + “So, who is All For One? Do we know anything about him beyond what you told me before? He’s been imprisoned for months now.” Izuku remembered asking All Might from the backseat of the car as Detective Tsukauchi leisurely drove along a sprawling highway. + </p> + <p> + Playing on the car radio was an aftermath report of a villain attack in downtown Tokyo. Izuku caught the phrase “liquid body” from the female reporter before Detective Tsukauchi changed the channel. + </p> + <p> + “Nope. Still nothing. No one really wants to speak to him,” All Might had replied brightly. “He gives off polite airs, but he’s a piece of work.” All Might’s mostly obstructed shoulders in the front seat shrugged. “Not much you can do with someone like him. Everything that comes out is a threat or taunt.” All Might carefully waved his hand in a circular motion towards the side of his head. + </p> + <p> + “No one’s even made it through a full interview with him, from what I’ve heard,” Detective Tsukauchi added from behind the wheel. “He plays mind games with them. The prison also has a “no recent events” policy on any discussions with him as well. Just in case he ends up with ideas or has some means of communicating. Given that people only want to ask him about current events, it doesn’t leave much to talk about.” + </p> + <p> + “Wait, they still don’t know what Quirks he has?” Izuku asked exasperatedly. “They can’t if there’s still an information block on visits.” + </p> + <p> + “Nope. We have no idea what he can do. They can run DNA tests, but it’s not like anyone apart from him even knows how his Quirk works. They could get matches with any number of people, but if they’re not in a database then we can’t cross-reference them anyway. Even if they run an analysis, the data doesn’t mean anything without the ability to interpret it,” All Might gestured with a skeletal finger. “It’s a waste of time after the initial tests were conducted. They weren’t game to MRI him either, given he’s definitely got a Quirk that creates metal components.” + </p> + <p> + “No one’s bothered to ask him anything about… anything?” Izuku asked, dumbfounded. “He must be around two-hundred years old and people can’t think of a single non-current affairs thing to ask him?” + </p> + <p> + In some ways it was unfathomable that they’d let a potential resource go to waste. On the other hand, said potential resource had blown up a city, murdered numerous people and terrorised Japan for over a century. At the very least. + </p> + <p> + “Well, I tried to ask him about Shigaraki, but he didn’t say much of anything really. Some garbage about you being too dependent on me and him letting Shigaraki run wild and how he just wanted to be the ultimate evil,” All Might shrugged again. “He spends too much time talking about nothing.” + </p> + <p> + Izuku shifted his head onto his arm. “But, that’s not really nothing, is it?” + </p> + <p> + “What do you mean?” Izuku had the feeling that All Might would have been looking at him with the <i>you’re about to do something stupid aren’t you</i> expression that was thankfully becoming less common. + </p> + <p> + “Well, he clearly doesn’t know anything about us, All Might, if he thinks that you’re just going to let go of me after not even two years of being taught. Maybe Shigaraki was dependent on adult figures, but I don’t even remember my dad and mum’s been busy working and keeping the house together. I’ve never had a lot of adult supervision before,” Izuku laughed nervously. “I had to find ways to keep myself entertained. If anything, I’m on the disobedient side of the scale.” All Might outright giggled. + </p> + <p> + “I’ll say, especially after what happened with Overhaul. I’m surprised your mother let you leave the dorms again after that.” + </p> + <p> + “I’m surprised she didn’t withdraw and ground me until I was thirty.” + </p> + <p> + “Oh? That strict?” Tsukauchi asked. + </p> + <p> + “She has her moments,” Izuku smiled fondly. “Do you think she’d agree to me asking the archvillain of Japan about his Quirk?” Izuku asked, only partially joking. There was an itch at the back of his head, a feeling of something missing that poked and prodded at his senses. + </p> + <p> + All Might coughed and sprayed the dash with a fine red mist. “Absolutely not! I forbid it!” + </p> + <p> + “That’s exactly why I’m asking her and not you,” Izuku grinned from the backseat. + </p> + <p> + “He’s evil!” + </p> + <p> + “He’s ancient. You honestly don’t wonder about the sort of things someone with that life experience and Quirk would have run across to end up the way he did?” + </p> + <p> + “Nope, he made it perfectly clear that he always wanted to be the supreme evil,” All Might snipped through folded arms. + </p> + <p> + “Yeah, and I’ll just take his word for that, won’t I?” Izuku grinned. “If he does nothing but lie, then that’s probably one too, but there’s a grain of truth in there somewhere.” + </p> + <p> + “What would you even do? Harass him into telling you his life story?” All Might sighed. + </p> + <p> + “Not when I can kill him with kindness. Who knows, it might even be poisonous for him.” + </p> + <p> + “You’re explaining this to your mother. Teacher or not, I’m not being on the receiving end of this one.” + </p> + <p> + Izuku blinked for a moment. “You’ll let me?” + </p> + <p> + “I’m not entirely for it, but any prospective information on what influenced Shigaraki can only be a good thing. If anything goes south we can pull you out pretty easily. Just be aware of who and what you’re dealing with.” Struggling, All Might turned a serious look to Izuku around the side of the seat. “<i>Only</i> if your mother gives the okay.” + </p> + <p> + The conversation turned to school for the rest of the way. + </p> + <p> +   + </p> + <p> + It might have been curiosity or it might have been the nagging sensation that chewed at his brain for the three weeks that he researched the subject of the conversation. All For One was a cryptid. Mystical in more ways than one, he was only a rumour on a network that was two-hundred years old. There were whispers of a shadowy figure who once ruled Japan, intermingled with a string of conspiracies and fragmented events. + </p> + <p> + Izuku had even braved the dark web, poking and prodding at some of the seedier elements of the world wide web. The internet had rumours, but the dark web had stories.<br /> + </p> + <p> + An implied yakuza wrote about his grandfather who lost a fire manipulation Quirk and his sanity without any reason. His grandfather had been institutionalised, crying and repeating “he took it, he took it” until his dying days. No one could console him. + </p> + <p> + Another user spoke of a nursing home where a room full of dementia residents inexplicably became docile and no longer used their Quirks on the increasingly disturbed staff. The nursing home erupted into flames just before a court case against them commenced. + </p> + <p> + A user with neon pink text spoke of how their great-great-great-great grandmother with a longevity Quirk had simply aged rapidly one day and passed away in her sleep, her face a mask of terror. No cause had ever been found. + </p> + <p> + A hacker provided a grainy CCTV recording of a heist and a scanned collection of documents from over a century ago, where there was a flash of light and entire bank vault had been emptied. What separated it from the usual robbery was that it contained a list containing confidential information on the Quirks of the First Generation. Izuku had greedily snavelled up and saved the video and documents to an external hard drive. + </p> + <p> + Paging through, Izuku saw someone recount how their Quirkless uncle had developed a warp Quirk and gone from rags to riches under a mysterious benefactor. A decade ago, the uncle had simply disappeared. + </p> + <p> + Numerous and terrifying, the stories were scattered nuggets of gold hidden across the web. They’d never last long, vanishing within hours of posting. Izuku bounced from proxy to proxy, fleeing from a series of deletions that seemed to follow Izuku’s aliased postings across snitch.ru, rabbit.az, aconspiracy.xfiles and their compatriots. + </p> + <p> + After thirty-two identity changes (all carefully logged in a separate notebook), a large amount of feigning communal interest in a lucky tabloid article on All For One which had been released at the start of the first of the three weeks, Izuku hung up his tinfoil hat and called it a month. He haphazardly tossed a bulging notebook into his bookshelf and lodged his hard drive in a gap containing seven others and went to dinner. + </p> + <p> + It took another week to present his research to All Might and Tsukauchi, whose jaws reached the proverbial floor. + </p> + <p> + “We never found any of this,” the Detective Tsukauchi exclaimed. “How did you find all of it?” + </p> + <p> + “I asked the right people. Turns out criminals have very long and very unforgiving memories,” Izuku explained through sunken eyes. “There’s more than this that could be linked to him, but these ones seem to be the most obvious.” + </p> + <p> + “They would do, you can’t be head of the underworld without making an army of enemies,” All Might agreed. “You know, if you can get any more information about these events, I think you’ll give people a lot of peace of mind.” + </p> + <p> + “Provided mum agrees to it.” + </p> + <p> + “Only if she agrees to it.” + </p> + <p> + It took another month to convince his mother, who eventually gave in once All Might provided an extremely comprehensive schedule of how the visitations and any resulting research would be carefully balanced against Izuku’s schoolwork and internship. + </p> + <p> +   + </p> + <p> + The day of the visit finally arrived, four months after the initial conversation, much to Izuku’s dismay. + </p> + <p> + Izuku remembered how he had arrived, with the Detective and All Might escorting him through its sterile, white innards. A list of rules rattled off at the gate, “no current affairs” was chief among them and an assertion that he’d be dragged from the room if need be if Izuku was to breach any of them. No smuggling of communication devices, no weapons, no Quirks, nothing that could compromise the prisoner’s secure status. + </p> + <p> + Heavily armoured and drilled guards leading him underground into the deepest bowels of the Tartarus complex. + </p> + <p> + Izuku understood the rules, dressed casually in a cotton t-shirt with “Shirt” printed across it in haphazard English and clutching at a carefully screened and utterly blank notebook. + </p> + <p> + Across from him, behind reinforced glass, the archvillain of Japan was bound and unmoving. + </p> + <p> + “Hello,” Izuku initiated uncertainly. His skin had been crawling the moment he crossed the threshold, a memory of the encounter and escape at the Kamino Ward months ago. + </p> + <p> + “Ah, All Might’s disciple,” drawled All For One, “is he too cowardly to come himself? Yet I don’t hear the garments of a hero.” With hardly a word out, All For One had already lunged for the figurative jugular. + </p> + <p> + A stray thought of <i>how does he know who I am if he’s blind and isn’t familiar with me?</i> whispered its way through Izuku’s head. + </p> + <p> + “Oh, no,” Izuku corrected hastily, almost relieved at the lack of any pretence, “I asked if I could talk to you. This isn’t exactly hero related.” + </p> + <p> + “I’m surprised he said yes.” While there was little by way of expression, Izuku could just about sense the contempt dripping from the prisoner’s tone. It wasn’t anything he wasn’t expecting. Kacchan had already said worse to him in earlier years. Water off a duck’s back. + </p> + <p> + “Well, he’s not my legal guardian, so I think you should be more surprised that mum said yes. She’s stricter with these things than All Might,” Izuku corrected again. “Mum gave the okay, but that was a stressful discussion.” And there it was, a miniscule twitch from the man opposite. A spasm more than anything else. <i>Interesting.</i> Pinned down as he was, the prisoner oozed irritation. + </p> + <p> + “At least your mother is a wise person. I wonder why the student doesn’t heed all of the advice of the teacher.” All For One’s tone didn’t indicate a question, so much as an implicit statement that All Might wasn’t worth listening to in any capacity. Kacchan would have hated the comparison, but the hostility had an almost comfortable familiarity. “He no doubt warned you off speaking to me, overprotective as he is, but here you are.” + </p> + <p> + Izuku found himself smiling at the thought of Kacchan’s outrage if he ever found out about the mental comparison as he replied. “I don’t think it’s normal for anyone my age to listen completely to their teachers. We pick and choose and run with what works best for us. He warned me, but I’m still here. Mum warned me as well, but I think she cared more about the time management aspect of it." + </p> + <p> + “Is that a recent development?” All For One probed. + </p> + <p> + “Not really. My old homeroom teacher told me not to bother applying to U.A.” His mother’s beaming face had carried Izuku through the cheerful and resolute signing of that application form. + </p> + <p> + “I see you followed their advice to the letter,” came the snide, dismissive reply. + </p> + <p> + Izuku hoisted up his legs and sat cross-legged in his seat. Leaning slightly forward as he did so as to better prop up his notebook. + </p> + <p> + “You’re a walking contrarian, aren’t you? All Might told me about his run ins with you. What someone does or doesn’t do really doesn’t matter to you, you’ll just find a way to rationalise it as a negative and go on the attack anyway. What you’re currently doing is drawing attention away from yourself and focusing it on me so you can withhold information.” Izuku flipped open his notebook and put pen to paper. “You’ve got something fairly big to hide and you diverting attention exposes that motivation as existing anyway. The only real questions here are what and why?” Izuku paused in mortification as the man opposite’s lips parted. “I just said that aloud, didn’t I?” + </p> + <p> + Of the responses Izuku had expected, it wasn’t laughter. Unrestrained, Izuku would have expected a violent outburst. In this situation, he would have expected another scathing comment. Instead, All For One laughed breathily, leaning into his bonds. Wheezingly he spoke, “I’ll have to change tactics, if that one’s too transparent for you. How refreshing.” + </p> + <p> + Doing his best not to glow a blinding red and simultaneously pale at the interest, Izuku carried on. “I add it to the list when you do. I’m not emotionally involved enough to really be impacted by what you’re saying. I know about you in theory, but that’s it. Maybe All Might has a history with you, but I don’t really know enough about you personally to…” + </p> + <p> + “Care,” All For One supplied, somewhat subdued as he struggled to breathe. “You’re only here to satisfy your curiosity as to whether or not the stories were true.” + </p> + <p> + Izuku nodded, scratching at his notebook with his left hand. “Yes and no, I’m actually here to ask you about how your Quirk works.” <i>For now.</i> + </p> + <p> + Another chortle, more restrained that the last. + </p> + <p> + "What makes you think others haven’t already asked?” Had All For One been unrestrained, Izuku could imagine the stereotypical scene of the villain confidently leaning back in some overblown chair in a secret lair, drink of choice in hand, if the tone of voice was any indication. Deflections aside, the man easily rose to each comment. + </p> + <p> + “Whether or not they asked it’s irrelevant if they can’t read the answers.” Answers didn’t matter if the people involved were too attached to read into the answers. If none of the interviewers had managed a full interview, then it seemed unlikely that any sort of effort was put into understanding the villain. + </p> + <p> + “And you think you can? What expertise do you hold above theirs?” Doubt and reprimand weighted the words. Oddly enough, had Izuku been any younger he could have mistaken the man for a disapproving parent rebuking an overly ambitious child. Albeit an extremely evil one. + </p> + <p> + Izuku inhaled shortly and went for it. “If there’s something I know, it’s Quirks and how they work. Maybe I don’t know you, but I don’t really need to. Quirks fall under broad categories of function. You can take and give, consent doesn’t seem to be a factor. You either can’t “see” certain types of Quirks or you need to have prior knowledge of it before you take it with what I know about your brother. Despite your <i>nom de guerre</i>, because we both know it’s not your real name, you have a history of giving multiple Quirks and causing brain damage to the receiver. You clearly aren’t impacted by those same restrictions, so it must either alter your brain mapping or adjust functions to allow for simultaneous use and storage. It also must isolate or categories the Quirks you stock, because from the few people who do remember you, you creating certain Quirks is always in the context of giving them to someone else meaning there’s probably an inherent immunity to stop it from tainting your own Quirk with a mutation,” Izuku mumbled, almost to himself. “The only thing really in question about your Quirk is the finer details and whether or not you need to maintain those features or if they’re inherent and your hard limit for holding Quirks.” + </p> + <p> + There was silence, for only a moment. “If only my hands were free, I would clap for such a thoughtful assessment. Clearly you’re not all brawn,” All For One positively purred. “Speculate away.” A wide and slightly unhinged smile was directed at Izuku. + </p> + <p> + It was all Izuku could do not to wince at the eagerness. An image of a nervous All Might, hidden in the observation room above with the grim-faced prison staff, came to mind. + </p> + <p> + “I note that you said thoughtful and not correct,” and Izuku breathed and unsteadily jotted it down in his notebook. “You don’t seem bothered by the guess.” + </p> + <p> + “Few people live long enough to question my Quirk, let alone have the talent to guess so thoughtfully at its functions. It seems we share a hobby.” There was something terribly keen in that voice that hadn’t been there before, twisting itself through the compliment. + </p> + <p> + “I suppose it helps that you’re playing along out of boredom,” Izuku verbally dodged, unease uncoiling itself from the back of his mind. + </p> + <p> + “I <i>was</i> playing along out of boredom,” All For One corrected smoothly. “Now, I’m curious. Admittedly, my prior assumptions of you weren’t generous, but I’ve been too hasty in my assessments before.” + </p> + <p> + “I’ll pack up and leave now if that’s the case,” Izuku replied with only half an ear on the conversation as the words on his page began to drastically expand to distract himself from the building anxiety. + </p> + <p> + “Sarcasm, so you do have characteristics of a normal teenager. Your willingness to maim yourself has often left me wondering…” + </p> + <p> + “You’re deflecting again,” Izuku observed. “I’m not sure if that’s a nervous habit for you or if you’re doing it because I’m close to being right about your Quirk. That being said, I don’t think you know what a normal teenager is if Shigaraki is any indication. He’s about seven years too late for his rebellious phase.” + </p> + <p> + “I’m hurt and offended,” came the amused reply. + </p> + <p> + “By how Shigaraki ended up or your parenting? You only have yourself to blame for both of them.” + </p> + <p> + “How harsh. Shigaraki is a product of society that birthed him. I can’t take credit for all of the hard work,” All For One laid out invitingly. Perhaps someone else would have risen to the bait, but Izuku was already packing his mental bags and heading for the door. + </p> + <p> + Clearly the prisoner’s anticipation had registered poorly with someone in the observation room, because a voice rang through the air. “Time’s up Midoriya-kun.” + </p> + <p> + “Okay!” Izuku called back and etched out his last thoughtful of words, untangled his legs and rose to his feet. + </p> + <p> + “What a shame, my visitations are always so short,” All For One spoke mournfully. + </p> + <p> + “Well, you did blow up half a city. They could have just let you suffocate instead. Same time next week, then?” Izuku offered brightly, notebook stuffed into a pocket and was followed out the door by wheezing laughter. + </p> + <p> + It was only after he had made it safely back to the communal room where All Might waited did he allow the spring to fade from his step and discard his nervous smile. Shuddering, he turned to All Might whose face was set in a grimace. + </p> + <p> + “I won’t say I told you so,” All Might offered, perched on the edge of his couch like a misshapen vulture. + </p> + <p> + “He’s… not really what I was expecting. I was expecting someone, more openly evil.” Izuku allowed himself to collapse into the leather of the seat. He shakily reached for the warm tea that had been clearly been prepared the moment Izuku left the cell. “I suppose he does it to lull people into a false sense of security. I didn’t understand how someone with only half a set of expressions could have “villain” written all over them until I met him.” + </p> + <p> + “He’s always been like that. He feigns concern and sympathy to lure in society’s outcasts. They’re easy targets,” All Might said through a mouthful of biscuit. + </p> + <p> + “Has he ever tried it on any of the One For All successors?” + </p> + <p> + “Not really, but you might have accidentally given him the incentive for it. He never had access to any of the One For All wielders while they were young.” All Might snorted, “not that it’ll make a difference with you”. + </p> + <p> + “I think he was trying to gauge me for a world view before the wardens ended it. I need more time to work out his response to the stuff on his Quirk.” + </p> + <p> + “He’s conversation starved since it’s solitary confinement. If what the people monitoring his brain activity said was true, you’re the most exciting thing to have happened to him in months. He replied after you left, said he was looking forward to it.” + </p> + <p> + “That’s pretty sad." + </p> + <p> + “It’s even sadder that we’re the only two members of the public who have had anything to do with him. Stain gets a pile of mail from his “fans”, but All For One has nothing,” All Might waved a tea spoon. “That’s what he gets.” + </p> + <p> + “Let’s get out of here and tell Detective Tsukauchi how it went.” Izuku gulped down his tea and headed for the exit, with him and All Might reaching it at roughly the same amount of time. + </p> + <p> + “At least your mum’s making katsudon for us tonight," was All Might's only optimistic comment. + </p> + <p> + Anxiety was still ebbing over Izuku after Tsukauchi had been debriefed in the car. + </p> + <p> + <i>“It seems we share a hobby.”</i> Haunted Izuku on the drive home. As if ripping someone’s Quirk from them and leaving them lying traumatised on the ground was just a fun pastime and not an act of grievous bodily harm. + </p> + <p> + And he’d be dealing with him again in another week. + </p> + </div><!--/main--> + </div><!-- end of cache --> + </div> + </div><!-- END work skin --> + </div><!-- END work --> + <!-- BEGIN comment section --> + <!-- Gets embedded anywhere we need to list comments on a top-level commentable. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/citylab-1/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/citylab-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ec809e6b --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/citylab-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Sarah Archer", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "The once-ubiquitous form of lighting was novel when it first emerged in the early 1900s, though it has since come to represent decline.", + "Image": "https:\/\/cdn.citylab.com\/media\/img\/citylab\/2019\/04\/mr1\/facebook.jpg?1556645448", + "Title": "The Modern Ambitions Behind Neon", + "SiteName": "CityLab" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/citylab-1/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/citylab-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ad9f8673 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/citylab-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +<article itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> + <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2019-04-30T13:39:00-04:00"> + <meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2019-04-30T13:40:00-04:00"> + <meta itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" content="https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/"> + + <figure itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/940.jpg?mod=1556645448" media="(min-width: 1024px)"> <source srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/lead_large.jpg?mod=1556645448" media="(min-width: 576px)"></picture> + <meta itemprop="height" content="128"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="300"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/300.jpg?mod=1556645448"><picture><source srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/300.jpg?mod=1556645448" media="(max-width: 575px)"><img src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/300.jpg?mod=1556645448" alt srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/300.jpg?mod=1556645448"></picture> + <figcaption> + <span itemprop="caption">The Moulin Rouge cabaret in Paris</span> <span itemprop="creator">Benoit Tessier/Reuters</span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + <div> + <h2 itemprop="headline"> + Why Neon Is the Ultimate Symbol of the 20th Century + </h2> + + </div> + <h2 itemprop="description"> + The once-ubiquitous form of lighting was novel when it first emerged in the early 1900s, though it has since come to represent decline. + </h2> + + <section id="article-section-1"> + <p> + In the summer of 1898, the Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay made a discovery that would eventually give the Moulin Rouge in Paris, the Las Vegas Strip, and New York’s Times Square their perpetual nighttime glow. Using the boiling point of argon as a reference point, Ramsay and his colleague Morris W. Travers isolated three more noble gases and gave them evocative Greek names: neon, krypton, and xenon. In so doing, the scientists bestowed a label of permanent novelty on the most famous of the trio—neon, which translates as “new.” This discovery was the foundation on which the French engineer Georges Claude crafted a new form of illumination over the next decade. He designed glass tubes in which neon gas could be trapped, then electrified, to create a light that glowed reliably for more than 1,000 hours. + </p> + <p> + In the 2012 book <em>L’être et le Néon</em>, <a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/being-and-neonness-translation-and-content-revised-augmented-and-updated-edition-luis-de-miranda">which has been newly translated into English by Michael Wells</a>, the philosopher Luis de Miranda weaves a history of neon lighting as both artifact and metaphor. <em>Being and Neonness</em>, as the book is called in its English edition, isn’t a typical material history. There are no photographs. Even de Miranda’s own example of a neon deli sign spotted in Paris is re-created typographically, with text in all caps and dashes forming the border of the sign, as one might attempt on Twitter. Fans of Miami Beach’s restored Art Deco hotels and California’s bowling alleys might be disappointed by the lack of glossy historical images. Nonetheless, de Miranda makes a convincing case for neon as a symbol of the grand modern ambitions of the 20th century. + </p> + + <p> + De Miranda beautifully evokes the notion of neon lighting as an icon of the 1900s in his introduction: “When we hear the word <em>neon</em>, an image pops into our heads: a combination of light, colors, symbols, and glass. This image is itself a mood. It carries an atmosphere. It speaks … of the essence of cities, of the poetry of nights, of the 20th century.” When neon lights debuted in Europe, they seemed dazzlingly futuristic. But their husky physicality started becoming obsolete by the 1960s, thanks in part to the widespread use of plastic for fluorescent signs. Neon signs exist today, though they’ve been eclipsed by newer technologies such as digital billboards, and they remain charmingly analog: Signs must be made by hand because there’s no cost-effective way to mass-produce them. + </p> + <p> + In the 1910s, neon started being used for cosmopolitan flash in Paris at precisely the time and place where the first great modernist works were being created. De Miranda’s recounting of the ingenuity emerging from the French capital a century ago is thrilling to contemplate: the cubist art of Pablo Picasso, the radically deconstructed fashions of Coco Chanel, the stream-of-consciousness poetry of Gertrude Stein, and the genre-defying music of Claude Debussy—all of which heralded a new age of culture for Europe and for the world. + </p> + </section> + + <section id="article-section-2"> + <p> + Amid this artistic groundswell, Georges Claude premiered his neon lights at the <a href="https://www.mondial-paris.com/en/visiteur/auto">Paris Motor Show</a> in December 1910, captivating visitors with 40-foot-tall tubes affixed to the building’s exterior. The lights shone orange-red because neon, by itself, produces that color. <em>Neon lighting</em> is a catchall term that describes the technology of glass tubing that contains gas or chemicals that glow when electrified. For example, neon fabricators use carbon dioxide to make white, and mercury to make blue. Claude acknowledged at the time that neon didn’t produce the ideal color for a standard light bulb and insisted that it posed no commercial threat to incandescent bulbs. + </p> + <p> + Of course, the very quality that made neon fixtures a poor choice for interior lighting made them perfect for signs, de Miranda notes. The first of the neon signs was switched on in 1912, advertising a barbershop on Paris’s Boulevard Montmartre, and eventually they were adopted by cinemas and nightclubs. While Claude had a monopoly on neon lighting throughout the 1920s, the leaking of trade secrets and the expiration of a series of patents broke his hold on the rapidly expanding technology. + </p> + </section> + + <section id="article-section-3"> + <p> + In the following decades, neon’s nonstop glow and vibrant colors turned ordinary buildings and surfaces into 24/7 billboards for businesses, large and small, that wanted to convey a sense of always being open. The first examples of neon in the United States debuted in Los Angeles, where the Packard Motor Car Company commissioned two large blue-and-orange <span>Packard</span> signs that literally stopped traffic because they distracted motorists. The lighting also featured heavily at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition in 1933 and at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York. At the latter event, a massive neon sign reading <span>Futurama</span> lit the way to a General Motors exhibition that heralded “The World of Tomorrow.” + </p> + <figure> + <picture><img alt data-srcset="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/posts/2019/04/AP_8912060228/cbd32b0e1.jpg" src="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/posts/2019/04/AP_8912060228/cbd32b0e1.jpg"></picture> + <figcaption> + Workers remove a hammer and sickle from a neon sign that reads “Glory to Communism,” visible on the roof of the Communist-run electricity-board headquarters in Czechoslovakia in 1989. (AP) + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p> + De Miranda points out that businesses weren’t alone in embracing neon’s ability to spread messages effectively. By the middle of the century, the lighting was being adopted for more political purposes. “In the 1960s, the Soviets deployed a vast ‘neonization’ of the Eastern bloc capitals to emulate capitalist metropolises,” de Miranda writes. “Because consumer shops were rare in the Polish capital [of Warsaw], they did not hesitate to illuminate the façades of public buildings.” In other words, as opposed to the sole use of the more obvious forms of propaganda via posters or slogans, the mass introduction of neon lighting was a way of getting citizens of Communist cities to see their surroundings with the pizzazz and nighttime glamour of major Western capitals. + </p> + </section> + + <section id="article-section-4"> + <p> + Neon, around this time, began to be phased out, thanks to cheaper and less labor-intensive alternatives. In addition, the global economic downturn of the 1970s yielded a landscape in which older, flickering neon signs, which perhaps their owners couldn’t afford to fix or replace, came to look like symbols of decline. Where such signs were once sophisticated and novel, they now seemed dated and even seedy. + </p> + <section> + <h2> + Cities are changing fast. Keep up with the <b>CityLab Daily</b> newsletter. + </h2><label for="promo-email-input-email">The best way to follow issues you care about.</label> + + </section> + <p> + De Miranda understands this evolution by zooming out and looking at the 1900s as the “neon century.” The author draws a parallel between the physical form of neon lights, which again are essentially containers for electrified gases, and that of a glass capsule—suggesting they are a kind of message in a bottle from a time before the First World War. “Since then, [neon lights] have witnessed all the transformations that have created the world we live in,” de Miranda writes. “Today, they sometimes seem to maintain a hybrid status, somewhere between junkyards and museums, not unlike European capitals themselves.” + </p> + <figure> + <picture><img alt data-srcset="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/posts/2019/04/AP_945361213236/888fdd750.jpg" src="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/posts/2019/04/AP_945361213236/888fdd750.jpg"></picture> + <figcaption> + Martin Wartman, a student at Northern Kentucky University, works on a neon sign at the Neonworks of Cincinnati workshop connected to the American Sign Museum, in 2016. (John Minchillo / AP) + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p> + Another mark of neon’s hybridity: Its obsolescence started just as some contemporary artists began using the lights in their sculptures. Bruce Nauman’s 1968 work <em><a href="https://www.stedelijk.nl/en/collection/1097-bruce-nauman-my-name-as-though-it-were-written-on-the-surface-of-the-moon">My Name as Though It Were Written on the Surface of the Moon</a></em> poked fun at the space race—another symbol of 20th-century technological innovation whose moment has passed. The piece uses blue “neon” letters (mercury, actually) to spell out the name “bruce” in lowercase cursive, with each character repeated several times as if to convey a person speaking slowly in outer space. The British artist Tracey Emin has made <a href="https://www.artsy.net/collection/tracey-emin-neon-sculptures-and-prints">sculptures</a> that resemble neon Valentine’s Day candies: They read as garish and sentimental confections with pink, heart-shaped frames that surround blue text fragments. Drawing on the nostalgia-inducing quality of neon, the sculptures’ messages are redolent of old-fashioned movie dialogue, with titles such as “You Loved Me Like a Distant Star” and “The Kiss Was Beautiful.” + </p> + <p> + Seeing neon lighting tamed in the context of a gallery display fits comfortably with de Miranda’s notion that neon technology is like a time capsule from another age. In museums, works of neon art and design coexist with objects that were ahead of their own time in years past—a poignant fate for a technology that made its name advertising “The World of Tomorrow.” Yet today neon is also experiencing a kind of craft revival. The fact that it can’t be mass-produced has made its fabrication something akin to a cherished artisanal technique. Bars and restaurants hire firms such as Let There Be Neon in Manhattan, or <a href="https://www.instagram.com/theneonqueen/">the L.A.-based master neon artist Lisa Schulte</a>, to create custom signs and works of art. Neon’s story even continues to glow from inside museums such as California’s <a href="https://www.neonmona.org/">Museum of Neon Art</a> and the Neon Museum in Las Vegas. If it can still be a vital medium for artists and designers working today, “neonness” need not only be trapped in the past. It might also capture the mysterious glow of the near future—just as it did a century ago. + </p> + <p> + <em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/04/being-and-neonness-neon-lights-symbol-20th-century/588184/">The Atlantic</a>.</em> + </p> + </section> + <section data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/author-article.cf4e8e0b143f.css"> + <h4> + About the Author + </h4> + <div itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> + <h5 itemprop="name"> + <a href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/sarah-archer/">Sarah Archer</a> + </h5> + + <p itemprop="description"> + <a href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/sarah-archer/" data-omni-click="inherit">Sarah Archer</a> is the author of <em>The Midcentury Kitchen</em>. + </p> + </div> + </section> + </article>
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Is the Ultimate Symbol of the 20th Century + </h1> + <div class="c-byline c-byline--article__hed"> + <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--article__hed"> + <li class="c-meta__author"> + <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--article__hed" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/sarah-archer/">Sarah Archer</a></span> + </li> + </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--article__hed">1:39 PM ET</time></span> + </div> + </div> + <h2 class="l-article__dek o-small-container" itemprop="description"> + The once-ubiquitous form of lighting was novel when it first emerged in the early 1900s, though it has since come to represent decline. + </h2> + <section class="c-tmp-share-sponsored-container o-small-container js-action-bar-active"> + <div class="c-share c-share--"> + <ul class="c-share__list"> + <li class="c-share__item"> + <a class="c-btn c-btn--share c-btn--facebook c-share__link" href="#" role="button" data-share="facebook"><svg class="c-icon c-icon--share" viewbox="0 0 16 16"> + <use xlink:href="#icon-facebook"></use></svg> <span class="c-btn__share-label">Share</span></a> + </li> + <li class="c-share__item"> + <a class="c-btn c-btn--share c-btn--twitter c-share__link" href="#" role="button" data-share="twitter" data-share-title="The Modern Ambitions Behind Neon"><svg class="c-icon c-icon--share" viewbox="0 0 16 16"> + <use xlink:href="#icon-twitter"></use></svg> <span class="c-btn__share-label">Tweet</span></a> + </li> + <li class="c-share__item c-share__item--more"> + <a class="c-btn c-btn--share c-btn--more" href="#" role="button" aria-label="More items"><svg class="c-icon c-icon--share c-icon--more" viewbox="0 0 16 4"> + <use xlink:href="#icon-more"></use></svg></a> + <ul class="c-more"> + <li class="c-more__item"> + <a class="c-more__link c-share__link" href="#" data-share="linkedin">LinkedIn</a> + </li> + <li class="c-more__item"> + <a class="c-more__link" href="mailto:?subject=Why%20Neon%20Is%20the%20Ultimate%20Symbol%20of%20the%2020th%20Century&body=The%20once-ubiquitous%20form%20of%20lighting%20was%20novel%20when%20it%20first%20emerged%20in%20the%20early%201900s,%20though%20it%20has%20since%20come%20to%20represent%20decline.%0D%0A%20%0ARead%20More:%0Ahttps://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/">Email</a> + </li> + <li class="c-more__item"> + <a class="c-more__link c-share__link--print" href="#">Print</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </section> + <section class="s-article__section o-small-container" id="article-section-1"> + <p> + In the summer of 1898, the Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay made a discovery that would eventually give the Moulin Rouge in Paris, the Las Vegas Strip, and New York’s Times Square their perpetual nighttime glow. Using the boiling point of argon as a reference point, Ramsay and his colleague Morris W. Travers isolated three more noble gases and gave them evocative Greek names: neon, krypton, and xenon. In so doing, the scientists bestowed a label of permanent novelty on the most famous of the trio—neon, which translates as “new.” This discovery was the foundation on which the French engineer Georges Claude crafted a new form of illumination over the next decade. He designed glass tubes in which neon gas could be trapped, then electrified, to create a light that glowed reliably for more than 1,000 hours. + </p> + <p> + In the 2012 book <em>L’être et le Néon</em>, <a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/being-and-neonness-translation-and-content-revised-augmented-and-updated-edition-luis-de-miranda">which has been newly translated into English by Michael Wells</a>, the philosopher Luis de Miranda weaves a history of neon lighting as both artifact and metaphor. <em>Being and Neonness</em>, as the book is called in its English edition, isn’t a typical material history. There are no photographs. Even de Miranda’s own example of a neon deli sign spotted in Paris is re-created typographically, with text in all caps and dashes forming the border of the sign, as one might attempt on Twitter. Fans of Miami Beach’s restored Art Deco hotels and California’s bowling alleys might be disappointed by the lack of glossy historical images. Nonetheless, de Miranda makes a convincing case for neon as a symbol of the grand modern ambitions of the 20th century. + </p> + <aside class="pullquote instapaper_ignore"> + The very quality that made neon fixtures a poor choice for interior lighting made them perfect for signs. + </aside> + <p> + De Miranda beautifully evokes the notion of neon lighting as an icon of the 1900s in his introduction: “When we hear the word <em>neon</em>, an image pops into our heads: a combination of light, colors, symbols, and glass. This image is itself a mood. It carries an atmosphere. It speaks … of the essence of cities, of the poetry of nights, of the 20th century.” When neon lights debuted in Europe, they seemed dazzlingly futuristic. But their husky physicality started becoming obsolete by the 1960s, thanks in part to the widespread use of plastic for fluorescent signs. Neon signs exist today, though they’ve been eclipsed by newer technologies such as digital billboards, and they remain charmingly analog: Signs must be made by hand because there’s no cost-effective way to mass-produce them. + </p> + <p> + In the 1910s, neon started being used for cosmopolitan flash in Paris at precisely the time and place where the first great modernist works were being created. De Miranda’s recounting of the ingenuity emerging from the French capital a century ago is thrilling to contemplate: the cubist art of Pablo Picasso, the radically deconstructed fashions of Coco Chanel, the stream-of-consciousness poetry of Gertrude Stein, and the genre-defying music of Claude Debussy—all of which heralded a new age of culture for Europe and for the world. + </p> + </section> + <aside class="c-related-content u-full-width u-lazy lazyload" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/related-content.a8ad49998034.css"> + <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> + Recommended + </h4> + <div class="c-related-content__container"> + <ul class="c-related-content__list"> + <li class="c-related-content__item"> + <a class="c-related-content__image" href="https://www.citylab.com/design/2014/07/remembering-pittsburghs-most-mesmerizing-sign/374553/"><picture><img class="c-related-content__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2014/07/ws1/144x144.jpg?mod=1494541269" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-related-content__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2014/07/ws1/144x144.jpg?mod=1494541269" alt="" /></noscript></picture></a> + <div class="c-related-content__content"> + <h5 class="c-related-content__hed"> + <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/design/2014/07/remembering-pittsburghs-most-mesmerizing-sign/374553/">Remembering Pittsburgh's Most Mesmerizing Sign</a> + </h5> + <div class="c-byline c-byline--related-content"> + <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--related-content"> + <li class="c-meta__author"> + <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--related-content" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/mark-byrnes/">Mark Byrnes</a></span> + </li> + </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--related-content">Jul 17, 2014</time></span> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="c-related-content__item"> + <a class="c-related-content__image" href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/03/navigator-long-llive-the-deadmalls/555203/"><picture><img class="c-related-content__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2018/03/Screen_Shot_2018_03_09_at_5.22.15_PM/144x144.png?mod=1520634210" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-related-content__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2018/03/Screen_Shot_2018_03_09_at_5.22.15_PM/144x144.png?mod=1520634210" alt="" /></noscript></picture></a> + <div class="c-related-content__content"> + <h5 class="c-related-content__hed"> + <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/03/navigator-long-llive-the-deadmalls/555203/">Navigator: Ode To The Dead Mall</a> + </h5> + <div class="c-byline c-byline--related-content"> + <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--related-content"> + <li class="c-meta__author"> + <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--related-content" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/tanvi-misra/">Tanvi Misra</a></span> + </li> + </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--related-content">Mar 9, 2018</time></span> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="c-related-content__item"> + <a class="c-related-content__image" href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2017/08/art-of-making-a-neon-sign/537618/"><picture><img class="c-related-content__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/08/Screen_Shot_2017_08_22_at_6.42.43_PM/144x144.png?mod=1503441831" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-related-content__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/08/Screen_Shot_2017_08_22_at_6.42.43_PM/144x144.png?mod=1503441831" alt="" /></noscript></picture></a> + <div class="c-related-content__content"> + <h5 class="c-related-content__hed"> + <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2017/08/art-of-making-a-neon-sign/537618/">The Twists and Turns of Making a Neon Sign</a> + </h5> + <div class="c-byline c-byline--related-content"> + <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--related-content"> + <li class="c-meta__author"> + <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--related-content" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/linda-poon/">Linda Poon</a></span> + </li> + </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--related-content">Aug 23, 2017</time></span> + </div> + </div> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </aside> + <section class="s-article__section o-small-container" id="article-section-2"> + <p> + Amid this artistic groundswell, Georges Claude premiered his neon lights at the <a href="https://www.mondial-paris.com/en/visiteur/auto">Paris Motor Show</a> in December 1910, captivating visitors with 40-foot-tall tubes affixed to the building’s exterior. The lights shone orange-red because neon, by itself, produces that color. <em>Neon lighting</em> is a catchall term that describes the technology of glass tubing that contains gas or chemicals that glow when electrified. For example, neon fabricators use carbon dioxide to make white, and mercury to make blue. Claude acknowledged at the time that neon didn’t produce the ideal color for a standard light bulb and insisted that it posed no commercial threat to incandescent bulbs. + </p> + <p> + Of course, the very quality that made neon fixtures a poor choice for interior lighting made them perfect for signs, de Miranda notes. The first of the neon signs was switched on in 1912, advertising a barbershop on Paris’s Boulevard Montmartre, and eventually they were adopted by cinemas and nightclubs. While Claude had a monopoly on neon lighting throughout the 1920s, the leaking of trade secrets and the expiration of a series of patents broke his hold on the rapidly expanding technology. + </p> + </section> + <div class="ad-box-wrapper" data-pos="box"></div> + <section class="s-article__section o-small-container" id="article-section-3"> + <p> + In the following decades, neon’s nonstop glow and vibrant colors turned ordinary buildings and surfaces into 24/7 billboards for businesses, large and small, that wanted to convey a sense of always being open. The first examples of neon in the United States debuted in Los Angeles, where the Packard Motor Car Company commissioned two large blue-and-orange <span class="smallcaps">Packard</span> signs that literally stopped traffic because they distracted motorists. The lighting also featured heavily at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition in 1933 and at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York. At the latter event, a massive neon sign reading <span class="smallcaps">Futurama</span> lit the way to a General Motors exhibition that heralded “The World of Tomorrow.” + </p> + <figure style="max-width: 620.0px;"> + <picture style="display: block; position:relative; width:100%; height:0; overflow:hidden; padding-bottom:66.4516129032%;"><img alt="" data-srcset="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/posts/2019/04/AP_8912060228/cbd32b0e1.jpg" class="lazyload" style="position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left:0; border:0;" /></picture> + <figcaption class="caption"> + Workers remove a hammer and sickle from a neon sign that reads “Glory to Communism,” visible on the roof of the Communist-run electricity-board headquarters in Czechoslovakia in 1989. (AP) + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p> + De Miranda points out that businesses weren’t alone in embracing neon’s ability to spread messages effectively. By the middle of the century, the lighting was being adopted for more political purposes. “In the 1960s, the Soviets deployed a vast ‘neonization’ of the Eastern bloc capitals to emulate capitalist metropolises,” de Miranda writes. “Because consumer shops were rare in the Polish capital [of Warsaw], they did not hesitate to illuminate the façades of public buildings.” In other words, as opposed to the sole use of the more obvious forms of propaganda via posters or slogans, the mass introduction of neon lighting was a way of getting citizens of Communist cities to see their surroundings with the pizzazz and nighttime glamour of major Western capitals. + </p> + </section> + <div class="ad-box-wrapper" data-pos="box"></div> + <section class="s-article__section o-small-container" id="article-section-4"> + <p> + Neon, around this time, began to be phased out, thanks to cheaper and less labor-intensive alternatives. In addition, the global economic downturn of the 1970s yielded a landscape in which older, flickering neon signs, which perhaps their owners couldn’t afford to fix or replace, came to look like symbols of decline. Where such signs were once sophisticated and novel, they now seemed dated and even seedy. + </p> + <section class="c-newsletter c-newsletter--promo c-newsletter--cta"> + <h2 class="c-newsletter__title"> + Cities are changing fast. Keep up with the <b>CityLab Daily</b> newsletter. + </h2><label for="promo-email-input-email" class="c-newsletter__cta c-newsletter__cta--promo">The best way to follow issues you care about.</label> + <form id="promo-email" class="js-newsletter-form c-newsletter__form c-newsletter__form--promo" action="#" name="promo-email"> + <input class="js-newsletter-field--email c-newsletter__field c-newsletter__field--email c-newsletter__field--promo" id="promo-email-input-email" name="email" type="email" placeholder="Email Address" aria-label="Email Address" /><input type="hidden" name="newsletters" value="7607485" /><input type="hidden" name="newsletterName" value="Today on CityLab" /> <button class="js-newsletter-form__btn c-btn c-btn--signup c-btn--promo c-newsletter__submit--promo" type="submit" name="submit">Subscribe</button> + <div class="c-loader" role="status"> + <button class="js-newsletter-form__btn c-btn c-btn--signup c-btn--promo c-newsletter__submit--promo" type="submit" name="submit"><span class="c-btn__loader">Loading...</span></button> + </div><button class="js-newsletter-form__btn c-btn c-btn--signup c-btn--promo c-newsletter__submit--promo" type="submit" name="submit"></button> + <div class="js-newsletter-message"></div> + </form> + </section> + <p> + De Miranda understands this evolution by zooming out and looking at the 1900s as the “neon century.” The author draws a parallel between the physical form of neon lights, which again are essentially containers for electrified gases, and that of a glass capsule—suggesting they are a kind of message in a bottle from a time before the First World War. “Since then, [neon lights] have witnessed all the transformations that have created the world we live in,” de Miranda writes. “Today, they sometimes seem to maintain a hybrid status, somewhere between junkyards and museums, not unlike European capitals themselves.” + </p> + <figure style="max-width: 620.0px;"> + <picture style="display: block; position:relative; width:100%; height:0; overflow:hidden; padding-bottom:66.6129032258%;"><img alt="" data-srcset="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/posts/2019/04/AP_945361213236/888fdd750.jpg" class="lazyload" style="position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left:0; border:0;" /></picture> + <figcaption class="caption"> + Martin Wartman, a student at Northern Kentucky University, works on a neon sign at the Neonworks of Cincinnati workshop connected to the American Sign Museum, in 2016. (John Minchillo / AP) + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p> + Another mark of neon’s hybridity: Its obsolescence started just as some contemporary artists began using the lights in their sculptures. Bruce Nauman’s 1968 work <em><a href="https://www.stedelijk.nl/en/collection/1097-bruce-nauman-my-name-as-though-it-were-written-on-the-surface-of-the-moon">My Name as Though It Were Written on the Surface of the Moon</a></em> poked fun at the space race—another symbol of 20th-century technological innovation whose moment has passed. The piece uses blue “neon” letters (mercury, actually) to spell out the name “bruce” in lowercase cursive, with each character repeated several times as if to convey a person speaking slowly in outer space. The British artist Tracey Emin has made <a href="https://www.artsy.net/collection/tracey-emin-neon-sculptures-and-prints">sculptures</a> that resemble neon Valentine’s Day candies: They read as garish and sentimental confections with pink, heart-shaped frames that surround blue text fragments. Drawing on the nostalgia-inducing quality of neon, the sculptures’ messages are redolent of old-fashioned movie dialogue, with titles such as “You Loved Me Like a Distant Star” and “The Kiss Was Beautiful.” + </p> + <p> + Seeing neon lighting tamed in the context of a gallery display fits comfortably with de Miranda’s notion that neon technology is like a time capsule from another age. In museums, works of neon art and design coexist with objects that were ahead of their own time in years past—a poignant fate for a technology that made its name advertising “The World of Tomorrow.” Yet today neon is also experiencing a kind of craft revival. The fact that it can’t be mass-produced has made its fabrication something akin to a cherished artisanal technique. Bars and restaurants hire firms such as Let There Be Neon in Manhattan, or <a href="https://www.instagram.com/theneonqueen/">the L.A.-based master neon artist Lisa Schulte</a>, to create custom signs and works of art. Neon’s story even continues to glow from inside museums such as California’s <a href="https://www.neonmona.org/">Museum of Neon Art</a> and the Neon Museum in Las Vegas. If it can still be a vital medium for artists and designers working today, “neonness” need not only be trapped in the past. It might also capture the mysterious glow of the near future—just as it did a century ago. + </p> + <p> + <em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/04/being-and-neonness-neon-lights-symbol-20th-century/588184/">The Atlantic</a>.</em> + </p> + </section> + <section class="c-authors-article u-lazy lazyload" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/author-article.cf4e8e0b143f.css"> + <h4 class="c-authors-article__about-title"> + About the Author + </h4> + <section class="c-author-article" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> + <div class="c-author-article__content"> + <h5 class="c-author-article__title" itemprop="name"> + <a class="c-author-article__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/sarah-archer/">Sarah Archer</a> + </h5> + <ul class="c-author-article__list"> + <li class="c-author-article__item"> + <svg class="c-icon c-icon--rss c-icon--author-article" viewbox="0 0 16 16"> + <use xlink:href="#icon-rss"></use></svg> <a href="/feeds/author/sarah-archer/" itemprop="url">Feed</a> + </li> + </ul> + <p class="c-author-article__bio" itemprop="description"> + <a href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/sarah-archer/" class="author-link" data-omni-click="inherit">Sarah Archer</a> is the author of <em>The Midcentury Kitchen</em>. + </p> + </div> + </section> + </section> + </article> + <section class="c-disqus lazyload" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/disqus.09fd7da024fd.css"> + <button type="button" class="c-btn c-btn--disqus-comments js-load-disqus-comments">Expand Comments +</button> + <div id="disqus_thread" class="c-wrapper__disqus-comments"></div> + </section> + <div class="c-presented-by c-presented-by--article-logo"> + <div class="c-presented-by__content c-presented-by__content--article-logo" data-label="with funding from"></div> + </div> + <section class="c-article-most-popular js-action-bar-disable u-lazy lazyload" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/article-most-popular.3a9846ccf46b.css"> + <h2 class="c-article-most-popular__title"> + Most Popular + </h2> + <div class="c-article-most-popular__container"> + <ol class="c-article-most-popular__list"> + <li class="c-article-most-popular__item"> + <a href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/innisfil-transit-ride-hailing-bus-public-transportation-uber/588154/"><picture class="c-article-most-popular__picture"><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/RTS28UAK/thumb.jpg?mod=1556565008" media="(min-width: 1024px)" /><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/RTS28UAK/144x144.jpg?mod=1556565008" media="(max-width: 575px)" /><img class="c-article-most-popular__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/RTS28UAK/144x144.jpg?mod=1556565008" alt="A photo of an Uber Bus in Cairo, the company's new microtransit program." /><noscript><img class="c-article-most-popular__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/RTS28UAK/144x144.jpg?mod=1556565008" alt="A photo of an Uber Bus in Cairo, the company's new microtransit program." /></noscript></picture></a> + <div class="c-article-most-popular__content"> + <a class="c-article-most-popular__link c-article-most-popular__link--kicker" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/">Transportation</a> + <h3 class="c-article-most-popular__hed"> + <a class="c-article-most-popular__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/innisfil-transit-ride-hailing-bus-public-transportation-uber/588154/">‘Uber Was Supposed To Be Our Public Transit’</a> + </h3> + <p class="c-article-most-popular__dek"> + Innisfil, Ontario, decided to partially subsidize ride-hailing trips rather than pay for a public bus system. 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Nostrum et officiis facere ex recusandae tenetur, delectus odit provident soluta id perferendis ducimus quibusdam corporis rerum voluptatem architecto sequi beatae quod mollitia voluptatibus earum tempora inventore ut. Deserunt reprehenderit recusandae nostrum, eaque fuga cum, repellat, perspiciatis ducimus in non consequatur ratione. Sint rerum necessitatibus deleniti odio earum voluptatum eos modi ab dolor minus.</p> + <img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of Metroid" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 800w" srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 800w"> + <p>Quae veniam recusandae vel cupiditate doloribus pariatur, dolorum saepe hic quos mollitia harum nihil molestias magni modi maiores? Ea accusamus velit vel doloremque pariatur voluptate? Consequuntur dolorum fugit facere architecto eveniet beatae eligendi rerum nisi maxime, voluptatum a repellendus perferendis dolores eius repudiandae accusamus animi eum esse adipisci voluptatibus incidunt necessitatibus! Adipisci id, quos libero dolor odit dignissimos et, cum explicabo est facere aliquid mollitia! Iure nihil nobis beatae quibusdam, dolor saepe reiciendis, exercitationem hic accusamus quasi commodi modi molestiae ipsum, maxime non nesciunt deserunt itaque quo cupiditate rerum ipsa ad minus vel quod. Earum dolorum velit aut minus hic?</p> + <img src="data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M512 512H0V0h512v512z'/></svg>"> + <p>Quidem nam tempore ex harum repellat modi expedita quia rerum est ut ullam, quisquam repudiandae at dolorum. Sint atque fugit facere id blanditiis dolor omnis rem repudiandae, laboriosam unde delectus illo voluptate dolorem consectetur rerum expedita quas debitis deleniti iure amet. At sequi distinctio facere eaque, esse molestiae tenetur, unde sapiente fugit minus eos ex aperiam atque? Animi soluta, dolorem sequi doloremque pariatur in. Impedit, voluptates dolorem natus perspiciatis pariatur eligendi labore rerum facilis est error. Illum eveniet nostrum atque nobis molestiae expedita perferendis, esse ullam corrupti sit explicabo beatae. Sapiente aliquid nesciunt reiciendis incidunt cumque et officiis minus aliquam?</p> + <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0naHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmcnIHZpZXdCb3g9JzAgMCAyNCAyNCc+PHBhdGggZD0nTTUxMiA1MTJIMFYwaDUxMnY1MTJ6Jy8+PC9zdmc+"> + <p>Veritatis sit nostrum officiis alias ea quam nulla veniam eos, quidem nisi, magni molestias ut odio. Ea, mollitia nesciunt. Maiores iste quos quas sapiente sit at esse quidem? Laboriosam fugiat nobis voluptatum reiciendis aliquam excepturi ipsum? Perspiciatis expedita sit quod, optio assumenda veritatis culpa, neque explicabo distinctio facere incidunt magnam accusamus, quidem animi delectus doloremque vel molestiae a quae dolorem. Sit, at? Numquam possimus animi esse incidunt quos quibusdam. Ab sit eligendi laborum beatae maxime suscipit, obcaecati enim cum nam autem, dicta nobis corrupti ut aut nostrum ex excepturi perferendis, soluta veniam. Excepturi beatae suscipit enim dignissimos! Quam, esse praesentium!</p> + <img 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Natus eaque totam provident obcaecati nisi praesentium iusto velit fuga debitis quidem ut repellat corrupti, eligendi inventore quibusdam perspiciatis delectus omnis pariatur excepturi quasi fugit? A adipisci natus nostrum, qui aperiam, at culpa corrupti autem enim earum vitae. Nostrum et officiis facere ex recusandae tenetur, delectus odit provident soluta id perferendis ducimus quibusdam corporis rerum voluptatem architecto sequi beatae quod mollitia voluptatibus earum tempora inventore ut. Deserunt reprehenderit recusandae nostrum, eaque fuga cum, repellat, perspiciatis ducimus in non consequatur ratione. Sint rerum necessitatibus deleniti odio earum voluptatum eos modi ab dolor minus.</p> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of Metroid" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 800w"/> + <p>Quae veniam recusandae vel cupiditate doloribus pariatur, dolorum saepe hic quos mollitia harum nihil molestias magni modi maiores? Ea accusamus velit vel doloremque pariatur voluptate? Consequuntur dolorum fugit facere architecto eveniet beatae eligendi rerum nisi maxime, voluptatum a repellendus perferendis dolores eius repudiandae accusamus animi eum esse adipisci voluptatibus incidunt necessitatibus! Adipisci id, quos libero dolor odit dignissimos et, cum explicabo est facere aliquid mollitia! Iure nihil nobis beatae quibusdam, dolor saepe reiciendis, exercitationem hic accusamus quasi commodi modi molestiae ipsum, maxime non nesciunt deserunt itaque quo cupiditate rerum ipsa ad minus vel quod. Earum dolorum velit aut minus hic?</p> + <img src="data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M512 512H0V0h512v512z'/></svg>" /> + <p>Quidem nam tempore ex harum repellat modi expedita quia rerum est ut ullam, quisquam repudiandae at dolorum. Sint atque fugit facere id blanditiis dolor omnis rem repudiandae, laboriosam unde delectus illo voluptate dolorem consectetur rerum expedita quas debitis deleniti iure amet. At sequi distinctio facere eaque, esse molestiae tenetur, unde sapiente fugit minus eos ex aperiam atque? Animi soluta, dolorem sequi doloremque pariatur in. Impedit, voluptates dolorem natus perspiciatis pariatur eligendi labore rerum facilis est error. Illum eveniet nostrum atque nobis molestiae expedita perferendis, esse ullam corrupti sit explicabo beatae. Sapiente aliquid nesciunt reiciendis incidunt cumque et officiis minus aliquam?</p> + <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0naHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmcnIHZpZXdCb3g9JzAgMCAyNCAyNCc+PHBhdGggZD0nTTUxMiA1MTJIMFYwaDUxMnY1MTJ6Jy8+PC9zdmc+" /> + <p>Veritatis sit nostrum officiis alias ea quam nulla veniam eos, quidem nisi, magni molestias ut odio. Ea, mollitia nesciunt. Maiores iste quos quas sapiente sit at esse quidem? Laboriosam fugiat nobis voluptatum reiciendis aliquam excepturi ipsum? Perspiciatis expedita sit quod, optio assumenda veritatis culpa, neque explicabo distinctio facere incidunt magnam accusamus, quidem animi delectus doloremque vel molestiae a quae dolorem. Sit, at? Numquam possimus animi esse incidunt quos quibusdam. Ab sit eligendi laborum beatae maxime suscipit, obcaecati enim cum nam autem, dicta nobis corrupti ut aut nostrum ex excepturi perferendis, soluta veniam. Excepturi beatae suscipit enim dignissimos! Quam, esse praesentium!</p> + <img 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My team had already begun designing a critical internal service that most of our software would use: It would handle asynchronous computing requests behind the scenes, powering everything from dragging a file into a Dropbox folder to scheduling a marketing campaign. + </p> + <p> + This Asynchronous Task Framework (ATF) would replace multiple bespoke async systems used by different engineering teams. It would reduce redundant development, incompatibilities, and reliance on legacy software. There were no open-source projects or buy-not-build solutions that worked well for our use case and scale, so we had to create our own. ATF is both an important and interesting challenge, though, so we were happy to design, build and deploy our own in-house service. + </p> + <p> + ATF not only had to work well, it had to work well at scale: It would be a foundational building block of Dropbox infrastructure. It would need to handle 10,000 async tasks per second from the start, and be architected for future growth. It would need to support nearly 100 unique async task types from the start, again with room to grow. There were at least two dozen engineering teams that would want to use it for entirely different parts of our codebase, for many products and services. + </p> + <p> + As any engineer would, we Googled to see what other companies with mega-scale services had done to handle async tasks. We were disappointed to find little material published by engineers who built supersized async services. + </p> + <p> + Now that ATF is deployed and currently serving 9,000 async tasks scheduled per second and in use by 28 engineering teams internally, we’re glad to fill that information gap. We’ve documented Dropbox ATF thoroughly, as a reference and guide for the engineering community seeking their own async solutions. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="introduction"> + <h2> + Introduction + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + Scheduling asynchronous tasks on-demand is a critical capability that powers many features and internal platforms at Dropbox. Async Task Framework (ATF) is the infrastructural system that supports this capability at Dropbox through a callback-based architecture. ATF enables developers to define callbacks, and schedule tasks that execute against these pre-defined callbacks. + </p> + <p> + Since its introduction over a year ago, ATF has gone on to become an important building block in the Dropbox infrastructure, used by nearly 30 internal teams across our codebase. It currently supports 100+ use cases which require either immediate or delayed task scheduling. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="glossary"> + <h2> + Glossary + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + Some basic terms repeatedly used in this post, defined as used in the context of this discussion. + </p> + <p> + <b>Lambda:</b> A callback implementing business logic. + </p> + <p> + <span><b>Task:</b> Unit of execution of a lambda. Each asynchronous job scheduled with ATF is a task.</span> + </p> + <p> + <span><b>Collection:</b> A labeled subset of tasks belonging to a lambda. If <span>send email</span> is implemented as a lambda, then <span>password reset email</span> and <span>marketing email</span> would be collections.</span> + </p> + <p> + <span><b> Priority:</b> Labels defining priority of execution of tasks within a lambda. </span> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="features"> + <h2> + Features + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + <b>Task scheduling</b><br> + Clients can schedule tasks to execute at a specified time. Tasks can be scheduled for immediate execution, or delayed to fit the use case. + </p> + <p> + <b>Priority based execution</b><br> + Tasks should be associated with a priority. Tasks with higher priority should get executed before tasks with a lower priority once they are ready for execution. + </p> + <p> + <b>Task gating</b><br> + ATF enables the the gating of tasks based on lambda, or a subset of tasks on a lambda based on collection. Tasks can be gated to be completely dropped or paused until a suitable time for execution. + </p> + <p> + <b>Track task status</b><br> + Clients can query the status of a scheduled task. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="system-guarantees"> + <h2> + System guarantees + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + <b>At-least once task execution<br></b> The ATF system guarantees that a task is executed at least once after being scheduled. Execution is said to be complete once the user-defined callback signals task completion to the ATF system. + </p> + <p> + <b>No concurrent task execution<br></b> The ATF system guarantees that at most one instance of a task will be actively executing at any given in point. This helps users write their callbacks without designing for concurrent execution of the same task from different locations. + </p> + <p> + <b>Isolation<br></b> Tasks in a given lambda are isolated from the tasks in other lambdas. This isolation spans across several dimensions, including worker capacity for task execution and resource use for task scheduling. Tasks on the same lambda but different priority levels are also isolated in their resource use for task scheduling. + </p> + <p> + <b>Delivery latency<br></b> 95% of tasks begin execution within five seconds from their scheduled execution time. + </p> + <p> + <b>High availability for task scheduling<br></b> The ATF service is 99.9% available to accept task scheduling requests from any client. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="-lambda-requirements"> + <h2> + Lambda requirements + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + Following are some restrictions we place on the callback logic (lambda): + </p> + <p> + <b>Idempotence</b><br> + A single task on a lambda can be executed multiple times within the ATF system. Developers should ensure that their lambda logic and correctness of task execution in clients are not affected by this. + </p> + <p> + <b>Resiliency</b><br> + Worker processes which execute tasks might die at any point during task execution. ATF retries abruptly interrupted tasks, which could also be retried on different hosts. Lambda owners must design their lambdas such that retries on different hosts do not affect lambda correctness. + </p> + <p> + <b>Terminal state handling<br></b> ATF retries tasks until they are signaled to be complete from the lambda logic. Client code can mark a task as successfully completed, fatally terminated, or retriable. It is critical that lambda owners design clients to signal task completion appropriately to avoid misbehavior such as infinite retries. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="architecture"> + <h2> + Architecture + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <figure> + <img src="http://fakehost/cms/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/diagrams/Techblog-ATF-720x844px-1.png" aria-hidden="false" alt="Async Task Framework (ATF) [Fig 1]" height="1688" width="1440"> + <figcaption> + Async Task Framework (ATF) [Fig 1] + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div> + <p> + In this section, we describe the high-level architecture of ATF and give brief description of its different components. (See Fig. 1 above.) In this section, we describe the high-level architecture of ATF and give brief description of its different components. (See Fig. 1 above.) Dropbox <a href="https://dropbox.tech/infrastructure/courier-dropbox-migration-to-grpc">uses gRPC</a> for remote calls and our in-house <a href="https://dropbox.tech/infrastructure/reintroducing-edgestore">Edgestore</a> to store tasks. + </p> + <p> + ATF consists of the following components: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Frontend + </li> + <li>Task Store + </li> + <li>Store Consumer + </li> + <li>Queue + </li> + <li>Controller + </li> + <li>Executor + </li> + <li>Heartbeat and Status Controller (HSC)<span><br></span> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + <span><b>Frontend</b><br> + This is the service that schedules requests via an RPC interface. The frontend accepts RPC requests from clients and schedules tasks by interacting with ATF’s task store described below.</span><br> + </p> + <p> + <b>Task Store<br></b> ATF tasks are stored in and triggered from the task store. The task store could be any generic data store with indexed querying capability. In ATF’s case, We use our in-house metadata store Edgestore to power the task store. More details can be found in the <a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=395988446153757833740421&h2=Data-model">D</a><a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=395988446153757833740421&h2=Data-model">ata</a> <a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=395988446153757833740421&h2=Data-model">M</a><a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=395988446153757833740421&h2=Data-model">odel</a> section below. + </p> + <p> + <b>Store Consumer<br></b> The Store Consumer is a service that periodically polls the task store to find tasks that are ready for execution and pushes them onto the right queues, as described in the queue section below. These could be tasks that are newly ready for execution, or older tasks that are ready for execution again because they either failed in a retriable way on execution, or were dropped elsewhere within the ATF system. + </p> + <p> + Below is a simple walkthrough of the Store Consumer’s function: + </p> + </div> + <div> + <pre><code>repeat every second: + 1. poll tasks ready for execution from task store + 2. push tasks onto the right queues + 3. update task statuses</code></pre> + </div> + <div> + <p> + The Store Consumer polls tasks that failed in earlier execution attempts. This helps with the at-least-once guarantee that the ATF system provides. More details on how the Store Consumer polls new and previously failed tasks is presented in the <a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=342792671048375002388848&h2=Lifecycle-of-a-task">Lifecycle of a task</a> section below. + </p> + <p> + <b>Queue<br></b> ATF uses AWS <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/sqs/">Simple Queue Service</a> (SQS) to queue tasks internally. These queues act as a buffer between the Store Consumer and Controllers (described below). Each <span><lambda, priority></span> pair gets a dedicated SQS queue. The total number of SQS queues used by ATF is <span>#lambdas x #priorities</span>. + </p> + <p> + <b>Controller<br></b> Worker hosts are physical hosts dedicated for task execution. Each worker host has one controller process responsible for polling tasks from SQS queues in a background thread, and then pushing them onto process local buffered queues. The Controller is only aware of the lambdas it is serving and thus polls only the limited set of necessary queues. + </p> + <p> + The Controller serves tasks from its process local queue as a response to <span>NextWork</span> RPCs. This is the layer where execution level task prioritization occurs. The Controller has different process level queues for tasks of different priorities and can thus prioritize tasks in response to <span>NextWork</span> RPCs. + </p> + <p> + <b>Executor<br></b> The Executor is a process with multiple threads, responsible for the actual task execution. Each thread within an Executor process follows this simple loop: + </p> + </div> + <div> + <pre><code>while True: + w = get_next_work() + do_work(w)</code></pre> + </div> + <div> + <p> + Each worker host has a single Controller process and multiple executor processes. Both the Controller and Executors work in a “pull” model, in which active loops continuously long-poll for new work to be done. + </p> + <p> + <b>Heartbeat and Status Controller (HSC)</b><br> + The HSC serves RPCs for claiming a task for execution (<span>ClaimTask</span>), setting task status after execution (<span>SetResults</span>) and heartbeats during task execution (<span>Heartbeat</span>). <span>ClaimTask</span> requests originate from the Controllers in response to <span>NextWork</span> requests. <span>Heartbeat</span> and <span>SetResults</span> requests originate from executor processes during and after task execution. The HSC interacts with the task store to update the task status on the kind of request it receives. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="data-model"> + <h2> + Data model + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + ATF uses our in-house metadata store, Edgestore, as a task store. Edgestore objects can be Entities or Associations (<span>assoc</span>), each of which can have user-defined attributes. Associations are used to represent relationships between entities. Edgestore supports indexing only on attributes of associations. + </p> + <p> + Based on this design, we have two kinds of ATF-related objects in Edgestore. The ATF association stores scheduling information, such as the next scheduled timestamp at which the Store Consumer should poll a given task (either for the first time or for a retry). The ATF entity stores all task related information that is used to track the task state and payload for task execution. We query on associations from the Store Consumer in a pull model to pick up tasks ready for execution. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="lifecycle-of-a-task"> + <h2> + Lifecycle of a task + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <ol> + <li>Client performs a <span>Schedule</span> RPC call to <b>Frontend</b> with task information, including execution time. + </li> + <li>Frontend creates Edgestore <span>entity</span> and <span>assoc</span> for the task. + </li> + <li>When it is time to process the task, <b>Store Consumer</b> pulls the task from <b>Edgestore</b> and pushes it to a related <b>SQS</b> queue. + </li> + <li> + <b>Executor</b> makes <span>NextWork</span> RPC call to <b>Controller</b>, which pulls tasks from the <b>SQS</b> queue, makes a <span>ClaimTask</span> RPC to the HSC and then returns the task to the <b>Executor</b>. + </li> + <li> + <b>Executor</b> invokes the callback for the task. While processing, <b>Executor</b> performs <span>Heartbeat</span> RPC calls to <b>Heartbeat and Status Controller (HSC)</b>. Once processing is done, <b>Executor</b> performs <span>TaskStatus</span> RPC call to <b>HSC</b>. + </li> + <li>Upon getting <span>Heartbeat</span> and <span>TaskStatus</span> RPC calls, <b>HSC</b> updates the <b>Edgestore</b> entity and <span>assoc</span>. + </li> + </ol> + <p> + Every state update in the lifecycle of a task is accompanied by an update to the next trigger timestamp in the <span>assoc</span>. This ensures that the Store Consumer pulls the task again if there is no change in state of the task within the next trigger timestamp. This helps ATF achieve its at-least-once delivery guarantee by ensuring that no task is dropped. + </p> + <p> + Following are the task entity and association states in ATF and their corresponding timestamp updates: + </p> + <table readabilityDataTable="1"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <b>Entity status</b> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <b>Assoc status</b> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <b>next trigger timestamp in Assoc</b> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <b>Comment</b> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span>new</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>new</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>scheduled_timestamp</span> of the task + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Pick up new tasks that are ready. + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span>enqueued</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>started</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>enqueued_timestamp</span> + <span>enqueue_timeout</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Re-enqueue task if it has been in <span>enqueued</span> state for too long. This can happen if the queue loses data or the controller goes down after polling the queue and before the task is claimed. + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span>claimed</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>started</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>claimed_timestamp</span> + <span>claim_timeout</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Re-enqueue if task is claimed but never transfered to <span>processing</span>. This can happen if Controller is down after claiming a task. Task status is changed to <span>enqueued</span> after re-enqueue. + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span>processing</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>started</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>heartbeat_timestamp</span> + <span>heartbeat_timeout</span>` + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Re-enqueue if task hasn’t sent <span>heartbeat</span> for too long. This can happen if Executor is down. Task status is changed to <span>enqueued</span> after re-enqueue. + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span>retriable failure</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + started + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + compute <span>next_timestamp</span> according to backoff logic + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Exponential backoff for tasks with retriable failure. + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span>success</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>completed</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + N/A + </p> + </td> + <td> + + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span>fatal_failure</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span>completed</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + N/A + </p> + </td> + <td> + + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + The store consumer polls for tasks based on the following query: + </p> + <p> + <span>assoc_status= && next_timestamp<=time.now()<br></span> + </p> + <p> + Below is the state machine that defines task state transitions: <br> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <figure> + <img src="http://fakehost/cms/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/diagrams/Techblog-ATF-720x225px-2.png" aria-hidden="false" alt="Task State Transitions [Fig 2]" height="450" width="1440"> + </figure> + </div> + <div> + <p id="-achieving-guarantees"> + <h2> + Achieving guarantees + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + <b>At-least-once task execution<br></b> At-least-once execution is guaranteed in ATF by retrying a task until it completes execution (which is signaled by a <span>Success</span> or a <span>FatalFailure</span> state). All ATF system errors are implicitly considered retriable failures, and lambda owners have an option of marking tasks with a <span>RetriableFailure</span> state. Tasks might be dropped from the ATF execution pipeline in different parts of the system through transient RPC failures and failures on dependencies like Edgestore or SQS. These transient failures at different parts of the system do not affect the at-least-once guarantee, though, because of the system of timeouts and re-polling from Store Consumer. + </p> + <p> + <b>No concurrent task execution<br></b> Concurrent task execution is avoided through a combination of two methods in ATF. First, tasks are explicitly claimed through an exclusive task state (<span>Claimed</span>) before starting execution. Once the task execution is complete, the task status is updated to one of <span>Success</span>, <span>FatalFailure</span> or <span>RetriableFailure</span>. A task can be claimed only if its existing task state is <span>Enqueued</span> (retried tasks go to the <span>Enqueued</span> state as well once they are re-pushed onto SQS). + </p> + <p> + However, there might be situations where once a long running task starts execution, its heartbeats might fail repeatedly yet the task execution continues. ATF would retry this task by polling it from the store consumer because the heartbeat timeouts would’ve expired. This task can then be claimed by another worker and lead to concurrent execution. <br> + </p> + <p> + To avoid this situation, there is a termination logic in the Executor processes whereby an Executor process terminates itself as soon as three consecutive heartbeat calls fail. Each heartbeat timeout is large enough to eclipse three consecutive heartbeat failures. This ensures that the Store Consumer cannot pull such tasks before the termination logic ends them—the second method that helps achieve this guarantee. + </p> + <p> + <b>Isolation<br></b> Isolation of lambdas is achieved through dedicated worker clusters, dedicated queues, and dedicated per-lambda scheduling quotas. In addition, isolation across different priorities within the same lambda is likewise achieved through dedicated queues and scheduling bandwidth. + </p> + <p> + <b>Delivery latency<br></b> ATF use cases do not require ultra-low task delivery latencies. Task delivery latencies on the order of a couple of seconds are acceptable. Tasks ready for execution are periodically polled by the Store Consumer and this period of polling largely controls the task delivery latency. Using this as a tuning lever, ATF can achieve different delivery latencies as required. Increasing poll frequency reduces task delivery latency and vice versa. Currently, we have calibrated ATF to poll for ready tasks once every two seconds. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="ownership-model"> + <h2> + Ownership model + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <p> + ATF is designed to be a self-serve framework for developers at Dropbox. The design is very intentional in driving an ownership model where lambda owners own all aspects of their lambdas’ operations. To promote this, all lambda worker clusters are owned by the lambda owners. They have full control over operations on these clusters, including code deployments and capacity management. Each executor process is bound to one lambda. Owners have the option of deploying multiple lambdas on their worker clusters simply by spawning new executor processes on their hosts. + </p> + <div> + <p id="-extending-atf"> + <h2> + Extending ATF + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + As described above, ATF provides an infrastructural building block for scheduling asynchronous tasks. With this foundation established, ATF can be extended to support more generic use cases and provide more features as a framework. Following are some examples of what could be built as an extension to ATF. + </p> + <p> + <b>Periodic task execution<br></b> Currently, ATF is a system for one-time task scheduling. Building support for periodic task execution as an extension to this framework would be useful in unlocking new capabilities for our clients. + </p> + <p> + <b>Better support for task chaining<br></b> Currently, it is possible to chain tasks on ATF by scheduling a task onto ATF that then schedules other tasks onto ATF during its execution. Although it is possible to do this in the current ATF setup, visibility and control on this chaining is absent at the framework level. Another natural extension here would be to better support task chaining through framework-level visibility and control, to make this use case a first class concept in the ATF model. + </p> + <p> + <b>Dead letter queues for misbehaving tasks<br></b> One common source of maintenance overhead we observe on ATF is that some tasks get stuck in infinite retry loops due to occasional bugs in lambda logic. This requires manual intervention from the ATF framework owners in some cases where there are a large number of tasks stuck in such loops, occupying a lot of the scheduling bandwidth in the system. Typical manual actions in response to such a situation include pausing execution of the lambdas with misbehaving tasks, or dropping them outright. + </p> + <p> + One way to reduce this operational overhead and provide an easy interface for lambda owners to recover from such incidents would be to create dead letter queues filled with such misbehaving tasks. The ATF framework could impose a maximum number of retries before tasks are pushed onto the dead letter queue. We could create and expose tools that make it easy to reschedule tasks from the dead letter queue back into the ATF system, once the associated lambda bugs are fixed.<br> + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p id="conclusion"> + <h2> + Conclusion + </h2> + </p> + </div> + <p> + We hope this post helps engineers elsewhere to develop better async task frameworks of their own. Many thanks to everyone who worked on this project: Anirudh Jayakumar, Deepak Gupta, Dmitry Kopytkov, Koundinya Muppalla, Peng Kang, Rajiv Desai, Ryan Armstrong, Steve Rodrigues, Thomissa Comellas, Xiaonan Zhang and Yuhuan Du.<br> + + </p> + </div>
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action="https://dropbox.tech/search-results.html" class="dr-header__search-form dr-container__content dr-width-100"> + <input autocomplete="off" class="dr-header__search-input dr-typography-t3" name="q" placeholder="Search" required="true" type="text" /> + <p class="dr-header__search-hint dr-margin-top-30 dr-margin-bottom-0 dr-typography-t5 dr-display-none"> + // Press enter to search + </p> + </form> + </div> + </div> + </section> + </div> + </header> + <div class="dr-article-hero"> + <div class="dr-article-hero__background-container dr-container--infrastructure"> + <picture class="dr-article-hero__background dr-article-hero__background--regular"><source media="( max-width: 375px )" srcset="/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/header/Infrastructure-ATF-375x150-light.png" /> <source media="( max-width: 376px ) and ( max-width: 1199px )" srcset="/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/header/Infrastructure-ATF-1024x250-light.png" /> <img class="dr-article-hero__background-image" src="/cms/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/header/Infrastructure-ATF-1440x305-light.png" alt="" /></picture> <picture class="dr-article-hero__background dr-article-hero__background--dark"><source media="( max-width: 375px )" srcset="/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/header/Infrastructure-ATF-375x150-dark.png" /> <source media="( max-width: 376px ) and ( max-width: 1199px )" srcset="/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/header/Infrastructure-ATF-1024x250-dark.png" /> <img class="dr-article-hero__background-image" src="/cms/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/header/Infrastructure-ATF-1440x305-dark.png" alt="" /></picture> + </div> + <section class="dr-container__content"> + <h1 class="dr-display-inline dr-typography-t15 dr-container--surface dr-article-hero__title"> + <span class="dr-article-hero__title-container dr-container--infrastructure">How we designed Dropbox ATF: an async task framework</span> + </h1> + <div class="dr-typography-no-space dr-margin-top-10 dr-margin-md-top-20"> + <span class="dr-typography-t5">// By Arun Sai Krishnan • Nov 11, 2020</span> + </div> + </section> + </div> + <div class="dr-article-content"> + <div class="dr-article-content__scroll-tracker-container dr-container--infrastructure"> + <div class="dr-article-content__scroll-tracker"></div> + </div> + <div class="dr-container__content"> + <div class="dr-article-content__content-container dr-padding-md-left-80 dr-padding-md-right-80 dr-typography-t12"> + <nav class="dr-article-content__side-nav dr-article-content__side-nav--initial dr-typography-t5"> + <ol class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list dr-margin-0"> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#introduction" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Introduction</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#glossary" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Glossary</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#features" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Features</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#system-guarantees" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">System guarantees</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#-lambda-requirements" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Lambda requirements</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#architecture" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Architecture</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#data-model" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Data model</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#lifecycle-of-a-task" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Lifecycle of a task</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#-achieving-guarantees" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Achieving guarantees</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#ownership-model" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Ownership model</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#-extending-atf" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Extending ATF</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-article-content__side-nav-list-item dr-margin-bottom-5"> + <a href="#conclusion" class="dr-link dr-link--no-underline dr-article-content__side-nav-link">Conclusion</a> + </li> + </ol> + </nav> + <div class="dr-article-content__content"> + <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12"> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + I joined Dropbox not long after graduating with a Master’s degree in computer science. Aside from an internship, this was my first big-league engineering job. My team had already begun designing a critical internal service that most of our software would use: It would handle asynchronous computing requests behind the scenes, powering everything from dragging a file into a Dropbox folder to scheduling a marketing campaign. + </p> + <p> + This Asynchronous Task Framework (ATF) would replace multiple bespoke async systems used by different engineering teams. It would reduce redundant development, incompatibilities, and reliance on legacy software. There were no open-source projects or buy-not-build solutions that worked well for our use case and scale, so we had to create our own. ATF is both an important and interesting challenge, though, so we were happy to design, build and deploy our own in-house service. + </p> + <p> + ATF not only had to work well, it had to work well at scale: It would be a foundational building block of Dropbox infrastructure. It would need to handle 10,000 async tasks per second from the start, and be architected for future growth. It would need to support nearly 100 unique async task types from the start, again with room to grow. There were at least two dozen engineering teams that would want to use it for entirely different parts of our codebase, for many products and services.  + </p> + <p> + As any engineer would, we Googled to see what other companies with mega-scale services had done to handle async tasks. We were disappointed to find little material published by engineers who built supersized async services. + </p> + <p> + Now that ATF is deployed and currently serving 9,000 async tasks scheduled per second and in use by 28 engineering teams internally, we’re glad to fill that information gap. We’ve documented Dropbox ATF thoroughly, as a reference and guide for the engineering community seeking their own async solutions. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="introduction"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Introduction + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + Scheduling asynchronous tasks on-demand is a critical capability that powers many features and internal platforms at Dropbox. Async Task Framework (ATF) is the infrastructural system that supports this capability at Dropbox through a callback-based architecture. ATF enables developers to define callbacks, and schedule tasks that execute against these pre-defined callbacks. + </p> + <p> + Since its introduction over a year ago, ATF has gone on to become an important building block in the Dropbox infrastructure, used by nearly 30 internal teams across our codebase. It currently supports 100+ use cases which require either immediate or delayed task scheduling.  + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="glossary"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Glossary + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + Some basic terms repeatedly used in this post, defined as used in the context of this discussion. + </p> + <p> + <b>Lambda:</b> A callback implementing business logic. + </p> + <p> + <span><b>Task:</b> Unit of execution of a lambda. Each asynchronous job scheduled with ATF is a task.</span> + </p> + <p> + <span><b>Collection:</b> A labeled subset of tasks belonging to a lambda. If <span class="dr-code">send email</span> is implemented as a lambda, then <span class="dr-code">password reset email</span> and <span class="dr-code">marketing email</span> would be collections.</span> + </p> + <p> + <span><b> Priority:</b> Labels defining priority of execution of tasks within a lambda. </span> + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="features"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Features + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + <b>Task scheduling</b><br /> + Clients can schedule tasks to execute at a specified time. Tasks can be scheduled for immediate execution, or delayed to fit the use case. + </p> + <p> + <b>Priority based execution</b><br /> + Tasks should be associated with a priority. Tasks with higher priority should get executed before tasks with a lower priority once they are ready for execution. + </p> + <p> + <b>Task gating</b><br /> + ATF enables the the gating of tasks based on lambda, or a subset of tasks on a lambda based on collection. Tasks can be gated to be completely dropped or paused until a suitable time for execution. + </p> + <p> + <b>Track task status</b><br /> + Clients can query the status of a scheduled task. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="system-guarantees"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + System guarantees + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + <b>At-least once task execution<br /></b> The ATF system guarantees that a task is executed at least once after being scheduled. Execution is said to be complete once the user-defined callback signals task completion to the ATF system. + </p> + <p> + <b>No concurrent task execution<br /></b> The ATF system guarantees that at most one instance of a task will be actively executing at any given in point. This helps users write their callbacks without designing for concurrent execution of the same task from different locations. + </p> + <p> + <b>Isolation<br /></b> Tasks in a given lambda are isolated from the tasks in other lambdas. This isolation spans across several dimensions, including worker capacity for task execution and resource use for task scheduling. Tasks on the same lambda but different priority levels are also isolated in their resource use for task scheduling. + </p> + <p> + <b>Delivery latency<br /></b> 95% of tasks begin execution within five seconds from their scheduled execution time. + </p> + <p> + <b>High availability for task scheduling<br /></b> The ATF service is 99.9% available to accept task scheduling requests from any client. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="-lambda-requirements"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Lambda requirements + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + Following are some restrictions we place on the callback logic (lambda): + </p> + <p> + <b>Idempotence</b><br /> + A single task on a lambda can be executed multiple times within the ATF system. Developers should ensure that their lambda logic and correctness of task execution in clients are not affected by this. + </p> + <p> + <b>Resiliency</b><br /> + Worker processes which execute tasks might die at any point during task execution. ATF retries abruptly interrupted tasks, which could also be retried on different hosts. Lambda owners must design their lambdas such that retries on different hosts do not affect lambda correctness. + </p> + <p> + <b>Terminal state handling<br /></b> ATF retries tasks until they are signaled to be complete from the lambda logic. Client code can mark a task as successfully completed, fatally terminated, or retriable. It is critical that lambda owners design clients to signal task completion appropriately to avoid misbehavior such as infinite retries.  + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="architecture"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Architecture + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="image c04-image aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-image image cq-dd-image"> + <figure class="dr-margin-0 dr-display-inline-block"> + <img src="/cms/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/diagrams/Techblog-ATF-720x844px-1.png" aria-hidden="false" alt="Async Task Framework (ATF) [Fig 1]" height="1688" width="1440" /> + <figcaption class="dr-typography-t5 dr-color-ink-60"> + Async Task Framework (ATF) [Fig 1] + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + In this section, we describe the high-level architecture of ATF and give brief description of its different components. (See Fig. 1 above.) In this section, we describe the high-level architecture of ATF and give brief description of its different components. (See Fig. 1 above.) Dropbox <a href="https://dropbox.tech/infrastructure/courier-dropbox-migration-to-grpc">uses gRPC</a> for remote calls and our in-house <a href="https://dropbox.tech/infrastructure/reintroducing-edgestore">Edgestore</a> to store tasks. + </p> + <p> + ATF consists of the following components:  + </p> + <ul> + <li>Frontend + </li> + <li>Task Store + </li> + <li>Store Consumer + </li> + <li>Queue + </li> + <li>Controller + </li> + <li>Executor + </li> + <li>Heartbeat and Status Controller (HSC)<span><br /></span> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + <span><b>Frontend</b><br /> + This is the service that schedules requests via an RPC interface. The frontend accepts RPC requests from clients and schedules tasks by interacting with ATF’s task store described below.</span><br /> + </p> + <p> + <b>Task Store<br /></b> ATF tasks are stored in and triggered from the task store. The task store could be any generic data store with indexed querying capability. In ATF’s case, We use our in-house metadata store Edgestore to power the task store. More details can be found in the <a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=395988446153757833740421&h2=Data-model">D</a><a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=395988446153757833740421&h2=Data-model">ata</a> <a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=395988446153757833740421&h2=Data-model">M</a><a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=395988446153757833740421&h2=Data-model">odel</a> section below. + </p> + <p> + <b>Store Consumer<br /></b> The Store Consumer is a service that periodically polls the task store to find tasks that are ready for execution and pushes them onto the right queues, as described in the queue section below. These could be tasks that are newly ready for execution, or older tasks that are ready for execution again because they either failed in a retriable way on execution, or were dropped elsewhere within the ATF system.  + </p> + <p> + Below is a simple walkthrough of the Store Consumer’s function:  + </p> + </div> + <div class="dr-code-container aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <button class="dr-code-container__copy-button dr-button dr-typography-t17">Copy</button> + <pre class="dr-code-container__pre"><code class="dr-code-container__code dr-typography-t5">repeat every second: + 1. poll tasks ready for execution from task store + 2. push tasks onto the right queues + 3. update task statuses</code></pre> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + The Store Consumer polls tasks that failed in earlier execution attempts. This helps with the at-least-once guarantee that the ATF system provides. More details on how the Store Consumer polls new and previously failed tasks is presented in the <a href="https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/How-we-designed-Dropboxs-ATF-an-async-task-framework--A~wmq5aW48OkHns4LzkM~o6zAg-cf95JuxevqilF2iWWATj6#:uid=342792671048375002388848&h2=Lifecycle-of-a-task">Lifecycle of a task</a> section below. + </p> + <p> + <b>Queue<br /></b> ATF uses AWS <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/sqs/" style="background-color: rgb(255,255,255);">Simple Queue Service</a> (SQS) to queue tasks internally. These queues act as a buffer between the Store Consumer and Controllers (described below). Each <span class="dr-code"><lambda, priority></span>  pair gets a dedicated SQS queue. The total number of SQS queues used by ATF is <span class="dr-code">#lambdas x #priorities</span>. + </p> + <p> + <b>Controller<br /></b> Worker hosts are physical hosts dedicated for task execution. Each worker host has one controller process responsible for polling tasks from SQS queues in a background thread, and then pushing them onto process local buffered queues. The Controller is only aware of the lambdas it is serving and thus polls only the limited set of necessary queues.  + </p> + <p> + The Controller serves tasks from its process local queue as a response to <span class="dr-code">NextWork</span> RPCs. This is the layer where execution level task prioritization occurs. The Controller has different process level queues for tasks of different priorities and can thus prioritize tasks in response to <span class="dr-code">NextWork</span> RPCs. + </p> + <p> + <b>Executor<br /></b> The Executor is a process with multiple threads, responsible for the actual task execution. Each thread within an Executor process follows this simple loop: + </p> + </div> + <div class="dr-code-container aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <button class="dr-code-container__copy-button dr-button dr-typography-t17">Copy</button> + <pre class="dr-code-container__pre"><code class="dr-code-container__code dr-typography-t5">while True: + w = get_next_work() + do_work(w)</code></pre> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + Each worker host has a single Controller process and multiple executor processes. Both the Controller and Executors work in a “pull” model, in which active loops continuously long-poll for new work to be done. + </p> + <p> + <b>Heartbeat and Status Controller (HSC)</b><br /> + The HSC serves RPCs for claiming a task for execution (<span class="dr-code">ClaimTask</span>), setting task status after execution (<span class="dr-code">SetResults</span>) and heartbeats during task execution (<span class="dr-code">Heartbeat</span>). <span class="dr-code">ClaimTask</span> requests originate from the Controllers in response to <span class="dr-code">NextWork</span> requests. <span class="dr-code">Heartbeat</span> and <span class="dr-code">SetResults</span> requests originate from executor processes during and after task execution. The HSC interacts with the task store to update the task status on the kind of request it receives. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="data-model"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Data model + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + ATF uses our in-house metadata store, Edgestore, as a task store. Edgestore objects can be Entities or Associations (<span class="dr-code">assoc</span>), each of which can have user-defined attributes. Associations are used to represent relationships between entities. Edgestore supports indexing only on attributes of associations. + </p> + <p> + Based on this design, we have two kinds of ATF-related objects in Edgestore. The ATF association stores scheduling information, such as the next scheduled timestamp at which the Store Consumer should poll a given task (either for the first time or for a retry). The ATF entity stores all task related information that is used to track the task state and payload for task execution. We query on associations from the Store Consumer in a pull model to pick up tasks ready for execution. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="lifecycle-of-a-task"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Lifecycle of a task + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <ol> + <li>Client performs a <span class="dr-code">Schedule</span> RPC call to <b>Frontend</b> with task information, including execution time.  + </li> + <li>Frontend creates Edgestore <span class="dr-code">entity</span> and <span class="dr-code">assoc</span> for the task.  + </li> + <li>When it is time to process the task, <b>Store Consumer</b> pulls the task from <b>Edgestore</b> and pushes it to a related <b>SQS</b> queue.  + </li> + <li> + <b>Executor</b> makes <span class="dr-code">NextWork</span> RPC call to <b>Controller</b>, which pulls tasks from the <b>SQS</b> queue, makes a <span class="dr-code">ClaimTask</span> RPC to the HSC and then returns the task to the <b>Executor</b>.  + </li> + <li> + <b>Executor</b> invokes the callback for the task. While processing, <b>Executor</b> performs <span class="dr-code">Heartbeat</span> RPC calls to <b>Heartbeat and Status Controller (HSC)</b>. Once processing is done, <b>Executor</b> performs <span class="dr-code">TaskStatus</span> RPC call to <b>HSC</b>.  + </li> + <li>Upon getting <span class="dr-code">Heartbeat</span> and <span class="dr-code">TaskStatus</span> RPC calls, <b>HSC</b> updates the <b>Edgestore</b> entity and <span class="dr-code">assoc</span>. + </li> + </ol> + <p> + Every state update in the lifecycle of a task is accompanied by an update to the next trigger timestamp in the <span class="dr-code">assoc</span>. This ensures that the Store Consumer pulls the task again if there is no change in state of the task within the next trigger timestamp. This helps ATF achieve its at-least-once delivery guarantee by ensuring that no task is dropped. + </p> + <p> + Following are the task entity and association states in ATF and their corresponding timestamp updates: + </p> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <b>Entity status</b> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <b>Assoc status</b> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <b>next trigger timestamp in Assoc</b> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <b>Comment</b> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">new</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">new</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">scheduled_timestamp</span> of the task + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Pick up new tasks that are ready.  + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">enqueued</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">started</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">enqueued_timestamp</span> + <span class="dr-code">enqueue_timeout</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Re-enqueue task if it has been in <span class="dr-code">enqueued</span> state for too long. This can happen if the queue loses data or the controller goes down after polling the queue and before the task is claimed. + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">claimed</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">started</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">claimed_timestamp</span> + <span class="dr-code">claim_timeout</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Re-enqueue if task is claimed but never transfered to <span class="dr-code">processing</span>. This can happen if Controller is down after claiming a task. Task status is changed to <span class="dr-code">enqueued</span> after re-enqueue. + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">processing</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">started</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">heartbeat_timestamp</span> + <span class="dr-code">heartbeat_timeout</span>` + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Re-enqueue if task hasn’t sent <span class="dr-code">heartbeat</span> for too long. This can happen if Executor is down. Task status is changed to <span class="dr-code">enqueued</span> after re-enqueue.  + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">retriable failure</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + started + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + compute <span class="dr-code">next_timestamp</span> according to backoff logic + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Exponential backoff for tasks with retriable failure.  + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">success</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">completed</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + N/A + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> +   + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">fatal_failure</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">completed</span> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + N/A + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> +   + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + The store consumer polls for tasks based on the following query: + </p> + <p> + <span class="dr-code">assoc_status= && next_timestamp<=time.now()<br /></span> + </p> + <p> + Below is the state machine that defines task state transitions: <br /> + </p> + </div> + <div class="image c04-image aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-image image cq-dd-image"> + <figure class="dr-margin-0 dr-display-inline-block"> + <img src="/cms/content/dam/dropbox/tech-blog/en-us/2020/11/atf/diagrams/Techblog-ATF-720x225px-2.png" aria-hidden="false" alt="Task State Transitions [Fig 2]" height="450" width="1440" /> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="-achieving-guarantees"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Achieving guarantees + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + <b>At-least-once task execution<br /></b> At-least-once execution is guaranteed in ATF by retrying a task until it completes execution (which is signaled by a <span class="dr-code">Success</span> or a <span class="dr-code">FatalFailure</span> state). All ATF system errors are implicitly considered retriable failures, and lambda owners have an option of marking tasks with a <span class="dr-code">RetriableFailure</span> state. Tasks might be dropped from the ATF execution pipeline in different parts of the system through transient RPC failures and failures on dependencies like Edgestore or SQS. These transient failures at different parts of the system do not affect the at-least-once guarantee, though, because of the system of timeouts and re-polling from Store Consumer. + </p> + <p> + <b>No concurrent task execution<br /></b> Concurrent task execution is avoided through a combination of two methods in ATF. First, tasks are explicitly claimed through an exclusive task state (<span class="dr-code">Claimed</span>) before starting execution. Once the task execution is complete, the task status is updated to one of <span class="dr-code">Success</span>, <span class="dr-code">FatalFailure</span> or <span class="dr-code">RetriableFailure</span>. A task can be claimed only if its existing task state is <span class="dr-code">Enqueued</span> (retried tasks go to the <span class="dr-code">Enqueued</span> state as well once they are re-pushed onto SQS). + </p> + <p> + However, there might be situations where once a long running task starts execution, its heartbeats might fail repeatedly yet the task execution continues. ATF would retry this task by polling it from the store consumer because the heartbeat timeouts would’ve expired. This task can then be claimed by another worker and lead to concurrent execution. <br /> + </p> + <p> + To avoid this situation, there is a termination logic in the Executor processes whereby an Executor process terminates itself as soon as three consecutive heartbeat calls fail. Each heartbeat timeout is large enough to eclipse three consecutive heartbeat failures. This ensures that the Store Consumer cannot pull such tasks before the termination logic ends them—the second method that helps achieve this guarantee. + </p> + <p> + <b>Isolation<br /></b> Isolation of lambdas is achieved through dedicated worker clusters, dedicated queues, and dedicated per-lambda scheduling quotas. In addition, isolation across different priorities within the same lambda is likewise achieved through dedicated queues and scheduling bandwidth. + </p> + <p> + <b>Delivery latency<br /></b> ATF use cases do not require ultra-low task delivery latencies. Task delivery latencies on the order of a couple of seconds are acceptable. Tasks ready for execution are periodically polled by the Store Consumer and this period of polling largely controls the task delivery latency. Using this as a tuning lever, ATF can achieve different delivery latencies as required. Increasing poll frequency reduces task delivery latency and vice versa. Currently, we have calibrated ATF to poll for ready tasks once every two seconds. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="ownership-model"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Ownership model + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + ATF is designed to be a self-serve framework for developers at Dropbox. The design is very intentional in driving an ownership model where lambda owners own all aspects of their lambdas’ operations. To promote this, all lambda worker clusters are owned by the lambda owners. They have full control over operations on these clusters, including code deployments and capacity management. Each executor process is bound to one lambda. Owners have the option of deploying multiple lambdas on their worker clusters simply by spawning new executor processes on their hosts. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="-extending-atf"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Extending ATF + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + As described above, ATF provides an infrastructural building block for scheduling asynchronous tasks. With this foundation established, ATF can be extended to support more generic use cases and provide more features as a framework. Following are some examples of what could be built as an extension to ATF.  + </p> + <p> + <b>Periodic task execution<br /></b> Currently, ATF is a system for one-time task scheduling. Building support for periodic task execution as an extension to this framework would be useful in unlocking new capabilities for our clients. + </p> + <p> + <b>Better support for task chaining<br /></b> Currently, it is possible to chain tasks on ATF by scheduling a task onto ATF that then schedules other tasks onto ATF during its execution. Although it is possible to do this in the current ATF setup, visibility and control on this chaining is absent at the framework level. Another natural extension here would be to better support task chaining through framework-level visibility and control, to make this use case a first class concept in the ATF model. + </p> + <p> + <b>Dead letter queues for misbehaving tasks<br /></b> One common source of maintenance overhead we observe on ATF is that some tasks get stuck in infinite retry loops due to occasional bugs in lambda logic. This requires manual intervention from the ATF framework owners in some cases where there are a large number of tasks stuck in such loops, occupying a lot of the scheduling bandwidth in the system. Typical manual actions in response to such a situation include pausing execution of the lambdas with misbehaving tasks, or dropping them outright. + </p> + <p> + One way to reduce this operational overhead and provide an easy interface for lambda owners to recover from such incidents would be to create dead letter queues filled with such misbehaving tasks. The ATF framework could impose a maximum number of retries before tasks are pushed onto the dead letter queue. We could create and expose tools that make it easy to reschedule tasks from the dead letter queue back into the ATF system, once the associated lambda bugs are fixed.<br /> + </p> + </div> + <div class="section aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <div class="dr-article-content__section" id="conclusion"> + <h2 class="dr-article-content__section-title"> + Conclusion + </h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="text parbase aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> + <p> + We hope this post helps engineers elsewhere to develop better async task frameworks of their own. Many thanks to everyone who worked on this project: Anirudh Jayakumar, Deepak Gupta, Dmitry Kopytkov, Koundinya Muppalla, Peng Kang, Rajiv Desai, Ryan Armstrong, Steve Rodrigues, Thomissa Comellas, Xiaonan Zhang and Yuhuan Du.<br /> +   + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="dr-typography-t5 dr-margin-top-50 dr-article-content__divider" /> + <div class="dr-typography-t5"></div> + <div class="dr-typography-t5 dr-margin-top-20"> + // Tags<br /> + <ul class="dr-unstyled-list dr-margin-top-10 dr-typography-t4"> + <li class="dr-container--infrastructure dr-display-inline-block dr-margin-right-10 dr-margin-bottom-10"> + <a class="dr-link dr-pill dr-pill--primary dr-link--no-underline" href="https://dropbox.tech/infrastructure">Infrastructure</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-display-inline-block dr-margin-right-10"> + <a class="dr-link dr-pill dr-link--no-underline" href="https://dropbox.tech/tag-results.task-scheduling">Task Scheduling</a> + </li> + <li class="dr-display-inline-block 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/ebb-org/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/ebb-org/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a13415e45 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/ebb-org/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +<div id="contentWithSidebar"> + + <p> + Tuesday 15 October 2019 by Bradley M. Kuhn + </p> + <p> + The last 33 days have been unprecedentedly difficult for the software freedom community and for me personally. Folks have been emailing, phoning, texting, tagging me on social media (— the last of which has been funny, because all my social media accounts are placeholder accounts). But, just about everyone has urged me to comment on the serious issues that the software freedom community now faces. Until now, I have stayed silent regarding all these current topics: from Richard M. Stallman (RMS)'s public statements, to <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns">his resignation from the Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>, to the Epstein scandal and its connection to MIT. I've also avoided generally commenting on software freedom organizational governance during this period. I did this for good reason, which is explained below. However, in this blog post, I now share my primary comments on the matters that seem to currently be of the utmost attention of the Open Source and Free Software communities. + </p> + <p> + I have been silent the last month because, until two days ago, I was an at-large member of <a href="https://www.fsf.org/about/staff-and-board">FSF's Board of Directors</a>, and a <a href="https://static.fsf.org/nosvn/fsf-amended-bylaws-current.pdf">Voting Member</a> of the FSF. As a member of FSF's two leadership bodies, I was abiding by a reasonable request from the FSF management and my duty to the organization. Specifically, the FSF asked that all communication during the crisis <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns">come</a> <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-and-gnu">directly</a> from FSF officers and not from at-large directors and/or Voting Members. Furthermore, the FSF management asked all Directors and Voting Members to remain silent on this entire matter — even on issues only tangentially related to the current situation, and even when speaking in our own capacity (e.g., on our own blogs like this one). The FSF is an important organization, and I take any request from the FSF seriously — so I abided fully with their request. + </p> + <p> + The situation was further complicated because folks at my employer, Software Freedom Conservancy (where I also serve on the <a href="https://sfconservancy.org/about/board/#bkuhn">Board of Directors</a>) had strong opinions about this matter as well. Fortunately, the FSF and Conservancy both had already created clear protocols for what I should do if ever there was a disagreement or divergence of views between Conservancy and FSF. I therefore was recused fully from the planning, drafting, and timing of Conservancy's statement on this matter. I thank my colleagues at the Conservancy for working so carefully to keep me entirely outside the loop on their statement and to diligently assure that it was straight-forward for me to manage any potential organizational disagreements. I also thank those at the FSF who outlined clear protocols (ahead of time, back in March 2019) in case a situation like this ever came up. I also know my colleagues at Conservancy care deeply, as I do, about the health and welfare of the FSF and its mission of fighting for universal software freedom for all. None of us want, nor have, any substantive disagreement over software freedom issues. + </p> + <p> + I take very seriously my duty to the various organizations where I have (or have had) affiliations. More generally, I champion non-profit organizational transparency. Unfortunately, the current crisis left me in a quandary between the overarching goal of community transparency and abiding by FSF management's directives. Now that I've left the FSF Board of Directors, FSF's Voting Membership, and all my FSF volunteer roles (which ends my 22-year uninterrupted affiliation with the FSF), I can now comment on the substantive issues that face not just the FSF, but the Free Software community as a whole, while continuing to adhere to my past duty of acting in FSF's best interest. In other words, my affiliation with the FSF has come to an end for many good and useful reasons. The end to this affiliation allows me to speak directly about the core issues at the heart of the community's current crisis. + </p> + <p> + Firstly, all these events — from RMS' public comments on the MIT mailing list, to RMS' resignation from the FSF to RMS' discussions about the next steps for the GNU project — <em>seem</em> to many to have happened ridiculously quickly. But it wasn't actually fast at all. In fact, these events were culmination of issues that were slowly growing in concern to many people, including me. + </p> + <p> + For the last two years, I had been a loud internal voice in the FSF leadership regarding RMS' Free-Software-unrelated public statements; I felt strongly that it was in the best interest of the FSF to actively seek to limit such statements, and that it was my duty to FSF to speak out about this within the organization. Those who only learned of this story in the last month (understandably) believed <a href="https://medium.com/@selamjie/remove-richard-stallman-fec6ec210794">Selam G.'s Medium post</a> raised an entirely new issue. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107050933/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-jul-oct.html#31_October_2016_(Down's_syndrome)">In</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025227/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-nov-feb.html#14_December_2016_(Campaign_of_bull-headed_prudery)">fact</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224174306/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-nov-feb.html#23_February_2017_(A_violent_sex_offender)">RMS'</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612074722/http://stallman.org/archives/2017-mar-jun.html#26_May_2017_(Prudish_ignorantism)">views</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616044924/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2017-mar-jun.html#13_June_2017_(Sex_offender_registry)">and</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041022/http://stallman.org/archives/2017-jul-oct.html#10_October_2017_(Laws_against_having_sex_with_an_animal)">statements</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131020215/https://stallman.org/archives/2017-jul-oct.html#29_October_2017_(Pestering_women)">posted</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104112431/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2017-nov-feb.html#27_November_2017_(Roy_Moore's_relationships)">on</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509120046/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-mar-jun.html#30_April_2018_(UN_peacekeepers_in_South_Sudan)">stallman.org</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911075211/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#17_July_2018_(The_bullshitter's_flirting)">about</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911075211/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#21_August_2018_(Age_and_attraction)">sexual</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924231708/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#23_September_2018_(Cody_Wilson)">morality</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919100154/https://stallman.org/antiglossary.html#assult">escalated</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113161736/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-sep-dec.html#6_November_2018_(Sex_according_to_porn)">for</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325024048/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jan-apr.html#14_February_2019_(Respecting_peoples_right_to_say_no)">the</a> <a href="https://www.stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#11_June_2019_(Stretching_meaning_of_terms)">worse</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801201704/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#12_June_2019_(Declining_sex_rates)">over</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801201704/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#30_July_2019_(Al_Franken)">the</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903050208/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#27_August_2019_(Me-too_frenzy)">last</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011023557/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#21_September_2019_(Sex_workers)">few</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924231708/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#23_September_2018_(Cody_Wilson)">years</a>. When the escalation started, I still considered RMS both a friend and colleague, and I attempted to argue with him at length to convince him that some of his positions were harmful to sexual assault survivors and those who are sex trafficked, and to the people who devote their lives in service to such individuals. More importantly to the FSF, I attempted to persuade RMS that launching a controversial campaign on sexual behavior and morality was counter to his and FSF's mission to advance software freedom, and told RMS that my duty as an FSF Director was to assure the best outcome for the FSF, which <acronym title="in my opinion">IMO</acronym> didn't include having a leader who made such statements. Not only is human sexual behavior not a topic on which RMS has adequate academic expertise, but also his positions appear to ignore significant research and widely available information on the subject. Many of his comments, while occasionally politically intriguing, lack empathy for people who experienced trauma. + </p> + <p> + IMO, this is not and has never been a Free Speech issue. I do believe freedom of speech links directly to software freedom: indeed, I see the freedom to publish software under Free licenses as almost a corollary to the freedom of speech. However, we do not need to follow leadership from those whose views we fundamentally disagree. Moreover, organizations need not and should not elevate spokespeople and leaders who speak regularly on unrelated issues that organizations find do not advance their mission, and/or that alienate important constituents. I, like many other software freedom leaders, curtail my public comments on issues not related to <acronym title="Free and Open Source Software">FOSS</acronym>. (Indeed, I would not even be commenting on <em>this issue</em> if it had not become a central issue of concern to the software freedom community.) Leaders have power, and they must exercise the power of their words with <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/770966/">restraint, not with impunity</a>. + </p> + <p> + RMS has consistently argued that there was a campaign of “prudish intimidation” — seeking to keep him quiet about his views on sexuality. After years of conversing with RMS about how his non-software-freedom views were a distraction, an indulgence, and downright problematic, his general response was to make even more public comments of this nature. The issue is not about RMS' right to say what he believes, nor is it even about whether or not you agree or disagree with RMS' statements. The question is whether an organization should have a designated leader who is on a sustained, public campaign advocating about an unrelated issue that many consider controversial. It really doesn't matter what your view about the controversial issue is; a leader who refuses to stop talking loudly about unrelated issues eventually creates an untenable distraction from the radical activism you're actively trying to advance. The message of universal software freedom is a radical cause; it's basically impossible for one individual to effectively push forward two unrelated controversial agendas at once. In short, the radical message of software freedom became overshadowed by RMS' radical views about sexual morality. + </p> + <p> + And here is where I say the thing that may infuriate many but it's what I believe: I think RMS took a useful step by resigning some of his leadership roles at the FSF. I thank RMS for taking that step, and I wish the FSF Directors well in their efforts to assure that the FSF becomes a welcoming organization to all who care about universal software freedom. The <a href="https://www.fsf.org/about/">FSF's mission</a> is essential to our technological future, and we should all support that mission. I care deeply about that mission myself and have worked and will continue to work in our community in the best interest of the mission. + </p> + <p> + I'm admittedly struggling to find a way to work again with RMS, given his views on sexual morality and his behaviors stemming from those views. I explicitly do not agree with <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919100154/https://stallman.org/antiglossary.html#assult">this “(re-)definition” of sexual assault</a>. Furthermore, I believe uninformed statements about sexual assault are irresponsible and cause harm to victims. #MeToo is <strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903050208/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#27_August_2019_(Me-too_frenzy)">not a “frenzy”</a></strong>; it is a global movement by individuals who have been harmed seeking to hold both bad actors <em>and</em> society-at-large accountable for ignoring systemic wrongs. Nevertheless, I still am proud of the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/freedom-or-power.en.html">essay that I co-wrote with RMS</a> and still find <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.en.html">many</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">of</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html">RMS'</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html">other</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">essays</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html">compelling</a>, <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">important</a>, <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallman-kth.en.html">and</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html">relevant</a>. + </p> + <p> + I want the FSF to succeed in its mission and enter a new era of accomplishments. I've spent the last 22 years, without a break, dedicating substantial time, effort, care and loyalty to the various FSF roles that I've had: including employee, volunteer, at-large Director, and Voting Member. Even though my duties to the FSF are done, and my relationship with the FSF is no longer formal, I still think the FSF is a valuable institution worth helping and saving, specifically because the FSF was founded for a mission that I deeply support. And we should also realize that RMS — a human being (who is flawed like the rest of us) — invented that mission. + </p> + <p> + As culture change becomes more rapid, I hope we can find reasonable nuance and moderation on our complex analysis about people and their disparate views, while we also hold individuals fully accountable for their actions. That's the difficulty we face in the post-post-modern culture of the early twenty-first century. Most importantly, I believe we must find a way to stand firm for software freedom while also making a safe environment for victims of sexual assault, sexual abuse, gaslighting, and other deplorable actions. + </p> + <p> + Posted on Tuesday 15 October 2019 at 09:11 by Bradley M. Kuhn. + </p> + + + </div><p> + <code>#include <std/disclaimer.h></code><br> + <code>use Standard::Disclaimer;</code><br> + <code>from standard import disclaimer</code><br> + <code>SELECT full_text FROM standard WHERE type = 'disclaimer';</code> + </p><p> + Both previously and presently, I have been employed by and/or done work for various organizations that also have views on Free, Libre, and Open Source Software. As should be blatantly obvious, this is my website, not theirs, so please do not assume views and opinions here belong to any such organization. Since I do co-own ebb.org with my wife, it may not be so obvious that these aren't her views and opinions, either. + </p><p> + ebb <sup>℠</sup> is a service mark of Bradley M. Kuhn. + </p>
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<li class="tier-2" title="3 posts"> + <a href="/bkuhn/tags.html#xen">xen</a> + </li> + </ol> + <h2> + Powered by + </h2><a href="https://gitorious.org/bkuhn/jekyll/source/HEAD:">A Very Old Fork of Jekyll</a> <a href="https://gitorious.org/bkuhn/website/source/HEAD:">"Source Code" for this site</a> + </div> + <div id="contentWithSidebar"> + <div id="post"> + <h1> + On Recent Controversial Events + </h1> + <p class="topAttributionWithDate"> + Tuesday 15 October 2019 by Bradley M. Kuhn + </p> + <p> + The last 33 days have been unprecedentedly difficult for the software freedom community and for me personally. Folks have been emailing, phoning, texting, tagging me on social media (— the last of which has been funny, because all my social media accounts are placeholder accounts). But, just about everyone has urged me to comment on the serious issues that the software freedom community now faces. Until now, I have stayed silent regarding all these current topics: from Richard M. Stallman (RMS)'s public statements, to <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns">his resignation from the Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>, to the Epstein scandal and its connection to MIT. I've also avoided generally commenting on software freedom organizational governance during this period. I did this for good reason, which is explained below. However, in this blog post, I now share my primary comments on the matters that seem to currently be of the utmost attention of the Open Source and Free Software communities. + </p> + <p> + I have been silent the last month because, until two days ago, I was an at-large member of <a href="https://www.fsf.org/about/staff-and-board">FSF's Board of Directors</a>, and a <a href="https://static.fsf.org/nosvn/fsf-amended-bylaws-current.pdf">Voting Member</a> of the FSF. As a member of FSF's two leadership bodies, I was abiding by a reasonable request from the FSF management and my duty to the organization. Specifically, the FSF asked that all communication during the crisis <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns">come</a> <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-and-gnu">directly</a> from FSF officers and not from at-large directors and/or Voting Members. Furthermore, the FSF management asked all Directors and Voting Members to remain silent on this entire matter — even on issues only tangentially related to the current situation, and even when speaking in our own capacity (e.g., on our own blogs like this one). The FSF is an important organization, and I take any request from the FSF seriously — so I abided fully with their request. + </p> + <p> + The situation was further complicated because folks at my employer, Software Freedom Conservancy (where I also serve on the <a href="https://sfconservancy.org/about/board/#bkuhn">Board of Directors</a>) had strong opinions about this matter as well. Fortunately, the FSF and Conservancy both had already created clear protocols for what I should do if ever there was a disagreement or divergence of views between Conservancy and FSF. I therefore was recused fully from the planning, drafting, and timing of Conservancy's statement on this matter. I thank my colleagues at the Conservancy for working so carefully to keep me entirely outside the loop on their statement and to diligently assure that it was straight-forward for me to manage any potential organizational disagreements. I also thank those at the FSF who outlined clear protocols (ahead of time, back in March 2019) in case a situation like this ever came up. I also know my colleagues at Conservancy care deeply, as I do, about the health and welfare of the FSF and its mission of fighting for universal software freedom for all. None of us want, nor have, any substantive disagreement over software freedom issues. + </p> + <p> + I take very seriously my duty to the various organizations where I have (or have had) affiliations. More generally, I champion non-profit organizational transparency. Unfortunately, the current crisis left me in a quandary between the overarching goal of community transparency and abiding by FSF management's directives. Now that I've left the FSF Board of Directors, FSF's Voting Membership, and all my FSF volunteer roles (which ends my 22-year uninterrupted affiliation with the FSF), I can now comment on the substantive issues that face not just the FSF, but the Free Software community as a whole, while continuing to adhere to my past duty of acting in FSF's best interest. In other words, my affiliation with the FSF has come to an end for many good and useful reasons. The end to this affiliation allows me to speak directly about the core issues at the heart of the community's current crisis. + </p> + <p> + Firstly, all these events — from RMS' public comments on the MIT mailing list, to RMS' resignation from the FSF to RMS' discussions about the next steps for the GNU project — <em>seem</em> to many to have happened ridiculously quickly. But it wasn't actually fast at all. In fact, these events were culmination of issues that were slowly growing in concern to many people, including me. + </p> + <p> + For the last two years, I had been a loud internal voice in the FSF leadership regarding RMS' Free-Software-unrelated public statements; I felt strongly that it was in the best interest of the FSF to actively seek to limit such statements, and that it was my duty to FSF to speak out about this within the organization. Those who only learned of this story in the last month (understandably) believed <a href="https://medium.com/@selamjie/remove-richard-stallman-fec6ec210794">Selam G.'s Medium post</a> raised an entirely new issue. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107050933/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-jul-oct.html#31_October_2016_(Down's_syndrome)">In</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025227/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-nov-feb.html#14_December_2016_(Campaign_of_bull-headed_prudery)">fact</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224174306/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-nov-feb.html#23_February_2017_(A_violent_sex_offender)">RMS'</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612074722/http://stallman.org/archives/2017-mar-jun.html#26_May_2017_(Prudish_ignorantism)">views</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616044924/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2017-mar-jun.html#13_June_2017_(Sex_offender_registry)">and</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041022/http://stallman.org/archives/2017-jul-oct.html#10_October_2017_(Laws_against_having_sex_with_an_animal)">statements</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131020215/https://stallman.org/archives/2017-jul-oct.html#29_October_2017_(Pestering_women)">posted</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104112431/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2017-nov-feb.html#27_November_2017_(Roy_Moore's_relationships)">on</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509120046/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-mar-jun.html#30_April_2018_(UN_peacekeepers_in_South_Sudan)">stallman.org</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911075211/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#17_July_2018_(The_bullshitter's_flirting)">about</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911075211/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#21_August_2018_(Age_and_attraction)">sexual</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924231708/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#23_September_2018_(Cody_Wilson)">morality</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919100154/https://stallman.org/antiglossary.html#assult">escalated</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113161736/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-sep-dec.html#6_November_2018_(Sex_according_to_porn)">for</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325024048/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jan-apr.html#14_February_2019_(Respecting_peoples_right_to_say_no)">the</a> <a href="https://www.stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#11_June_2019_(Stretching_meaning_of_terms)">worse</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801201704/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#12_June_2019_(Declining_sex_rates)">over</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801201704/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#30_July_2019_(Al_Franken)">the</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903050208/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#27_August_2019_(Me-too_frenzy)">last</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011023557/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#21_September_2019_(Sex_workers)">few</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924231708/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#23_September_2018_(Cody_Wilson)">years</a>. When the escalation started, I still considered RMS both a friend and colleague, and I attempted to argue with him at length to convince him that some of his positions were harmful to sexual assault survivors and those who are sex trafficked, and to the people who devote their lives in service to such individuals. More importantly to the FSF, I attempted to persuade RMS that launching a controversial campaign on sexual behavior and morality was counter to his and FSF's mission to advance software freedom, and told RMS that my duty as an FSF Director was to assure the best outcome for the FSF, which <acronym title="in my opinion">IMO</acronym> didn't include having a leader who made such statements. Not only is human sexual behavior not a topic on which RMS has adequate academic expertise, but also his positions appear to ignore significant research and widely available information on the subject. Many of his comments, while occasionally politically intriguing, lack empathy for people who experienced trauma. + </p> + <p> + IMO, this is not and has never been a Free Speech issue. I do believe freedom of speech links directly to software freedom: indeed, I see the freedom to publish software under Free licenses as almost a corollary to the freedom of speech. However, we do not need to follow leadership from those whose views we fundamentally disagree. Moreover, organizations need not and should not elevate spokespeople and leaders who speak regularly on unrelated issues that organizations find do not advance their mission, and/or that alienate important constituents. I, like many other software freedom leaders, curtail my public comments on issues not related to <acronym title="Free and Open Source Software">FOSS</acronym>. (Indeed, I would not even be commenting on <em>this issue</em> if it had not become a central issue of concern to the software freedom community.) Leaders have power, and they must exercise the power of their words with <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/770966/">restraint, not with impunity</a>. + </p> + <p> + RMS has consistently argued that there was a campaign of “prudish intimidation” — seeking to keep him quiet about his views on sexuality. After years of conversing with RMS about how his non-software-freedom views were a distraction, an indulgence, and downright problematic, his general response was to make even more public comments of this nature. The issue is not about RMS' right to say what he believes, nor is it even about whether or not you agree or disagree with RMS' statements. The question is whether an organization should have a designated leader who is on a sustained, public campaign advocating about an unrelated issue that many consider controversial. It really doesn't matter what your view about the controversial issue is; a leader who refuses to stop talking loudly about unrelated issues eventually creates an untenable distraction from the radical activism you're actively trying to advance. The message of universal software freedom is a radical cause; it's basically impossible for one individual to effectively push forward two unrelated controversial agendas at once. In short, the radical message of software freedom became overshadowed by RMS' radical views about sexual morality. + </p> + <p> + And here is where I say the thing that may infuriate many but it's what I believe: I think RMS took a useful step by resigning some of his leadership roles at the FSF. I thank RMS for taking that step, and I wish the FSF Directors well in their efforts to assure that the FSF becomes a welcoming organization to all who care about universal software freedom. The <a href="https://www.fsf.org/about/">FSF's mission</a> is essential to our technological future, and we should all support that mission. I care deeply about that mission myself and have worked and will continue to work in our community in the best interest of the mission. + </p> + <p> + I'm admittedly struggling to find a way to work again with RMS, given his views on sexual morality and his behaviors stemming from those views. I explicitly do not agree with <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919100154/https://stallman.org/antiglossary.html#assult">this “(re-)definition” of sexual assault</a>. Furthermore, I believe uninformed statements about sexual assault are irresponsible and cause harm to victims. #MeToo is <strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903050208/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#27_August_2019_(Me-too_frenzy)">not a “frenzy”</a></strong>; it is a global movement by individuals who have been harmed seeking to hold both bad actors <em>and</em> society-at-large accountable for ignoring systemic wrongs. Nevertheless, I still am proud of the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/freedom-or-power.en.html">essay that I co-wrote with RMS</a> and still find <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.en.html">many</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">of</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html">RMS'</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html">other</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">essays</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html">compelling</a>, <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">important</a>, <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallman-kth.en.html">and</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html">relevant</a>. + </p> + <p> + I want the FSF to succeed in its mission and enter a new era of accomplishments. I've spent the last 22 years, without a break, dedicating substantial time, effort, care and loyalty to the various FSF roles that I've had: including employee, volunteer, at-large Director, and Voting Member. Even though my duties to the FSF are done, and my relationship with the FSF is no longer formal, I still think the FSF is a valuable institution worth helping and saving, specifically because the FSF was founded for a mission that I deeply support. And we should also realize that RMS — a human being (who is flawed like the rest of us) — invented that mission. + </p> + <p> + As culture change becomes more rapid, I hope we can find reasonable nuance and moderation on our complex analysis about people and their disparate views, while we also hold individuals fully accountable for their actions. That's the difficulty we face in the post-post-modern culture of the early twenty-first century. Most importantly, I believe we must find a way to stand firm for software freedom while also making a safe environment for victims of sexual assault, sexual abuse, gaslighting, and other deplorable actions. + </p> + <p class="bottomAttributionWithDate"> + Posted on Tuesday 15 October 2019 at 09:11 by Bradley M. Kuhn. + </p> + <p class="comments"> + Submit comments on this post to <a href="mailto:[email protected]"><[email protected]></a>. + </p> + <div id="prevlink"> + <a class="previous" href="/bkuhn/blog/2019/05/23/github-sponsors.html">← <strong>Previous</strong>: Chasing Quick Fixes To Sustainability</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p id="footer"></p> + <hr /> + <br /> + <p> + <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/3.0/us/88x31.png" style="border-width:10" /></a> This website and all documents on it are licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License</a> . + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <code>#include <std/disclaimer.h></code><br /> + <code>use Standard::Disclaimer;</code><br /> + <code>from standard import disclaimer</code><br /> + <code>SELECT full_text FROM standard WHERE type = 'disclaimer';</code> + </p> + <p> + Both previously and presently, I have been employed by and/or done work for various organizations that also have views on Free, Libre, and Open Source Software. As should be blatantly obvious, this is my website, not theirs, so please do not assume views and opinions here belong to any such organization. Since I do co-own ebb.org with my wife, it may not be so obvious that these aren't her views and opinions, either. + </p> + <p align="right"> + — bkuhn + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + ebb <sup>℠</sup> is a service mark of Bradley M. Kuhn. + </p> + <address> + <a href="http://ebb.org/bkuhn/">Bradley M. Kuhn</a> <a href="mailto:[email protected]"><[email protected]></a> + </address> + </div> + </body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/folha/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/folha/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a44968377 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/folha/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +[ + "https:\/\/f.i.uol.com.br\/fotografia\/2018\/12\/21\/15454034955c1cfc67131dc_1545403495_3x2_rt.jpg" +]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/folha/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/folha/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d126413d --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/folha/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Bruno (Henrique Zecchin) Rodrigues", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "Na ocasi\u00e3o, t\u00e9cnico do Corinthians entregou r\u00e9plica do trof\u00e9u ao ex-presidente", + "Image": "https:\/\/f.i.uol.com.br\/fotografia\/2018\/12\/21\/15454034955c1cfc67131dc_1545403495_3x2_rt.jpg", + "Title": "Tite diz que errou ao levar ta\u00e7a da Libertadores a Lula em 2012", + "SiteName": "Folha de S.Paulo" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/folha/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/folha/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13f3ac3e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/folha/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +<div data-share-text data-news-content-text data-disable-copy data-continue-reading data-continue-reading-hide-others=".js-continue-reading-hidden" itemprop="articleBody"> + <p> + Após rechaçar <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/tite-se-recusa-a-encontrar-bolsonaro-antes-da-disputa-da-copa-america.shtml">um encontro da seleção brasileira com o presidente eleito Jair</a> <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/tite-se-recusa-a-encontrar-bolsonaro-antes-da-disputa-da-copa-america.shtml">Bolsonaro</a>, o técnico Tite declarou que errou ao levar a taça da Copa Libertadores de 2012, conquistada pelo Corinthians, ao ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. + </p> + <p> + Ao lado de representantes do clube paulista, o atual comandante do Brasil ainda entregou uma réplica do troféu a Lula. + </p> + <p> + "Em 2012 eu errei. Ele não era presidente, mas fui ao Instituto e mandei felicitações por um aniversário. Não me posicionei politicamente. Não tenho partido político, tenho sim a torcida para que o Brasil seja melhor em igualdade social. E que nossas prioridades sejam educação e punição. Que seja dada a possibilidade de estudo ao garoto de São Braz, que não tem chão batido para ir à escola, ou da periferia de Caixas ou do morro do Rio de Janeiro. Seja dada a ele a prioridade de estudo e não a outras situações", falou Tite ao programa "Grande Círculo", que ainda irá ao ar no SporTV. + </p> + <p> + Na ocasião, Tite e outros representantes do Corinthians <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/1124743-corinthians-leva-a-taca-da-libertadores-para-lula.shtml">foram ao Instituto Lula para mostrar a taça</a> original da Libertadores ao ex-presidente. + </p> + + <p> + O assunto foi levantado porque recentemente Tite foi questionado se aceitaria um encontro da seleção brasileira com Bolsonaro em uma conquista de título ou <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/selecao-brasileira-jogara-duas-vezes-em-sao-paulo-na-copa-america.shtml">antes da Copa América de 2019</a>, por exemplo. O treinador deixou claro que preferiria evitar esse tipo de formalidade. + </p> + <p> + Apesar disso, Tite não questionou a ação de Palmeiras e CBF, que <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/cbf-usa-festa-do-palmeiras-para-se-aproximar-de-governo-bolsonaro.shtml">convidaram Bolsonaro para a festa do título do Campeonato Brasileiro</a>. O presidente eleito até levantou a taça conquistada pelo clube alviverde. + </p> + <p> + "Em 2012 eu fiz e errei. O protocolo e a situação gerada no jogo do Palmeiras são fatos de opinião pessoal. CBF e Palmeiras, enquanto instituições têm a opinião. Errei lá atrás, não faria com o presidente antes da Copa e nem agora porque entendo que misturar esporte e política não é legal. Fiz errado lá atrás? Sim. Faria de novo? Não", acrescentou o comandante. + </p> + </div>
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</li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/especial/2017/entrevista-da-segunda/">Entrevista da 2ª</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/especial/2014/petrolao/">lava jato</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado" class="u-link-clean">mercado</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-mercado" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-mercado"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-mercado" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/cifraseletras/">cifras & letras</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/consumo-consciente/">consumo consciente</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/folhainvest/">folhainvest</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/imposto-de-renda/">ir 2018</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/mercadoaberto/">mercado aberto</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://fotografia.folha.uol.com.br/galerias/nova/1618607510546314-hora-do-cafe-dezembro-de-2018">hora do café</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mpme/">mpme</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/brasil-que-da-certo/">o brasil que dá certo</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/previdencia/">previdência</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/vaivem/">vaivém das commodities</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="http://publicidadelegal.folha.uol.com.br/">Publicidade Legal</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano" class="u-link-clean">cotidiano</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-cotidiano" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-cotidiano"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-cotidiano" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/educacao">educação</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ao-seu-tempo/">ao seu tempo</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/especial/2018/febre-amarela/">febre amarela</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/noticias/2016/folha-verao/">Folha verão</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/riodejaneiro/">rio de janeiro</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/loterias/">loterias</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="http://tempo.folha.uol.com.br/">tempo</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo" class="u-link-clean">mundo</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-mundo" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-mundo"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 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data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-esporte"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-esporte" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/">esporte</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/especial/2018/campeonato-brasileiro/serie-a/">campeonato brasileiro</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada" class="u-link-clean">ilustrada</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-ilustrada" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-ilustrada"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-ilustrada" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/monicabergamo/">mônica bergamo</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/cartum/cartunsdiarios">quadrinhos</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/comida/">comida</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/mauricio-meireles/">painel das letras</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima">ilustríssima</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="https://f5.folha.uol.com.br" class="u-link-clean">F5</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-f5" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-f5"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-f5" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/bichos">Bichos</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/celebridades">celebridades</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/horoscopo/">horóscopo</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/voceviu">você viu?</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/televisao/">televisão</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://guia.folha.uol.com.br">guia folha</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia" class="u-link-clean">ciência</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-ciencia" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-ciencia"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-ciencia" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ambiente">Ambiente</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/equilibrioesaude">equilíbrio e saúde</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/saopaulo" class="u-link-clean">sãopaulo</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-saopaulo" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-saopaulo"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-saopaulo" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/o-melhor-de-sao-paulo/restaurantes-bares-e-cozinha/2018/">o melhor de sãopaulo</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/saopaulo/viaja-sp/melhores/2018/">viaja sãopaulo</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/especial/2018/descubra-sao-paulo/">descubra sãopaulo</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/especial/2018/estradas/">estradas</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/especial/2018/">especiais</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://seminariosfolha.folha.com.br/">Seminários Folha</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/empreendedorsocial/" class="u-link-clean">empreendedor social</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-empreendedor-social" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-empreendedor-social"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-empreendedor-social" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/empreendedorsocial/fiis/">FIIS</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/especial/2018/top-of-mind/">top of mind</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="" class="u-link-clean">imagem</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-imagem" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-imagem"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-imagem" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://fotografia.folha.uol.com.br/galerias">fotografia</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tv">tv folha</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <div class="c-list-menu__wrap-links"> + <a href="" class="u-link-clean">parceiros</a> <a class="u-link-clean c-list-menu__toggle link-icon" href="#sidebarmenu-parceiros" data-toggle="collapse" data-icon=".icon--chevron-down" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebarmenu-parceiros"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M 6.2499999,9.800625 7.60125,8.449375 12,12.838542 16.39875,8.449375 17.75,9.800625 l -5.75,5.75 -5.75,-5.75 z"></path></svg></a> + </div> + <ul class="c-list-menu__sublist collapse" id="sidebarmenu-parceiros" aria-expanded="false"> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/bbc/">BBC News Brasil</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/dw/">Deutsche Welle</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/financialtimes/">Financial Times</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/especial/2018/globalmedia/">Global Media</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/latinoamerica21/">Latino América 21</a> + </li> + <li class="c-list-menu__item"> + <a class="u-link-clean" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/nova-escola/">Nova Escola</a> + </li> + 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e outros representantes do Corinthians réplica da taça da Libertadores" class="img-responsive" srcset="https://f.i.uol.com.br/fotografia/2018/12/21/15454034955c1cfc67131dc_1545403495_3x2_th.jpg 100w, https://f.i.uol.com.br/fotografia/2018/12/21/15454034955c1cfc67131dc_1545403495_3x2_sm.jpg 480w, https://f.i.uol.com.br/fotografia/2018/12/21/15454034955c1cfc67131dc_1545403495_3x2_md.jpg 768w, https://f.i.uol.com.br/fotografia/2018/12/21/15454034955c1cfc67131dc_1545403495_3x2_lg.jpg 1024w, https://f.i.uol.com.br/fotografia/2018/12/21/15454034955c1cfc67131dc_1545403495_3x2_xl.jpg 1200w, https://f.i.uol.com.br/fotografia/2018/12/21/15454034955c1cfc67131dc_1545403495_3x2_rt.jpg 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 68vw, 100vw" src="https://f.i.uol.com.br/fotografia/2018/12/21/15454034955c1cfc67131dc_1545403495_3x2_md.jpg" /> + <figcaption class="widget-image__subtitle"> + Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (ao centro) recebe de Tite e outros representantes do Corinthians réplica da taça da Libertadores - <span class="widget-image__credits">Heinrich Aikawa/Instituto Lula</span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="col-fixed col-fixed--md-300 u-visible-md"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="block"> + <div class="container" data-paywall-box=""> + <div class="flex flex--gutter flex--col flex--md-row"> + <div class="flex-cell"> + <div class="row"> + <div class="col col--lg-5-18"> + <div class="c-more-options"> + <div class="c-more-options__header"> + <time class="c-more-options__published-date" itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2018-12-21 12:55:00">21.dez.2018 às 12h55</time> + </div> + <div class="c-more-options__footer u-no-print"> + <ul class="c-more-options__list c-more-options__list--secundary" data-change-font-size="" data-children="[data-link]" data-target="[data-news-content-text], [data-force-change-font-size]"> + <li> + <div data-readspeaker=""> + <span tabindex="0" class="sr-only">Ouvir o texto</span> + </div> + </li> + <li> + <button class="c-more-options__button rs_preserve" data-link="" data-action="less"><span class="u-sr-only">Diminuir fonte</span> <svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" class="icon icon--font-size-less" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M2.56 17.759L6.367 6h3.298l3.806 11.759V18h-2.827l-.753-2.485H5.933L5.198 18H2.56zm6.69-4.433L7.912 8.875l-1.338 4.451zM16.274 11.143h5.166v2.228h-5.166z"></path></svg></button> + </li> + <li> + <button class="c-more-options__button rs_preserve" data-link="" data-action="more"><span class="u-sr-only">Aumentar fonte</span> <svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" class="icon icon--font-size-more" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M1.815 17.759L5.603 6h3.281l3.788 11.759V18H9.859l-.75-2.485H5.171L4.441 18H1.815zm6.657-4.433L7.14 8.875l-1.331 4.451zm7.057-2.356h2.36V8.571h1.937v2.4h2.359v1.746h-2.36v2.712h-1.937v-2.712h-2.359z"></path></svg></button> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="col col--md-1-1 col--lg-12-18"> + <div class="c-news__content"> + <div class="c-signature c-signature--left" data-force-change-font-size=""> + <strong class="c-signature__location">São Paulo</strong> + </div> + <div class="c-news__body" data-share-text="" data-news-content-text="" data-disable-copy="" data-continue-reading="" data-continue-reading-hide-others=".js-continue-reading-hidden" itemprop="articleBody"> + <p> + Após rechaçar <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/tite-se-recusa-a-encontrar-bolsonaro-antes-da-disputa-da-copa-america.shtml">um encontro da seleção brasileira com o presidente eleito Jair</a> <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/tite-se-recusa-a-encontrar-bolsonaro-antes-da-disputa-da-copa-america.shtml">Bolsonaro</a>, o técnico Tite declarou que errou ao levar a taça da Copa Libertadores de 2012, conquistada pelo Corinthians, ao ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. + </p> + <p> + Ao lado de representantes do clube paulista, o atual comandante do Brasil ainda entregou uma réplica do troféu a Lula. + </p> + <p> + "Em 2012 eu errei. Ele não era presidente, mas fui ao Instituto e mandei felicitações por um aniversário. Não me posicionei politicamente. Não tenho partido político, tenho sim a torcida para que o Brasil seja melhor em igualdade social. E que nossas prioridades sejam educação e punição. Que seja dada a possibilidade de estudo ao garoto de São Braz, que não tem chão batido para ir à escola, ou da periferia de Caixas ou do morro do Rio de Janeiro. Seja dada a ele a prioridade de estudo e não a outras situações", falou Tite ao programa "Grande Círculo", que ainda irá ao ar no SporTV. + </p> + <p> + Na ocasião, Tite e outros representantes do Corinthians <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/1124743-corinthians-leva-a-taca-da-libertadores-para-lula.shtml">foram ao Instituto Lula para mostrar a taça</a> original da Libertadores ao ex-presidente. + </p> + <div> + <div class="js-gallery-widget"> + <figure class="gallery-widget-pre"> + <figcaption class="gallery-widget-pre__caption"> + <a href="https://fotografia.folha.uol.com.br/galerias/nova/1618838542352047-os-times-de-coracao-dos-presidentes" class="gallery-widget-pre__link">Os times de coração dos presidentes</a> + </figcaption><a href="https://fotografia.folha.uol.com.br/galerias/nova/1618838542352047-os-times-de-coracao-dos-presidentes" class="gallery-widget-pre__link"><img src="https://f.i.uol.com.br/fotografia/2018/12/03/15438447625c05339a96ad0_1543844762_3x2_md.jpg" 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5.52h3.2V4H4a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4h3.2v-1.52H4A2.482 2.482 0 0 1 1.52 8zm3.28.8h6.4V7.2H4.8v1.6zM12 4H8.8v1.52H12A2.482 2.482 0 0 1 14.48 8 2.482 2.482 0 0 1 12 10.48H8.8V12H12a4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4z"></path></svg></a> <span class="is-hidden">Copiar link</span> <input type="text" class="gallery-widget-share-clipboard-input is-hidden" /> <button type="button" class="gallery-widget-share-clipboard-close is-hidden"><svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="icon icon-close rs_skip"> + <title> + Ícone fechar + </title> + <path d="M16 1.61L14.39 0 8 6.39 1.61 0 0 1.61 6.39 8 0 14.39 1.61 16 8 9.61 14.39 16 16 14.39 9.61 8z"></path></svg></button> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + <div class="gallery-widget__loading rs_skip"> + <img src="//f.i.uol.com.br/hunting/furniture/1/common/icons/spin.gif" alt="Loading" class="gallery-widget__loading-spin" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + O assunto foi levantado porque recentemente Tite foi questionado se aceitaria um encontro da seleção brasileira com Bolsonaro em uma conquista de título ou <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/selecao-brasileira-jogara-duas-vezes-em-sao-paulo-na-copa-america.shtml">antes da Copa América de 2019</a>, por exemplo. O treinador deixou claro que preferiria evitar esse tipo de formalidade. + </p> + <p> + Apesar disso, Tite não questionou a ação de Palmeiras e CBF, que <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/cbf-usa-festa-do-palmeiras-para-se-aproximar-de-governo-bolsonaro.shtml">convidaram Bolsonaro para a festa do título do Campeonato Brasileiro</a>. O presidente eleito até levantou a taça conquistada pelo clube alviverde. + </p> + <p> + "Em 2012 eu fiz e errei. O protocolo e a situação gerada no jogo do Palmeiras são fatos de opinião pessoal. CBF e Palmeiras, enquanto instituições têm a opinião. Errei lá atrás, não faria com o presidente antes da Copa e nem agora porque entendo que misturar esporte e política não é legal. Fiz errado lá atrás? Sim. Faria de novo? 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class="u-visually-hidden" role="tooltip" aria-hidden="true"><span class="c-tooltip__content">Total de páginas visualizadas no site da Folha em novembro de 2018, segundo o Google Analytics</span></span> <a aria-describedby="tooltip-pagesviews" data-tooltip="" data-direction="bottom" data-target="#tooltip-pagesviews" class="c-audience__cell--anchor"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" class="icon icon--information" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M13,9H11V7H13M13,17H11V11H13M12,2A10,10 0 0,0 2,12A10,10 0 0,0 12,22A10,10 0 0,0 22,12A10,10 0 0,0 12,2Z"></path></svg><span class="u-visually-hidden">Informação</span></a> <span class="c-audience__date">nov.2018</span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class="c-audience__cell"> + Visitantes únicos + </th> + <td class="c-audience__cell"> + 35.681.468 <span id="tooltip-unique_visitors" class="u-visually-hidden" role="tooltip" aria-hidden="true"><span class="c-tooltip__content">Total de visitantes diferentes do site da Folha em novembro de 2018, segundo o Google Analytics</span></span> <a aria-describedby="tooltip-unique_visitors" data-tooltip="" data-direction="bottom" data-target="#tooltip-unique_visitors" class="c-audience__cell--anchor"><svg xmlns="//www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" class="icon icon--information" aria-hidden="true"> + <path d="M13,9H11V7H13M13,17H11V11H13M12,2A10,10 0 0,0 2,12A10,10 0 0,0 12,22A10,10 0 0,0 22,12A10,10 0 0,0 12,2Z"></path></svg><span class="u-visually-hidden">Informação</span></a> <span class="c-audience__date">nov.2018</span> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + </div> + <div class="col col--xs-1-1 col--sm-1-1 col--md-1-1"> + <div data-newsletter="" class="c-newsletter"> + <h4 class="c-heading c-heading--tiny"> + Escolha suas newsletters + </h4> + <form class="c-form__default"> + <div class="c-newsletter__wrapper"> + <input type="email" class="c-newsletter__text js-validator" 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0.5217573,3.4217496 C 0.8574099,3.7574022 1.3243328,3.925225 1.883477,3.925225 l 0.019112,0 c 0.5965319,0 1.062624,-0.1678228 1.416555,-0.5034754 C 3.6739051,3.0669849 3.8417314,2.656557 3.8417314,2.1348025 3.8417314,1.6313201 3.6547964,1.2026132 3.319144,0.86696056 2.9834872,0.531308 2.517395,0.3634851 1.9391422,0.3634851 1.3608886,0.3634851 0.8947967,0.531308 0.5408658,0.86696056 0.1861045,1.2026132 -1e-7,1.6313201 -1e-7,2.1348025 c 0,0.5217545 0.1678263,0.9321824 0.5217572,1.2869471 l 0,0 z m -0.3165439,12.2147654 3.4313014,0 0,-10.2939042 -3.4313014,0 0,10.2939042 z m 8.7460799,0 0,-5.7443117 c 0,-0.3539317 0.037384,-0.633921 0.1121617,-0.839135 C 9.2121719,8.6991367 9.4364945,8.4008753 9.7347601,8.1582701 10.013917,7.9156719 10.386957,7.8035124 10.834771,7.8035124 c 0.596531,0 1.025236,0.2052139 1.305224,0.6156349 0.279987,0.410428 0.428705,0.9886857 0.428705,1.7156547 l 0,5.501713 3.4313,0 0,-5.8930294 C 16,8.2139334 15.64607,7.0582579 14.919099,6.2747932 14.191298,5.4913284 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18.5,6.75A1.25,1.25 0 0,1 17.25,8A1.25,1.25 0 0,1 16,6.75A1.25,1.25 0 0,1 17.25,5.5M12,7A5,5 0 0,1 17,12A5,5 0 0,1 12,17A5,5 0 0,1 7,12A5,5 0 0,1 12,7M12,9A3,3 0 0,0 9,12A3,3 0 0,0 12,15A3,3 0 0,0 15,12A3,3 0 0,0 12,9Z"></path></svg></a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/feed/" target="_blank"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Link externo, abre página RSS da Folha de S.Paulo</span> <svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="24" class="icon icon--rss" aria-hidden="true"> + <g transform="translate(-4, -4)"> + <circle cx="6.18" cy="17.82" r="2.18"></circle> + <path d="M4 4.44v2.83c7.03 0 12.73 5.7 12.73 12.73h2.83c0-8.59-6.97-15.56-15.56-15.56zm0 5.66v2.83c3.9 0 7.07 3.17 7.07 7.07h2.83c0-5.47-4.43-9.9-9.9-9.9z"></path> + </g></svg></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div><!--!--> + </div> + <p class="l-footer__copyright"> + <small>Copyright Folha de S.Paulo. 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fetch(e+"?"+(0,l.default)(t,r),{credentials:"include"}).then(function(e){return e.json()}).then(function(e){window.clearTimeout(c),a((0,o.default)({},e,{hasAdBlock:r}))}).catch(function(e){return i(e)})})}Object.defineProperty(t,"__esModule",{value:!0});var n=r(41),o=_interopRequireDefault(n),a=r(40),i=_interopRequireDefault(a);t.default=fetchWall;var c=r(38),s=_interopRequireDefault(c),u=r(73),l=_interopRequireDefault(u);e.exports=t.default},function(e,t,r){"use strict";function _interopRequireDefault(e){return e&&e.__esModule?e:{default:e}}function gaEvent(e){function sendEvent(e){!function tryHit(t,r){try{UOLPD.Audience.countEvent(e,!0)}catch(e){r>0&&setTimeout(function tryDelay(){tryHit(t,r-1)},t)}}(50,300)}(0,o.default)(e,"analytics")?e.analytics.forEach(function(e){sendEvent({category:"paywall",action:e.a,label:e.l})}):sendEvent(e)}Object.defineProperty(t,"__esModule",{value:!0}),t.default=gaEvent;var n=r(37),o=_interopRequireDefault(n);e.exports=t.default},function(e,t,r){"use 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e&&e.__esModule?e:{default:e}}Object.defineProperty(t,"__esModule",{value:!0}),t.default=function(e){if(!c&&(c=!0,(0,i.default)(window,"paywall.after"))){var t=(0,o.default)(window,"paywall.after");"function"==typeof t&&t(e)}};var n=r(61),o=_interopRequireDefault(n),a=r(37),i=_interopRequireDefault(a),c=!1;e.exports=t.default},function(e,t){"use strict";function showPaywall(e,t,r,n,o,a){var i=arguments.length>6&&void 0!==arguments[6]?arguments[6]:{login:"#"},c=i.login,s=(arguments[7],arguments[8]),u=document.querySelector("[data-paywall-box]"),l=document.querySelector("[data-paywall]").getAttribute("data-paywall-product"),f=l?" c-paywall--"+l:"",p=document.querySelector('meta[name="folhaapp-webview"][content="ios"]'),h=navigator.userAgent.match(/iphone|ipad/i),d=p&&h?"c-paywall__teaser--is-hidden":"",y=null!==document.querySelector(".c-image-full"),_=null!==document.querySelector(".c-news__head"),v=encodeURIComponent(window.location.href),m=s||"//secure.folha.com.br/folha/assine/380101",g="//login.folha.com.br/uol/login",b=void 0,w='<div class="c-paywall'+f+'"><div class="c-paywall__row">'+('<h4 class="c-paywall__title">Você atingiu o limite de '+n+" reportagens por mês</h4>")+'<div class="c-paywall__half-col c-paywall__login-area"><div class="c-paywall__row"><div class="c-paywall__half-col">'+('<p class="c-paywall__text">Tenha acesso a '+o+" reportagens por mês<br>")+"Caso seja assinante, o acesso será ilimitado</p>"+("<a onclick=\"UOLPD.Audience.countClick({category:'porteira-embed-"+a+"'")+",action:'clique',label:'crie-sua-conta'})\" "+('href="'+c+"?return_url="+v+'%3Floggedpaywall&urltype=register" class="c-paywall__button">')+'Crie sua conta</a></div><div class="c-paywall__half-col"><p class="c-paywall__text"><span class="c-paywall__text--custom">Para você que já tem conta</span></p>'+("<a onclick=\"UOLPD.Audience.countClick({category:'porteira-embed-"+a+"'")+",action:'clique',label:'faca-login'})\""+('href="'+c+"?return_url="+v+'%3Floggedpaywall&logintype=cadastrado&urltype=login" ')+'class="c-paywall__button">Faça login</a></div></div><div class="c-paywall__social"><p class="c-paywall__text">ou acesse com:</p><ul class="c-paywall__login-list"><li>'+("<a onclick=\"UOLPD.Audience.countClick({category:'porteira-embed-"+a+"',action:'clique',")+"label:'acessar-com-facebook'})\" "+('href="'+c+"?return_url="+v+'%3Floggedpaywall&logintype=cadastrado&urltype=facebook" ')+'class="c-paywall__social-login c-paywall__social-login--facebook rs_skip" role="button" aria-label="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--facebook" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 9.5000001,2.9999998 H 12 V -1.95e-7 H 9.5000001 C 7.57,-1.95e-7 6,1.5699998 6,3.4999998 v 1.5 H 4 v 3 H 6 V 16 H 9.0000001 V 7.9999998 H 11.5 l 0.5,-3 H 9.0000001 v -1.5 c 0,-0.271 0.229,-0.5 0.5,-0.5 z"/></svg></a></li><li>'+("<a onclick=\"UOLPD.Audience.countClick({category:'porteira-embed-"+a+"',action:'clique',")+"label:'acessar-com-linkedin'})\""+('href="'+c+"?return_url="+v+'%3Floggedpaywall&logintype=cadastrado&urltype=linkedin" ')+'class="c-paywall__social-login c-paywall__social-login--linkedin rs_skip" role="button" aria-label="Linkedin"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="24" height="24" class="icon icon--linkedin" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 0.5217573,3.4217496 C 0.8574099,3.7574022 1.3243328,3.925225 1.883477,3.925225 l 0.019112,0 c 0.5965319,0 1.062624,-0.1678228 1.416555,-0.5034754 C 3.6739051,3.0669849 3.8417314,2.656557 3.8417314,2.1348025 3.8417314,1.6313201 3.6547964,1.2026132 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onclick=\"UOLPD.Audience.countClick({category:'porteira-embed-"+a+"',action:'clique',")+("label:'acessar-com-uol'})\" href=\""+g+"?done="+v+'%3Floggedpaywall" ')+'class="c-paywall__login-uol rs_skip" role="button"></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="c-paywall__half-col">'+('<div class="c-paywall__teaser '+d+'">')+'<figure class="c-paywall__devices"><img src="//f.i.uol.com.br/heimdall/assine-folha-todos-dispositivos-transparente-321x149.png" alt="Folha de São Paulo em todos devices"></figure><p class="c-paywall__text">Tenha acesso ilimitado, <span>descontos em produtos Folha e muito mais</span></p><p class="c-paywall__price">Folha digital por apenas R$1,90* <small>*no primeiro mês</small></p>'+("<a onclick=\"UOLPD.Audience.countClick({category:'porteira-embed-"+a+"'")+",action:'clique',label:'assine-a-folha'})\""+('href="'+m+'" class="c-paywall__button c-paywall__button--primary">Assine a Folha</a>')+"</div></div></div></div>",x=""+('<div class="c-paywall'+f+'">')+('<h4 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src="//static.folha.uol.com.br/plugins/stats/1.0/stats.js"></script> <!--//--> + + <script src="https://static.folha.uol.com.br/folha/js/push/firebase-init.js?2018082001"></script> + </body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/google-sre-book-1/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/google-sre-book-1/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0637a088a --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/google-sre-book-1/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/google-sre-book-1/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/google-sre-book-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41b1ff77f --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/google-sre-book-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Written by Rob Ewaschuk\n Edited by Betsy Beyer", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "Google\u2019s SRE teams have some basic principles and best practices for building successful monitoring and alerting systems. This chapter offers guidelines for what issues should interrupt a human via a page, and how to deal with issues that aren\u2019t serious enough to trigger a page.", + "Image": null, + "Title": "Google - Site Reliability Engineering", + "SiteName": null +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/google-sre-book-1/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/google-sre-book-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1461f276f --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/google-sre-book-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,458 @@ +<section data-type="chapter" id="maia-main" role="main"> + <h2> + Monitoring Distributed Systems + </h2> + + <p> + Google’s SRE teams have some basic principles and best practices for building successful monitoring and alerting systems. This chapter offers guidelines for what issues should interrupt a human via a page, and how to deal with issues that aren’t serious enough to trigger a page. + </p> + <section data-type="sect1" id="definitions-2ksZhN"> + <h2> + Definitions + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="terminology" id="id-DnC1SWFMhD"></a>There’s no uniformly shared vocabulary for discussing all topics related to monitoring. Even within Google, usage of the following terms varies, but the most common interpretations are listed here. + </p> + <dl> + + <dd> + <p> + Collecting, processing, aggregating, and displaying real-time quantitative data about a system, such as query counts and types, error counts and types, processing times, and server lifetimes. + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="white-box monitoring" id="id-9nCjSDS4tZILhX"></a>Monitoring based on metrics exposed by the internals of the system, including logs, interfaces like the Java Virtual Machine Profiling Interface, or an HTTP handler that emits internal statistics. + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="black-box monitoring" id="id-zdCxSrSgTWIdhb"></a>Testing externally visible behavior as a user would see it. + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="dashboards" data-secondary="defined" id="id-VMCPS2SribIkh4"></a>An application (usually web-based) that provides a summary view of a service’s core metrics. A dashboard may have filters, selectors, and so on, but is prebuilt to expose the metrics most important to its users. The dashboard might also display team information such as ticket queue length, a list of high-priority bugs, the current on-call engineer for a given area of responsibility, or recent pushes. + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="alerts" data-secondary="defined" id="id-wqC7SvSPUAIVhQ"></a>A notification intended to be read by a human and that is pushed to a system such as a bug or ticket queue, an email alias, or a pager. Respectively, these alerts are classified as <em>tickets</em>, <em>email alerts</em>,<sup><a data-type="noteref" id="id-LvQuvtYS7UvI8h4-marker" href="#id-LvQuvtYS7UvI8h4">22</a></sup> and <em>pages</em>. + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="root cause" data-secondary="defined" id="id-PnCpSaSKsgIjho"></a>A defect in a software or human system that, if repaired, instills confidence that this event won’t happen again in the same way. A given incident might have multiple root causes: for example, perhaps it was caused by a combination of insufficient process automation, software that crashed on bogus input, <em>and</em> insufficient testing of the script used to generate the configuration. Each of these factors might stand alone as a root cause, and each should be repaired. + </p> + </dd> + <dt id="node-and-machine"> + Node and machine + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="machines" data-secondary="defined" id="id-XmC9SkSlfnI1hK"></a>Used interchangeably to indicate a single instance of a running kernel in either a physical server, virtual machine, or container. There might be multiple <em>services</em> worth monitoring on a single machine. The services may either be: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Related to each other: for example, a caching server and a web server + </li> + <li>Unrelated services sharing hardware: for example, a code repository and a master for a configuration system like <a href="https://puppetlabs.com/puppet/puppet-open-source" target="_blank">Puppet</a> or <a href="https://www.chef.io/chef/" target="_blank">Chef</a> + </li> + </ul> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + Any change to a service’s running software or its configuration. + </p> + </dd> + </dl> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="why-monitor-pWsBTZ"> + <h2> + Why Monitor? + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="benefits of monitoring" id="id-kVCkSpFnTl"></a>There are many reasons to monitor a system, including: + </p> + <dl> + + <dd> + <p> + How big is my database and how fast is it growing? How quickly is my daily-active user count growing? + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + Are queries faster with Acme Bucket of Bytes 2.72 versus Ajax DB 3.14? How much better is my memcache hit rate with an extra node? Is my site slower than it was last week? + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + Something is broken, and somebody needs to fix it right now! Or, something might break soon, so somebody should look soon. + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="dashboards" data-secondary="benefits of" id="id-rjCXSOS0iDIGT8"></a>Dashboards should answer basic questions about your service, and normally include some form of the four golden signals (discussed in <a data-type="xref" href="#xref_monitoring_golden-signals">The Four Golden Signals</a>). + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + Our latency just shot up; what else happened around the same time? + </p> + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + System monitoring is also helpful in supplying raw input into business analytics and in facilitating analysis of security breaches. Because this book focuses on the engineering domains in which SRE has particular expertise, we won’t discuss these applications of monitoring here. + </p> + <p> + Monitoring and alerting enables a system to tell us when it’s broken, or perhaps to tell us what’s about to break. When the system isn’t able to automatically fix itself, we want a human to investigate the alert, determine if there’s a real problem at hand, mitigate the problem, and determine the root cause of the problem. Unless you’re performing security auditing on very narrowly scoped components of a system, you should never trigger an alert simply because "something seems a bit weird." + </p> + <p> + Paging a human is a quite expensive use of an employee’s time. If an employee is at work, a page interrupts their workflow. If the employee is at home, a page interrupts their personal time, and perhaps even their sleep. When pages occur too frequently, employees second-guess, skim, or even ignore incoming alerts, sometimes even ignoring a "real" page that’s masked by the noise. Outages can be prolonged because other noise interferes with a rapid diagnosis and fix. Effective alerting systems have good signal and very low noise. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="setting-reasonable-expectations-for-monitoring-o8svcM"> + <h2> + Setting Reasonable Expectations for Monitoring + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="setting expectations for" id="id-4nCqSYFQcE"></a>Monitoring a complex application is a significant engineering endeavor in and of itself. Even with substantial existing infrastructure for instrumentation, collection, display, and alerting in place, a Google SRE team with 10–12 members typically has one or sometimes two members whose primary assignment is to build and maintain monitoring systems for their service. This number has decreased over time as we generalize and centralize common monitoring infrastructure, but every SRE team typically has at least one “monitoring person.” (That being said, while it can be fun to have access to traffic graph dashboards and the like, SRE teams carefully avoid any situation that requires someone to “stare at a screen to watch for problems.”) + </p> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="post hoc analysis" id="id-JnCDSjIVcG"></a>In general, Google has trended toward simpler and faster monitoring systems, with better tools for <em>post hoc</em> analysis. We avoid "magic" systems that try to learn thresholds or automatically detect causality. Rules that detect unexpected changes in end-user request rates are one counterexample; while these rules are still kept as simple as possible, they give a very quick detection of a very simple, specific, severe anomaly. Other uses of monitoring data such as capacity planning and traffic prediction can tolerate more fragility, and thus, more complexity. Observational experiments conducted over a very long time horizon (months or years) with a low sampling rate (hours or days) can also often tolerate more fragility because occasional missed samples won’t hide a long-running trend. + </p> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="dependency hierarchies" id="id-9nCjSOtmcj"></a>Google SRE has experienced only limited success with complex dependency hierarchies. We seldom use rules such as, "If I know the database is slow, alert for a slow database; otherwise, alert for the website being generally slow." Dependency-reliant rules usually pertain to very stable parts of our system, such as our system for draining user traffic away from a datacenter. For example, "If a datacenter is drained, then don’t alert me on its latency" is one common datacenter alerting rule. Few teams at Google maintain complex dependency hierarchies because our infrastructure has a steady rate of continuous refactoring. + </p> + <p> + Some of the ideas described in this chapter are still aspirational: there is always room to move more rapidly from symptom to root cause(s), especially in ever-changing systems. So while this chapter sets out some goals for monitoring systems, and some ways to achieve these goals, it’s important that monitoring systems—especially the critical path from the onset of a production problem, through a page to a human, through basic triage and deep debugging—be kept simple and comprehensible by everyone on the team. + </p> + <p> + Similarly, to keep noise low and signal high, the elements of your monitoring system that direct to a pager need to be very simple and robust. Rules that generate alerts for humans should be simple to understand and represent a clear failure. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="symptoms-versus-causes-g0sEi4"> + <h2> + Symptoms Versus Causes + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="symptoms vs. causes" id="id-JnCDSlFmiG"></a>Your monitoring system should address two questions: what’s broken, and why? + </p> + <p> + The "what’s broken" indicates the symptom; the "why" indicates a (possibly intermediate) cause. <a data-type="xref" href="#table_monitoring_symptoms">Table 6-1</a> lists some hypothetical symptoms and corresponding causes. + </p> + <table id="table_monitoring_symptoms" readabilityDataTable="1"> + <caption> + <span>Table 6-1.</span> Example symptoms and causes + </caption> + <thead> + <tr> + <th> + <strong>Symptom</strong> + </th> + <th> + <strong>Cause</strong> + </th> + </tr> + </thead> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <strong>I’m serving HTTP 500s or 404s</strong> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Database servers are refusing connections + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <strong>My responses are slow</strong> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + CPUs are overloaded by a bogosort, or an Ethernet cable is crimped under a rack, visible as partial packet loss + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <strong>Users in Antarctica aren’t receiving animated cat GIFs</strong> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Your Content Distribution Network hates scientists and felines, and thus blacklisted some client IPs + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <strong>Private content is world-readable</strong> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + A new software push caused ACLs to be forgotten and allowed all requests + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + "What" versus "why" is one of the most important distinctions in writing good monitoring with maximum signal and minimum noise. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="black-box-versus-white-box-q8sJuw"> + <h2> + Black-Box Versus White-Box + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="blackbox vs. whitebox" id="id-9nCjSvFVuj"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="white-box monitoring" id="id-ZbC1FMFEu7"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="black-box monitoring" id="id-zdCXIGFvuy"></a>We combine heavy use of white-box monitoring with modest but critical uses of black-box monitoring. The simplest way to think about black-box monitoring versus white-box monitoring is that black-box monitoring is symptom-oriented and represents active—not predicted—problems: "The system isn’t working correctly, right now." White-box monitoring depends on the ability to inspect the innards of the system, such as logs or HTTP endpoints, with instrumentation. White-box monitoring therefore allows detection of imminent problems, failures masked by retries, and so forth. + </p> + <p> + Note that in a multilayered system, one person’s symptom is another person’s cause. For example, suppose that a database’s performance is slow. Slow database reads are a symptom for the database SRE who detects them. However, for the frontend SRE observing a slow website, the same slow database reads are a cause. Therefore, white-box monitoring is sometimes symptom-oriented, and sometimes cause-oriented, depending on just how informative your white-box is. + </p> + <p> + When collecting telemetry for debugging, white-box monitoring is essential. If web servers seem slow on database-heavy requests, you need to know both how fast the web server perceives the database to be, and how fast the database believes itself to be. Otherwise, you can’t distinguish an actually slow database server from a network problem between your web server and your database. + </p> + <p> + For paging, black-box monitoring has the key benefit of forcing discipline to only nag a human when a problem is both already ongoing and contributing to real symptoms. On the other hand, for not-yet-occurring but imminent problems, black-box monitoring is fairly useless. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="xref_monitoring_golden-signals"> + <h2> + The Four Golden Signals + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="four golden signals of" id="id-ZbCxSMFjU7"></a>The four golden signals of monitoring are latency, traffic, errors, and saturation. If you can only measure four metrics of your user-facing system, focus on these four. + </p> + <dl> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="service latency" data-secondary="monitoring for" id="id-yYCASJS9FKIWUb"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="latency" data-secondary="monitoring for" id="id-VMCpF2SXFbIwU4"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="request latency" id="id-rjCeIOSKFDIaU8"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="user requests" data-secondary="request latency monitoring" id="id-wqCDtvSGFAIMUQ"></a>The time it takes to service a request. It’s important to distinguish between the latency of successful requests and the latency of failed requests. For example, an HTTP 500 error triggered due to loss of connection to a database or other critical backend might be served very quickly; however, as an HTTP 500 error indicates a failed request, factoring 500s into your overall latency might result in misleading calculations. On the other hand, a slow error is even worse than a fast error! Therefore, it’s important to track error latency, as opposed to just filtering out errors. + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="user requests" data-secondary="traffic analysis" id="id-rjCXSOSxtDIaU8"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="traffic analysis" id="id-wqC4FvSBtAIMUQ"></a>A measure of how much demand is being placed on your system, measured in a high-level system-specific metric. For a web service, this measurement is usually HTTP requests per second, perhaps broken out by the nature of the requests (e.g., static versus dynamic content). For an audio streaming system, this measurement might focus on network I/O rate or concurrent sessions. For a key-value storage system, this measurement might be transactions and retrievals per <span>second</span>. + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="error rates" id="id-x1C4SjSlTLIMUJ"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="user requests" data-secondary="monitoring failures" id="id-PnCxFaS0TgIVUo"></a>The rate of requests that fail, either explicitly (e.g., HTTP 500s), implicitly (for example, an HTTP 200 success response, but coupled with the wrong content), or by policy (for example, "If you committed to one-second response times, any request over one second is an error"). Where protocol response codes are insufficient to express all failure conditions, secondary (internal) protocols may be necessary to track partial failure modes. Monitoring these cases can be drastically different: catching HTTP 500s at your load balancer can do a decent job of catching all completely failed requests, while only end-to-end system tests can detect that you’re serving the wrong content. + </p> + </dd> + + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="saturation" id="id-OnCNS2S4iDIYU8"></a>How "full" your service is. A measure of your system fraction, emphasizing the resources that are most constrained (e.g., in a memory-constrained system, show memory; in an I/O-constrained system, show I/O). Note that many systems degrade in performance before they achieve 100% utilization, so having a utilization target is essential. + </p> + <p> + In complex systems, saturation can be supplemented with higher-level load measurement: can your service properly handle double the traffic, handle only 10% more traffic, or handle even less traffic than it currently receives? For very simple services that have no parameters that alter the complexity of the request (e.g., "Give me a nonce" or "I need a globally unique monotonic integer") that rarely change configuration, a static value from a load test might be adequate. As discussed in the previous paragraph, however, most services need to use indirect signals like CPU utilization or network bandwidth that have a known upper bound. Latency increases are often a leading indicator of saturation. Measuring your 99th percentile response time over some small window (e.g., one minute) can give a very early signal of saturation. + </p> + <p> + Finally, saturation is also concerned with predictions of impending saturation, such as "It looks like your database will fill its hard drive in 4 hours." + </p> + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + If you measure all four golden signals and page a human when one signal is problematic (or, in the case of saturation, nearly problematic), your service will be at least decently covered by monitoring. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="worrying-about-your-tail-or-instrumentation-and-performance-Yms9Ck"> + <h2> + Worrying About Your Tail (or, Instrumentation and Performance) + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="instrumentation and performance" id="id-zdCxSGFQCy"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="performance" data-secondary="monitoring" id="id-yYCyFpFdCr"></a>When building a monitoring system from scratch, it’s tempting to design a system based upon the mean of some quantity: the mean latency, the mean CPU usage of your nodes, or the mean fullness of your databases. The danger presented by the latter two cases is obvious: CPUs and databases can easily be utilized in a very imbalanced way. The same holds for latency. If you run a web service with an average latency of 100 ms at 1,000 requests per second, 1% of requests might easily take 5 seconds.<sup><a data-type="noteref" id="id-QQLuAIXFxCz-marker" href="#id-QQLuAIXFxCz">23</a></sup> If your users depend on several such web services to render their page, the 99th percentile of one backend can easily become the median response of your <span>frontend</span>. + </p> + <p> + The simplest way to differentiate between a slow average and a very slow "tail" of requests is to collect request counts bucketed by latencies (suitable for rendering a histogram), rather than actual latencies: how many requests did I serve that took between 0 ms and 10 ms, between 10 ms and 30 ms, between 30 ms and 100 ms, between 100 ms and 300 ms, and so on? Distributing the histogram boundaries approximately exponentially (in this case by factors of roughly 3) is often an easy way to visualize the distribution of your requests. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="choosing-an-appropriate-resolution-for-measurements-vJsBsE"> + <h2> + Choosing an Appropriate Resolution for Measurements + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="resolution" id="id-yYCASpFxsr"></a>Different aspects of a system should be measured with different levels of granularity. For example: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Observing CPU load over the time span of a minute won’t reveal even quite long-lived spikes that drive high tail latencies. + </li> + <li>On the other hand, for a web service targeting no more than 9 hours aggregate downtime per year (99.9% annual uptime), probing for a 200 (success) status more than once or twice a minute is probably unnecessarily frequent. + </li> + <li>Similarly, checking hard drive fullness for a service targeting 99.9% availability more than once every 1–2 minutes is probably unnecessary. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Take care in how you structure the granularity of your measurements. Collecting per-second measurements of CPU load might yield interesting data, but such frequent measurements may be very expensive to collect, store, and analyze. If your monitoring goal calls for high resolution but doesn’t require extremely low latency, you can reduce these costs by performing internal sampling on the server, then configuring an external system to collect and aggregate that distribution over time or across servers. You might: + </p> + <ol> + <li>Record the current CPU utilization each second. + </li> + <li>Using buckets of 5% granularity, increment the appropriate CPU utilization bucket each second. + </li> + <li>Aggregate those values every minute. + </li> + </ol> + <p> + This strategy allows you to observe brief CPU hotspots without incurring very high cost due to collection and retention. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="as-simple-as-possible-no-simpler-lqskHx"> + <h2> + As Simple as Possible, No Simpler + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="avoiding complexity in" id="id-VMCPSrFpHm"></a>Piling all these requirements on top of each other can add up to a very complex monitoring system—your system might end up with the following levels of complexity: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Alerts on different latency thresholds, at different percentiles, on all kinds of different metrics + </li> + <li>Extra code to detect and expose possible causes + </li> + <li>Associated dashboards for each of these possible causes + </li> + </ul> + <p> + The sources of potential complexity are never-ending. Like all software systems, monitoring can become so complex that it’s fragile, complicated to change, and a maintenance burden. + </p> + <p> + Therefore, design your monitoring system with an eye toward simplicity. In choosing what to monitor, keep the following guidelines in mind: + </p> + <ul> + <li>The rules that catch real incidents most often should be as simple, predictable, and reliable as possible. + </li> + <li>Data collection, aggregation, and alerting configuration that is rarely exercised (e.g., less than once a quarter for some SRE teams) should be up for removal. + </li> + <li>Signals that are collected, but not exposed in any prebaked dashboard nor used by any alert, are candidates for removal. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + In Google’s experience, basic collection and aggregation of metrics, paired with alerting and dashboards, has worked well as a relatively standalone system. (In fact Google’s monitoring system is broken up into several binaries, but typically people learn about all aspects of these binaries.) It can be tempting to combine monitoring with other aspects of inspecting complex systems, such as detailed system profiling, single-process debugging, tracking details about exceptions or crashes, load testing, log collection and analysis, or traffic inspection. While most of these subjects share commonalities with basic monitoring, blending together too many results in overly complex and fragile systems. As in many other aspects of software engineering, maintaining distinct systems with clear, simple, loosely coupled points of integration is a better strategy (for example, using web APIs for pulling summary data in a format that can remain constant over an extended period of time). + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="tying-these-principles-together-nqsJfw"> + <h2> + Tying These Principles Together + </h2> + <p> + The principles discussed in this chapter can be tied together into a philosophy on monitoring and alerting that’s widely endorsed and followed within Google SRE teams. While this monitoring philosophy is a bit aspirational, it’s a good starting point for writing or reviewing a new alert, and it can help your organization ask the right questions, regardless of the size of your organization or the complexity of your service or system. + </p> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="creating rules for" id="id-wqC7SDIvfj"></a>When creating rules for monitoring and alerting, asking the following questions can help you avoid false positives and pager burnout:<sup><a data-type="noteref" id="id-a82udF8IBfx-marker" href="#id-a82udF8IBfx">24</a></sup> + </p> + <ul> + <li>Does this rule detect <em>an otherwise undetected condition</em> that is urgent, actionable, and actively or imminently user-visible?<sup><a data-type="noteref" id="id-0vYuEFpSjSMtLfG-marker" href="#id-0vYuEFpSjSMtLfG">25</a></sup> + </li> + <li>Will I ever be able to ignore this alert, knowing it’s benign? When and why will I be able to ignore this alert, and how can I avoid this scenario? + </li> + <li>Does this alert definitely indicate that users are being negatively affected? Are there detectable cases in which users aren’t being negatively impacted, such as drained traffic or test deployments, that should be filtered out? + </li> + <li>Can I take action in response to this alert? Is that action urgent, or could it wait until morning? Could the action be safely automated? Will that action be a long-term fix, or just a short-term workaround? + </li> + <li>Are other people getting paged for this issue, therefore rendering at least one of the pages unnecessary? + </li> + </ul> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="monitoring philosophy" id="id-PnCpSwhJfa"></a>These questions reflect a fundamental philosophy on pages and pagers: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Every time the pager goes off, I should be able to react with a sense of urgency. I can only react with a sense of urgency a few times a day before I become fatigued. + </li> + <li>Every page should be actionable. + </li> + <li>Every page response should require intelligence. If a page merely merits a robotic response, it shouldn’t be a page. + </li> + <li>Pages should be about a novel problem or an event that hasn’t been seen before. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Such a perspective dissipates certain distinctions: if a page satisfies the preceding four bullets, it’s irrelevant whether the page is triggered by white-box or black-box monitoring. This perspective also amplifies certain distinctions: it’s better to spend much more effort on catching symptoms than causes; when it comes to causes, only worry about very definite, very imminent causes. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="monitoring-for-the-long-term-NbsNS8"> + <h2> + Monitoring for the Long Term + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="challenges of" id="id-wqC7SPFMSj"></a>In modern production systems, monitoring systems track an ever-evolving system with changing software architecture, load characteristics, and performance targets. An alert that’s currently exceptionally rare and hard to automate might become frequent, perhaps even meriting a hacked-together script to resolve it. At this point, someone should find and eliminate the root causes of the problem; if such resolution isn’t possible, the alert response deserves to be fully automated. + </p> + <p> + It’s important that decisions about monitoring be made with long-term goals in mind. Every page that happens today distracts a human from improving the system for tomorrow, so there is often a case for taking a short-term hit to availability or performance in order to improve the long-term outlook for the system. Let’s take a look at two case studies that illustrate this trade-off. + </p> + <section data-type="sect2" id="bigtable-sre-a-tale-of-over-alerting-dbsXtjSM"> + + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" id="MDSbig6" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="case studies"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="Bigtable" id="id-XmCpFOFytySv"></a>Google’s internal infrastructure is typically offered and measured against a service level objective (SLO; see <a data-type="xref" href="http://fakehost/sre/sre-book/chapters/service-level-objectives">Service Level Objectives</a>). Many years ago, the Bigtable service’s SLO was based on a synthetic well-behaved client’s mean performance. Because of problems in Bigtable and lower layers of the storage stack, the mean performance was driven by a "large" tail: the worst 5% of requests were often significantly slower than the rest. + </p> + <p> + Email alerts were triggered as the SLO approached, and paging alerts were triggered when the SLO was exceeded. Both types of alerts were firing voluminously, consuming unacceptable amounts of engineering time: the team spent significant amounts of time triaging the alerts to find the few that were really actionable, and we often missed the problems that actually affected users, because so few of them did. Many of the pages were non-urgent, due to well-understood problems in the infrastructure, and had either rote responses or received no response. + </p> + <p> + To remedy the situation, the team used a three-pronged approach: while making great efforts to improve the performance of Bigtable, we also temporarily dialed back our SLO target, using the 75th percentile request latency. We also disabled email alerts, as there were so many that spending time diagnosing them was infeasible. + </p> + <p> + This strategy gave us enough breathing room to actually fix the longer-term problems in Bigtable and the lower layers of the storage stack, rather than constantly fixing tactical problems. On-call engineers could actually accomplish work when they weren’t being kept up by pages at all hours. Ultimately, temporarily backing off on our alerts allowed us to make faster progress toward a better service. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect2" id="gmail-predictable-scriptable-responses-from-humans-BVs1h4SD"> + + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="Gmail" id="id-XmC9SOFZhySv"></a>In the very early days of Gmail, the service was built on a retrofitted distributed process management system called Workqueue, which was originally created for batch processing of pieces of the search index. Workqueue was "adapted" to long-lived processes and subsequently applied to Gmail, but certain bugs in the relatively opaque codebase in the scheduler proved hard to beat. + </p> + <p> + At that time, the Gmail monitoring was structured such that alerts fired when individual tasks were “de-scheduled” by Workqueue. This setup was less than ideal because even at that time, Gmail had many, many thousands of tasks, each task representing a fraction of a percent of our users. We cared deeply about providing a good user experience for Gmail users, but such an alerting setup was unmaintainable. + </p> + <p> + To address this problem, Gmail SRE built a tool that helped “poke” the scheduler in just the right way to minimize impact to users. The team had several discussions about whether or not we should simply automate the entire loop from detecting the problem to nudging the rescheduler, until a better long-term solution was achieved, but some worried this kind of workaround would delay a real fix. + </p> + <p> + This kind of tension is common within a team, and often reflects an underlying mistrust of the team’s self-discipline: while some team members want to implement a “hack” to allow time for a proper fix, others worry that a hack will be forgotten or that the proper fix will be deprioritized indefinitely. This concern is credible, as it’s easy to build layers of unmaintainable technical debt by patching over problems instead of making real fixes. Managers and technical leaders play a key role in implementing true, long-term fixes by supporting and prioritizing potentially time-consuming long-term fixes even when the initial “pain” of paging subsides. + </p> + <p> + Pages with rote, algorithmic responses should be a red flag. Unwillingness on the part of your team to automate such pages implies that the team lacks confidence that they can clean up their technical debt. This is a major problem worth escalating.<a data-type="indexterm" data-primary data-startref="MDSbig6" id="id-oPCASqT2hLSk"></a> + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect2" id="the-long-run-MQsWTMS7"> + + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="short- vs. long-term availability" id="id-jyCxSoFETNSd"></a>A common theme connects the previous examples of Bigtable and Gmail: a tension between short-term and long-term availability. Often, sheer force of effort can help a rickety system achieve high availability, but this path is usually short-lived and fraught with burnout and dependence on a small number of heroic team members. Taking a controlled, short-term decrease in availability is often a painful, but strategic trade for the long-run stability of the system. It’s important not to think of every page as an event in isolation, but to consider whether the overall <em>level</em> of paging leads toward a healthy, appropriately available system with a healthy, viable team and long-term outlook. We review statistics about page frequency (usually expressed as incidents per shift, where an incident might be composed of a few related pages) in quarterly reports with management, ensuring that decision makers are kept up to date on the pager load and overall health of their teams. + </p> + </section> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="conclusion-8ksvFj"> + <h2> + Conclusion + </h2> + <p> + A healthy monitoring and alerting pipeline is simple and easy to reason about. It focuses primarily on symptoms for paging, reserving cause-oriented heuristics to serve as aids to debugging problems. Monitoring symptoms is easier the further "up" your stack you monitor, though monitoring saturation and performance of subsystems such as databases often must be performed directly on the subsystem itself. Email alerts are of very limited value and tend to easily become overrun with noise; instead, you should favor a dashboard that monitors all ongoing subcritical problems for the sort of information that typically ends up in email alerts. A dashboard might also be paired with a log, in order to analyze historical correlations. + </p> + <p> + Over the long haul, achieving a successful on-call rotation and product includes choosing to alert on symptoms or imminent real problems, adapting your targets to goals that are actually achievable, and making sure that your monitoring supports rapid diagnosis. + </p> + </section> + + </section>
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Introduction</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/production-environment" class="menu-buttons">2. The Production Environment at Google, from the Viewpoint of an SRE</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/part2" class="menu-buttons">Part II - Principles</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/embracing-risk" class="menu-buttons">3. Embracing Risk</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/service-level-objectives" class="menu-buttons">4. Service Level Objectives</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/eliminating-toil" class="menu-buttons">5. Eliminating Toil</a> + </li> + <li class="active"> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/monitoring-distributed-systems" class="menu-buttons">6. Monitoring Distributed Systems</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/automation-at-google" class="menu-buttons">7. The Evolution of Automation at Google</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/release-engineering" class="menu-buttons">8. Release Engineering</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/simplicity" class="menu-buttons">9. Simplicity</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/part3" class="menu-buttons">Part III - Practices</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/practical-alerting" class="menu-buttons">10. Practical Alerting</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/being-on-call" class="menu-buttons">11. Being On-Call</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/effective-troubleshooting" class="menu-buttons">12. Effective Troubleshooting</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/emergency-response" class="menu-buttons">13. Emergency Response</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/managing-incidents" class="menu-buttons">14. Managing Incidents</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/postmortem-culture" class="menu-buttons">15. Postmortem Culture: Learning from Failure</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/tracking-outages" class="menu-buttons">16. Tracking Outages</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/testing-reliability" class="menu-buttons">17. Testing for Reliability</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/software-engineering-in-sre" class="menu-buttons">18. Software Engineering in SRE</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/load-balancing-frontend" class="menu-buttons">19. Load Balancing at the Frontend</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/load-balancing-datacenter" class="menu-buttons">20. Load Balancing in the Datacenter</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/handling-overload" class="menu-buttons">21. Handling Overload</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/addressing-cascading-failures" class="menu-buttons">22. Addressing Cascading Failures</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/managing-critical-state" class="menu-buttons">23. Managing Critical State: Distributed Consensus for Reliability</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/distributed-periodic-scheduling" class="menu-buttons">24. Distributed Periodic Scheduling with Cron</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/data-processing-pipelines" class="menu-buttons">25. Data Processing Pipelines</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/data-integrity" class="menu-buttons">26. Data Integrity: What You Read Is What You Wrote</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/reliable-product-launches" class="menu-buttons">27. Reliable Product Launches at Scale</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/part4" class="menu-buttons">Part IV - Management</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/accelerating-sre-on-call" class="menu-buttons">28. Accelerating SREs to On-Call and Beyond</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/dealing-with-interrupts" class="menu-buttons">29. Dealing with Interrupts</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/operational-overload" class="menu-buttons">30. Embedding an SRE to Recover from Operational Overload</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/communication-and-collaboration" class="menu-buttons">31. Communication and Collaboration in SRE</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/evolving-sre-engagement-model" class="menu-buttons">32. The Evolving SRE Engagement Model</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/part5" class="menu-buttons">Part V - Conclusions</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/lessons-learned" class="menu-buttons">33. Lessons Learned from Other Industries</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/conclusion" class="menu-buttons">34. Conclusion</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/availability-table" class="menu-buttons">Appendix A. Availability Table</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/service-best-practices" class="menu-buttons">Appendix B. A Collection of Best Practices for Production Services</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/incident-document" class="menu-buttons">Appendix C. Example Incident State Document</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/postmortem" class="menu-buttons">Appendix D. Example Postmortem</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/launch-checklist" class="menu-buttons">Appendix E. Launch Coordination Checklist</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/production-meeting" class="menu-buttons">Appendix F. Example Production Meeting Minutes</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/bibliography" class="menu-buttons">Bibliography</a> + </li> + </ol> + </div> + </div> + <div id="maia-main" role="main"> + <div class="maia-teleport" id="content"></div> + <div class="content"> + <section data-type="chapter" id="chapter_monitoring"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Monitoring Distributed Systems + </h1> + <p class="byline author"> + Written by Rob Ewaschuk<br /> + Edited by Betsy Beyer + </p> + <p> + Google’s SRE teams have some basic principles and best practices for building successful monitoring and alerting systems. This chapter offers guidelines for what issues should interrupt a human via a page, and how to deal with issues that aren’t serious enough to trigger a page. + </p> + <section data-type="sect1" id="definitions-2ksZhN"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Definitions + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="terminology" id="id-DnC1SWFMhD"></a>There’s no uniformly shared vocabulary for discussing all topics related to monitoring. Even within Google, usage of the following terms varies, but the most common interpretations are listed here. + </p> + <dl> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="monitoring"> + Monitoring + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + Collecting, processing, aggregating, and displaying real-time quantitative data about a system, such as query counts and types, error counts and types, processing times, and server lifetimes. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="white-box-monitoring"> + White-box monitoring + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="white-box monitoring" id="id-9nCjSDS4tZILhX"></a>Monitoring based on metrics exposed by the internals of the system, including logs, interfaces like the Java Virtual Machine Profiling Interface, or an HTTP handler that emits internal statistics. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="black-box-monitoring"> + Black-box monitoring + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="black-box monitoring" id="id-zdCxSrSgTWIdhb"></a>Testing externally visible behavior as a user would see it. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="dashboard"> + Dashboard + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="dashboards" data-secondary="defined" id="id-VMCPS2SribIkh4"></a>An application (usually web-based) that provides a summary view of a service’s core metrics. A dashboard may have filters, selectors, and so on, but is prebuilt to expose the metrics most important to its users. The dashboard might also display team information such as ticket queue length, a list of high-priority bugs, the current on-call engineer for a given area of responsibility, or recent pushes. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="alert"> + Alert + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="alerts" data-secondary="defined" id="id-wqC7SvSPUAIVhQ"></a>A notification intended to be read by a human and that is pushed to a system such as a bug or ticket queue, an email alias, or a pager. Respectively, these alerts are classified as <em>tickets</em>, <em>email alerts</em>,<sup><a class="jumptarget" data-type="noteref" id="id-LvQuvtYS7UvI8h4-marker" href="#id-LvQuvtYS7UvI8h4">22</a></sup> and <em>pages</em>. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="root-cause"> + Root cause + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="root cause" data-secondary="defined" id="id-PnCpSaSKsgIjho"></a>A defect in a software or human system that, if repaired, instills confidence that this event won’t happen again in the same way. A given incident might have multiple root causes: for example, perhaps it was caused by a combination of insufficient process automation, software that crashed on bogus input, <em>and</em> insufficient testing of the script used to generate the configuration. Each of these factors might stand alone as a root cause, and each should be repaired. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="node-and-machine"> + Node and machine + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="machines" data-secondary="defined" id="id-XmC9SkSlfnI1hK"></a>Used interchangeably to indicate a single instance of a running kernel in either a physical server, virtual machine, or container. There might be multiple <em>services</em> worth monitoring on a single machine. The services may either be: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Related to each other: for example, a caching server and a web server + </li> + <li>Unrelated services sharing hardware: for example, a code repository and a master for a configuration system like <a href="https://puppetlabs.com/puppet/puppet-open-source" target="_blank">Puppet</a> or <a href="https://www.chef.io/chef/" target="_blank">Chef</a> + </li> + </ul> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="push"> + Push + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + Any change to a service’s running software or its configuration. + </p> + </dd> + </dl> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="why-monitor-pWsBTZ"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Why Monitor? + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="benefits of monitoring" id="id-kVCkSpFnTl"></a>There are many reasons to monitor a system, including: + </p> + <dl> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="analyzing-long-term-trends"> + Analyzing long-term trends + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + How big is my database and how fast is it growing? How quickly is my daily-active user count growing? + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="comparing-over-time-or-experiment-groups"> + Comparing over time or experiment groups + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + Are queries faster with Acme Bucket of Bytes 2.72 versus Ajax DB 3.14? How much better is my memcache hit rate with an extra node? Is my site slower than it was last week? + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="alerting"> + Alerting + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + Something is broken, and somebody needs to fix it right now! Or, something might break soon, so somebody should look soon. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="building-dashboards"> + Building dashboards + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="dashboards" data-secondary="benefits of" id="id-rjCXSOS0iDIGT8"></a>Dashboards should answer basic questions about your service, and normally include some form of the four golden signals (discussed in <a data-type="xref" href="#xref_monitoring_golden-signals">The Four Golden Signals</a>). + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="conducting-ad-hoc-retrospective-analysis-ie-debugging"> + Conducting <i class="italic">ad hoc</i> retrospective analysis (i.e., debugging) + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + Our latency just shot up; what else happened around the same time? + </p> + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + System monitoring is also helpful in supplying raw input into business analytics and in facilitating analysis of security breaches. Because this book focuses on the engineering domains in which SRE has particular expertise, we won’t discuss these applications of monitoring here. + </p> + <p> + Monitoring and alerting enables a system to tell us when it’s broken, or perhaps to tell us what’s about to break. When the system isn’t able to automatically fix itself, we want a human to investigate the alert, determine if there’s a real problem at hand, mitigate the problem, and determine the root cause of the problem. Unless you’re performing security auditing on very narrowly scoped components of a system, you should never trigger an alert simply because "something seems a bit weird." + </p> + <p> + Paging a human is a quite expensive use of an employee’s time. If an employee is at work, a page interrupts their workflow. If the employee is at home, a page interrupts their personal time, and perhaps even their sleep. When pages occur too frequently, employees second-guess, skim, or even ignore incoming alerts, sometimes even ignoring a "real" page that’s masked by the noise. Outages can be prolonged because other noise interferes with a rapid diagnosis and fix. Effective alerting systems have good signal and very low noise. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="setting-reasonable-expectations-for-monitoring-o8svcM"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Setting Reasonable Expectations for Monitoring + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="setting expectations for" id="id-4nCqSYFQcE"></a>Monitoring a complex application is a significant engineering endeavor in and of itself. Even with substantial existing infrastructure for instrumentation, collection, display, and alerting in place, a Google SRE team with 10–12 members typically has one or sometimes two members whose primary assignment is to build and maintain monitoring systems for their service. This number has decreased over time as we generalize and centralize common monitoring infrastructure, but every SRE team typically has at least one “monitoring person.” (That being said, while it can be fun to have access to traffic graph dashboards and the like, SRE teams carefully avoid any situation that requires someone to “stare at a screen to watch for problems.”) + </p> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="post hoc analysis" id="id-JnCDSjIVcG"></a>In general, Google has trended toward simpler and faster monitoring systems, with better tools for <em>post hoc</em> analysis. We avoid "magic" systems that try to learn thresholds or automatically detect causality. Rules that detect unexpected changes in end-user request rates are one counterexample; while these rules are still kept as simple as possible, they give a very quick detection of a very simple, specific, severe anomaly. Other uses of monitoring data such as capacity planning and traffic prediction can tolerate more fragility, and thus, more complexity. Observational experiments conducted over a very long time horizon (months or years) with a low sampling rate (hours or days) can also often tolerate more fragility because occasional missed samples won’t hide a long-running trend. + </p> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="dependency hierarchies" id="id-9nCjSOtmcj"></a>Google SRE has experienced only limited success with complex dependency hierarchies. We seldom use rules such as, "If I know the database is slow, alert for a slow database; otherwise, alert for the website being generally slow." Dependency-reliant rules usually pertain to very stable parts of our system, such as our system for draining user traffic away from a datacenter. For example, "If a datacenter is drained, then don’t alert me on its latency" is one common datacenter alerting rule. Few teams at Google maintain complex dependency hierarchies because our infrastructure has a steady rate of continuous refactoring. + </p> + <p> + Some of the ideas described in this chapter are still aspirational: there is always room to move more rapidly from symptom to root cause(s), especially in ever-changing systems. So while this chapter sets out some goals for monitoring systems, and some ways to achieve these goals, it’s important that monitoring systems—especially the critical path from the onset of a production problem, through a page to a human, through basic triage and deep debugging—be kept simple and comprehensible by everyone on the team. + </p> + <p> + Similarly, to keep noise low and signal high, the elements of your monitoring system that direct to a pager need to be very simple and robust. Rules that generate alerts for humans should be simple to understand and represent a clear failure. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="symptoms-versus-causes-g0sEi4"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Symptoms Versus Causes + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="symptoms vs. causes" id="id-JnCDSlFmiG"></a>Your monitoring system should address two questions: what’s broken, and why? + </p> + <p> + The "what’s broken" indicates the symptom; the "why" indicates a (possibly intermediate) cause. <a data-type="xref" href="#table_monitoring_symptoms">Table 6-1</a> lists some hypothetical symptoms and corresponding causes. + </p> + <table id="table_monitoring_symptoms" class="pagebreak-before"> + <caption class="jumptarget"> + <span class="label">Table 6-1.</span> Example symptoms and causes + </caption> + <thead> + <tr> + <th> + <strong>Symptom</strong> + </th> + <th> + <strong>Cause</strong> + </th> + </tr> + </thead> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <strong>I’m serving HTTP 500s or 404s</strong> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Database servers are refusing connections + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <strong>My responses are slow</strong> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + CPUs are overloaded by a bogosort, or an Ethernet cable is crimped under a rack, visible as partial packet loss + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <strong>Users in Antarctica aren’t receiving animated cat GIFs</strong> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + Your Content Distribution Network hates scientists and felines, and thus blacklisted some client IPs + </p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + <strong>Private content is world-readable</strong> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + A new software push caused ACLs to be forgotten and allowed all requests + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + "What" versus "why" is one of the most important distinctions in writing good monitoring with maximum signal and minimum noise. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="black-box-versus-white-box-q8sJuw"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Black-Box Versus White-Box + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="blackbox vs. whitebox" id="id-9nCjSvFVuj"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="white-box monitoring" id="id-ZbC1FMFEu7"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="black-box monitoring" id="id-zdCXIGFvuy"></a>We combine heavy use of white-box monitoring with modest but critical uses of black-box monitoring. The simplest way to think about black-box monitoring versus white-box monitoring is that black-box monitoring is symptom-oriented and represents active—not predicted—problems: "The system isn’t working correctly, right now." White-box monitoring depends on the ability to inspect the innards of the system, such as logs or HTTP endpoints, with instrumentation. White-box monitoring therefore allows detection of imminent problems, failures masked by retries, and so forth. + </p> + <p> + Note that in a multilayered system, one person’s symptom is another person’s cause. For example, suppose that a database’s performance is slow. Slow database reads are a symptom for the database SRE who detects them. However, for the frontend SRE observing a slow website, the same slow database reads are a cause. Therefore, white-box monitoring is sometimes symptom-oriented, and sometimes cause-oriented, depending on just how informative your white-box is. + </p> + <p> + When collecting telemetry for debugging, white-box monitoring is essential. If web servers seem slow on database-heavy requests, you need to know both how fast the web server perceives the database to be, and how fast the database believes itself to be. Otherwise, you can’t distinguish an actually slow database server from a network problem between your web server and your database. + </p> + <p> + For paging, black-box monitoring has the key benefit of forcing discipline to only nag a human when a problem is both already ongoing and contributing to real symptoms. On the other hand, for not-yet-occurring but imminent problems, black-box monitoring is fairly useless. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="xref_monitoring_golden-signals"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + The Four Golden Signals + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="four golden signals of" id="id-ZbCxSMFjU7"></a>The four golden signals of monitoring are latency, traffic, errors, and saturation. If you can only measure four metrics of your user-facing system, focus on these four. + </p> + <dl> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="latency"> + Latency + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="service latency" data-secondary="monitoring for" id="id-yYCASJS9FKIWUb"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="latency" data-secondary="monitoring for" id="id-VMCpF2SXFbIwU4"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="request latency" id="id-rjCeIOSKFDIaU8"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="user requests" data-secondary="request latency monitoring" id="id-wqCDtvSGFAIMUQ"></a>The time it takes to service a request. It’s important to distinguish between the latency of successful requests and the latency of failed requests. For example, an HTTP 500 error triggered due to loss of connection to a database or other critical backend might be served very quickly; however, as an HTTP 500 error indicates a failed request, factoring 500s into your overall latency might result in misleading calculations. On the other hand, a slow error is even worse than a fast error! Therefore, it’s important to track error latency, as opposed to just filtering out errors. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="traffic"> + Traffic + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="user requests" data-secondary="traffic analysis" id="id-rjCXSOSxtDIaU8"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="traffic analysis" id="id-wqC4FvSBtAIMUQ"></a>A measure of how much demand is being placed on your system, measured in a high-level system-specific metric. For a web service, this measurement is usually HTTP requests per second, perhaps broken out by the nature of the requests (e.g., static versus dynamic content). For an audio streaming system, this measurement might focus on network I/O rate or concurrent sessions. For a key-value storage system, this measurement might be transactions and retrievals per <span class="keep-together">second</span>. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="errors"> + Errors + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="error rates" id="id-x1C4SjSlTLIMUJ"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="user requests" data-secondary="monitoring failures" id="id-PnCxFaS0TgIVUo"></a>The rate of requests that fail, either explicitly (e.g., HTTP 500s), implicitly (for example, an HTTP 200 success response, but coupled with the wrong content), or by policy (for example, "If you committed to one-second response times, any request over one second is an error"). Where protocol response codes are insufficient to express all failure conditions, secondary (internal) protocols may be necessary to track partial failure modes. Monitoring these cases can be drastically different: catching HTTP 500s at your load balancer can do a decent job of catching all completely failed requests, while only end-to-end system tests can detect that you’re serving the wrong content. + </p> + </dd> + <dt class="subheaders jumptargets" id="saturation"> + Saturation + </dt> + <dd> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="saturation" id="id-OnCNS2S4iDIYU8"></a>How "full" your service is. A measure of your system fraction, emphasizing the resources that are most constrained (e.g., in a memory-constrained system, show memory; in an I/O-constrained system, show I/O). Note that many systems degrade in performance before they achieve 100% utilization, so having a utilization target is essential. + </p> + <p> + In complex systems, saturation can be supplemented with higher-level load measurement: can your service properly handle double the traffic, handle only 10% more traffic, or handle even less traffic than it currently receives? For very simple services that have no parameters that alter the complexity of the request (e.g., "Give me a nonce" or "I need a globally unique monotonic integer") that rarely change configuration, a static value from a load test might be adequate. As discussed in the previous paragraph, however, most services need to use indirect signals like CPU utilization or network bandwidth that have a known upper bound. Latency increases are often a leading indicator of saturation. Measuring your 99th percentile response time over some small window (e.g., one minute) can give a very early signal of saturation. + </p> + <p> + Finally, saturation is also concerned with predictions of impending saturation, such as "It looks like your database will fill its hard drive in 4 hours." + </p> + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + If you measure all four golden signals and page a human when one signal is problematic (or, in the case of saturation, nearly problematic), your service will be at least decently covered by monitoring. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="worrying-about-your-tail-or-instrumentation-and-performance-Yms9Ck"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Worrying About Your Tail (or, Instrumentation and Performance) + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="instrumentation and performance" id="id-zdCxSGFQCy"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="performance" data-secondary="monitoring" id="id-yYCyFpFdCr"></a>When building a monitoring system from scratch, it’s tempting to design a system based upon the mean of some quantity: the mean latency, the mean CPU usage of your nodes, or the mean fullness of your databases. The danger presented by the latter two cases is obvious: CPUs and databases can easily be utilized in a very imbalanced way. The same holds for latency. If you run a web service with an average latency of 100 ms at 1,000 requests per second, 1% of requests might easily take 5 seconds.<sup><a class="jumptarget" data-type="noteref" id="id-QQLuAIXFxCz-marker" href="#id-QQLuAIXFxCz">23</a></sup> If your users depend on several such web services to render their page, the 99th percentile of one backend can easily become the median response of your <span class="keep-together">frontend</span>. + </p> + <p> + The simplest way to differentiate between a slow average and a very slow "tail" of requests is to collect request counts bucketed by latencies (suitable for rendering a histogram), rather than actual latencies: how many requests did I serve that took between 0 ms and 10 ms, between 10 ms and 30 ms, between 30 ms and 100 ms, between 100 ms and 300 ms, and so on? Distributing the histogram boundaries approximately exponentially (in this case by factors of roughly 3) is often an easy way to visualize the distribution of your requests. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="choosing-an-appropriate-resolution-for-measurements-vJsBsE"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Choosing an Appropriate Resolution for Measurements + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="resolution" id="id-yYCASpFxsr"></a>Different aspects of a system should be measured with different levels of granularity. For example: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Observing CPU load over the time span of a minute won’t reveal even quite long-lived spikes that drive high tail latencies. + </li> + <li>On the other hand, for a web service targeting no more than 9 hours aggregate downtime per year (99.9% annual uptime), probing for a 200 (success) status more than once or twice a minute is probably unnecessarily frequent. + </li> + <li>Similarly, checking hard drive fullness for a service targeting 99.9% availability more than once every 1–2 minutes is probably unnecessary. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Take care in how you structure the granularity of your measurements. Collecting per-second measurements of CPU load might yield interesting data, but such frequent measurements may be very expensive to collect, store, and analyze. If your monitoring goal calls for high resolution but doesn’t require extremely low latency, you can reduce these costs by performing internal sampling on the server, then configuring an external system to collect and aggregate that distribution over time or across servers. You might: + </p> + <ol> + <li>Record the current CPU utilization each second. + </li> + <li>Using buckets of 5% granularity, increment the appropriate CPU utilization bucket each second. + </li> + <li>Aggregate those values every minute. + </li> + </ol> + <p> + This strategy allows you to observe brief CPU hotspots without incurring very high cost due to collection and retention. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="as-simple-as-possible-no-simpler-lqskHx"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + As Simple as Possible, No Simpler + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="avoiding complexity in" id="id-VMCPSrFpHm"></a>Piling all these requirements on top of each other can add up to a very complex monitoring system—your system might end up with the following levels of complexity: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Alerts on different latency thresholds, at different percentiles, on all kinds of different metrics + </li> + <li>Extra code to detect and expose possible causes + </li> + <li>Associated dashboards for each of these possible causes + </li> + </ul> + <p> + The sources of potential complexity are never-ending. Like all software systems, monitoring can become so complex that it’s fragile, complicated to change, and a maintenance burden. + </p> + <p> + Therefore, design your monitoring system with an eye toward simplicity. In choosing what to monitor, keep the following guidelines in mind: + </p> + <ul> + <li>The rules that catch real incidents most often should be as simple, predictable, and reliable as possible. + </li> + <li>Data collection, aggregation, and alerting configuration that is rarely exercised (e.g., less than once a quarter for some SRE teams) should be up for removal. + </li> + <li>Signals that are collected, but not exposed in any prebaked dashboard nor used by any alert, are candidates for removal. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + In Google’s experience, basic collection and aggregation of metrics, paired with alerting and dashboards, has worked well as a relatively standalone system. (In fact Google’s monitoring system is broken up into several binaries, but typically people learn about all aspects of these binaries.) It can be tempting to combine monitoring with other aspects of inspecting complex systems, such as detailed system profiling, single-process debugging, tracking details about exceptions or crashes, load testing, log collection and analysis, or traffic inspection. While most of these subjects share commonalities with basic monitoring, blending together too many results in overly complex and fragile systems. As in many other aspects of software engineering, maintaining distinct systems with clear, simple, loosely coupled points of integration is a better strategy (for example, using web APIs for pulling summary data in a format that can remain constant over an extended period of time). + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="tying-these-principles-together-nqsJfw"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Tying These Principles Together + </h1> + <p> + The principles discussed in this chapter can be tied together into a philosophy on monitoring and alerting that’s widely endorsed and followed within Google SRE teams. While this monitoring philosophy is a bit aspirational, it’s a good starting point for writing or reviewing a new alert, and it can help your organization ask the right questions, regardless of the size of your organization or the complexity of your service or system. + </p> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="creating rules for" id="id-wqC7SDIvfj"></a>When creating rules for monitoring and alerting, asking the following questions can help you avoid false positives and pager burnout:<sup><a class="jumptarget" data-type="noteref" id="id-a82udF8IBfx-marker" href="#id-a82udF8IBfx">24</a></sup> + </p> + <ul> + <li>Does this rule detect <em>an otherwise undetected condition</em> that is urgent, actionable, and actively or imminently user-visible?<sup><a class="jumptarget" data-type="noteref" id="id-0vYuEFpSjSMtLfG-marker" href="#id-0vYuEFpSjSMtLfG">25</a></sup> + </li> + <li>Will I ever be able to ignore this alert, knowing it’s benign? When and why will I be able to ignore this alert, and how can I avoid this scenario? + </li> + <li>Does this alert definitely indicate that users are being negatively affected? Are there detectable cases in which users aren’t being negatively impacted, such as drained traffic or test deployments, that should be filtered out? + </li> + <li>Can I take action in response to this alert? Is that action urgent, or could it wait until morning? Could the action be safely automated? Will that action be a long-term fix, or just a short-term workaround? + </li> + <li>Are other people getting paged for this issue, therefore rendering at least one of the pages unnecessary? + </li> + </ul> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="monitoring philosophy" id="id-PnCpSwhJfa"></a>These questions reflect a fundamental philosophy on pages and pagers: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Every time the pager goes off, I should be able to react with a sense of urgency. I can only react with a sense of urgency a few times a day before I become fatigued. + </li> + <li>Every page should be actionable. + </li> + <li>Every page response should require intelligence. If a page merely merits a robotic response, it shouldn’t be a page. + </li> + <li>Pages should be about a novel problem or an event that hasn’t been seen before. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Such a perspective dissipates certain distinctions: if a page satisfies the preceding four bullets, it’s irrelevant whether the page is triggered by white-box or black-box monitoring. This perspective also amplifies certain distinctions: it’s better to spend much more effort on catching symptoms than causes; when it comes to causes, only worry about very definite, very imminent causes. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="monitoring-for-the-long-term-NbsNS8"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Monitoring for the Long Term + </h1> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="challenges of" id="id-wqC7SPFMSj"></a>In modern production systems, monitoring systems track an ever-evolving system with changing software architecture, load characteristics, and performance targets. An alert that’s currently exceptionally rare and hard to automate might become frequent, perhaps even meriting a hacked-together script to resolve it. At this point, someone should find and eliminate the root causes of the problem; if such resolution isn’t possible, the alert response deserves to be fully automated. + </p> + <p> + It’s important that decisions about monitoring be made with long-term goals in mind. Every page that happens today distracts a human from improving the system for tomorrow, so there is often a case for taking a short-term hit to availability or performance in order to improve the long-term outlook for the system. Let’s take a look at two case studies that illustrate this trade-off. + </p> + <section data-type="sect2" id="bigtable-sre-a-tale-of-over-alerting-dbsXtjSM"> + <h2 class="subheaders jumptargets"> + Bigtable SRE: A Tale of Over-Alerting + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" id="MDSbig6" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="case studies"></a><a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="Bigtable" id="id-XmCpFOFytySv"></a>Google’s internal infrastructure is typically offered and measured against a service level objective (SLO; see <a data-type="xref" href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/service-level-objectives">Service Level Objectives</a>). Many years ago, the Bigtable service’s SLO was based on a synthetic well-behaved client’s mean performance. Because of problems in Bigtable and lower layers of the storage stack, the mean performance was driven by a "large" tail: the worst 5% of requests were often significantly slower than the rest. + </p> + <p> + Email alerts were triggered as the SLO approached, and paging alerts were triggered when the SLO was exceeded. Both types of alerts were firing voluminously, consuming unacceptable amounts of engineering time: the team spent significant amounts of time triaging the alerts to find the few that were really actionable, and we often missed the problems that actually affected users, because so few of them did. Many of the pages were non-urgent, due to well-understood problems in the infrastructure, and had either rote responses or received no response. + </p> + <p> + To remedy the situation, the team used a three-pronged approach: while making great efforts to improve the performance of Bigtable, we also temporarily dialed back our SLO target, using the 75th percentile request latency. We also disabled email alerts, as there were so many that spending time diagnosing them was infeasible. + </p> + <p> + This strategy gave us enough breathing room to actually fix the longer-term problems in Bigtable and the lower layers of the storage stack, rather than constantly fixing tactical problems. On-call engineers could actually accomplish work when they weren’t being kept up by pages at all hours. Ultimately, temporarily backing off on our alerts allowed us to make faster progress toward a better service. + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect2" id="gmail-predictable-scriptable-responses-from-humans-BVs1h4SD"> + <h2 class="subheaders jumptargets"> + Gmail: Predictable, Scriptable Responses from Humans + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="Gmail" id="id-XmC9SOFZhySv"></a>In the very early days of Gmail, the service was built on a retrofitted distributed process management system called Workqueue, which was originally created for batch processing of pieces of the search index. Workqueue was "adapted" to long-lived processes and subsequently applied to Gmail, but certain bugs in the relatively opaque codebase in the scheduler proved hard to beat. + </p> + <p> + At that time, the Gmail monitoring was structured such that alerts fired when individual tasks were “de-scheduled” by Workqueue. This setup was less than ideal because even at that time, Gmail had many, many thousands of tasks, each task representing a fraction of a percent of our users. We cared deeply about providing a good user experience for Gmail users, but such an alerting setup was unmaintainable. + </p> + <p> + To address this problem, Gmail SRE built a tool that helped “poke” the scheduler in just the right way to minimize impact to users. The team had several discussions about whether or not we should simply automate the entire loop from detecting the problem to nudging the rescheduler, until a better long-term solution was achieved, but some worried this kind of workaround would delay a real fix. + </p> + <p> + This kind of tension is common within a team, and often reflects an underlying mistrust of the team’s self-discipline: while some team members want to implement a “hack” to allow time for a proper fix, others worry that a hack will be forgotten or that the proper fix will be deprioritized indefinitely. This concern is credible, as it’s easy to build layers of unmaintainable technical debt by patching over problems instead of making real fixes. Managers and technical leaders play a key role in implementing true, long-term fixes by supporting and prioritizing potentially time-consuming long-term fixes even when the initial “pain” of paging subsides. + </p> + <p> + Pages with rote, algorithmic responses should be a red flag. Unwillingness on the part of your team to automate such pages implies that the team lacks confidence that they can clean up their technical debt. This is a major problem worth escalating.<a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="" data-startref="MDSbig6" id="id-oPCASqT2hLSk"></a> + </p> + </section> + <section data-type="sect2" id="the-long-run-MQsWTMS7"> + <h2 class="subheaders jumptargets"> + The Long Run + </h2> + <p> + <a data-type="indexterm" data-primary="monitoring distributed systems" data-secondary="short- vs. long-term availability" id="id-jyCxSoFETNSd"></a>A common theme connects the previous examples of Bigtable and Gmail: a tension between short-term and long-term availability. Often, sheer force of effort can help a rickety system achieve high availability, but this path is usually short-lived and fraught with burnout and dependence on a small number of heroic team members. Taking a controlled, short-term decrease in availability is often a painful, but strategic trade for the long-run stability of the system. It’s important not to think of every page as an event in isolation, but to consider whether the overall <em>level</em> of paging leads toward a healthy, appropriately available system with a healthy, viable team and long-term outlook. We review statistics about page frequency (usually expressed as incidents per shift, where an incident might be composed of a few related pages) in quarterly reports with management, ensuring that decision makers are kept up to date on the pager load and overall health of their teams. + </p> + </section> + </section> + <section data-type="sect1" id="conclusion-8ksvFj"> + <h1 class="heading jumptargets"> + Conclusion + </h1> + <p> + A healthy monitoring and alerting pipeline is simple and easy to reason about. It focuses primarily on symptoms for paging, reserving cause-oriented heuristics to serve as aids to debugging problems. Monitoring symptoms is easier the further "up" your stack you monitor, though monitoring saturation and performance of subsystems such as databases often must be performed directly on the subsystem itself. Email alerts are of very limited value and tend to easily become overrun with noise; instead, you should favor a dashboard that monitors all ongoing subcritical problems for the sort of information that typically ends up in email alerts. A dashboard might also be paired with a log, in order to analyze historical correlations. + </p> + <p> + Over the long haul, achieving a successful on-call rotation and product includes choosing to alert on symptoms or imminent real problems, adapting your targets to goals that are actually achievable, and making sure that your monitoring supports rapid diagnosis. + </p> + </section> + <div class="footnotes" data-type="footnotes"> + <p data-type="footnote" id="id-LvQuvtYS7UvI8h4"> + <sup><a class="jumptargets" href="#id-LvQuvtYS7UvI8h4-marker">22</a></sup>Sometimes known as "alert spam," as they are rarely read or acted on. + </p> + <p data-type="footnote" id="id-QQLuAIXFxCz"> + <sup><a class="jumptargets" href="#id-QQLuAIXFxCz-marker">23</a></sup>If 1% of your requests are 50x the average, it means that the rest of your requests are about twice as fast as the average. But if you’re not measuring your distribution, the idea that most of your requests are near the mean is just hopeful thinking. + </p> + <p data-type="footnote" id="id-a82udF8IBfx"> + <sup><a class="jumptargets" href="#id-a82udF8IBfx-marker">24</a></sup>See <em>Applying Cardiac Alarm Management Techniques to Your On-Call</em> <a data-type="xref" href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/bibliography#Hol14" target="_blank">[Hol14]</a> for an example of alert fatigue in another context. + </p> + <p data-type="footnote" id="id-0vYuEFpSjSMtLfG"> + <sup><a class="jumptargets" href="#id-0vYuEFpSjSMtLfG-marker">25</a></sup>Zero-redundancy (<em>N</em> + 0) situations count as imminent, as do "nearly full" parts of your service! For more details about the concept of redundancy, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%2B1_redundancy" target="_blank"><em class="hyperlink">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%2B1_redundancy</em></a>. + </p> + </div> + </section> + </div> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + <div class="maia-aux"> + <div class="previous"> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/eliminating-toil"> + <p class="footer-caption"> + Previous + </p> + <p class="chapter-link"> + Chapter 5 - Eliminating Toil + </p></a> + </div> + <div class="next"> + <a href="/sre/sre-book/chapters/automation-at-google"> + <p class="footer-caption"> + Next + </p> + <p class="chapter-link"> + Chapter 7 - The Evolution of Automation at Google + </p></a> + </div> + <p class="footer-link"> + Copyright © 2017 Google, Inc. Published by O'Reilly Media, Inc. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/guardian-1/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/guardian-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7faebd36 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/guardian-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,297 @@ +<div itemprop="articleBody" data-test-id="article-review-body"> + <p> + <span><span>W</span></span>hale whisperer Hori Parata was just seven years old when he attended his first mass stranding, a beaching of porpoises in New Zealand’s Northland, their cries screeching through the air on the deserted stretch of sand. + </p> + <p> + Seven decades later, Parata, 75, has now overseen more than 500 strandings and is renowned in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/newzealand" data-link-name="auto-linked-tag" data-component="auto-linked-tag">New Zealand</a> as the leading Māori whale expert, called on by tribes around the country for cultural guidance as marine strandings become increasingly complex and fatal. + </p> + <p> + “Man’s greed in the ocean is hurting the whales,” says Parata, a fierce and uncompromising elder of the Ngātiwai tribe of eastern Northland. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786" id="img-2"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=f5b3d20f0dc5c22a83f96fb709ecd204"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800"> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3200"><a href="#img-2" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> + <div> + <picture> + <source media="(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and 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src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=575838a657b26493e956c7f84b058080"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Hori Parata at his Pātaua farm, the place where he was born and grew up + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + “We’re having to put up with a lot of stuff today. The public want to hug the whales, they want to touch them, they want to feel good – that’s not the thing. We feel that is ridiculous.” + </p> + <p> + Whale experts regard New Zealand – or Aotearoa as it is called by Māori – as the whale stranding capital of the world, with more than 5,000 incidents recorded since 1840, and an average of 300 individual animals beaching themselves each year. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150" id="img-3"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=d2432083289db6bd42f6ad7adc64a78d"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800"> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3166"><a href="#img-3" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> + <div> + <picture> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=7234718ccc92b4251bdfe4c505f064f8 1240w"> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=b80f7e8fcfbbe8e12fa6954ddeb3bd1e 620w"> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=78ebc960d0c15f627bfbe60cd770a139 1210w"> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1319684ba57c18162a45e56384d418b0 605w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=3170b3a80d76d6c6422b65045444829e 890w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e835570164cc241d4009af47fc1051f7 445w"> + <img itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Kauri (Tekaurinui Robert) Parata, watched by his father Hori Parata, carves a traditional Maōri design at their home in Whangārei. Kauri is a member of the Manu Taupunga group that is the organising arm of the whale-body recovery operation started by his father, Hori Parata" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=2f198e1958f140f3ac664a3fdd87177c"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Kauri (Te Kaurinui Robert) Parata, watched by his father, Hori Parata, carves a traditional Māori design at their home in Whangārei. Kauri is a member of the Manu Taupunga group that is the organising arm of the whale-body recovery operation started by his father + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Concrete information on why whales strand remains elusive, but “sickness, navigational error, geographical features, a rapidly falling tide, being chased by a predator, or extreme weather” are all thought to contribute, according to the New Zealand Department of Conservation. + </p> + <p> + Climate change is to blame too, <a href="https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/377272/new-zealand-beached-whales-why-are-so-many-getting-stranded" data-link-name="in body link">scientists think</a>, with warming ocean temperatures moving whales’ prey closer to the shore and forcing them to pursue their food into shallow waters. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="0447972cf47ca67882fcfc648edf7e574b0853bc" id="img-4"> + <meta 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/416800b8d06039780c3e6de28564e6f277b4e7b7/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1065dd4439e14c72fe520c19566172e2 445w"> + <img itemprop="contentUrl" alt="The baleen recovered from a stranded Pygmy Right Whale." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/416800b8d06039780c3e6de28564e6f277b4e7b7/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=c5a53178ebbe54490c97fad6b5e032c4"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="8c207197c0a9e6f407dcddfded5f868a142c9cab" id="img-6"> + <meta itemprop="url" 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8c207197c0a9e6f407dcddfded5f868a142c9cab/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=c560f0b0ef9736c1a66215cc29c59d43 445w"> + <img itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Squid beaks, from the stomach of a Sperm Whale." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8c207197c0a9e6f407dcddfded5f868a142c9cab/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=0dd659ae339b1aea9a99ed7f6f8eadeb"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Clockwise from top: small whale bones; squid beaks, from the stomach of a sperm whale; the baleen filter-feeder system recovered from a stranded pygmy right whale. + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <h2> + ‘Unprecedented’ strandings + </h2> + <p> + November marked the beginning of whale stranding season, and it started with a surge in incidents, according to whale rescue group Project Jonah, with <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2018/nov/26/whales-die-stranded-stewart-island-new-zealand-beach-video" data-link-name="in body link">140 pilot whales</a> beaching and dying on Stewart Island, 10 rare pygmy whales on Ninety Mile beach, 51 stranded and dead on the Chatham Islands and a spate of individual cases around the country. + </p> + <p> + And as more whales beach and die – from exhaustion, heat stroke or seagulls feasting on their flesh – an acute sense of grief is growing among New Zealand’s indigenous people, who regard whales as their ancestors and <em>taonga</em> (treasures). + </p> + <p> + “These days it is like a zoo. People just want to come and gawk at us, without even trying to understand what is happening with the animals and the environment,” says Parata, bristling with anger. + </p> + <figure data-interactive="https://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/iframe-wrapper/0.1/boot.js" data-canonical-url="https://interactive.guim.co.uk/uploader/embed/2019/01/stranded_whales/giv-3902U99iNUM3iDSZ/" data-alt="whale strandings"> + <a href="https://interactive.guim.co.uk/uploader/embed/2019/01/stranded_whales/giv-3902U99iNUM3iDSZ/" data-link-name="in body link">whale strandings</a> + </figure> + <p> + “When will we talk about what is hurting these animals out on the sea? They are drowning out there, they can’t breathe, they beach themselves to be with the Aunties.” + </p> + <p> + Ngātiwai believe the whales beach when they are ready to die and want to return to their families, the Māori people. Then, their human families use the whales’ gift of their bodies for sacred carvings, for traditional medicines, and even for compost. + </p> + <p> + There are marked tribal differences across New Zealand and while some tribes work to refloat stranded whales, others like Parata’s Ngātiwai stand back and allow the Department of Conservation and volunteer groups to take the lead in rescue efforts. + </p> + <p> + Then the tribe moves in en masse and holds a <em>karakia</em> (prayer), names each animal and sets to work removing their bones, blubber, eyes and teeth for cultural purposes. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c" id="img-7"> + <meta itemprop="url" 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=645&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=912104c53b38d1cd424bfb82302480e1 645w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="465px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=465&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=209259fab8ec9e81386838f2d5cdecc3 930w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="465px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=465&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=06848a63793084a21bc86aa613b126a7 465w"> + <img itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Buck Cullen with his daughter Kaiarahi (10 months) in his back yard where he is storing a pair of massive Sperm Whale jawbones. Buck is a integral member of the whale recovery team, alongside Hori Parata." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=41b88ee343b9be76688b88443c7a8958"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Buck Cullen with his daughter Kaiarahi (10 months) in his backyard, where he is storing a pair of massive sperm whale jawbones. Cullen is an integral member of Hori Parata’s whale recovery team + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + But indigenous elders say they aren’t being listened to when they tell the government their whale kin are sick, and trying to escape an increasingly polluted and unpredictable ocean. + </p> + <p> + Earlier this year in South Taranaki, a mass stranding that was described as <a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/104249829/unprecedented-whale-strandings-reaches-11-in-total-on-taranaki-beach" data-link-name="in body link">“unprecedented”</a> left the local Māori tribe scrambling. Security was brought in when thieves attacked a sperm whale with an axe, trying to remove valuable teeth from its jaw. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5" id="img-8"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ee921715aaf10e0816dcf15dfc3a21f5"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="1200"> + <meta itemprop="height" content="900"><a href="#img-8" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> + <div> + <picture> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=8eb5af62092c8a0eb0d283cb0887f5c5 1240w"> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=9ace0f595be568263c5991993632dae8 620w"> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=97219f131f1013d15fed7c63308f2b2f 1210w"> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=17191691b6cd81c2a67730d5475db08b 605w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=30d51b75767551399ba174bae5c39e94 890w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=936568b6e7da0a710abcd2c015fd0a8b 445w"> + <img itemprop="contentUrl" alt="12 Parāoa Whales (Sperm Whales) recently stranded on the South Taranaki coast of Kaupokonui, on a scale not seen on their coast in recent memory." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7c255bf6f8a27c56365a86813cdd1517"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + 12 parāoa whales (sperm whales) recently stranded on the South Taranaki coast of Kaupokonui, on a scale not seen near this location in recent memory + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Parata and his 22-year-old son, Te Kaurinui Robert Parata, were called in to assist. Te Kaurinui was called after the first whale his father ever named, and left university this year to return to Whangārei and study whale <em>tikanga</em> (protocol) and carving. + </p> + <p> + He says mass strandings are getting more local and international attention and money from donations, but traditional knowledge is being dismissed as overly spiritual. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341" id="img-9"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=4e46b70079819caee86359a058c92be1"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800"> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3120"><a href="#img-9" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> + <div> + <picture> + <source media="(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="880px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=880&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=b775d649981f7bc36cf0753dd9f47862 1760w"> <source media="(min-width: 1300px)" sizes="880px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=880&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=3aa0de336dad5991ff92d488288fcc92 880w"> <source media="(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="800px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=800&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=9133cf8cd42d42bb1342dbefbfc67c22 1600w"> <source media="(min-width: 1140px)" sizes="800px" 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7894b6600fbb6af1ec6552007ad12da8 605w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=19022ce9fcafebe383880059f34add78 890w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ded05f2c1859d70d3b8d3de3dcb75e0f 445w"> + <img itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Kauri (Tekaurinui Robert) Parata, of the New Zealand Māori tribe Ngāti Wai, in front of the carving shed at Hihiaua Cultural Centre in Whangarei" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=76a26a289728e3d625e57d32eced57d8"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Clockwise from top: Te Kaurinui Parata, in front of the carving shed at Hihiaua Cultural Centre in Whangārei; Parata holds three whale teeth recovered from a beached whale – the middle one shows marks where a poacher had attempted to hack it out with an axe before the recovery group arrived; the Pou, a tribal identifier, in front of the carving shed. + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <h2> + ‘We need to listen’ + </h2> + <p> + Māori harvest rights over dead whales have only been officially recognised since 1998, and the practice still elicits horror from some New Zealanders and visitors. + </p> + <p> + “Our own ancestors wouldn’t say to go down there and hug the whales. That’s a modern thing,” says Te Kaurinui. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8" id="img-10"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=b8bf0c299908608310fb47e4163afb38"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4278"> + <meta itemprop="height" content="4800"><a href="#img-10" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> + <div> + <picture> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=1a392a17d0c74d513ff14129ae5f7e6c 1240w"> <source 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itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9" id="img-11"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=3691946929b4105ba35ff9d306cb4fbc"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="3172"> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3189"><a href="#img-11" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> + <div> + <picture> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=be6cf9beea564e7be872193b01c329a3 1240w"> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" 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The middle tooth shows the marks where a poacher had attempted to hack it out with an axe before the recovery group arrived. Kauri is a member of the Manu Taupunga group that is the organising arm of the whale-body recovery operation started by his father, Hori Parata." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=0bd8e9f51bdf79a6e0a15ed176cfb57d"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <p> + The Ngātiwai are investigating a possible link between the crisis of the dieback disease killing New Zealand’s native kauri trees – and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/14/like-losing-family-time-may-be-running-out-for-new-zealands-most-sacred-tree" data-link-name="in body link">threatening the giant Tāne Mahuta, which may be 2,000 years old</a> – and the increase in whale strandings. + </p> + <p> + Parata and his family believe whale oil and byproducts could be used to try to cure Kauri dieback, and want more government money and attention directed towards indigenous knowledge of the interconnectedness of the New Zealand environment, and possible indigenous solutions. + </p> + <p> + “People dismiss us when we tell them our spiritual understanding of whales – why they are beaching, why they are hurting,” says Te Kaurinui. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e" id="img-12"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=72146577e379bdf9a21bc47994de5fb6"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800"> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3073"><a href="#img-12" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> + <div> + <picture> + <source media="(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="1300px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=1300&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=4bd713ae6f60b56e36378bb2fe45e9eb 2600w"> <source media="(min-width: 1300px)" sizes="1300px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=1300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=b93c6d33ca7496220eb30d0c8bfaccf9 1300w"> <source media="(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="1140px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=1140&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=f66f5a256170eced3c0a52aee235ae29 2280w"> <source media="(min-width: 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=465&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=e2e51037c5a6b8bf22d87cb927e45888 930w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="465px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=465&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7ecf73b514ceb1b5e0391f17c7a4d3b0 465w"> + <img itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Whangārei Harbour from Tamaterau, looking south through Mangrove sprouts coming up through the harbourside silt." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7fcadc35b3a44ebafe3c469c6e89241d"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Whangārei Harbour seen from Tamaterau, with mangrove sprouts coming up through the harbourside silt + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + “We are not foreigners in this land. We did not take this land off anyone else. We were not lost waiting for some bullheads to tell us what was going on.” + </p> + <p> + Kaitaia conservation department ranger Jamie Werner of Ngātiwai recently attended his first mass beaching on Ninety Mile Beach. It was the first recorded time pygmy whales had stranded on New Zealand shores. + </p> + <p> + “I arrived at the beach and we leapfrogged between the animals. They were calling out to each other and reassuring each other,” says Werner. “It was a shock. We’re working to adapt but the ocean is changing so fast.” + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923" id="img-13"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1d00d3ea91d32110b40d85ff43227728"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800"> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3200"><a href="#img-13" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> + <div> + <picture> + <source media="(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="880px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=880&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=2a64f318f02a31bdf9f17ae01fca72a3 1760w"> <source media="(min-width: 1300px)" sizes="880px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=880&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=811b3a2ecee1a87b72813d328f59aa85 880w"> <source media="(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="800px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=800&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=47418e3f630c00af6124c471fdc54c20 1600w"> <source media="(min-width: 1140px)" sizes="800px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=800&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=93ec03888887d5eb6eabf07e40f2ed3b 800w"> <source media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=640&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=476d165704890f40cc5f2d74f4d09b95 1280w"> <source media="(min-width: 980px)" sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=640&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=6179da6bca697f83ac063a56660aa31b 640w"> <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=df0c5b9ccac02dcd010d7f3ed8ff8c85 1240w"> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e9fd2eedc9bb80286a6cabd1c7c3b0e2 620w"> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=e48f277772be7e455f9a4a4139b3bf4c 1210w"> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=2e0af911fcd7011f04ee91d445290e84 605w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=15161e07957f327b44aa124d94ae8291 890w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ef6c6809f2adcff0f4ff32899095839b 445w"> + <img itemprop="contentUrl" alt="The skull of a Brydes whale, in the storage container at Hihiaua Cultural Centre, Whangārei." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1b74b488aedb864287ff160f86d74c9d"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Above, the skull of a bryde’s whale; right, a large-calibre bullet of the type that the New Zealand Department of Conservation uses for euthanasing stranded whales that are beyond rescue + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" data-media-id="3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd" id="img-14"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7dca3d798aef3526f42e281771d50f91"> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800"> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3200"><a href="#img-14" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> + <div> + <picture> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=0daf794415132fc19259f8d2f654f57f 1240w"> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=98ce62f9d983fe8059c936a6c6cdff33 620w"> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=9ff4aac2a3b07867dfdfb8f470ea6977 1210w"> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=10d1b71094ecf1722f593eb49bb2effe 605w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=0705690fcb523f2781a5952f83528ff9 890w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=4c748337df5f0348eb0e7d3e3ec46571 445w"> + <img itemprop="contentUrl" alt="A large calibre bullet of the type that the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) uses for euthanasing stranded whales that are beyond rescue." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=d2f5bb7c3c3642ac8733ca40509f6e20"></picture> + </div><span><svg width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6" /></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <p> + The recent spate of mass strandings has been described as “heartbreaking” by the conservation department. + </p> + <p> + But for Parata and his family the slow, painful deaths of their ancestors are personal – and ultimately devastating – for the health of the tribe and the sea. + </p> + <p> + “It’s very emotional. Our ancestors tell us the strandings are a sign from the sea. So what is the sea telling us? We need to listen.” + </p> + </div>
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0}}.menu-item__title:hover,.menu-item__title:focus{color:#ffe500;text-decoration:none}.menu-item__title:focus{text-decoration:underline}.menu-item__title>*{pointer-events:none}@media (max-width: 61.24em){.menu-group--primary>*:not(:last-child)>.menu-item__title:not([aria-expanded='true']):after,.menu-item__title[data-link-name='nav2 : The Guardian app']:not([aria-expanded='true']):after,.menu-item__title[data-link-name='nav2 : facebook']:not([aria-expanded='true']):after,.menu-group--footer>*:first-child .menu-item__title:not([aria-expanded='true']):after,.menu-group--membership>*:first-child .menu-item__title:not([aria-expanded='true']):after{background-color:#506991;bottom:0;content:'';display:block;height:0.0625rem;left:3.125rem;right:0;position:absolute}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 46.25em){.menu-group--primary>*:not(:last-child)>.menu-item__title:not([aria-expanded='true']):after,.menu-item__title[data-link-name='nav2 : The Guardian 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.inline-search-36__svg{fill:#fff;height:1.375rem;width:1.375rem}.menu-search__submit{background:transparent;border:0;bottom:0;cursor:pointer;display:block;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:3.125rem}.menu-search__submit:before,.menu-search__submit:after{border:0.125rem solid #fff;border-left:0;border-top:0;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0.875rem}.menu-search__submit:before{height:0.75rem;top:0.6875rem;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg);width:0.75rem}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.menu-search__submit:before{top:0.875rem}}.menu-search__submit:after{border-right:0;top:1.0625rem;width:1.25rem}.menu-search__search-box:focus ~ .menu-search__submit,.menu-search__submit:focus,.menu-search__submit:active{opacity:1;outline:none;pointer-events:all}.pillars{clear:right;margin:0;padding:0 0 0 0.625rem}.new-header:not(.new-header--slim) .pillars:after{content:'';border:0.0625rem solid 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.pillar-link:hover,.new-header--open .pillar-link:focus{color:#ffe500}.new-header--open .pillar-link:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0.25rem);transform:translateY(0.25rem)}}.pillar-link--current-section:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0.25rem);transform:translateY(0.25rem)}.pillar-link--dropdown__icon{border:0.0625rem solid currentColor;border-left:transparent;border-top:transparent;display:inline-block;height:0.375rem;margin-left:0.125rem;-webkit-transform:translateY(-0.1875rem) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(-0.1875rem) rotate(45deg);transition:-webkit-transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out, -webkit-transform 250ms ease-out;vertical-align:middle;width:0.375rem}.pillar-link--dropdown:hover .pillar-link--dropdown__icon{-webkit-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg)}.new-header--open .pillar-link--dropdown .pillar-link--dropdown__icon{-webkit-transform:translateY(0.0625rem) rotate(-135deg);transform:translateY(0.0625rem) rotate(-135deg)}.new-header--open .pillar-link--dropdown:hover .pillar-link--dropdown__icon{-webkit-transform:translateY(-0.125rem) rotate(-135deg);transform:translateY(-0.125rem) rotate(-135deg)}.pillar-link--sections{color:#fff;font-weight:300;float:left;padding-right:0.3125rem;transition:color 250ms ease-out}.pillar-link--sections:hover,.pillar-link--sections:focus{color:#ffe500}.new-header__cta-bar{position:absolute;top:1.875rem;left:0.625rem}.hide-support-messaging .new-header__cta-bar,.is-recent-contributor .new-header__cta-bar{display:none}@media (min-width: 22.5em){.new-header__cta-bar{top:2.3125rem}}@media (min-width: 30em){.new-header__cta-bar{left:1.25rem}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.new-header__cta-bar{top:0}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.new-header__cta-bar{max-width:18.75rem}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){body:not(.has-page-skin) .new-header__cta-bar{max-width:31.25rem}}.new-header--slim 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(min-width: 22.5em){.top-bar__item{padding-top:0.75rem}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.top-bar__item{padding:0.5625rem 0.41667rem}}.top-bar__commercial-items{position:relative;float:left;margin-right:0.625rem}.top-bar__item__icon__svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:1.125rem;width:1.125rem;margin:-0.0625rem 0.25rem 0 0}.top-bar__item__seperator{border-left:0.0625rem solid #506991;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;height:1.5rem}.new-header__user-account-container{float:left;position:relative;z-index:1072}.new-header--open .new-header__user-account-container{z-index:1068}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.dropdown--open{overflow:hidden;width:100%}}.dropdown-menu-fallback{display:none}.dropdown-menu-fallback:checked ~ .dropdown-menu{display:block}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.dropdown-menu-fallback[aria-expanded=true] ~ .my-account__overlay{background:linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0,0,0,0.1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.2) 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g{fill:currentColor}}.dropdown-menu__title--active{font-weight:bold}.dropdown-menu__title--active:after{content:'';border:0.125rem solid #333;border-top:0;border-right:0;position:absolute;top:0.8125rem;right:1.25rem;width:0.625rem;height:0.25rem;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg)}.gsc-search-box{position:relative !important}.gsc-search-button,.gsib_a{margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important;width:0 !important}.gsc-search-button-v2{padding:0.4375rem 0.5625rem 0.5rem !important;left:0 !important}.gsc-search-button-v2 svg{fill:#052962 !important;height:1.25rem !important;width:1.25rem !important}.gsst_a{padding:0.8125rem 0 0 0.6875rem !important}.sc-control-cse{padding:0.1875rem 0 !important}.gsib_b,.gsc-search-button-v2{border:0 !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;height:2.625rem !important;width:2.625rem !important;margin:0 !important;background-color:transparent !important;position:absolute !important;right:0 !important;top:0 !important}.gsc-input-box{border:0 !important;box-shadow:none !important}.gsc-input-box .gsc-input{padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;background-position-x:2.5rem !important;text-indent:5.625rem !important;border:0.0625rem solid #dcdcdc !important;border-radius:62.4375rem !important;height:2.625rem !important;box-shadow:none !important;width:31.25rem !important}.gsc-input-box .gsc-input:hover,.gsc-input-box .gsc-input:focus{outline:0}.gsc-input-box .gsc-input:focus{text-indent:2.625rem !important}.gsc-input-box .gsc-input:not(:placeholder-shown){text-indent:2.625rem !important}.gstl_50,.gssb_c{z-index:1071 !important}.gsc-completion-container,.gsc-input{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important}.subnav{background-color:#ffffff;height:2.25rem;overflow:hidden;position:relative}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.subnav{height:2.625rem}}.subnav .gs-container{box-sizing:border-box;border:0.0625rem solid #dcdcdc;border-top:0;border-bottom:0}.subnav .gs-container:after,.subnav .gs-container:before{content:'';display:table}.subnav .gs-container:after{clear:both}.footer__primary .subnav .gs-container{border-top:0.0625rem solid #dcdcdc}.subnav--expanded{height:auto}.subnav--expanded .subnav-link--toggle-more{float:left}.subnav__list{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:1;list-style:none;margin:0;max-width:calc(100% - 3.75rem);padding:0 0.3125rem}@media (min-width: 30em){.subnav__list{max-width:calc(100% - 4.375rem);padding:0 0.9375rem}}.subnav--expanded .subnav__list{padding-bottom:0.75rem;max-width:100%;width:100%}.subnav__item:not(.subnav__item--toggle-more){display:block;float:left}.subnav__item--parent:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;border-top:0.375rem solid transparent;border-bottom:0.375rem solid transparent;border-left:0.625rem solid #121212}.new-header__multiline{background:#fff}.new-header__multiline .gs-container:after{background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(to bottom, #dcdcdc, #dcdcdc 0.0625rem, transparent 0.0625rem, transparent 0.25rem);background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:bottom;background-size:0.0625rem 0.8125rem;background-color:#ffffff;content:'';display:block;height:0.8125rem;border:0.0625rem solid #dcdcdc;border-top:0;border-bottom:0}.subnav--comment{background-color:#fef9f5}.subnav--comment .gs-container{border-color:#dcdcdc}.subnav--comment ~ .new-header__multiline{background-color:#fef9f5}.subnav--comment ~ .new-header__multiline .gs-container:after{background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(to bottom, #dcdcdc, #dcdcdc 0.0625rem, transparent 0.0625rem, transparent 0.25rem);background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:bottom;background-size:0.0625rem 0.8125rem;background-color:#fef9f5;border-color:#dcdcdc}.subnav--media{background-color:#121212}.subnav--media .gs-container{border-color:#333}.subnav--media ~ .new-header__multiline{background-color:#121212}.subnav--media ~ .new-header__multiline .gs-container:after{background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(to bottom, #333, #333 0.0625rem, transparent 0.0625rem, transparent 0.25rem);background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:bottom;background-size:0.0625rem 0.8125rem;background-color:#121212;border-color:#333}.subnav--media .subnav-link{color:#fff}.subnav-link{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375rem;font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;color:#121212;display:block;height:2.25rem;line-height:2.25rem;padding:0 0.3125rem;position:relative}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.subnav-link{height:2.625rem;line-height:2.625rem}}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.subnav-link:after{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #dcdcdc;bottom:-0.0625rem;content:'';left:0.3125rem;position:absolute;right:-624.9375rem}}.subnav__item--parent .subnav-link{display:inline-block;font-weight:700}.subnav-link:hover,.subnav-link:focus{color:#333}.subnav-link--toggle-more{background:transparent;border:0;color:#767676}.subnav-link--toggle-more:hover,.subnav-link--toggle-more:focus{color:#767676;outline:0}.subnav-link--current-section,.subnav-link--current-section:hover,.subnav-link--current-section:focus{font-weight:700}.veggie-burger{background-color:#ffe500;cursor:pointer;display:block;height:2.625rem;width:2.625rem;position:relative;border:0;border-radius:50%;outline:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;z-index:1069}.new-header--open .veggie-burger{z-index:1071}x:-o-prefocus .veggie-burger{display:none}.veggie-burger__icon{top:50%;display:block;margin-top:-0.0625rem;left:0;right:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.veggie-burger__icon,.veggie-burger__icon:before,.veggie-burger__icon:after{background-color:currentColor;content:'';height:0.125rem;left:0;position:absolute;width:1.25rem}.veggie-burger__icon:before{top:-0.375rem}.veggie-burger__icon:after{bottom:-0.375rem}.new-header--open .veggie-burger__icon{background-color:transparent}.new-header--open .veggie-burger__icon:before{top:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg)}.new-header--open .veggie-burger__icon:after{bottom:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg)}@media (max-width: 61.24em){.veggie-burger-fallback:checked ~ .menu{-webkit-transform:translateX(0%);transform:translateX(0%);transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), -webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1)}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.veggie-burger-fallback:checked ~ .menu{display:block}}@media (max-width: 61.24em){.veggie-burger-fallback:checked ~ .menu__overlay{opacity:1;width:100%}}.veggie-burger-fallback:checked ~ .veggie-burger{z-index:1071}.veggie-burger-fallback:checked ~ .veggie-burger .veggie-burger__icon{background-color:transparent}.veggie-burger-fallback:checked ~ .veggie-burger .veggie-burger__icon:before{top:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg)}.veggie-burger-fallback:checked ~ .veggie-burger .veggie-burger__icon:after{bottom:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg)}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.veggie-burger-fallback:checked ~ .veggie-burger .veggie-burger__label{border:0 !important;clip:rect(0 0 0 0) !important;height:0.0625rem !important;margin:-0.0625rem !important;overflow:hidden !important;padding:0 !important;position:absolute !important;width:0.0625rem !important}}.veggie-burger-fallback:focus ~ .new-header__menu-toggle .pillar-link{color:#fff}.main-menu-toggle-button{border:0;padding:0;background:none}.edition-picker-toggle-button{border:0;background:none;text-align:left}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.dropdown--open .my-account{z-index:1071}}.my-account-toggle-button{border:0;background:none;text-align:left}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.my-account-toggle-button{padding-left:0}}.my-account--icon svg{height:1.125rem;width:1.125rem}@media (min-width: 22.5em){.my-account--icon svg{height:1.4375rem;width:1.4375rem}}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.dropdown--open .my-account--icon:before,.dropdown--open .my-account--icon:after{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:0.4375rem;width:0;height:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%);z-index:1071}.dropdown--open .my-account--icon:before{border-left:0.4375rem solid transparent;border-right:0.4375rem solid transparent;border-bottom:0.4375rem solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.dropdown--open .my-account--icon:after{border-left:0.375rem solid transparent;border-right:0.375rem solid transparent;border-bottom:0.375rem solid #fff}}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='News'] .subnav__item--parent:after{border-left-color:#c70000}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='News'] .subnav-link:hover,.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='News'] .subnav-link:focus{color:#c70000;text-decoration:none}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Opinion'] .subnav__item--parent:after{border-left-color:#e05e00}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Opinion'] .subnav-link:hover,.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Opinion'] .subnav-link:focus{color:#e05e00;text-decoration:none}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Sport'] .subnav__item--parent:after{border-left-color:#0084c6}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Sport'] .subnav-link:hover,.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Sport'] .subnav-link:focus{color:#0084c6;text-decoration:none}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Culture'] .subnav__item--parent:after{border-left-color:#a1845c}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Culture'] .subnav-link:hover,.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Culture'] .subnav-link:focus{color:#a1845c;text-decoration:none}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Lifestyle'] .subnav__item--parent:after{border-left-color:#bb3b80}.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Lifestyle'] .subnav-link:hover,.subnav__list[data-pillar-title='Lifestyle'] .subnav-link:focus{color:#bb3b80;text-decoration:none}.pillar-link.pillar-link--News:after{border-color:#ff4e36}.pillar-link.pillar-link--Opinion:after{border-color:#ff7f0f}.pillar-link.pillar-link--Sport:after{border-color:#00b2ff}.pillar-link.pillar-link--Culture:after{border-color:#eacca0}.pillar-link.pillar-link--Lifestyle:after{border-color:#ffabdb}.monocolumn-wrapper{padding-left:0.625rem;padding-right:0.625rem}@media (min-width: 30em){.monocolumn-wrapper{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.monocolumn-wrapper{max-width:38.75rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}.monocolumn-wrapper .page-header{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.monocolumn-wrapper--no-limit-desktop{max-width:none}}.component{margin-bottom:1.25rem}.component--rhc{display:none}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.component--rhc{display:block;margin-top:2.25rem}}.component--rhc:first-child{margin-top:0}.component--rhc:last-child{margin-bottom:2.25rem}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.gs-container{max-width:46.25rem}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.gs-container{max-width:61.25rem}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.gs-container{max-width:71.25rem}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.gs-container{max-width:81.25rem}}.img--inline{float:left;clear:left;width:7.125rem}@media (min-width: 30em){.img--inline{width:8.75rem}}.img--inline figcaption{padding-top:0.25rem;word-wrap:break-word}.loading,.preload-msg{padding:3.125rem 3.125rem 15.625rem;text-align:center}.loading .loading__link,.loading .accessible-link,.preload-msg .loading__link,.preload-msg .accessible-link{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.125rem;font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;display:inline-block}.loading .loading__animation,.preload-msg .is-updating{display:block;margin:0.625rem auto}.l-side-margins{position:relative;height:100%}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.l-side-margins:after,.l-side-margins:before{content:'';position:absolute;z-index:1;top:0;height:100%;width:0;pointer-events:none}.l-side-margins:before{left:0;border-right:0.0625rem solid rgba(118,118,118,0.3)}.l-side-margins:after{right:0;border-left:0.0625rem solid rgba(118,118,118,0.3)}.l-side-margins:before,.l-side-margins:after{width:calc((100% - 46.25rem) / 2)}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.l-side-margins:before,.l-side-margins:after{width:calc((100% - 61.25rem) / 2)}}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.l-side-margins:before,.l-side-margins:after{width:calc((100% - 71.25rem) / 2)}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.l-side-margins:before,.l-side-margins:after{width:calc((100% - 81.25rem) / 2)}.has-page-skin .l-side-margins{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:61.25rem}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.l-side-margins--media:after,.l-side-margins--media:before{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.25);border-color:#333}.container__banding+.container__banding .l-side-margins--media:after,.container__banding+.container__banding .l-side-margins--media:before{background:rgba(18,18,18,0.15)}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.l-side-margins--paidfor:after,.l-side-margins--paidfor:before{border-color:#999}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.has-flex .l-row{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-align-content:stretch;-ms-flex-line-pack:stretch;align-content:stretch;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.has-flex .l-row--reverse{-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse}.has-flex .l-row__item{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;width:0}.has-flex .l-row__item--boost-1{-webkit-flex-grow:1.5;-ms-flex-positive:1.5;flex-grow:1.5}.has-flex .l-row__item--boost-2{-webkit-flex-grow:2;-ms-flex-positive:2;flex-grow:2}}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.has-flex .l-row--layout-m{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.has-flex .l-row--layout-m .l-row__item{-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%}.has-flex .l-row--layout-m .l-row__item--break-m{-webkit-flex:1 100%;-ms-flex:1 100%;flex:1 100%}}.has-no-flex .l-row{width:58.75rem}.has-no-flex .l-row:after,.has-no-flex .l-row:before{content:'';display:table}.has-no-flex .l-row:after{clear:both}.has-no-flex .l-row__item{float:left}.has-no-flex .l-row--items-2 .l-row__item{width:29.375rem}.has-no-flex .l-row--items-3 .l-row__item{width:19.58333rem}.has-no-flex .l-row--items-4 .l-row__item{width:14.6875rem}.popup--default{background:#fff;border-radius:0.1875rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.0625rem rgba(0,0,0,0.1);left:0;top:2.6875rem;padding:0}.popup{box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;margin:0;list-style:none;min-width:8.75rem}@media (min-width: 30em){.popup{right:auto;bottom:auto;top:2.8125rem}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.brand-bar__item--has-control .popup{left:2.875rem}}.l-header--is-slim .brand-bar__item--has-control .popup{left:0}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.brand-bar__item--right .popup{left:auto;right:0}}.popup__group{z-index:3;margin:0;padding:0 0.625rem}.popup__group-header{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.125rem;font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;color:#767676;padding:0.375rem 0.625rem;border-top:0.0625rem solid #dcdcdc;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.popup__group-header:first-of-type{border-top:0}.has-popup{cursor:default;position:relative}.popup-container{position:relative;z-index:11}.popup__toggle{cursor:pointer}.popup__toggle:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:0.25rem;height:0.25rem;-webkit-transform:translateY(-0.125rem) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(-0.125rem) rotate(45deg);border:0.0625rem solid currentColor;border-left:transparent;border-top:transparent;margin-left:0.125rem;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;transition:-webkit-transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out, -webkit-transform 250ms ease-out}.popup__toggle:hover,.popup__toggle:focus{text-decoration:none}.popup__toggle:hover:after,.popup__toggle:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg)}.popup__toggle.is-active:after,.is-active>.popup__toggle:after,.popup__toggle[aria-expanded=true]:after,[aria-expanded=true] ~ .popup__toggle:after,.is-not-modern .brand-bar__item--has-control:hover .popup__toggle:after,.is-not-modern .is-signed-in.brand-bar__item--profile:hover .popup__toggle:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0.0625rem) rotate(-135deg);transform:translateY(0.0625rem) rotate(-135deg)}.popup__toggle.is-active:hover:after,.is-active>.popup__toggle:hover:after,.popup__toggle[aria-expanded=true]:hover:after,[aria-expanded=true] ~ .popup__toggle:hover:after,.is-not-modern .brand-bar__item--has-control:hover .popup__toggle:hover:after,.is-not-modern .is-signed-in.brand-bar__item--profile:hover .popup__toggle:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-0.0625rem) rotate(-135deg);transform:translateY(-0.0625rem) rotate(-135deg)}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.l-header .popup__toggle:after{display:none}}.l-header--is-slim.l-header .popup__toggle:after{display:none}.popup__item{display:block;line-height:2.25rem}.popup__item a{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #dcdcdc}.popup__item:last-child{border-bottom:0}.popup__item,.popup__action{text-align:left}.popup .brand-bar__item--action,.popup .brand-bar__item--action:hover{display:block;white-space:nowrap;color:#121212;line-height:2.25rem}.popup .brand-bar__item--inline-action{display:inline-block !important;margin-right:0.3125rem}.brand-bar__item--profile:not(.is-signed-in) .popup__toggle:before,.brand-bar__item--profile:not(.is-signed-in) .popup__toggle:after{display:none !important}.popup--search{background-color:#fff;border-radius:0.1875rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.0625rem rgba(0,0,0,0.1);padding:0.75rem 1.25rem 0;top:1.875rem;z-index:1071;outline:0;left:auto;right:15.625rem}@media (min-width: 81.25em){body:not(.has-page-skin) .popup--search{right:20.3125rem}}.ad-slot{position:relative;z-index:1010;overflow:initial}.js-off .ad-slot{display:none}.aside-slot-container{min-height:17.125rem}.aside-slot-container>:last-child{padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:1.5rem}.ad-slot--dark{background-color:#181818}.ad-slot--right,.ad-slot--comments{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0}.has-sticky .paidfor-band ~ .content__main .ad-slot--right,.has-sticky .paidfor-band ~ .content__main .ad-slot--comments{top:2.875rem}.ad-slot--right.is-sticky,.ad-slot--comments.is-sticky{width:18.75rem}.ad-slot__label{font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.25rem;position:relative;height:1.5rem;background-color:#f6f6f6;padding:0 0.5rem;border-top:0.0625rem solid #dcdcdc;color:#767676;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif}.ad-slot--dark .ad-slot__label{color:#dcdcdc;border-top-color:#333;background-color:transparent}.ad-slot--sky .ad-slot__label{width:10rem}.top-banner-ad-container{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #dcdcdc;top:0}.top-banner-ad-container:not(.top-banner-ad-container--not-sticky){position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;z-index:1020}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.top-banner-ad-container:not(.top-banner-ad-container--not-sticky){z-index:1080}}.top-banner-ad-container--fabric{overflow:hidden}.sticky-top-banner-ad{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);contain:layout;z-index:1090;position:fixed;top:0}.sticky-top-banner-ad--animate{will-change:transform;transition:height 1s cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0, 0.985)}.ad-slot--top-banner-ad{text-align:center}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.ad-slot--top-banner-ad .ad-slot__label{margin:0}}@media (min-width: 81.25em){.has-page-skin .ad-slot--top-banner-ad{text-align:center}}.ad-slot--crossword-banner,.ad-slot--top-banner-ad-desktop{margin:0 auto;min-height:5.625rem;padding-bottom:1.125rem;padding-top:1.125rem;text-align:left;display:table}@media (max-width: 46.24em){.ad-slot--crossword-banner,.ad-slot--top-banner-ad-desktop{display:none}}.ad-slot--crossword-banner.ad-slot--fabric>.ad-slot__label,.ad-slot--top-banner-ad-desktop.ad-slot--fabric>.ad-slot__label{box-sizing:content-box;margin-left:0.625rem;margin-right:0.625rem}@media (min-width: 30em){.ad-slot--crossword-banner.ad-slot--fabric>.ad-slot__label,.ad-slot--top-banner-ad-desktop.ad-slot--fabric>.ad-slot__label{margin-left:1.25rem;margin-right:1.25rem}}@media (min-width: 41.25em){.ad-slot--crossword-banner.ad-slot--fabric>.ad-slot__label,.ad-slot--top-banner-ad-desktop.ad-slot--fabric>.ad-slot__label{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:38.75rem}}@media (min-width: 46.25em){.ad-slot--crossword-banner.ad-slot--fabric>.ad-slot__label,.ad-slot--top-banner-ad-desktop.ad-slot--fabric>.ad-slot__label{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}}@media (min-width: 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46.25em){.content__headline{font-size:2.125rem;line-height:2.375rem;padding-bottom:2.25rem}}.content__headline em{font-style:normal}.content__headline strong{font-weight:normal}.content__headline--byline{font-style:italic;padding-bottom:4.5rem}.content__headline--no-margin-bottom{padding-bottom:0}.content__headline--kicker{padding-bottom:0}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.content__headline--kicker{margin-bottom:-0.375rem}}.content__headline--flagship{padding-top:0}@media (min-width: 71.25em){.content.content:not(.paid-content) .content__headline--flagship{padding-left:0.625rem;margin-left:-0.625rem;border-left:0.0625rem solid #333}}.content__head--byline-pic{overflow:hidden}.content__head--byline-pic .content__header .byline-img{bottom:0;float:right;height:9.375rem;margin-right:-1.25rem;right:-2.5rem;-webkit-shape-outside:polygon(0 8.125rem, 0 9.375rem, 11.25rem 9.375rem, 11.25rem 0, 1.25rem 0, 1.25rem 6rem);shape-outside:polygon(0 8.125rem, 0 9.375rem, 11.25rem 9.375rem, 11.25rem 0, 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/df84b519a877d652e950ecd4248320eec985934e/0_507_4039_2693/master/4039.jpg?width=480&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=60dc93e19b34750ee33dd23e9f2d92b0 480w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="immersive-main-media__media" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/df84b519a877d652e950ecd4248320eec985934e/0_507_4039_2693/master/4039.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=a58643e96c83a78790a36f97ae66b689" /></picture> + </div> + <div class="immersive-main-media__image-overlay"></div> + </div> + <div class="content--pillar-news immersive-main-media__headline-container--dark immersive-main-media__headline-container--gallery"> + <div class="gs-container"> + <div class="content__main-column"> + <div class="content__labels content__labels--immersive content__labels--panel"> + <div class="content__series-label content__label content__series-label--immersive-article content__label content__series-label--photo-essay"> + <a class="content__label__link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/series/seascape-the-state-of-our-oceans"><span class="label__link-wrapper">Seascape: the state of our oceans</span></a> + </div> + </div> + <h1 class="content__headline--immersive--with-main-media content__headline content__headline--immersive content__headline--immersive-article"> + 'What is the sea telling us?': Māori tribes fearful over whale strandings + </h1> + <figcaption class="caption caption--immersive hide-until-leftcol"> + <span class="inline-triangle inline-icon"><svg width="11" height="10" viewbox="0 0 11 10" class="inline-triangle__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.5 0L11 10H0z"></path></svg></span> Whale expert Hori Parata. Photograph: Adrian Malloch for the Guardian + </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="content__wrapper--standfirst"> + <div class="gs-container"> + <div class="content__main-column"> + <div class="content__standfirst content__standfirst--immersive-article" data-link-name="standfirst" data-component="standfirst"> + <meta itemprop="description" content="New Zealand’s whale whisperers worry that manmade changes in the ocean are behind the spike in beachings" /> + <p> + New Zealand’s whale whisperers worry that manmade changes in the ocean are behind the spike in beachings + </p> + <p> + by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author"><a rel="author" class="tone-colour u-underline" itemprop="sameAs" data-link-name="in standfirst link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/eleanor-ainge-roy"><span itemprop="name">Eleanor Ainge Roy</span></a></span> (reporting) and Adrian Malloch (photography) + </p> + </div> + <figcaption class="caption caption--immersive hide-from-leftcol"> + Main image: Whale expert Hori Parata. Photograph: Adrian Malloch for the Guardian + </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="maincontent" tabindex="0"></div> + <div class="js-breaking-news-placeholder breaking-news breaking-news--hidden breaking-news--fade-in" data-link-name="breaking news" data-component="breaking-news"></div> + <article id="article" data-test-id="article-root" class="content content--article content--immersive content--immersive-article tonal tonal--tone-feature section-environment" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/NewsArticle" role="main"> + <meta itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" content="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/03/what-is-the-sea-telling-us-maori-tribes-fearful-over-whale-strandings" /> + <div itemprop="publisher" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> + <meta itemprop="name" content="The Guardian" /> + <link itemprop="sameAs" href="http://www.theguardian.com" /> + </div> + <header class="content__head tonal__head 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decades later, Parata, 75, has now overseen more than 500 strandings and is renowned in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/newzealand" data-link-name="auto-linked-tag" data-component="auto-linked-tag" class="u-underline in-body-link--immersive">New Zealand</a> as the leading Māori whale expert, called on by tribes around the country for cultural guidance as marine strandings become increasingly complex and fatal. + </p> + <p> + “Man’s greed in the ocean is hurting the whales,” says Parata, a fierce and uncompromising elder of the Ngātiwai tribe of eastern Northland. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape element--showcase fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay" data-media-id="05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786" id="img-2"> + <meta itemprop="url" 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=61ab70443d54f672febc609b4bfbc5c0 620w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=a416bff5ba9e0d62f1634aee83308528 1210w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=5ae3b22ecb3c7bde8b49a212d52b707c 605w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=c43d04fbea54b99991b541ce674da43d 890w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=a0c813b07b8d5b99a33a7133ea7185db 445w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Hori Parata at his Pātaua farm, the place where he was born and grew up." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/05cb692c634cd90e5411aab92ca3e649474ff786/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=575838a657b26493e956c7f84b058080" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Hori Parata at his Pātaua farm, the place where he was born and grew up + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + “We’re having to put up with a lot of stuff today. The public want to hug the whales, they want to touch them, they want to feel good – that’s not the thing. We feel that is ridiculous.” + </p> + <p> + Whale experts regard New Zealand – or Aotearoa as it is called by Māori – as the whale stranding capital of the world, with more than 5,000 incidents recorded since 1840, and an average of 300 individual animals beaching themselves each year. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay" data-media-id="98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150" id="img-3"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=d2432083289db6bd42f6ad7adc64a78d" /> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800" /> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3166" /><a href="#img-3" class="article__img-container js-gallerythumbs in-body-link--immersive" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax=""> + <div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 65.96%"> + <picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=7234718ccc92b4251bdfe4c505f064f8 1240w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=b80f7e8fcfbbe8e12fa6954ddeb3bd1e 620w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=78ebc960d0c15f627bfbe60cd770a139 1210w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1319684ba57c18162a45e56384d418b0 605w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=3170b3a80d76d6c6422b65045444829e 890w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e835570164cc241d4009af47fc1051f7 445w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Kauri (Tekaurinui Robert) Parata, watched by his father Hori Parata, carves a traditional Maōri design at their home in Whangārei. Kauri is a member of the Manu Taupunga group that is the organising arm of the whale-body recovery operation started by his father, Hori Parata" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/98c683a7df9c83b2c13de2d93ca1825199ed5150/0_0_4800_3166/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=2f198e1958f140f3ac664a3fdd87177c" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Kauri (Te Kaurinui Robert) Parata, watched by his father, Hori Parata, carves a traditional Māori design at their home in Whangārei. Kauri is a member of the Manu Taupunga group that is the organising arm of the whale-body recovery operation started by his father + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Concrete information on why whales strand remains elusive, but “sickness, navigational error, geographical features, a rapidly falling tide, being chased by a predator, or extreme weather” are all thought to contribute, according to the New Zealand Department of Conservation. + </p> + <p> + Climate change is to blame too, <a href="https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/377272/new-zealand-beached-whales-why-are-so-many-getting-stranded" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline in-body-link--immersive">scientists think</a>, with warming ocean temperatures moving whales’ prey closer to the shore and forcing them to pursue their food into shallow waters. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay" data-media-id="0447972cf47ca67882fcfc648edf7e574b0853bc" id="img-4"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0447972cf47ca67882fcfc648edf7e574b0853bc/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=0e7302276c6cc7cb65be9bcdacd3081f" /> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800" /> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3200" /><a href="#img-4" class="article__img-container js-gallerythumbs in-body-link--immersive" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax=""> + <div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 66.67%"> + <picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" 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src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0447972cf47ca67882fcfc648edf7e574b0853bc/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=718132fd888108a18383c24a8425523b" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape element--halfWidth fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay half-width-odd" data-media-id="416800b8d06039780c3e6de28564e6f277b4e7b7" 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Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax=""> + <div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 66.67%"> + <picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8c207197c0a9e6f407dcddfded5f868a142c9cab/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=d272c4dc57408daa0dcdf5461a230e9e 1240w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8c207197c0a9e6f407dcddfded5f868a142c9cab/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=890f0e0cee54663a90292471a16f95d2 620w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8c207197c0a9e6f407dcddfded5f868a142c9cab/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=c560f0b0ef9736c1a66215cc29c59d43 445w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Squid beaks, from the stomach of a Sperm Whale." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8c207197c0a9e6f407dcddfded5f868a142c9cab/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=0dd659ae339b1aea9a99ed7f6f8eadeb" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Clockwise from top: small whale bones; squid beaks, from the stomach of a sperm whale; the baleen filter-feeder system recovered from a stranded pygmy right whale. + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <h2> + ‘Unprecedented’ strandings + </h2> + <p> + November marked the beginning of whale stranding season, and it started with a surge in incidents, according to whale rescue group Project Jonah, with <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2018/nov/26/whales-die-stranded-stewart-island-new-zealand-beach-video" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline in-body-link--immersive">140 pilot whales</a> beaching and dying on Stewart Island, 10 rare pygmy whales on Ninety Mile beach, 51 stranded and dead on the Chatham Islands and a spate of individual cases around the country. + </p> + <p> + And as more whales beach and die – from exhaustion, heat stroke or seagulls feasting on their flesh – an acute sense of grief is growing among New Zealand’s indigenous people, who regard whales as their ancestors and <em>taonga</em> (treasures). + </p> + <p> + “These days it is like a zoo. People just want to come and gawk at us, without even trying to understand what is happening with the animals and the environment,” says Parata, bristling with anger. + </p> + <figure class="element element-interactive interactive" data-interactive="https://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/iframe-wrapper/0.1/boot.js" data-canonical-url="https://interactive.guim.co.uk/uploader/embed/2019/01/stranded_whales/giv-3902U99iNUM3iDSZ/" data-alt="whale strandings"> + <a href="https://interactive.guim.co.uk/uploader/embed/2019/01/stranded_whales/giv-3902U99iNUM3iDSZ/" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline in-body-link--immersive">whale strandings</a> + </figure> + <p> + “When will we talk about what is hurting these animals out on the sea? They are drowning out there, they can’t breathe, they beach themselves to be with the Aunties.” + </p> + <p> + Ngātiwai believe the whales beach when they are ready to die and want to return to their families, the Māori people. Then, their human families use the whales’ gift of their bodies for sacred carvings, for traditional medicines, and even for compost. + </p> + <p> + There are marked tribal differences across New Zealand and while some tribes work to refloat stranded whales, others like Parata’s Ngātiwai stand back and allow the Department of Conservation and volunteer groups to take the lead in rescue efforts. + </p> + <p> + Then the tribe moves in en masse and holds a <em>karakia</em> (prayer), names each animal and sets to work removing their bones, blubber, eyes and teeth for cultural purposes. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape element--immersive fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay" data-media-id="0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c" id="img-7"> + <meta itemprop="url" 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=1300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=837d7df48e565ffad49febab20fbd179 1300w" /> <source media="(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="1140px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=1140&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=fe98f4515ae3490f53804235a4dcf84b 2280w" /> <source media="(min-width: 1140px)" sizes="1140px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=1140&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=a3ec73ab7f20798ec264f5ecb59f6bcc 1140w" /> <source media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="1125px" 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=965&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=624139eae65dd4c96efd1a90243b9286 965w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="725px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=725&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=633619afab6a0ee26a3839b69160e854 1450w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="725px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=725&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=98b9351340e8ee30063a4b6eb6501d6f 725w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="645px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=645&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=e11a31f8adaab06b457fd9c7dda6bf6d 1290w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="645px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=645&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=912104c53b38d1cd424bfb82302480e1 645w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="465px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=465&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=209259fab8ec9e81386838f2d5cdecc3 930w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="465px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=465&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=06848a63793084a21bc86aa613b126a7 465w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Buck Cullen with his daughter Kaiarahi (10 months) in his back yard where he is storing a pair of massive Sperm Whale jawbones. Buck is a integral member of the whale recovery team, alongside Hori Parata." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d13adeb0790af5c5fa317ce477c323d0e1c773c/0_0_4800_2334/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=41b88ee343b9be76688b88443c7a8958" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Buck Cullen with his daughter Kaiarahi (10 months) in his backyard, where he is storing a pair of massive sperm whale jawbones. Cullen is an integral member of Hori Parata’s whale recovery team + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + But indigenous elders say they aren’t being listened to when they tell the government their whale kin are sick, and trying to escape an increasingly polluted and unpredictable ocean. + </p> + <p> + Earlier this year in South Taranaki, a mass stranding that was described as <a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/104249829/unprecedented-whale-strandings-reaches-11-in-total-on-taranaki-beach" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline in-body-link--immersive">“unprecedented”</a> left the local Māori tribe scrambling. Security was brought in when thieves attacked a sperm whale with an axe, trying to remove valuable teeth from its jaw. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay" data-media-id="4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5" id="img-8"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ee921715aaf10e0816dcf15dfc3a21f5" /> + <meta itemprop="width" content="1200" /> + <meta itemprop="height" content="900" /><a href="#img-8" class="article__img-container js-gallerythumbs in-body-link--immersive" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax=""> + <div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 75.00%"> + <picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=8eb5af62092c8a0eb0d283cb0887f5c5 1240w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=9ace0f595be568263c5991993632dae8 620w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=97219f131f1013d15fed7c63308f2b2f 1210w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=17191691b6cd81c2a67730d5475db08b 605w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=30d51b75767551399ba174bae5c39e94 890w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=936568b6e7da0a710abcd2c015fd0a8b 445w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="12 Parāoa Whales (Sperm Whales) recently stranded on the South Taranaki coast of Kaupokonui, on a scale not seen on their coast in recent memory." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4973b41f53b8ade499f99a305b01157eca659ca5/0_0_1200_900/master/1200.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7c255bf6f8a27c56365a86813cdd1517" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + 12 parāoa whales (sperm whales) recently stranded on the South Taranaki coast of Kaupokonui, on a scale not seen near this location in recent memory + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Parata and his 22-year-old son, Te Kaurinui Robert Parata, were called in to assist. Te Kaurinui was called after the first whale his father ever named, and left university this year to return to Whangārei and study whale <em>tikanga</em> (protocol) and carving. + </p> + <p> + He says mass strandings are getting more local and international attention and money from donations, but traditional knowledge is being dismissed as overly spiritual. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape element--showcase fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay" data-media-id="d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341" id="img-9"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=4e46b70079819caee86359a058c92be1" /> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800" /> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3120" /><a 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=73fb4a4f8d59a92325fef9faa2ddf90d 1210w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7894b6600fbb6af1ec6552007ad12da8 605w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=19022ce9fcafebe383880059f34add78 890w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ded05f2c1859d70d3b8d3de3dcb75e0f 445w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Kauri (Tekaurinui Robert) Parata, of the New Zealand Māori tribe Ngāti Wai, in front of the carving shed at Hihiaua Cultural Centre in Whangarei" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1941b6a6908314fab28f44da222a4c892213341/0_0_4800_3120/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=76a26a289728e3d625e57d32eced57d8" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Clockwise from top: Te Kaurinui Parata, in front of the carving shed at Hihiaua Cultural Centre in Whangārei; Parata holds three whale teeth recovered from a beached whale – the middle one shows marks where a poacher had attempted to hack it out with an axe before the recovery group arrived; the Pou, a tribal identifier, in front of the carving shed. + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <h2> + ‘We need to listen’ + </h2> + <p> + Māori harvest rights over dead whales have only been officially recognised since 1998, and the practice still elicits horror from some New Zealanders and visitors. + </p> + <p> + “Our own ancestors wouldn’t say to go down there and hug the whales. That’s a modern thing,” says Te Kaurinui. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--portrait element--halfWidth fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay half-width-odd" data-media-id="14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8" id="img-10"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=b8bf0c299908608310fb47e4163afb38" /> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4278" /> + <meta itemprop="height" content="4800" /><a href="#img-10" class="article__img-container js-gallerythumbs in-body-link--immersive" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax=""> + <div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 112.20%"> + <picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=1a392a17d0c74d513ff14129ae5f7e6c 1240w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=d5b05458659a4a06ff6583046f712ad1 620w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=649c2127cfbab69a7d6e4085ea098d95 1210w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=d45dfb664b5479650ba067c6a5af16c3 605w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=f94f4c652479979124e52c237804eb83 890w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=f6c8d3b38a8af6d197d0a60d22a326f3 445w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="The Pou in front of the carving shed at Hihiaua Cultural centre" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14b462f5d9489def554e0f9f436f13aec332f7b8/0_0_4278_4800/master/4278.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=a45ec7578a392eec201d2f6920b609a0" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--portrait element--halfWidth fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay" data-media-id="e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9" id="img-11"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=3691946929b4105ba35ff9d306cb4fbc" /> + <meta itemprop="width" content="3172" /> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3189" /><a href="#img-11" class="article__img-container js-gallerythumbs in-body-link--immersive" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax=""> + <div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 100.54%"> + <picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=be6cf9beea564e7be872193b01c329a3 1240w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=c74497ec55bb1b680169d62684aa803d 620w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=06b2c03638556f85da582e419cf1817a 1210w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=8cc04403e3902dbe1e4a9b01b8d4e517 605w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=893cbf39d6db1d28ba8fc85419382f9d 890w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=6df725aaf59e21b09434b967e05b3272 445w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Kauri (Tekaurinui Robert) Parata, holds three whale teeth recovered from a beached whale. The middle tooth shows the marks where a poacher had attempted to hack it out with an axe before the recovery group arrived. Kauri is a member of the Manu Taupunga group that is the organising arm of the whale-body recovery operation started by his father, Hori Parata." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e2cf54c36f17c6894844ea0cdd4346288a002da9/915_0_3172_3189/master/3172.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=0bd8e9f51bdf79a6e0a15ed176cfb57d" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <p> + The Ngātiwai are investigating a possible link between the crisis of the dieback disease killing New Zealand’s native kauri trees – and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/14/like-losing-family-time-may-be-running-out-for-new-zealands-most-sacred-tree" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline in-body-link--immersive">threatening the giant Tāne Mahuta, which may be 2,000 years old</a> – and the increase in whale strandings. + </p> + <p> + Parata and his family believe whale oil and byproducts could be used to try to cure Kauri dieback, and want more government money and attention directed towards indigenous knowledge of the interconnectedness of the New Zealand environment, and possible indigenous solutions. + </p> + <p> + “People dismiss us when we tell them our spiritual understanding of whales – why they are beaching, why they are hurting,” says Te Kaurinui. + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape element--immersive fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=465&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=e2e51037c5a6b8bf22d87cb927e45888 930w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="465px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=465&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7ecf73b514ceb1b5e0391f17c7a4d3b0 465w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Whangārei Harbour from Tamaterau, looking south through Mangrove sprouts coming up through the harbourside silt." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b5f3736b2ba2ef4df364258b0efcaba26f571d6e/0_0_4800_3073/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7fcadc35b3a44ebafe3c469c6e89241d" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Whangārei Harbour seen from Tamaterau, with mangrove sprouts coming up through the harbourside silt + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + “We are not foreigners in this land. We did not take this land off anyone else. We were not lost waiting for some bullheads to tell us what was going on.” + </p> + <p> + Kaitaia conservation department ranger Jamie Werner of Ngātiwai recently attended his first mass beaching on Ninety Mile Beach. It was the first recorded time pygmy whales had stranded on New Zealand shores. + </p> + <p> + “I arrived at the beach and we leapfrogged between the animals. They were calling out to each other and reassuring each other,” says Werner. “It was a shock. We’re working to adapt but the ocean is changing so fast.” + </p> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape element--showcase fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay" data-media-id="d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923" id="img-13"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1d00d3ea91d32110b40d85ff43227728" /> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800" /> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3200" /><a href="#img-13" class="article__img-container js-gallerythumbs in-body-link--immersive" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax=""> + <div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 66.67%"> + <picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> + <source media="(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="880px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=880&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=2a64f318f02a31bdf9f17ae01fca72a3 1760w" /> <source media="(min-width: 1300px)" sizes="880px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=880&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=811b3a2ecee1a87b72813d328f59aa85 880w" /> <source media="(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="800px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=800&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=47418e3f630c00af6124c471fdc54c20 1600w" /> <source media="(min-width: 1140px)" sizes="800px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=800&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=93ec03888887d5eb6eabf07e40f2ed3b 800w" /> <source media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=640&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=476d165704890f40cc5f2d74f4d09b95 1280w" /> <source media="(min-width: 980px)" sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=640&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=6179da6bca697f83ac063a56660aa31b 640w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=df0c5b9ccac02dcd010d7f3ed8ff8c85 1240w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e9fd2eedc9bb80286a6cabd1c7c3b0e2 620w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=e48f277772be7e455f9a4a4139b3bf4c 1210w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=2e0af911fcd7011f04ee91d445290e84 605w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=15161e07957f327b44aa124d94ae8291 890w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ef6c6809f2adcff0f4ff32899095839b 445w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="The skull of a Brydes whale, in the storage container at Hihiaua Cultural Centre, Whangārei." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d5aaf60e3a427f278747acf0c3e7ba39b39ef923/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1b74b488aedb864287ff160f86d74c9d" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <ul> + <li> + <p> + Above, the skull of a bryde’s whale; right, a large-calibre bullet of the type that the New Zealand Department of Conservation uses for euthanasing stranded whales that are beyond rescue + </p> + </li> + </ul> + <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares element-image--photo-essay" data-media-id="3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd" id="img-14"> + <meta itemprop="url" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7dca3d798aef3526f42e281771d50f91" /> + <meta itemprop="width" content="4800" /> + <meta itemprop="height" content="3200" /><a href="#img-14" class="article__img-container js-gallerythumbs in-body-link--immersive" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax=""> + <div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 66.67%"> + <picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> + <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=0daf794415132fc19259f8d2f654f57f 1240w" /> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=98ce62f9d983fe8059c936a6c6cdff33 620w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=9ff4aac2a3b07867dfdfb8f470ea6977 1210w" /> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="605px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=10d1b71094ecf1722f593eb49bb2effe 605w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=0705690fcb523f2781a5952f83528ff9 890w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=4c748337df5f0348eb0e7d3e3ec46571 445w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="A large calibre bullet of the type that the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) uses for euthanasing stranded whales that are beyond rescue." src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/3766106f73e858d5b140ae3cdd2eef84060180cd/0_0_4800_3200/master/4800.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=d2f5bb7c3c3642ac8733ca40509f6e20" /></picture> + </div><span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"><svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"></path></svg></span></a> + </figure> + <p> + The recent spate of mass strandings has been described as “heartbreaking” by the conservation department. + </p> + <p> + But for Parata and his family the slow, painful deaths of their ancestors are personal – and ultimately devastating – for the health of the tribe and the sea. + </p> + <p> + “It’s very emotional. Our ancestors tell us the strandings are a sign from the sea. So what is the sea telling us? We need to listen.” + </p> + </div> + <div class="submeta"> + <span class="submeta__label">Topics</span> + <div class="submeta__section-labels"> + <ul class="submeta__links"> + <li class="submeta__link-item"> + <a class="submeta__link" data-link-name="" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/series/seascape-the-state-of-our-oceans">Seascape: the state of our oceans</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="submeta__keywords"> + <ul class="submeta__links"> + <li class="submeta__link-item"> + <a class="submeta__link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/newzealand" data-link-name="keyword: world/newzealand">New Zealand</a> + </li> + <li class="submeta__link-item"> + <a class="submeta__link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/asia-pacific" data-link-name="keyword: world/asia-pacific">Asia Pacific</a> + </li> + <li class="submeta__link-item"> + <a class="submeta__link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/whales" data-link-name="keyword: 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class="u-faux-block-link__cta fc-item__headline"><span class="js-headline-text">Rescuers rush to help whale stranded in Scottish loch</span></span></a> + </h3> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst-wrapper fc-item__standfirst-wrapper--timestamp"> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst"> + Animal, thought to be a sperm whale, believed to have become caught in rope in Loch Eriboll + </div> + <div class="fc-item__meta js-item__meta"> + <time class="fc-item__timestamp js-item__timestamp" datetime="2019-01-03T13:06:44+0000" data-timestamp="1546520804000" data-relativeformat="short"><span class="inline-clock inline-icon"><svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg></span> <span class="fc-timestamp__text"><span class="u-h">Published:</span> 3 Jan 2019</span></time> + </div> + </div> + </div><a 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srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d8ed8b77d2423f6dae927d34ce55ff231664f35e/0_206_3216_1930/master/3216.jpg?width=160&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=f05754d79db3372f141e97c11d860060 160w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="127px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d8ed8b77d2423f6dae927d34ce55ff231664f35e/0_206_3216_1930/master/3216.jpg?width=127&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=20104b3e1ba4cbb9cbbdf2fbf8803edc" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="127px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d8ed8b77d2423f6dae927d34ce55ff231664f35e/0_206_3216_1930/master/3216.jpg?width=127&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=7525d7c15c7ab65a9b56135d3a3c2926 127w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="responsive-img" alt="" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d8ed8b77d2423f6dae927d34ce55ff231664f35e/0_206_3216_1930/master/3216.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=bb4d118b9bfc751cde033068ffbea858" /></picture> + </div> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__content"> + <div class="fc-item__header"> + <h3 class="fc-item__title"> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/28/nearly-30-whales-stranded-on-remote-victorian-beach" class="fc-item__link" data-link-name="article"><span class="u-faux-block-link__cta fc-item__headline"><span class="js-headline-text">Nearly 30 whales stranded on remote Victorian beach</span></span></a> + </h3> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst-wrapper fc-item__standfirst-wrapper--timestamp"> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst"> + Humpback whale and 27 pilot whales among those beached in Croajingolong national park + </div> + <div class="fc-item__meta js-item__meta"> + <time class="fc-item__timestamp js-item__timestamp" datetime="2018-11-27T22:03:19+0000" data-timestamp="1543356199000" data-relativeformat="short"><span class="inline-clock inline-icon"><svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg></span> <span class="fc-timestamp__text"><span class="u-h">Published:</span> 27 Nov 2018</span></time> + </div> + </div> + </div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/28/nearly-30-whales-stranded-on-remote-victorian-beach" class="u-faux-block-link__overlay js-headline-text" data-link-name="article" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true">Nearly 30 whales stranded on remote Victorian beach</a> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="fc-slice__item l-row__item l-row__item--span-1 u-faux-block-link"> + <div class="fc-item fc-item--has-image fc-item--has-metadata fc-item--has-timestamp fc-item--is-media-link fc-item--pillar-news fc-item--type-media fc-item--video 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inline-icon"><svg width="46" height="39" viewbox="0 0 46 39" class="inline-play__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M46 20.58v-2.02L1.64 0 0 1.3v36.55L1.64 39 46 20.58z"></path></svg></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__content"> + <div class="fc-item__header"> + <h3 class="fc-item__title"> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2018/nov/26/whales-die-stranded-stewart-island-new-zealand-beach-video" class="fc-item__link" data-link-name="article"><span class="u-faux-block-link__cta fc-item__headline"><span class="js-headline-text">Over 140 whales die after becoming stranded on New Zealand beach – video</span></span></a> + </h3> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst"> + <p> + It is not fully understand why whale strandings take place + </p> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__footer-meta-wrapper"> + <div class="fc-item__meta-wrapper"> + <div class="fc-item__media-meta"> + <span class="inline-video-icon inline-icon"><svg width="36" height="23" viewbox="0 0 36 23" class="inline-video-icon__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M3.2 0L0 3.3v16.4L3.3 23H22V0H3.2m30.4 1L25 9v5l8.6 8H36V1h-2.4"></path></svg></span> <span class="fc-item__video-duration">1:15</span> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__meta js-item__meta"> + <time class="fc-item__timestamp js-item__timestamp" datetime="2018-11-26T11:50:47+0000" data-timestamp="1543233047000" data-relativeformat="short"><span class="inline-clock inline-icon"><svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg></span> <span class="fc-timestamp__text"><span class="u-h">Published:</span> 26 Nov 2018</span></time> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2018/nov/26/whales-die-stranded-stewart-island-new-zealand-beach-video" class="u-faux-block-link__overlay js-headline-text" data-link-name="article" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true">Over 140 whales die after becoming stranded on New Zealand beach – video</a> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="fc-slice__item l-row__item l-row__item--span-1 u-faux-block-link"> + <div class="fc-item fc-item--has-image fc-item--has-metadata fc-item--has-timestamp fc-item--pillar-news fc-item--type-article js-fc-item fc-item--list-media-mobile fc-item--standard-tablet js-snappable" data-link-name="news | group-0 | card-@4" data-item-visibility="all" data-test-id="facia-card" data-id="environment/2018/nov/26/more-than-140-pilot-whales-die-in-heartbreaking-new-zealand-stranding" data-loyalty-short-url="/p/a2qvb"> + <div class="fc-item__container"> + <div class="fc-item__media-wrapper"> + <div class="fc-item__image-container u-responsive-ratio"> + <picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> + <source media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="220px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/603fd890c17afa94c6fd0e41f87875be104b811a/38_0_4848_2912/master/4848.jpg?width=220&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=429853cb01757532c842ac0f637a96d6" /> <source media="(min-width: 980px)" sizes="220px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/603fd890c17afa94c6fd0e41f87875be104b811a/38_0_4848_2912/master/4848.jpg?width=220&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e40783f160942f49fdc73a77ba4d59ac 220w" /> <source media="(min-width: 740px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 740px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="160px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/603fd890c17afa94c6fd0e41f87875be104b811a/38_0_4848_2912/master/4848.jpg?width=160&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=62ab8655b48d1c1ef72a101295258bf2" /> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" sizes="160px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/603fd890c17afa94c6fd0e41f87875be104b811a/38_0_4848_2912/master/4848.jpg?width=160&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=fc5a4d4e165ba28ea00817f416bae258 160w" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="127px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/603fd890c17afa94c6fd0e41f87875be104b811a/38_0_4848_2912/master/4848.jpg?width=127&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=ad0bd7effdd2cd76ffa9bed4892f869a" /> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="127px" srcset="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/603fd890c17afa94c6fd0e41f87875be104b811a/38_0_4848_2912/master/4848.jpg?width=127&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=5de4bad9212ee4e78ce2347bcbb46e50 127w" /> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> + <img class="responsive-img" alt="" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/603fd890c17afa94c6fd0e41f87875be104b811a/38_0_4848_2912/master/4848.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=05a043849ed68f9628b01515df14bec6" /></picture> + </div> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__content"> + <div class="fc-item__header"> + <h3 class="fc-item__title"> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/26/more-than-140-pilot-whales-die-in-heartbreaking-new-zealand-stranding" class="fc-item__link" data-link-name="article"><span class="u-faux-block-link__cta fc-item__headline"><span class="js-headline-text">More than 140 pilot whales die in 'heartbreaking' New Zealand stranding</span></span></a> + </h3> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst-wrapper fc-item__standfirst-wrapper--timestamp"> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst"> + A hiker camping in remote Stewart Island alerted authorities to the discovery + </div> + <div class="fc-item__meta js-item__meta"> + <time class="fc-item__timestamp js-item__timestamp" datetime="2018-11-26T01:11:35+0000" data-timestamp="1543194695000" data-relativeformat="short"><span class="inline-clock inline-icon"><svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg></span> <span class="fc-timestamp__text"><span class="u-h">Published:</span> 25 Nov 2018</span></time> + </div> + </div> + </div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/26/more-than-140-pilot-whales-die-in-heartbreaking-new-zealand-stranding" class="u-faux-block-link__overlay js-headline-text" data-link-name="article" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true">More than 140 pilot whales die in 'heartbreaking' New Zealand stranding</a> + </div> + </div> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="fc-slice-wrapper"> + <ul class="u-unstyled l-row l-row--cols-4 fc-slice fc-slice--ql-ql-ql-ql"> + <li class="fc-slice__item l-row__item 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dead whale had 1,000 pieces of plastic in stomach</span></span></a> + </h3> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst-wrapper fc-item__standfirst-wrapper--timestamp"> + <div class="fc-item__meta js-item__meta"> + <time class="fc-item__timestamp js-item__timestamp" datetime="2018-11-20T10:27:31+0000" data-timestamp="1542709651000" data-relativeformat="short"><span class="inline-clock inline-icon"><svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg></span> <span class="fc-timestamp__text"><span class="u-h">Published:</span> 20 Nov 2018</span></time> + </div> + </div> + </div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/20/indonesia-dead-whale-had-1000-pieces-of-plastic-in-stomach" class="u-faux-block-link__overlay js-headline-text" data-link-name="article" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true">Indonesia: dead whale had 1,000 pieces of plastic in stomach</a> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="fc-slice__item l-list__item l-row__item l-row__item--span-1 u-faux-block-link"> + <div class="fc-item fc-item--has-image fc-item--has-metadata fc-item--has-timestamp fc-item--pillar-news fc-item--type-article js-fc-item fc-item--list-mobile fc-item--list-tablet js-snappable" data-link-name="news | group-0 | card-@6" data-item-visibility="all" data-test-id="facia-card" data-id="environment/2018/nov/05/sperm-whales-canadian-arctic" data-loyalty-short-url="/p/9p2hq"> + <div class="fc-item__container"> + <div class="fc-item__content"> + <div class="fc-item__header"> + <h3 class="fc-item__title"> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/05/sperm-whales-canadian-arctic" class="fc-item__link" data-link-name="article"><span class="u-faux-block-link__cta fc-item__headline"><span class="js-headline-text">Sighting of sperm whales in Arctic a sign of changing ecosystem, say scientists</span></span></a> + </h3> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst-wrapper fc-item__standfirst-wrapper--timestamp"> + <div class="fc-item__meta js-item__meta"> + <time class="fc-item__timestamp js-item__timestamp" datetime="2018-11-05T17:03:47+0000" data-timestamp="1541437427000" data-relativeformat="short"><span class="inline-clock inline-icon"><svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg></span> <span class="fc-timestamp__text"><span class="u-h">Published:</span> 5 Nov 2018</span></time> + </div> + </div> + </div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/05/sperm-whales-canadian-arctic" class="u-faux-block-link__overlay js-headline-text" data-link-name="article" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true">Sighting of sperm whales in Arctic a sign of changing ecosystem, say scientists</a> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="fc-show-more--hide-on-mobile js-hide-on-mobile fc-slice__item l-list__item l-row__item l-row__item--span-1 u-faux-block-link"> + <div class="fc-item fc-item--has-image fc-item--has-metadata fc-item--has-timestamp fc-item--pillar-news fc-item--type-article js-fc-item fc-item--list-mobile fc-item--list-tablet js-snappable" data-link-name="news | group-0 | card-@7" data-item-visibility="desktop" data-test-id="facia-card" data-id="environment/2018/oct/19/benny-the-beluga-whale-forces-firework-display-postponement" data-loyalty-short-url="/p/9ybyb"> + <div class="fc-item__container"> + <div class="fc-item__content"> + <div class="fc-item__header"> + <h3 class="fc-item__title"> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/19/benny-the-beluga-whale-forces-firework-display-postponement" class="fc-item__link" data-link-name="article"><span class="u-faux-block-link__cta fc-item__headline"><span class="js-headline-text">Benny the beluga whale forces firework display postponement</span></span></a> + </h3> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst-wrapper fc-item__standfirst-wrapper--timestamp"> + <div class="fc-item__meta js-item__meta"> + <time class="fc-item__timestamp js-item__timestamp" datetime="2018-10-19T21:18:05+0000" data-timestamp="1539983885000" data-relativeformat="short"><span class="inline-clock inline-icon"><svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg></span> <span class="fc-timestamp__text"><span class="u-h">Published:</span> 19 Oct 2018</span></time> + </div> + </div> + </div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/19/benny-the-beluga-whale-forces-firework-display-postponement" class="u-faux-block-link__overlay js-headline-text" data-link-name="article" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true">Benny the beluga whale forces firework display postponement</a> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="fc-show-more--hide-on-mobile js-hide-on-mobile fc-slice__item l-list__item l-row__item l-row__item--span-1 u-faux-block-link"> + <div class="fc-item fc-item--has-image fc-item--has-metadata fc-item--has-timestamp fc-item--is-commentable fc-item--pillar-news fc-item--type-article js-fc-item fc-item--list-mobile fc-item--list-tablet js-snappable" data-discussion-id="/p/9ty9a" data-discussion-closed="true" data-discussion-url="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/09/images-show-baby-humpback-whale-trapped-in-shark-net-off-queensland-coast#comments" data-link-name="news | group-0 | card-@8" data-item-visibility="desktop" data-test-id="facia-card" data-id="environment/2018/oct/09/images-show-baby-humpback-whale-trapped-in-shark-net-off-queensland-coast" data-loyalty-short-url="/p/9ty9a"> + <div class="fc-item__container"> + <div class="fc-item__content"> + <div class="fc-item__header"> + <h3 class="fc-item__title"> + <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/09/images-show-baby-humpback-whale-trapped-in-shark-net-off-queensland-coast" class="fc-item__link" data-link-name="article"><span class="u-faux-block-link__cta fc-item__headline"><span class="js-headline-text">Images show baby humpback whale trapped in shark net off Queensland coast</span></span></a> + </h3> + </div> + <div class="fc-item__standfirst-wrapper fc-item__standfirst-wrapper--timestamp"> + <div class="fc-item__meta js-item__meta"> + <time class="fc-item__timestamp js-item__timestamp" datetime="2018-10-09T06:16:33+0000" data-timestamp="1539065793000" data-relativeformat="short"><span class="inline-clock inline-icon"><svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg></span> <span class="fc-timestamp__text"><span class="u-h">Published:</span> 9 Oct 2018</span></time> + </div> + </div> + </div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/09/images-show-baby-humpback-whale-trapped-in-shark-net-off-queensland-coast" class="u-faux-block-link__overlay js-headline-text" data-link-name="article" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true">Images show baby humpback whale trapped in shark net off Queensland coast</a> + </div> + </div> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="js-show-more-placeholder"></div><button class="button button--medium button--primary button--show-more collection__show-more js-show-more-button modern-visible" data-test-id="show-more" data-link-name="more"><span class="inline-plus inline-icon"><svg width="18" height="18" viewbox="0 0 18 18" class="inline-plus__svg inline-icon__svg"> + <path d="M8.2 0h1.6l.4 7.8 7.8.4v1.6l-7.8.4-.4 7.8H8.2l-.4-7.8L0 9.8V8.2l7.8-.4.4-7.8z"></path></svg></span> <span class="inline-minus inline-icon"><svg width="32" height="32" 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+ </body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0637a088a --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..611a1553b --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": null, + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "abc", + "Image": null, + "Title": "Replace javascript: links", + "SiteName": null +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e73a80ea --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +<div> + <span> + <p>abc</p> + <p>def</p> + ghi + </span> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/source.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/source.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee63fc89b --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/js-link-replacement/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Replace javascript: links</title> +</head> +<body> + <a href="javascript:"> + <p>abc</p> + <p>def</p> + ghi + </a> +</body> +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/keep-tabular-data/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/keep-tabular-data/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a748bac39 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/keep-tabular-data/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +[ + "http:\/\/www.factorio.com\/static\/img\/factorio-wheel.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-277-finished-2.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-newly-finished.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-277-not-finished-2.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-blueprint-library-grid-view.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-blueprint-library-list-view.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-blueprint-book.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-the-hand.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-enemy-bases.gif", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-cliff-controls.gif", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-rectangles.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-moisture+aux-debug-map.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-moisture+aux-controls.gif", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-island.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-islands.png", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-accumulator.gif", + "https:\/\/cdn.factorio.com\/assets\/img\/blog\/fff-282-accumulator-comparison.png" +]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/keep-tabular-data/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/keep-tabular-data/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..820a3d07a --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/keep-tabular-data/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": null, + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "Posted by kovarex, TOGos, Ernestas, Albert on 2019-02-15, all posts", + "Image": "http:\/\/www.factorio.com\/static\/img\/factorio-wheel.png", + "Title": "Friday Facts #282 - 0.17 in sight | Factorio", + "SiteName": "Factorio.com" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/keep-tabular-data/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/keep-tabular-data/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f86741bf --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/keep-tabular-data/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,524 @@ +<div> + + <p>Posted by kovarex, TOGos, Ernestas, Albert on 2019-02-15, <a href="http://fakehost/blog/">all posts</a></p> + + <h2>The release plan <span size="2">(kovarex)</span> + </h2> + <p>This week was the time to close and finish all the things that will go to 0.17.0.</p> + <p>Not all of the things that we originally planned to be done were done (surprise), but we just left any non-essential stuff for later so we won't postpone the release any further. The plan is, that next week will be dedicated to the office playtesting and bugfixing. Many would argue, that we could just release instantly and let the players find the bugs for us, but we want to fix the most obvious problems in-house to avoid too many duplicate bug reports and chaos after the release. Also, some potential bugs, like save corruptions, are much more easily worked on in-house.</p> + <p> + If the playtesting goes well, we will let you know next Friday, and if it is the case, we will aim to release the week starting 25th February. + </p> + <h3>After release plan</h3> + <p> + Since there are a lot of things we would like to do before we can call 0.17 good enough, we will simply push new things into the 0.17 releases as time goes on. Even if 0.17 becomes stable in a reasonable time, we would still push things on top of it. We can still make experimental/stable version numbers inside 0.17. Most of the things shouldn't be big enough to make the game generally unstable. I've heard countless times a proposal to make small frequent releases of what have we added, this will probably be reality after 0.17 for some time. + </p> + <p> + The smaller releases will contain mainly: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Final looks and behaviour of new GUI screens as they will be finished.</li> + <li>New graphics.</li> + <li>New sounds and sound system tweaks.</li> + <li>Mini tutorial additions and tweaks.</li> + </ul> + + <p> + This is actually quite a large change to our procedures, and there are many ways we will be trying to maximize the effectiveness of smaller and more regular content updates. + </p> + <h2>The GUI progress <span size="2">(kovarex)</span> + </h2> + <p> + There are several GUI screens that are finished. Others (most of them) are just left there as they are in 0.16. They are a combination of the new GUI styles and old ones. They sometimes look funny and out of place, but they should be functional. + </p> + + <table readabilityDataTable="1"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>General UX</td> + <td>UX draft</td> + <td>UX review</td> + <td>UI mockup</td> + <td>UI review</td> + <td>Implementation draft</td> + <td>Implementation review</td> + <td>Final review</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Load map</td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Save map</td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Graphics settings</td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Control settings</td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sound settings</td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Interface settings</td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Other settings</td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Map generator</td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Quick bar <i><b>Twinsen</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Train GUI <i><b>kovarex</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Technology GUI<i> <b>Oxyd</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Technology tooltip <i><b>Oxyd</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Blueprint library<i> <b>kovarex</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Shortcut bar <i><b>Oxyd</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Character screen <i><b>Dominik</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Help overlay <i><b>kovarex</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Manage/Install mods <i><b>Rseding</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Recipe/item/Entity tooltip <i><b>Twinsen</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Chat icon selector <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>New game <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Menu structure <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Main screen chat <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Recipe explorer <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + <td><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px"></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p><i>* Newly finished things since the last update in <a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-277">FFF-277</a>.</i></p><h3>Blueprint library</h3> + <p> + The blueprint library changes have been split into several steps. The reason is, that there was a big motivation to do the integration with the new quickbar (final version introduced in <a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-278">FFF-278</a>) in time for 0.17.0, while the other changes can be done after. The thing with the quickbar is, that it is quite a big change to one of the most used tools in the game and people generally don't like change even when it is for the better. To minimize the hate of the change, we need to "sell it properly". By that, we should provide as many of the positive aspects of the new quickbar at the time of its introduction. + </p> + <p> + So the change that is already implemented and working for 0.17 is the ability to put blueprints/books into the quick bar in a way that the quick bar is linked directly to the blueprint library window, so you don't need to have the physical blueprint items in your inventory. The other change is, that picking a blueprint from the blueprint library and then pressing Q will just dismiss it, instead of silently pushing it to your inventory. This works the same as the clipboard described in <a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-255">FFF-255</a>. You can still explicitly insert the blueprint from the library to an inventory slot, but if you just pick it, use it, and press Q, it goes away. + </p> + <p> + In addition to this, other changes related to the blueprint library will follow soon after 0.17.0. The first thing is the change of how the GUI looks: + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-blueprint-library-grid-view.png" width="900px"> + </p> + <p> + We will also allow to switch between grid and list view. It mainly provides a way to nicely see the longer names of the blueprint. We noticed that players try to put a large amount of info about a blueprint in its name, so we are planning to add a possibility to write a textual description of the blueprint. + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-blueprint-library-list-view.png" width="900px"> + </p> + <p> + The last big change is to allow to put blueprint books into blueprint books, allowing better organisation. Basically like a directory structure. Whenever a blueprint/book is opened, we plan to show its current location, so the player knows exactly what is going on. + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-blueprint-book.png" width="900px"> + </p> + <h3>The hand</h3> + <p> + Has it ever happened to you, that you have robots trying to put things into your full inventory, while you pick an item from it to build something, and then you just can't put it back, as the diligent robots just filled the last slot in your inventory by whatever they are trying to give to you? Wood from tree removal is the most frequent thing in my case. + </p> + <p> + This was annoying in 0.16 from time to time, but with the new quickbar, it started to happen even more, as now, you have only one inventory, and no reserved slots in the quickbar. To solve that, we just extended the "principal" of the hand. When you pick something from the inventory, the hand icon appears on the slot. As long as you hold the thing in your cursor, the hand stays there, and prevents other things from being inserted there. This way, you should always be able to return the currently selected item into your inventory as long as you didn't get it from external source like a chest. + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-the-hand.png" width="900px"><br> + <i>The hand is protecting the slot from the robots.</i> + </p> + <h2>Terrain generation updates <span size="2">(TOGoS)</span> + </h2> + <p>Everyone has different opinions about what makes a good Factorio world. + I've been working on several changes for 0.17, but the overarching theme + has been to make the map generator options screen more intuitive + and more powerful.</p> + <p> + This was talked about somewhat in an earlier FFF (<a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-258">FFF-258</a>) regarding ore placement, + but since then we found more stuff to fix. + </p> + <h3>Biter Bases</h3> + <p> + In 0.16, the size control for biter bases didn't have much effect. + The frequency control changed the frequency, but that also decreased the size of bases, + which <a href="https://forums.factorio.com/viewtopic.php?t=55113">wasn't generally what people wanted</a>. + </p> + <p> + For 0.17 we've reworked biter placement using a system similar to that with which we got resource placement under control. The size and frequency controls now act more like most people would expect, with frequency increasing the number of bases, and size changing the size of each base. + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-enemy-bases.gif"> + <br><i>New preview UI showing the effects of enemy base controls. + In reality the preview takes a couple seconds to regenerate after every change, + but the regeneration part is skipped in this animation to clearly show the effects of the controls.</i> + </p> + <p> + If you don't like the relatively uniform-across-the-world placement of biters, + there are changes under the hood to make it easier for modders to do something different. + Placement is now based on <a href="https://wiki.factorio.com/Prototype/NamedNoiseExpression">NamedNoiseExpressions</a> "enemy-base-frequency" and "enemy-base-radius", which in turn reference "enemy-base-intensity". + By overriding any of those, a modder could easily create a map where biters are found only at high elevations, + or only near water, or correlate enemy placement with that of resources, or any other thing + that can be expressed as a function of location. + </p> + <h3>Cliffs</h3> + <p> + We've added a 'continuity' control for cliffs. If you really + like mazes of cliffs, set it to high to reduce the number of gaps in cliff faces. + Or you can turn it way down to make cliffs very rare or be completely absent. + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-cliff-controls.gif"> + <br><i>Changing cliff frequency and continuity. Since cliffs are based on elevation, + you'll have to turn frequency <strong>way</strong> up if you want lots of layers + even near the starting lake.</i> + </p> + <h3>Biome Debugging</h3> + <p> + Tile placement is based on a range of humidity and 'aux' values + (humidity and aux being properties that vary at different points across the world) + that are suitable for each type of tile. For example: grass is only placed in + places with relatively high humidity, and desert (not to be confused with plain old sand) + only gets placed where aux is high. We've taken to calling these constraints 'rectangles', + because when you plot each tile's home turf on a chart of humidity and aux, + they are shown as rectangles. + </p> + <p> + It's hard to make sense of the rectangles just by looking at the autoplace code + for each tile, so I wrote a script to chart them. This allowed us to ensure that + they were arranged as we wanted, with no gaps between them, + and with overlap in some cases. + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-rectangles.png" width="900" height="900"> + <br><i>Rectangles.</i> + </p> + <p> + Having the humidity-aux-tile chart is all well and good, but doesn't tell the whole story, + since tile placement also depends on a noise layer specific to each tile type, + and could also influenced by user-adjustable autoplace controls (e.g. turning the grass slider up). + So to further help us visualize how humidity, aux, tile-specific noise, and + autoplace controls worked together to determine tiles on the map, + there are a couple of alternate humidity and aux generators that simply vary them + linearly from north-south and west-east, respectively. + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-moisture+aux-debug-map.png" width="900" height="900"> + <br><i>Using 'debug-moisture' and 'debug-aux' generators to drive moisture and aux, respectively.</i> + </p> + <p> + This map helped us realize that, rather than having controls + for each different type of tile, it made more sense to just + control moisture and aux (which is called 'terrain type' in the GUI, + because 'aux' doesn't mean anything). + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-moisture+aux-controls.gif" width="900" height="664"> + <br><i>Sliding the moisture and aux bias sliders to make the world more or less grassy or red-deserty.</i> + </p> + <p> + A pet project of mine has been to + put controls in the map generator GUI so that we could select generators + for various tile properties (temperature, aux, humidity, elevation, etc) at + map-creation time without necessarily needing to involve mods. + This was useful for debugging the biome rectangles, but my ulterior + motive was to, at least in cases where there are multiple options, + show the generator information to players. A couple of reasons for + this: + </p> + <ul> + <li>It was already possible for mods to override tile property generators via presets, but + we didn't have a place to show that information in the UI. + So switching between presets could change hidden variables in non-obvious ways + and lead to a lot of confusion.</li> + <li>I had dreams of shipping alternate elevation generators in the base game.</li> + </ul> + <h3>Water Placement</h3> + <p> + For 0.16 I <a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-207">attempted to make the shape of continents more interesting</a>. Some people <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/7n3mn1/016_swamplands_are_pure_awesome/">really liked</a> the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pkwTjG-sJg">new terrain</a>, or at least <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/7krq86/question_about_water_generation_in_016/">managed to find some settings that made it work</a> for them. Others called it a "swampy mess". A common refrain was that the world was more fun to explore in the 0.12 days. + </p> + <p> + So in 0.17 we're restoring the <em>default</em> elevation generator to one very similar to that used + by 0.12. Which means large, sometimes-connected lakes. + </p> + <p> + The water 'frequency' control was confusing to a lot of people including myself. + It could be interpreted as "how much water", when the actual effect was to inversely + scale both bodies of water and continents, such that higher water frequency actually meant smaller bodies of water. + So for 0.17, the water 'frequency' and 'size' sliders are being replaced with 'scale' and 'coverage', + which do the same thing, but in a hopefully more obvious way. + Larger scale means larger land features, while more coverage means more of the map covered in water. + </p> + <h3>New Map Types</h3> + <p> + In order to ensure a decent starting area, the elevation generator + always makes a plateau there (so you'll never spawn in the middle of + the ocean), and a lake (so you can get a power plant running). + Depending on what's going on outside of that plateau, this sometimes resulted in + a circular ring of cliffs around the starting point, + which looked very artificial, and we wanted to reduce that effect. + </p> + <p> + In the process of solving that problem I created another custom generator for debugging purposes. + This one simply generated that starting area plateau in an endless ocean. + I don't actually remember how this was useful for debugging, but at one point I directed Twinsen to look at it + to illustrate the mechanics behind generating the starting area. + </p> + <p> + The rest of the team liked that setting so much that we're making it a player-selectable option. + So in 0.17 you'll get to pick between the 'Normal' map type, which resembles that from 0.12, + and 'Island', which gives you a single large-ish island at the starting point. + There's a slider to let you change the size of the island(s). + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-island.png" width="900" height="900"> + </p> + <p> + Maps with multiple starting points will have multiple islands. + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-islands.png" width="900" height="900"> + <br><i>PvP islands!</i> + </p> + <p> + And speaking of scale sliders, we're expanding their range from ± a factor of 2 (the old 'very low' to 'very high' settings) + to ± a factor of 6 (shown as '17%' to '600%'). Previously the values were stored internally as one of 5 discrete options, + but as the recent terrain generation changes have made actual numeric multipliers more meaningful in most contexts + (e.g. the number of ore patches is directly proportional to the value of the 'frequency' slider, + rather than being just vaguely related to it somehow), + we're switching to storing them as numbers. + This has the side-effect that if you don't mind + <a href="https://gist.github.com/Bilka2/a17841d0ff1028b63c60c2bbf6fa7e4f">editing some JSON</a>, + you'll be able to create maps with values outside the range provided by the GUI sliders. + </p> + <p> + Mods will be able to add their own 'map types' to the map type drop-down, too. If you really liked the shape of landmasses in 0.16 and want to be able to continue creating new maps with it, please let us know on the forum. + </p> + <h2>High-res accumulators <span size="2">(Ernestas, Albert)</span> + </h2> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-accumulator.gif"> + </p> + <p> + The design of the accumulator has been always good. The 4 very visible cylinders, looking like giant batteries, Tesla poles and the electric beams perfectly telegraphed its function in terms of style and readability. That’s why for the high-res conversion we were very careful about keeping this entity as it was. + </p> + <p> + The only thing that was a bit disturbing (for some) are the poles crossing to each other when more than one accumulator is placed in a row. So we decided to fix it (or break it). The rest of the work was making the entity compatible for the actual look of the game. But in essence accumulators are still the same. + </p> + <p> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-accumulator-comparison.png" width="900px"> + </p> + <p> + As always, let us know what you think on our <a href="https://forums.factorio.com/64912">forum</a>. + </p> + + + </div>
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The plan is, that next week will be dedicated to the office playtesting and bugfixing. Many would argue, that we could just release instantly and let the players find the bugs for us, but we want to fix the most obvious problems in-house to avoid too many duplicate bug reports and chaos after the release. Also, some potential bugs, like save corruptions, are much more easily worked on in-house.</p> + <p> + If the playtesting goes well, we will let you know next Friday, and if it is the case, we will aim to release the week starting 25th February. + </p> + <h3>After release plan</h3> + <p> + Since there are a lot of things we would like to do before we can call 0.17 good enough, we will simply push new things into the 0.17 releases as time goes on. Even if 0.17 becomes stable in a reasonable time, we would still push things on top of it. We can still make experimental/stable version numbers inside 0.17. Most of the things shouldn't be big enough to make the game generally unstable. I've heard countless times a proposal to make small frequent releases of what have we added, this will probably be reality after 0.17 for some time. + </p> + <p> + The smaller releases will contain mainly: + </p> + <ul> + <li>Final looks and behaviour of new GUI screens as they will be finished.</li> + <li>New graphics.</li> + <li>New sounds and sound system tweaks.</li> + <li>Mini tutorial additions and tweaks.</li> + </ul> + <p></p> + <p> + This is actually quite a large change to our procedures, and there are many ways we will be trying to maximize the effectiveness of smaller and more regular content updates. + </p> + <h2>The GUI progress <font size="2">(kovarex)</font> + </h2> + <p> + There are several GUI screens that are finished. Others (most of them) are just left there as they are in 0.16. They are a combination of the new GUI styles and old ones. They sometimes look funny and out of place, but they should be functional. + </p> + <style> + .header_cell { + text-align:center; + font-weight: bold; + } + .finished { + text-align:center; + font-weight: bold; + } + .not_finished { + text-align:center; + font-weight: bold; + } + .finished_gui_table { + border-spacing: 10px; + border-collapse: collapse; + max-width: 900px; + } + .finished_gui_table td { + border: 1px; + border-style:solid; + padding: 5px; + } + </style> + <table class="finished_gui_table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="header_cell">General UX</td> + <td class="header_cell">UX draft</td> + <td class="header_cell">UX review</td> + <td class="header_cell">UI mockup</td> + <td class="header_cell">UI review</td> + <td class="header_cell">Implementation draft</td> + <td class="header_cell">Implementation review</td> + <td class="header_cell">Final review</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Load map</td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Save map</td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Graphics settings</td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Control settings</td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sound settings</td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Interface settings</td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Other settings</td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Map generator</td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Quick bar <i><b>Twinsen</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Train GUI <i><b>kovarex</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Technology GUI<i> <b>Oxyd</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Technology tooltip <i><b>Oxyd</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Blueprint library<i> <b>kovarex</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Shortcut bar <i><b>Oxyd</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Character screen <i><b>Dominik</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Help overlay <i><b>kovarex</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Manage/Install mods <i><b>Rseding</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Recipe/item/Entity tooltip <i><b>Twinsen</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Chat icon selector <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>New game <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Menu structure <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Main screen chat <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-newly-finished.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Recipe explorer <i><b>?</b></i></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + <td class="not_finished"><img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-277-not-finished-2.png" width="20px" /></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <i>* Newly finished things since the last update in <a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-277">FFF-277</a>.</i> + <h3>Blueprint library</h3> + <p> + The blueprint library changes have been split into several steps. The reason is, that there was a big motivation to do the integration with the new quickbar (final version introduced in <a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-278">FFF-278</a>) in time for 0.17.0, while the other changes can be done after. The thing with the quickbar is, that it is quite a big change to one of the most used tools in the game and people generally don't like change even when it is for the better. To minimize the hate of the change, we need to "sell it properly". By that, we should provide as many of the positive aspects of the new quickbar at the time of its introduction. + </p> + <p> + So the change that is already implemented and working for 0.17 is the ability to put blueprints/books into the quick bar in a way that the quick bar is linked directly to the blueprint library window, so you don't need to have the physical blueprint items in your inventory. The other change is, that picking a blueprint from the blueprint library and then pressing Q will just dismiss it, instead of silently pushing it to your inventory. This works the same as the clipboard described in <a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-255">FFF-255</a>. You can still explicitly insert the blueprint from the library to an inventory slot, but if you just pick it, use it, and press Q, it goes away. + </p> + <p> + In addition to this, other changes related to the blueprint library will follow soon after 0.17.0. The first thing is the change of how the GUI looks: + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img style="vertical-align: top;" src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-blueprint-library-grid-view.png" width="900px" /> + </p> + <p> + We will also allow to switch between grid and list view. It mainly provides a way to nicely see the longer names of the blueprint. We noticed that players try to put a large amount of info about a blueprint in its name, so we are planning to add a possibility to write a textual description of the blueprint. + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img style="vertical-align: top;" src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-blueprint-library-list-view.png" width="900px" /> + </p> + <p> + The last big change is to allow to put blueprint books into blueprint books, allowing better organisation. Basically like a directory structure. Whenever a blueprint/book is opened, we plan to show its current location, so the player knows exactly what is going on. + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img style="vertical-align: top;" src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-blueprint-book.png" width="900px" /> + </p> + <h3>The hand</h3> + <p> + Has it ever happened to you, that you have robots trying to put things into your full inventory, while you pick an item from it to build something, and then you just can't put it back, as the diligent robots just filled the last slot in your inventory by whatever they are trying to give to you? Wood from tree removal is the most frequent thing in my case. + </p> + <p> + This was annoying in 0.16 from time to time, but with the new quickbar, it started to happen even more, as now, you have only one inventory, and no reserved slots in the quickbar. To solve that, we just extended the "principal" of the hand. When you pick something from the inventory, the hand icon appears on the slot. As long as you hold the thing in your cursor, the hand stays there, and prevents other things from being inserted there. This way, you should always be able to return the currently selected item into your inventory as long as you didn't get it from external source like a chest. + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img style="vertical-align: top;" src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-the-hand.png" width="900px" /><br /> + <i>The hand is protecting the slot from the robots.</i> + </p> + <h2>Terrain generation updates <font size="2">(TOGoS)</font> + </h2> + <p>Everyone has different opinions about what makes a good Factorio world. + I've been working on several changes for 0.17, but the overarching theme + has been to make the map generator options screen more intuitive + and more powerful.</p> + <p> + This was talked about somewhat in an earlier FFF (<a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-258">FFF-258</a>) regarding ore placement, + but since then we found more stuff to fix. + </p> + <h3>Biter Bases</h3> + <p> + In 0.16, the size control for biter bases didn't have much effect. + The frequency control changed the frequency, but that also decreased the size of bases, + which <a href="https://forums.factorio.com/viewtopic.php?t=55113">wasn't generally what people wanted</a>. + </p> + <p> + For 0.17 we've reworked biter placement using a system similar to that with which we got resource placement under control. The size and frequency controls now act more like most people would expect, with frequency increasing the number of bases, and size changing the size of each base. + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-enemy-bases.gif" /> + <br /><i>New preview UI showing the effects of enemy base controls. + In reality the preview takes a couple seconds to regenerate after every change, + but the regeneration part is skipped in this animation to clearly show the effects of the controls.</i> + </p> + <p> + If you don't like the relatively uniform-across-the-world placement of biters, + there are changes under the hood to make it easier for modders to do something different. + Placement is now based on <a href="https://wiki.factorio.com/Prototype/NamedNoiseExpression">NamedNoiseExpressions</a> "enemy-base-frequency" and "enemy-base-radius", which in turn reference "enemy-base-intensity". + By overriding any of those, a modder could easily create a map where biters are found only at high elevations, + or only near water, or correlate enemy placement with that of resources, or any other thing + that can be expressed as a function of location. + </p> + <h3>Cliffs</h3> + <p> + We've added a 'continuity' control for cliffs. If you really + like mazes of cliffs, set it to high to reduce the number of gaps in cliff faces. + Or you can turn it way down to make cliffs very rare or be completely absent. + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-cliff-controls.gif" /> + <br /><i>Changing cliff frequency and continuity. Since cliffs are based on elevation, + you'll have to turn frequency <strong>way</strong> up if you want lots of layers + even near the starting lake.</i> + </p> + <h3>Biome Debugging</h3> + <p> + Tile placement is based on a range of humidity and 'aux' values + (humidity and aux being properties that vary at different points across the world) + that are suitable for each type of tile. For example: grass is only placed in + places with relatively high humidity, and desert (not to be confused with plain old sand) + only gets placed where aux is high. We've taken to calling these constraints 'rectangles', + because when you plot each tile's home turf on a chart of humidity and aux, + they are shown as rectangles. + </p> + <p> + It's hard to make sense of the rectangles just by looking at the autoplace code + for each tile, so I wrote a script to chart them. This allowed us to ensure that + they were arranged as we wanted, with no gaps between them, + and with overlap in some cases. + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-rectangles.png" width="900" height="900" /> + <br /><i>Rectangles.</i> + </p> + <p> + Having the humidity-aux-tile chart is all well and good, but doesn't tell the whole story, + since tile placement also depends on a noise layer specific to each tile type, + and could also influenced by user-adjustable autoplace controls (e.g. turning the grass slider up). + So to further help us visualize how humidity, aux, tile-specific noise, and + autoplace controls worked together to determine tiles on the map, + there are a couple of alternate humidity and aux generators that simply vary them + linearly from north-south and west-east, respectively. + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-moisture+aux-debug-map.png" width="900" height="900" /> + <br /><i>Using 'debug-moisture' and 'debug-aux' generators to drive moisture and aux, respectively.</i> + </p> + <p> + This map helped us realize that, rather than having controls + for each different type of tile, it made more sense to just + control moisture and aux (which is called 'terrain type' in the GUI, + because 'aux' doesn't mean anything). + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-moisture+aux-controls.gif" width="900" height="664" /> + <br /><i>Sliding the moisture and aux bias sliders to make the world more or less grassy or red-deserty.</i> + </p> + <p> + A pet project of mine has been to + put controls in the map generator GUI so that we could select generators + for various tile properties (temperature, aux, humidity, elevation, etc) at + map-creation time without necessarily needing to involve mods. + This was useful for debugging the biome rectangles, but my ulterior + motive was to, at least in cases where there are multiple options, + show the generator information to players. A couple of reasons for + this: + </p> + <ul> + <li>It was already possible for mods to override tile property generators via presets, but + we didn't have a place to show that information in the UI. + So switching between presets could change hidden variables in non-obvious ways + and lead to a lot of confusion.</li> + <li>I had dreams of shipping alternate elevation generators in the base game.</li> + </ul> + <h3>Water Placement</h3> + <p> + For 0.16 I <a href="https://www.factorio.com/blog/post/fff-207">attempted to make the shape of continents more interesting</a>. Some people <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/7n3mn1/016_swamplands_are_pure_awesome/">really liked</a> the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pkwTjG-sJg">new terrain</a>, or at least <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/factorio/comments/7krq86/question_about_water_generation_in_016/">managed to find some settings that made it work</a> for them. Others called it a "swampy mess". A common refrain was that the world was more fun to explore in the 0.12 days. + </p> + <p> + So in 0.17 we're restoring the <em>default</em> elevation generator to one very similar to that used + by 0.12. Which means large, sometimes-connected lakes. + </p> + <p> + The water 'frequency' control was confusing to a lot of people including myself. + It could be interpreted as "how much water", when the actual effect was to inversely + scale both bodies of water and continents, such that higher water frequency actually meant smaller bodies of water. + So for 0.17, the water 'frequency' and 'size' sliders are being replaced with 'scale' and 'coverage', + which do the same thing, but in a hopefully more obvious way. + Larger scale means larger land features, while more coverage means more of the map covered in water. + </p> + <h3>New Map Types</h3> + <p> + In order to ensure a decent starting area, the elevation generator + always makes a plateau there (so you'll never spawn in the middle of + the ocean), and a lake (so you can get a power plant running). + Depending on what's going on outside of that plateau, this sometimes resulted in + a circular ring of cliffs around the starting point, + which looked very artificial, and we wanted to reduce that effect. + </p> + <p> + In the process of solving that problem I created another custom generator for debugging purposes. + This one simply generated that starting area plateau in an endless ocean. + I don't actually remember how this was useful for debugging, but at one point I directed Twinsen to look at it + to illustrate the mechanics behind generating the starting area. + </p> + <p> + The rest of the team liked that setting so much that we're making it a player-selectable option. + So in 0.17 you'll get to pick between the 'Normal' map type, which resembles that from 0.12, + and 'Island', which gives you a single large-ish island at the starting point. + There's a slider to let you change the size of the island(s). + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-island.png" width="900" height="900" /> + </p> + <p> + Maps with multiple starting points will have multiple islands. + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-islands.png" width="900" height="900" /> + <br /><i>PvP islands!</i> + </p> + <p> + And speaking of scale sliders, we're expanding their range from ± a factor of 2 (the old 'very low' to 'very high' settings) + to ± a factor of 6 (shown as '17%' to '600%'). Previously the values were stored internally as one of 5 discrete options, + but as the recent terrain generation changes have made actual numeric multipliers more meaningful in most contexts + (e.g. the number of ore patches is directly proportional to the value of the 'frequency' slider, + rather than being just vaguely related to it somehow), + we're switching to storing them as numbers. + This has the side-effect that if you don't mind + <a href="https://gist.github.com/Bilka2/a17841d0ff1028b63c60c2bbf6fa7e4f">editing some JSON</a>, + you'll be able to create maps with values outside the range provided by the GUI sliders. + </p> + <p> + Mods will be able to add their own 'map types' to the map type drop-down, too. If you really liked the shape of landmasses in 0.16 and want to be able to continue creating new maps with it, please let us know on the forum. + </p> + <h2>High-res accumulators <font size="2">(Ernestas, Albert)</font> + </h2> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-accumulator.gif" /> + </p> + <p> + The design of the accumulator has been always good. The 4 very visible cylinders, looking like giant batteries, Tesla poles and the electric beams perfectly telegraphed its function in terms of style and readability. That’s why for the high-res conversion we were very careful about keeping this entity as it was. + </p> + <p> + The only thing that was a bit disturbing (for some) are the poles crossing to each other when more than one accumulator is placed in a row. So we decided to fix it (or break it). The rest of the work was making the entity compatible for the actual look of the game. But in essence accumulators are still the same. + </p> + <p style="text-align: center; margin:auto; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> + <img src="https://cdn.factorio.com/assets/img/blog/fff-282-accumulator-comparison.png" width="900px" /> + </p> + <p> + As always, let us know what you think on our <a href="https://forums.factorio.com/64912">forum</a>. + </p> + <p></p> + <div class="footer"> + <div class="footer-copyright"> + Copyright © 2015 - 2019 Wube Software - all rights reserved. + </div> + <div class="footer-menu"> + <a href="/terms-of-service" style="font-size: 11px;"> Terms of Service </a> + <span style="font-size: 11px;"> | </span> + <a href="/privacy-policy" style="font-size: 11px;"> Privacy </a> + <span style="font-size: 11px;"> | </span> + <a href="/imprint" style="font-size: 11px;"> Imprint </a> + <span style="font-size: 11px;"> | </span> + <a href="/presskit" style="font-size: 11px;"> Presskit </a> + <span style="font-size: 11px;"> | </span> + <a href="/faq" style="font-size: 11px;"> FAQ </a> + <span style="font-size: 11px;"> | </span> + <a href="/blog/rss" style="font-size: 11px;"> RSS </a> + <span style="font-size: 11px;"> | </span> + <a href="/jobs" style="font-size: 11px;"> + Jobs + </a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript" async="" src="https://ssl.google-analytics.com/ga.js"></script> + <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> + <script src="/static/js/raphael-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> + <script src="/static/js/factorio.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> + <script src="/static/lightbox/js/lightbox.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var _gaq = _gaq || []; + _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-115167276-1']); + _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); + (function() { + var ga = document.createElement('script'); + ga.type = 'text/javascript'; + ga.async = true; + ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-1/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69d3d3b44 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Vincent Vallet", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "How to run a CPU profiling with Node.js on your production in real-time and without interruption of service.", + "Image": "https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/max\/1200\/1*EO-pr4RolgcAOj_Uk1rpDA.png", + "Title": "Node.js and CPU profiling on production (in real-time without downtime)", + "SiteName": "Voodoo Engineering" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-1/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c98070e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,343 @@ +<div> + <div> + <p><a rel="noopener" href="http://fakehost/@vincentvallet?source=post_page-----d6e62af173e2----------------------"><img alt="Vincent Vallet" src="https://miro.medium.com/fit/c/96/96/1*vFTVh_mYyf0p6m7f77A3vw.jpeg" width="48" height="48"></a> + </p> + + </div> + <h2 id="0231"> + Why CPU monitoring is important? + </h2> + <p id="d2c1"> + I work at <a href="http://voodoo.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Voodoo</a>, a French company that creates mobile video games. We have a lot of challenges with performance, availability, and scalability because of the insane amount of traffic our infrastructure supports (billions of events/requests per day …… no joke!). In this setting, every metric is important and gives us a lot of information about the state of our system. + </p> + <p id="0e89"> + When working with Node.js one of the most critical resources to monitor is the CPU. Most of the time, when working on a low traffic API or project we don’t realize how many simple lines of code can have a huge impact on CPU. On the other hand, when traffic increases, a simple mistake can cost dearly. + </p> + <h2 id="292e"> + Resources + </h2> + <p id="1efa"> + What kind of resources does your application need? In most cases, we focus on memory and CPU. Good monitoring of these two elements is mandatory for an application running on production. + </p> + <p id="dce9"> + For memory, constant monitoring is the best practice to track the worst developer nightmare a.k.a memory leak. + </p> + <figure> + <div> + <p><img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/3788/1*5o3M5niyi911waUrKWVZ0Q.png" width="1894" height="970" role="presentation" data-old-src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*5o3M5niyi911waUrKWVZ0Q.png?q=20"> + </p> + </div> + <figcaption> + Memory leak in action + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="69dd"> + A good way to debug memory leak is a memory dump and/or memory sampling but this is not the subject. + </p> + <p id="1fbc"> + (for more details about V8 and its garbage collector you can read my previous article <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://fakehost/voodoo-engineering/nodejs-internals-v8-garbage-collector-a6eca82540ec">here</a>) + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + Stay focused on the CPU! + </p> + </blockquote> + <p id="40e6"> + Most of the time we monitor this resource with a simple solution allowing us to get a graph representing CPU consumption over time. If we want to be reactive we add an alarm, based on a threshold, to warn us when CPU usage is too high. + </p> + <figure> + <div> + <p><img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1994/1*8uOdeOfnUzTaFIY1r7oAMg.png" width="997" height="230" role="presentation" data-old-src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*8uOdeOfnUzTaFIY1r7oAMg.png?q=20"> + </p> + </div> + <figcaption> + Basic CPU monitoring + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="0728"> + And what next? We don’t have data about the state of the instance when the CPU usage has increased. So we can’t determine why we had this peak, at least not without an important time of debugging, comparing log, etc. This is exactly why you need to use CPU profiling. + </p> + <h2 id="8d00"> + CPU profiling: what’s the difference with CPU monitoring? + </h2> + <blockquote> + <p> + “Most commonly, profiling information serves to aid program optimization. Profiling is achieved by instrumenting either the program source code or its binary executable form using a tool called a profiler” + </p> + </blockquote> + <p id="3e11"> + Basically, for Node.js, CPU profiling is nothing more than collecting data about functions which are CPU consuming. And ideally, get a graphic representation of the collected data a.k.a “flame graph” or “flame chart”. + </p> + <p id="91c5"> + It will help you to track the exact file, line, and function which takes the most time to execute. + </p> + <h2 id="088b"> + What about existing solutions? + </h2> + <h2 id="dd40"> + Add arguments to Node.js + </h2> + <p id="0306"> + Node.js provides a way to collect data about CPU with two command lines. + </p> + <p id="66c8"> + The first command just executes your application, the argument just tells to V8 engine to collect data. When you stop your script all information is stored in a file. + </p> + <pre><span id="16bd">node --prof app.js</span></pre> + <figure> + <div> + <p><img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1698/1*e7gjTlzi55udTXbbPeEs2A.png" width="849" height="534" role="presentation" data-old-src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*e7gjTlzi55udTXbbPeEs2A.png?q=20"> + </p> + </div> + <figcaption> + Output of — prof + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="57a6"> + It is not very clear, is it? + </p> + <p id="abed"> + That’s why you just need to run this second command to transform your raw file into a more human-readable output. + </p> + <pre><span id="061c">node --prof-process isolate-0xnnnnn-v8.log > processed.txt</span></pre> + <figure> + <div> + <p><img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1508/1*JJkRh7JihTUo2apW_9ZXAQ.png" width="754" height="306" role="presentation" data-old-src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*JJkRh7JihTUo2apW_9ZXAQ.png?q=20"> + </p> + </div> + <figcaption> + The output of — prof-process + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="85fa"> + It seems better, here you can determine which function consumes the most of CPU (percentage of the time). + </p> + <h2 id="9e54"> + ClinicJs + </h2> + <p id="176a"> + ClinicJs is a set of tools that allow you to collect data and display performance charts. With “clinic flame” you can generate a flame graph based on CPU consumption. + </p> + <figure> + <div> + <p><img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/5760/1*6wi5BlNNnykjZs0PufrvLQ.png" width="2880" height="1534" role="presentation" data-old-src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*6wi5BlNNnykjZs0PufrvLQ.png?q=20"> + </p> + </div> + <figcaption> + Flame chart + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="5347"> + But once again, you have to stop your app, launch the tool, then terminate the script in order to display the graph (files are generated on the disk). + </p> + <p id="d6e6"> + For more details, you can see the <a href="https://clinicjs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">project</a>. + </p> + <p id="be18"> + <strong>To sum up</strong>, here is the list of drawbacks of the two previous solutions. + </p> + <ul class> + <li id="3bef">Downtime (you should kill your application to collect the data) + </li> + <li id="c0df">Performance overhead + </li> + <li id="27ec">Data collected locally + </li> + <li id="a4fd">Need external tools (ClinicJs) + </li> + </ul> + <p id="3f2c"> + In conclusion: these are good solutions to debug on development environments and/or on a local machine. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p id="fcd9"> + Unfortunately, CPU issues have a worrying tendency to occur on production, and when you are not in front of your screen. + </p> + </blockquote> + <h2 id="13ef"> + Inspector + </h2> + <p id="294e"> + “Inspector” refers to an API thanks to which you can debug your application. By debugging we mean to be able to connect directly to the core of Node.js to collect real-time data about the process. + </p> + <p id="ea23"> + A module, available since version 8.x of Node.js, provides this kind of feature. There are two advantages to use it: + </p> + <ul class> + <li id="ed54">it’s native (no additional installation required) + </li> + <li id="7992">it can be used programmatically (no interruption) + </li> + </ul> + <p id="731f"> + And here is how to make a CPU profiling with this module: + </p> + <figure> + + </figure> + <p id="79d1"> + As you can see, all the data is returned in variable “profile”. Basically, it’s a simple JSON object representing all the call stack and the CPU consumption for each function. And if you want to use an Async/await syntax you can install the module “inspector-api”. + </p> + <pre><span id="c085">npm install inspector-api --save</span></pre> + <p id="195d"> + It also comes with a built-in exporter to send data to S3, with this method <strong>you don’t write anything on the disk</strong>! + </p> + <figure> + + </figure> + <p id="964f"> + If you use another storage system you can just collect the data and export it by yourself. + </p> + <figure> + + </figure> + <h2 id="848b"> + And now, CPU profiling on-demand! + </h2> + <p id="6933"> + We have an API that we want to test with autocannon tool. At this step, our project is able to serve around 200 requests in 20 seconds. There is probably a mistake somewhere in the code which slows down our application. + </p> + <figure> + <div> + <p><img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1694/1*cS9IXYGfMmgxaAUlC7oqOQ.png" width="847" height="362" role="presentation" data-old-src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*cS9IXYGfMmgxaAUlC7oqOQ.png?q=20"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p id="fb78"> + But now, what if we want to trigger a CPU profiling remotely (without ssh connection to the server)? It’s possible using Websocket, SSE or any other technology to send a message to your instance. + </p> + <p id="2c91"> + Here is a simple example of a server using the “ws” module to send a message to a unique instance. + </p> + <figure> + + </figure> + <p id="2206"> + Of course, it only works with one instance, but it’s a fake project to demonstrate the principle ;) + </p> + <p id="e92d"> + Now we can request our server to ask it to send a message to our instance and start/stop a CPU profiling. In your instance, you can handle the CPU profiling like this: + </p> + <figure> + + </figure> + <p id="c3d0"> + <strong>To sum up</strong>: we are able to trigger a CPU profiling, on-demand, in real-time, without interruption or connection to the server. Data can be collected on the disk (and extracted later) or can be sent to S3 (or any other system, PR are welcomed on the <a href="https://github.com/wallet77/v8-inspector-api" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">inspector-api project</a>). + </p> + <blockquote> + <p id="6e87"> + And because the profiler is a part of V8 itself, the format of the generated JSON file is compatible with the Chrome dev tools. + </p> + </blockquote> + </div><div> + <p id="2cda"> + <strong>How can we identify an issue?</strong> + </p> + <p id="e0d2"> + A CPU profiling should be read like this: + </p> + <ul class> + <li id="27e6">the x-axis shows the stack profile population + </li> + <li id="194a">the y-axis shows stack depth + </li> + </ul> + <p id="e950"> + <strong>What does it mean?</strong> + </p> + <p id="174c"> + The larger is a box (a function call) the more it consumed CPU. So a good CPU profiling should look like a “flame” graph where each stack is the finest possible. + </p> + <p id="48d9"> + In our example, every request try to generate a token. For this purpose, it calls the function pbkdf2 which is CPU consuming. Our CPU profile looks like a sequence of big blocks of time, like if the last function in the call stack takes 99% of the total time. + </p> + <p id="d62c"> + The CPU profiling after optimizations, with the same time range. + </p> + <figure> + <div> + <p><img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1860/1*87KlGgfbuWP38nAaQaj3xw.png" width="930" height="523" role="presentation" data-old-src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*87KlGgfbuWP38nAaQaj3xw.png?q=20"> + </p> + </div> + <figcaption> + CPU profiling after optimizations + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="10ee"> + As you can notice, we have to zoom to the profile if we want to see the call stack, because after optimizations the API was able to take a lot more traffic. Now every function in the call stack looks like a microtask. + </p> + </div><div> + <p id="10f1"> + And now our application is able to serve more than 200,000 requests in 20 seconds; <strong>we increased the performance by a factor of 100k</strong>! + </p> + <figure> + <div> + <p><img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1690/1*kfOK60PtmWx6iP681-qRcg.png" width="845" height="362" role="presentation" data-old-src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*kfOK60PtmWx6iP681-qRcg.png?q=20"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <h2 id="98b9"> + More than just CPU profiling + </h2> + <p id="e1ad"> + With the inspector module, you can do much more than just CPU profiling, here is a non-exhaustive list: + </p> + <ul class> + <li id="eb04">memory dump & memory sampling + </li> + <li id="a9ea">code coverage + </li> + <li id="b896">use the debugger in real-time + </li> + </ul> + <h2 id="06d2"> + Warnings + </h2> + <p id="731b"> + Every tool, even the most powerful, comes with its own disadvantages. If you enable the profiler and/or the debugger on your production you have to keep an eye on two things: + </p> + <p id="e485"> + <strong>1) performance overhead</strong> + </p> + <p id="0513"> + A profiler needs to use CPU to work and it collects data into memory. The longer you let it run and the more CPU / memory it will need. This is why you should begin with very short CPU profiling, no more than a few seconds between the start and stop command. And never forget to monitor the impact of the profiler on your own infrastructure. If everything is fine you can increase the time and the frequency of CPU profiling. + </p> + <p id="049c"> + One more very important thing: <strong>never forget to always stop a started CPU profiling</strong>. You can add a timer to automatically call the stop function after a while. + </p> + <p id="0656"> + <strong>2) security</strong> + </p> + <p id="7999"> + Using the inspector in Node.js it’s like opening the door of the core of your application. You should be very careful about who can use features like CPU profiling and/or the debugger. Never make the inspector “public” as being able to launch a feature from an unsafe route (not protected with an authentification mechanism). Even the collected data can be seen as critical, never send it to a system you do not trust. + </p> + <h2 id="5618"> + Conclusion + </h2> + <p id="ae1a"> + CPU profiling is really a must-have tool for every developer. And now, with some precautions, we can run it on production thanks to the amazing work done by the V8 and Node.js team. + </p> + <p id="1eab"> + The inspector module offers a lot more features than you can use to debug your application. + </p> + <p id="0aba"> + I will write another article about using CPU profiling and the inspector on production on a high traffic project. + </p> + <h2 id="3c5b"> + Sources & links + </h2> + <ul class> + <li id="d86d"> + <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/inspector.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">https://nodejs.org/api/inspector.html</a> + </li> + <li id="cc52"> + <a href="https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/v8" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/v8</a> + </li> + <li id="d331"> + <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://fakehost/netflix-techblog/node-js-in-flames-ddd073803aa4">https://medium.com/netflix-techblog/node-js-in-flames-ddd073803aa4</a> + </li> + <li id="6420"> + <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/inspector-api" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">https://www.npmjs.com/package/inspector-api</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div>
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gk gl gm gn"> + Why CPU monitoring is important? + </h1> + <p id="d2c1" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb cy"> + I work at <a href="http://voodoo.io/" class="eq fo hc hd he hf" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Voodoo</a>, a French company that creates mobile video games. We have a lot of challenges with performance, availability, and scalability because of the insane amount of traffic our infrastructure supports (billions of events/requests per day …… no joke!). In this setting, every metric is important and gives us a lot of information about the state of our system. + </p> + <p id="0e89" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + When working with Node.js one of the most critical resources to monitor is the CPU. Most of the time, when working on a low traffic API or project we don’t realize how many simple lines of code can have a huge impact on CPU. On the other hand, when traffic increases, a simple mistake can cost dearly. + </p> + <h1 id="292e" class="gc gd dg ay ax ge di gf dk gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn"> + Resources + </h1> + <p id="1efa" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb cy"> + What kind of resources does your application need? In most cases, we focus on memory and CPU. Good monitoring of these two elements is mandatory for an application running on production. + </p> + <p id="dce9" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + For memory, constant monitoring is the best practice to track the worst developer nightmare a.k.a memory leak. + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr cp cq paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq hl"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="id r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*5o3M5niyi911waUrKWVZ0Q.png?q=20" width="1894" height="970" role="presentation" /> + </div><img class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="1894" height="970" role="presentation" /><noscript><img class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/3788/1*5o3M5niyi911waUrKWVZ0Q.png" width="1894" height="970" role="presentation" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption class="bc ek ii ij ik cr cp cq il im ax ej"> + Memory leak in action + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="69dd" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + A good way to debug memory leak is a memory dump and/or memory sampling but this is not the subject. + </p> + <p id="1fbc" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + (for more details about V8 and its garbage collector you can read my previous article <a class="eq fo hc hd he hf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="/voodoo-engineering/nodejs-internals-v8-garbage-collector-a6eca82540ec">here</a>) + </p> + <blockquote class="in"> + <div id="6f9a" class="io ip iq ay dh b ir is it iu iv iw hb"> + <p class="dh b ix iy bc"> + Stay focused on the CPU! + </p> + </div> + </blockquote> + <p id="40e6" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr iz gt ja gv jb gx jc gz jd hb cy"> + Most of the time we monitor this resource with a simple solution allowing us to get a graph representing CPU consumption over time. If we want to be reactive we add an alarm, based on a threshold, to warn us when CPU usage is too high. + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr cp cq paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq je"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="jf r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*8uOdeOfnUzTaFIY1r7oAMg.png?q=20" width="997" height="230" role="presentation" /> + </div><img class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="997" height="230" role="presentation" /><noscript><img class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1994/1*8uOdeOfnUzTaFIY1r7oAMg.png" width="997" height="230" role="presentation" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption class="bc ek ii ij ik cr cp cq il im ax ej"> + Basic CPU monitoring + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="0728" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + And what next? We don’t have data about the state of the instance when the CPU usage has increased. So we can’t determine why we had this peak, at least not without an important time of debugging, comparing log, etc. This is exactly why you need to use CPU profiling. + </p> + <h1 id="8d00" class="gc gd dg ay ax ge di gf dk gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn"> + CPU profiling: what’s the difference with CPU monitoring? + </h1> + <blockquote class="in"> + <div id="19fb" class="io ip iq ay dh b ir jg jh ji jj jk hb"> + <p class="dh b ix iy bc"> + “Most commonly, profiling information serves to aid program optimization. Profiling is achieved by instrumenting either the program source code or its binary executable form using a tool called a profiler” + </p> + </div> + </blockquote> + <p id="3e11" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr iz gt ja gv jb gx jc gz jd hb cy"> + Basically, for Node.js, CPU profiling is nothing more than collecting data about functions which are CPU consuming. And ideally, get a graphic representation of the collected data a.k.a “flame graph” or “flame chart”. + </p> + <p id="91c5" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + It will help you to track the exact file, line, and function which takes the most time to execute. + </p> + <h1 id="088b" class="gc gd dg ay ax ge di gf dk gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn"> + What about existing solutions? + </h1> + <h2 id="dd40" class="jl gd dg ay ax ge jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw"> + Add arguments to Node.js + </h2> + <p id="0306" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb cy"> + Node.js provides a way to collect data about CPU with two command lines. + </p> + <p id="66c8" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + The first command just executes your application, the argument just tells to V8 engine to collect data. When you stop your script all information is stored in a file. + </p> + <pre class="hm hn ho hp hq jx jy cf"><span id="16bd" class="jl gd dg ay jz b ek ka kb r kc">node --prof app.js</span></pre> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr cp cq paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq kd"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="ke r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*e7gjTlzi55udTXbbPeEs2A.png?q=20" width="849" height="534" role="presentation" /> + </div><img class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="849" height="534" role="presentation" /><noscript><img class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1698/1*e7gjTlzi55udTXbbPeEs2A.png" width="849" height="534" role="presentation" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption class="bc ek ii ij ik cr cp cq il im ax ej"> + Output of — prof + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="57a6" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + It is not very clear, is it? + </p> + <p id="abed" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + That’s why you just need to run this second command to transform your raw file into a more human-readable output. + </p> + <pre class="hm hn ho hp hq jx jy cf"><span id="061c" class="jl gd dg ay jz b ek ka kb r kc">node --prof-process isolate-0xnnnnn-v8.log > processed.txt</span></pre> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr cp cq paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq kf"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="kg r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*JJkRh7JihTUo2apW_9ZXAQ.png?q=20" width="754" height="306" role="presentation" /> + </div><img class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="754" height="306" role="presentation" /><noscript><img class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1508/1*JJkRh7JihTUo2apW_9ZXAQ.png" width="754" height="306" role="presentation" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption class="bc ek ii ij ik cr cp cq il im ax ej"> + The output of — prof-process + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="85fa" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + It seems better, here you can determine which function consumes the most of CPU (percentage of the time). + </p> + <h2 id="9e54" class="jl gd dg ay ax ge jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw"> + ClinicJs + </h2> + <p id="176a" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb cy"> + ClinicJs is a set of tools that allow you to collect data and display performance charts. With “clinic flame” you can generate a flame graph based on CPU consumption. + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr cp cq paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq kh"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="ki r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*6wi5BlNNnykjZs0PufrvLQ.png?q=20" width="2880" height="1534" role="presentation" /> + </div><img class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="2880" height="1534" role="presentation" /><noscript><img class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/5760/1*6wi5BlNNnykjZs0PufrvLQ.png" width="2880" height="1534" role="presentation" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption class="bc ek ii ij ik cr cp cq il im ax ej"> + Flame chart + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="5347" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + But once again, you have to stop your app, launch the tool, then terminate the script in order to display the graph (files are generated on the disk). + </p> + <p id="d6e6" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + For more details, you can see the <a href="https://clinicjs.org/" class="eq fo hc hd he hf" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">project</a>. + </p> + <p id="be18" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + <strong class="gq kj">To sum up</strong>, here is the list of drawbacks of the two previous solutions. + </p> + <ul class=""> + <li id="3bef" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb kk kl km">Downtime (you should kill your application to collect the data) + </li> + <li id="c0df" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km">Performance overhead + </li> + <li id="27ec" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km">Data collected locally + </li> + <li id="a4fd" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km">Need external tools (ClinicJs) + </li> + </ul> + <p id="3f2c" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + In conclusion: these are good solutions to debug on development environments and/or on a local machine. + </p> + <blockquote class="ks kt ku"> + <p id="fcd9" class="go gp dg kv gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + Unfortunately, CPU issues have a worrying tendency to occur on production, and when you are not in front of your screen. + </p> + </blockquote> + <h1 id="13ef" class="gc gd dg ay ax ge di gf dk gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn"> + Inspector + </h1> + <p id="294e" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb cy"> + “Inspector” refers to an API thanks to which you can debug your application. By debugging we mean to be able to connect directly to the core of Node.js to collect real-time data about the process. + </p> + <p id="ea23" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + A module, available since version 8.x of Node.js, provides this kind of feature. There are two advantages to use it: + </p> + <ul class=""> + <li id="ed54" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb kk kl km">it’s native (no additional installation required) + </li> + <li id="7992" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km">it can be used programmatically (no interruption) + </li> + </ul> + <p id="731f" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + And here is how to make a CPU profiling with this module: + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr"> + <div class="ib r hu"> + <div class="kw r"> + <iframe src="https://medium.com/media/e6590d28762ae9dc52a79fab03d9bfb4" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="0" width="0" title="CPU profiling with inspector" class="s t u hy ai" scrolling="auto"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p id="79d1" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + As you can see, all the data is returned in variable “profile”. Basically, it’s a simple JSON object representing all the call stack and the CPU consumption for each function. And if you want to use an Async/await syntax you can install the module “inspector-api”. + </p> + <pre class="hm hn ho hp hq jx jy cf"><span id="c085" class="jl gd dg ay jz b ek ka kb r kc">npm install inspector-api --save</span></pre> + <p id="195d" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + It also comes with a built-in exporter to send data to S3, with this method <strong class="gq kj">you don’t write anything on the disk</strong>! + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr"> + <div class="ib r hu"> + <div class="kw r"> + <iframe src="https://medium.com/media/a5c2cfaff5b466e10f3f24ac0dee3dd1" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="0" width="0" title="CPU profiling with inspector-api module" class="s t u hy ai" scrolling="auto"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p id="964f" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + If you use another storage system you can just collect the data and export it by yourself. + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr"> + <div class="ib r hu"> + <div class="kw r"> + <iframe src="https://medium.com/media/a258a6f9cd216401571004e3dffd693b" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="0" width="0" title="CPU profiling" class="s t u hy ai" scrolling="auto"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <h1 id="848b" class="gc gd dg ay ax ge di gf dk gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn"> + And now, CPU profiling on-demand! + </h1> + <p id="6933" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb cy"> + We have an API that we want to test with autocannon tool. At this step, our project is able to serve around 200 requests in 20 seconds. There is probably a mistake somewhere in the code which slows down our application. + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr cp cq paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq kx"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="ky r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*cS9IXYGfMmgxaAUlC7oqOQ.png?q=20" width="847" height="362" role="presentation" /> + </div><img class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="847" height="362" role="presentation" /><noscript><img class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1694/1*cS9IXYGfMmgxaAUlC7oqOQ.png" width="847" height="362" role="presentation" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p id="fb78" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + But now, what if we want to trigger a CPU profiling remotely (without ssh connection to the server)? It’s possible using Websocket, SSE or any other technology to send a message to your instance. + </p> + <p id="2c91" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + Here is a simple example of a server using the “ws” module to send a message to a unique instance. + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr"> + <div class="ib r hu"> + <div class="kw r"> + <iframe src="https://medium.com/media/feef2118ed0761bda1c2821a47c2297b" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="0" width="0" title="WS server" class="s t u hy ai" scrolling="auto"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p id="2206" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + Of course, it only works with one instance, but it’s a fake project to demonstrate the principle ;) + </p> + <p id="e92d" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + Now we can request our server to ask it to send a message to our instance and start/stop a CPU profiling. In your instance, you can handle the CPU profiling like this: + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr"> + <div class="ib r hu"> + <div class="kw r"> + <iframe src="https://medium.com/media/8a678f3011fef4d2c8296408f0b552fe" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="0" width="0" title="WS client side" class="s t u hy ai" scrolling="auto"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p id="c3d0" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + <strong class="gq kj">To sum up</strong>: we are able to trigger a CPU profiling, on-demand, in real-time, without interruption or connection to the server. Data can be collected on the disk (and extracted later) or can be sent to S3 (or any other system, PR are welcomed on the <a href="https://github.com/wallet77/v8-inspector-api" class="eq fo hc hd he hf" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">inspector-api project</a>). + </p> + <blockquote class="ks kt ku"> + <p id="6e87" class="go gp dg kv gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + And because the profiler is a part of V8 itself, the format of the generated JSON file is compatible with the Chrome dev tools. + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + </div> + <div class="hr"> + <div class="n p"> + <div class="kz la lb lc ld le ae lf af lg ah ai"> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr lh li paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq ag"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="lj r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img alt="CPU profiling before optimization" class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*CANkRN_yzl9tfrGd2F41wQ.png?q=20" width="1144" height="708" /> + </div><img alt="CPU profiling before optimization" class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="1144" height="708" /><noscript><img alt="CPU profiling before optimization" class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/2288/1*CANkRN_yzl9tfrGd2F41wQ.png" width="1144" height="708" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption class="bc ek ii ij ik cr cp cq il im ax ej"> + CPU profiling before optimization + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="n p"> + <div class="z ab ac ae af dd ah ai"> + <p id="2cda" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + <strong class="gq kj">How can we identify an issue?</strong> + </p> + <p id="e0d2" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + A CPU profiling should be read like this: + </p> + <ul class=""> + <li id="27e6" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb kk kl km">the x-axis shows the stack profile population + </li> + <li id="194a" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km">the y-axis shows stack depth + </li> + </ul> + <p id="e950" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + <strong class="gq kj">What does it mean?</strong> + </p> + <p id="174c" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + The larger is a box (a function call) the more it consumed CPU. So a good CPU profiling should look like a “flame” graph where each stack is the finest possible. + </p> + <p id="48d9" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + In our example, every request try to generate a token. For this purpose, it calls the function pbkdf2 which is CPU consuming. Our CPU profile looks like a sequence of big blocks of time, like if the last function in the call stack takes 99% of the total time. + </p> + <p id="d62c" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + The CPU profiling after optimizations, with the same time range. + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr cp cq paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq lk"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="ll r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*87KlGgfbuWP38nAaQaj3xw.png?q=20" width="930" height="523" role="presentation" /> + </div><img class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="930" height="523" role="presentation" /><noscript><img class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1860/1*87KlGgfbuWP38nAaQaj3xw.png" width="930" height="523" role="presentation" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption class="bc ek ii ij ik cr cp cq il im ax ej"> + CPU profiling after optimizations + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p id="10ee" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + As you can notice, we have to zoom to the profile if we want to see the call stack, because after optimizations the API was able to take a lot more traffic. Now every function in the call stack looks like a microtask. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="hr"> + <div class="n p"> + <div class="kz la lb lc ld le ae lf af lg ah ai"> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr lh li paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq lm"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="ln r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img alt="CPU profiling after optimization" class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*EO-pr4RolgcAOj_Uk1rpDA.png?q=20" width="1844" height="576" /> + </div><img alt="CPU profiling after optimization" class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="1844" height="576" /><noscript><img alt="CPU profiling after optimization" class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/3688/1*EO-pr4RolgcAOj_Uk1rpDA.png" width="1844" height="576" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption class="bc ek ii ij ik cr cp cq il im ax ej"> + Zoom in the CPU profiling + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="n p"> + <div class="z ab ac ae af dd ah ai"> + <p id="10f1" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + And now our application is able to serve more than 200,000 requests in 20 seconds; <strong class="gq kj">we increased the performance by a factor of 100k</strong>! + </p> + <figure class="hm hn ho hp hq hr cp cq paragraph-image"> + <div class="hs ht hu hv ai"> + <div class="cp cq lo"> + <div class="ib r hu ic"> + <div class="lp r"> + <div class="hw hx s t u hy ai by hz ia"> + <img class="s t u hy ai ie if ig" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*kfOK60PtmWx6iP681-qRcg.png?q=20" width="845" height="362" role="presentation" /> + </div><img class="hw hx s t u hy ai ih" width="845" height="362" role="presentation" /><noscript><img class="s t u hy ai" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1690/1*kfOK60PtmWx6iP681-qRcg.png" width="845" height="362" role="presentation" /></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <h1 id="98b9" class="gc gd dg ay ax ge di gf dk gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn"> + More than just CPU profiling + </h1> + <p id="e1ad" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb cy"> + With the inspector module, you can do much more than just CPU profiling, here is a non-exhaustive list: + </p> + <ul class=""> + <li id="eb04" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb kk kl km">memory dump & memory sampling + </li> + <li id="a9ea" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km">code coverage + </li> + <li id="b896" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km">use the debugger in real-time + </li> + </ul> + <h1 id="06d2" class="gc gd dg ay ax ge di gf dk gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn"> + Warnings + </h1> + <p id="731b" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb cy"> + Every tool, even the most powerful, comes with its own disadvantages. If you enable the profiler and/or the debugger on your production you have to keep an eye on two things: + </p> + <p id="e485" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + <strong class="gq kj">1) performance overhead</strong> + </p> + <p id="0513" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + A profiler needs to use CPU to work and it collects data into memory. The longer you let it run and the more CPU / memory it will need. This is why you should begin with very short CPU profiling, no more than a few seconds between the start and stop command. And never forget to monitor the impact of the profiler on your own infrastructure. If everything is fine you can increase the time and the frequency of CPU profiling. + </p> + <p id="049c" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + One more very important thing: <strong class="gq kj">never forget to always stop a started CPU profiling</strong>. You can add a timer to automatically call the stop function after a while. + </p> + <p id="0656" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + <strong class="gq kj">2) security</strong> + </p> + <p id="7999" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + Using the inspector in Node.js it’s like opening the door of the core of your application. You should be very careful about who can use features like CPU profiling and/or the debugger. Never make the inspector “public” as being able to launch a feature from an unsafe route (not protected with an authentification mechanism). Even the collected data can be seen as critical, never send it to a system you do not trust. + </p> + <h1 id="5618" class="gc gd dg ay ax ge di gf dk gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn"> + Conclusion + </h1> + <p id="ae1a" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb cy"> + CPU profiling is really a must-have tool for every developer. And now, with some precautions, we can run it on production thanks to the amazing work done by the V8 and Node.js team. + </p> + <p id="1eab" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + The inspector module offers a lot more features than you can use to debug your application. + </p> + <p id="0aba" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr hg gt hh gv hi gx hj gz hk hb cy"> + I will write another article about using CPU profiling and the inspector on production on a high traffic project. + </p> + <h1 id="3c5b" class="gc gd dg ay ax ge di gf dk gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn"> + Sources & links + </h1> + <ul class=""> + <li id="d86d" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb kk kl km"> + <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/inspector.html" class="eq fo hc hd he hf" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">https://nodejs.org/api/inspector.html</a> + </li> + <li id="cc52" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km"> + <a href="https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/v8" class="eq fo hc hd he hf" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/v8</a> + </li> + <li id="d331" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km"> + <a class="eq fo hc hd he hf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="/netflix-techblog/node-js-in-flames-ddd073803aa4">https://medium.com/netflix-techblog/node-js-in-flames-ddd073803aa4</a> + </li> + <li id="6420" class="go gp dg ay gq b gr kn gt ko gv kp gx kq gz kr hb kk kl km"> + <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/inspector-api" class="eq fo hc hd he hf" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">https://www.npmjs.com/package/inspector-api</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </section> + </div> + </article> + <div class="hw cx lq lr ai ly lw lz" data-test-id="post-sidebar"> + <div class="n p"> + <div class="z ab ac ae af ag ah ai"> + <div class="ma n ct"> + <div class="cx"> + <div class="mb mc r"> + <a 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We don’t have data about the state of the instance when the CPU usage has increased. So we can’t determine why we had this peak, at least not without an important time of debugging, comparing log, etc. This is exactly why you need to use CPU profiling.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"__typename":"Paragraph","iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:f7ff17b467b5_14":{"id":"f7ff17b467b5_14","name":"8d00","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"CPU profiling: what’s the difference with CPU monitoring?","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"__typename":"Paragraph","iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:f7ff17b467b5_15":{"id":"f7ff17b467b5_15","name":"19fb","type":"PQ","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"“Most commonly, profiling information serves to aid program optimization. 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At this step, our project is able to serve around 200 requests in 20 seconds. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-2/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-2/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1d0c6953 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-2/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Mama Robotnik", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "Nothing beats the passion of a true fan writing about something they love. That's what you're about to see here: one of the richest, most amazing tributes to a great gaming series that we've ever run on Kotaku. Warning #1: this one might make your browser chug, so close your other tabs. Warning #2: This piece might make it hurt a little more than there are no new Metroid games from Nintendo on the horizon.", + "Image": "https:\/\/i.kinja-img.com\/gawker-media\/image\/upload\/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_675,pg_1,q_80,w_1200\/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg", + "Title": "The Spectacular Story Of Metroid, One Of Gaming's Richest Universes", + "SiteName": "Kotaku" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-2/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-2/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c533fcfc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-2/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,1108 @@ +<div> + <figure data-id="18zu12g5xzyxojpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zu12g5xzyxojpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="970" data-height="546" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 800w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zu12g5xzyxojpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg 800w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + <em>Nothing beats the passion of a true fan writing about something they love. That's what you're about to see here: one of the richest, most amazing tributes to a great gaming series that we've ever run on</em> Kotaku<em>. <strong>Warning #1:</strong> this one might make your browser chug, so close your other tabs. <strong>Warning #2:</strong> This piece might make it hurt a little more than there are no new</em> Metroid <em>games from Nintendo on the horizon.</em> + </p> + <p> + <em>Please note that this is the first half of Mama Robotnik's massive</em> Metroid <em>story.</em> <span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","Internal link","https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108"><em>The second half can be found here</em></a></span><em>. The entire post is a greatly-expanded version of</em> <span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://www.neogaf.com/forum/showthread.php?t=649215",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://www.neogaf.com/forum/showthread.php?t=649215" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>a post</em></a></span> <em>that Mama Robotnik originally published on the NeoGAF forum before revising and reworking it for Kotaku. Take it away, MR...</em> + </p> + + + + <p> + Nintendo’s <em>Metroid</em> series tells us of a malevolent and vicious universe. It’s a maelstrom in which benevolent races are routinely extinguished, and corrupt empires wage war for ownership of living weapons. + </p> + + + <p> + It’s a place in which xenocide is a commissioned service, and grievances are resolved with planetary apocalypses. Everything is chaotically connected to a dead race of avian prophetic poets fighting a war throughout the cosmos. It’s a dark place to visit. + </p> + <p> + There are two purposes to this article: to explore the expansive lore of the <em>Metroid</em> universe – with speculation to fill in the gaps – and to exhibit some extraordinary <em>Metroid</em>-inspired art. All artwork is credited to its original source – follow the links to see further works of these spectacular artists. + </p> + + <h3 id="h3288"> + <a id></a>Notes on Speculation and Lore + </h3> + <p> + The games tell us much about this hostile universe, but there are a lot of unresolved story points. In response to these mysteries, the article will provide a healthy amount of speculation. You can consider the piece to be either a makeshift timeline illustrated with fan-artwork, or simply an enthusiastic attempt to reconcile the series continuity into a cohesive whole. The article is informed by the extensive research previously performed by its author. The approach taken regarding speculation is thus: The logical inclusion of probable events that resolve mysteries, while maintaining the themes of the series. + </p> + + <p> + Before we begin, let’s briefly revisit the five points of essential lore: + </p> + <ul data-type="List" data-style="Bullet"> + <li>Metroids are a genetically-engineered species, created by the Chozo in the prehistory of the games. By the time the first entry begins, Metroid creatures only exist on the planet SR388. At some point long before the games, there was also a Metroid presence on the planet Phaaze. + </li> + </ul> + + <p> + <em>(Metroid IL Return of Samus, Metroid Prime III: Corruption and Metroid Fusion)</em> + </p> + <ul data-type="List" data-style="Bullet"> + <li>At least some Chozo possessed a native ability to see into the future. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + <em>(Metroid: Zero Mission and Metroid Prime)</em> + </p> + <ul data-type="List" data-style="Bullet"> + <li>The Chozo discovered the living planet Phaaze with their Elysian Research Outpost. We are not told what transpired immediately after this discovery, but something happened that caused at least one Metroid organism to appear on Phaaze. The planet then loaded this creature – along with pieces Chozo-style powersuit armour, into a Phazon seed and launched it towards a heavily populated Chozo planet. This seed impacted Tallon IV and is contained by the Chozo within an impenetrable shield. The mutated superevolved Metroid creature within – clad in crafted power armour – is trapped in the shield until Samus Aran deactivated it thousands of years later. + </li> + </ul> + + <p> + <em>(Metroid Prime EU release, Metroid Prime III: Corruption and Metroid Prime Trilogy)</em> + </p> + <ul data-type="List" data-style="Bullet"> + <li>There are living planets in the <em>Metroid</em> Universe. Phaaze is explicitly referred to as being alive, and could interact with a sentient mind – as shown when a Galactic Federation Aurora Unit is implanted. The planet SR388 could be interpreted as having some form of sentience – it shook with apparent anger when its creatures were killed by Samus Aran, and precisely manipulated its oceans to lure the bounty hunter into hostile situations. (Metroid II: Return of Samus and Metroid Prime III: Corruption). The immediate backstory to the first game in the series is the discovery of the planet SR388. The final event of the final game in the chronology is the final destruction of SR388. + </li> + </ul> + + <p> + <em>(Metroid, Metroid II: Return of Samus)</em> + </p> + <h3 id="h3289"> + <a id></a>Referencing + </h3> + <p> + Each story section includes one or more of the below superscript annotations, to help inform the reader as to where the lore or speculation comes from. A brief key: + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqfwc3l0k28gif" data-recommend-id="image://18zqfwc3l0k28gif" data-format="gif" data-width="640" data-height="128" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + + </figure> + + <p> + With all that said, let us begin. + </p> + <h2 id="h3290"> + <a id></a>Part One: The Wars in Heaven + </h2> + <h3 id="h3291"> + <a id></a>The Living Planet + </h3> + <figure data-id="18zqg21aub0sljpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqg21aub0sljpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="488" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqg21aub0sljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqg21aub0sljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqg21aub0sljpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqg21aub0sljpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqg21aub0sljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqg21aub0sljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqg21aub0sljpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + <em>(</em><span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-dramatic-97410107",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-dramatic-97410107" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span><em>)</em> + </p> + <p> + On an unknown planet in the universe, a race of avian humanoids evolved. The species that will come to be known as the Chozo possessed great strength, agility and intelligence. The species is peaceful, and is driven by a social/religious value that nature is sacred. [M1 / MP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqg86aaay9kjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqg86aaay9kjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="575" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqg86aaay9kjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqg86aaay9kjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqg86aaay9kjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqg86aaay9kjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqg86aaay9kjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqg86aaay9kjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqg86aaay9kjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Goddess-121103720",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Goddess-121103720" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Certain blessed individuals were born with a unique gift – the vague comprehension of events set to take place in the distant future. Driven by these prophecies, the race advanced quickly and became space faring. With abstract predictions of a hostile universe, the Chozo developed powered armour and armaments to defend themselves. Prepared for whatever hostility awaited them, the Chozo explored the stars. [M1 / MP / MP SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqgmn6fovtyjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgmn6fovtyjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="409" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgmn6fovtyjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgmn6fovtyjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgmn6fovtyjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgmn6fovtyjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgmn6fovtyjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgmn6fovtyjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgmn6fovtyjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<em>Artist: Elearia</em>) + </p> + <p> + The Chozo discovered that – despite their prophets’ visions of a chaotic and warring universe – the cosmos was enjoying a prolonged period of peace and enlightenment. First contact was made with a number of old and wise races, such as the Ylla, the N’kren, the Bryyonians, the Alimbic and the Luminoth. The species shared their cultures and technology, and gently colonised wild worlds such as Aether, Elysia, and Tallon IV. [MP / MPH / MP2 / MP3] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="503" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://slapshoft.deviantart.com/art/quot-Past-is-Prologue-quot-259977883",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://slapshoft.deviantart.com/art/quot-Past-is-Prologue-quot-259977883" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Slapshoft</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Peace reigned through the cosmos. The alliance was a great universal renaissance, and lasted for a millennium. [MPH SP / MP2 SP / MP3 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqgqj9kac9hjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgqj9kac9hjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="426" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgqj9kac9hjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgqj9kac9hjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgqj9kac9hjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgqj9kac9hjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgqj9kac9hjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgqj9kac9hjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgqj9kac9hjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Oracle-of-Chozo-164523580",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Oracle-of-Chozo-164523580" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + During this calm, the Chozo prophets continued to receive increasingly severe visions of chaos. They foresaw a universe consumed by war, horrors evolving on distant worlds, and a great toxicity waiting to be unleashed. As the visions became more precise, the species isolated itself from its allies. The Chozo civilisation became intensely driven to fight this unclear threat. [MP / MP3 SP / M2 SP /MF SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqgrykgsndujpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgrykgsndujpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="273" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgrykgsndujpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgrykgsndujpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgrykgsndujpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgrykgsndujpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgrykgsndujpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgrykgsndujpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgrykgsndujpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://danillovesfood.deviantart.com/art/Commission-Metroid-Prime-Skytown-Elysia-336095763",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://danillovesfood.deviantart.com/art/Commission-Metroid-Prime-Skytown-Elysia-336095763" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: DanilLovesFood</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Chozo needed more potent tools to locate this unseen and distant danger. They expanded their SkyTown colony on the gas giant Elysia and remade it into a vast interstellar observatory powered by the planet’s endless storms. The facility was of such scale that an entire species of artificial life became necessary to maintain it. The Chozo created their first species – the mechanical Elysians. [MP3 / MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + Probes were launched across the universe, and the Elysians and Chozo scrutinised the data. The search took generations, while the planet’s tempestuous atmosphere battered SkyTown, weathering the station faster than the Elysians could maintain it. After countless probe launches, a partial transmission received from a decaying and distant satellite set prophecy in motion. [MP3] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqgtjse9p7rjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgtjse9p7rjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="375" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgtjse9p7rjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgtjse9p7rjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgtjse9p7rjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgtjse9p7rjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgtjse9p7rjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgtjse9p7rjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgtjse9p7rjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://mechanical-hand.deviantart.com/art/Phaaze-138141037",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://mechanical-hand.deviantart.com/art/Phaaze-138141037" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Mechanical-Hand</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The data received was terrifying. The blue planet registered as an organism, somehow existing as both mineral and flesh. Impossible radiation pulsed from the surface, which overwhelmed the Chozo satellite and rendered it inert. The location of the planet was immediately lost, and only a broad region of space could be established. [MP3] + </p> + + <p> + With this find, the Chozo purpose on SkyTown was fulfilled. The race departed the facility, leaving the Elysians to continue their monitoring of the stars. The abandoned race of robots continued to launch satellites to try and rediscover the blue world, hopeful that such a discovery would herald the return of their Chozo creators. The Elysians searched unsuccessfully until Elysia’s endless storms eroded their civilisation into a rusted remnant. [MP3] + </p> + <p> + The Chozo reconciled their vague discovery of a blue living planet with their prophecies of toxicity. On this distant world of poison, could creatures have evolved so vicious that they endangered the universe? [MP3 SP] + </p> + + <h3 id="h3292"> + <a id></a>The Invasion of Phaaze + </h3> + <figure data-id="18zqgy9h1t7injpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgy9h1t7injpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="399" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgy9h1t7injpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgy9h1t7injpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgy9h1t7injpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgy9h1t7injpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgy9h1t7injpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgy9h1t7injpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgy9h1t7injpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-flighter-175094535",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-flighter-175094535" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Finding the exact location of the deadly planet becomes a priority for the Chozo civilisation. A gargantuan ship was assembled on the holy planet of Tallon IV, and dispatched to the dark corner of the universe where the Elysian satellite had been lost. The greatest Chozo warriors, scientists and prophets commenced a crusade for the hostile world, knowing that they would likely never make it back home. During their long journey, they conceive a name for their target: Phaaze. [MP3 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqhapd1bv1hjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhapd1bv1hjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="450" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhapd1bv1hjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhapd1bv1hjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhapd1bv1hjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhapd1bv1hjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhapd1bv1hjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhapd1bv1hjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhapd1bv1hjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/MP-C-Phaaze-89786422",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/MP-C-Phaaze-89786422" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: SesakaTH</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Generations passed, and the Chozo expedition finally located the blue planet. As they approached, they witnessed the living world as it endlessly pulsed with blue and white energies. There was nothing like this place elsewhere in the universe. [MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + Their scans confirmed their worst fears – this atmosphere was a bath of radiation and mutation – and evolution had produced horrors. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqhdvss5le8jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhdvss5le8jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="621" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhdvss5le8jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhdvss5le8jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhdvss5le8jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhdvss5le8jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhdvss5le8jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhdvss5le8jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhdvss5le8jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://samusmmx.deviantart.com/art/Phazon-Worm-252806281",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://samusmmx.deviantart.com/art/Phazon-Worm-252806281" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: SamusMMX</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + For billions of years, Phaaze had mutated and irradiated life that evolved on its surface. The strongest creatures had survived to thrive in an ecosystem of beautiful poison. It was then that the Chozo understood: They had arrived at the home of the most devastating and deranged creatures in the known universe. [MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + If these monsters were to escape their containment on Phaaze, they would voraciously consume their way through the cosmos. With younger races only centuries away from space travel, the Chozo could not risk them finding this world and releasing its terrors. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <p> + The Chozo expedition came to an impasse. The threat of Phaaze’s superpredators had to be neutralised, but severe action against the planet would be sacrilege. The Chozo held life sacred, and refused to destroy the unique living world. [MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + A dangerous plan was agreed upon. The expedition ship landed on Phaaze, exposing the crew to tremendous radiation. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqhfmxw5dphjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhfmxw5dphjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="532" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhfmxw5dphjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhfmxw5dphjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhfmxw5dphjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhfmxw5dphjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhfmxw5dphjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhfmxw5dphjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhfmxw5dphjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://adoublea.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Chozo-warrior-138820343",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://adoublea.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Chozo-warrior-138820343" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Adoublea</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Chozo Warriors in power suits fought the planet’s creatures as they swarmed the ship. The soldiers battled, watching their kin die around them, in a desperate mission to buy time. [MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + The scientists within the ship began to harness the intense radiation around them, to try and engineer an artificial predator that could neutralise the planet’s superpredators. With access to the unique Phazon mutagen that covered the poisonous world, genetic engineering that should have taken decades was done in days. The Chozo engineered the first Metroid. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqhh28q856sjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhh28q856sjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="598" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhh28q856sjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhh28q856sjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhh28q856sjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhh28q856sjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhh28q856sjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhh28q856sjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhh28q856sjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Creator-278707002",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Creator-278707002" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Methuselah3000</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Metroid creature was unleashed onto the planet, and the radiation caused it to reproduce quickly. The resulting swarm of Metroids began to consume the planet’s monstrosities and established themselves as Phaaze’s apex predator. [MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + The Chozo mission was complete. The worst creatures were being hunted to extinction, and the Metroids were expected to die from starvation soon after. The cost had been enormous – most of the crew had been killed defending the ship, and the survivors were deathly ill from radiation poisoning. The burnt and damaged ship took off for the long journey home, but the crew soon succumbed to the radiation they had endured. The autopilot took the ship of Chozo bodies home. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqhipfm1vidjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhipfm1vidjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="381" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhipfm1vidjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhipfm1vidjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhipfm1vidjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhipfm1vidjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhipfm1vidjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhipfm1vidjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhipfm1vidjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Phazon-Mines-178697159",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Phazon-Mines-178697159" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + On Phaaze, the Metroid presence lasted decades as they consumed the planet’s superpredators. The corpses of Chozo warriors were absorbed into the planet, and their battle armour slowly became weathered and scattered. The planet’s slow sentience developed an outrage that seethed under its continents. It had been violated by the Chozo. As the Metroid infestation began to die out, Phaaze developed a very primitive concept of purpose and retribution. [MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + Phaaze established a vague awareness of concepts it had absorbed from the brains of the Chozo warrior corpses – and the location of two worlds from the Chozo’s memories. As the planet entered its reproductive cycle, it purposely directed two of its seeds towards the planets Tallon IV and Aether. In the seed sent to the Chozo world, Phaaze included one of the last surviving Metroid creatures and some ruined pieces of Chozo armour, intended as a reminder of the crime Phaaze had endured at their hands. The planet sent its second seed to Aether, as the absorbed memories informed the living planet that its inhabitants were friends of the Chozo, and therefore the enemies of Phaaze. [MP 1 / MP 2 SP / MP3 SP] + </p> + <p> + The expedition ship – heavily damaged by radiation and lack of maintenance – was guided back to civilisation by an increasingly erratic auto-pilot. After decades it eventually approached the Chozo world of Zebes, and crash-landed onto its surface. The Chozo civilisation attempted to recover data logs from the wreckage with very limited success – they were able to understand the sacrifice that the heroic crew had made, and confirmed the apparent success of the Metroids in neutralising the creatures on the living planet. The Chozo authorities were unable to establish the location of Phaaze, or recover much in the way of scientific data concerning it. [MP3 SP / SM SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqhkgkmizwijpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhkgkmizwijpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="380" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhkgkmizwijpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhkgkmizwijpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhkgkmizwijpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhkgkmizwijpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhkgkmizwijpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhkgkmizwijpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhkgkmizwijpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/MDB-Bestiary-Metroid-Prime-338464952",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/MDB-Bestiary-Metroid-Prime-338464952" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Methuselah3000</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + As the Tallon IV seed began its centuries of travelling through space, the lone Metroid within absorbed vast amounts of Phazon and radiation. It became self-aware, and grew in size, intelligence and strength. It used the ruined pieces of Chozo armour to construct itself an exoskeleton, and descended into madness. The exoskeleton failed to protect the creature from the endless radiation, and the Metroid became as exotic as Phaaze’s extinct superpredators: An undying tortured genius. [MP / MP2 / MP3 / MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + The creature that would come to be known as Metroid Prime resented Phaaze for imprisoning it in the Leviathan. It resented the Chozo for creating and discarding the Metroids. It decided that it would survive, bring order to the chaotic universe that birthed it, and somehow enslave Phaaze to its will. In its solitude, immortal as a consequence of its mutations, Metroid Prime plotted its revenge against the universe. [MP / MP2 / MP3 / MP3 SP] + </p> + <h3 id="h3293"> + <a id></a>The Dark Planet + </h3> + <p> + With a clear understanding of the danger of living planets, the Chozo authority commenced a search for similar threats. With far more advanced technology than their ancestors had during the Elysian era, the Chozo were unfortunate enough to find a planet of even greater horrors. [MP 3 SP / M2] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqhnuwesum0jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhnuwesum0jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhnuwesum0jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhnuwesum0jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhnuwesum0jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhnuwesum0jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhnuwesum0jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhnuwesum0jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhnuwesum0jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://peacefistartist.deviantart.com/art/SR388-126083062",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://peacefistartist.deviantart.com/art/SR388-126083062" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artist: PeaceFistArtist</a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Chozo detected strange readings coming from a world in a desolate part of the galaxy. The planet had been previously considered so obscure and unimportant that it didn’t have a name, merely catalogued with the codename SR388 and left to its obscurity. A detailed analysis picked up some extremely strange observations; though seemingly mineral, the caverns and liquids beneath the surface shifted with metabolic rhythm – as if the whole planet was somehow a living thing. A ship was dispatched, and the strongest Chozo warriors braved the caverns beneath the surface. [M2 / M2 SP] + </p> + + <p> + Few made it back. They told of a cauldron of evil, an environment so hostile and vicious that it had birthed the most terrible things. [M2] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqhokjxzrgmjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhokjxzrgmjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="355" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhokjxzrgmjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhokjxzrgmjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhokjxzrgmjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhokjxzrgmjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhokjxzrgmjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhokjxzrgmjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhokjxzrgmjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://lightningarts.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Metal-Fusion-Sector1-393385160",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://lightningarts.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Metal-Fusion-Sector1-393385160" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artist: LightningArts</a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Beneath that planet, evolution had been won by an abomination that could steal the flesh, abilities, memories and strengths of all of its prey. The creature was a fusion of energy and plasma that parasitized on life itself. With no word suitable for the nightmare they had discovered, the Chozo simply called it X. If these X-Parasites somehow gained access to the wider universe, there would be no force that could contain them. [M2] + </p> + + <p> + The threat had to be dealt with. Remembering the apparent success of the Chozo expedition to Phaaze, a plan was put into action. The Chozo assembled their best and brightest, their strongest and wisest. They carved their way into SR388, and dispatched mechanical creatures to construct secure facilities. Robots and Chozo warriors repressed all instances of the X-Parasite as they found them, but casualties were high. The planet appeared to fight the Chozo at every turn, it drowned the invaders in acid and unleashed ambushes of creatures. The endless swam of X-Parasites gained strength from the corpses around them. [MP3 SP / M2] + </p> + <p> + Deep in the planet, a glass laboratory was created, its walls highly resistant to SR388’s acid belly. Here, in dangerous proximity to the X-Parasites, the Chozo scientists began their work. [M2] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="552" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Account-119685313",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Account-119685313" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Chozo tried to recreate the plan of their ancestors – the use of Metroids to pacify superpredators too dangerous to exist. Without access to the same planetary radiation and materials the Phaaze expedition had, progress was slow. As the war against the planet was raging around them, the Chozo scientists were able to engineer Metroids, but not a variant strong enough to overcome the X-Parasites. As more and more Chozo died protecting the laboratory, a different approach was needed. [M2 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqht0ddb9ozjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqht0ddb9ozjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="396" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqht0ddb9ozjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqht0ddb9ozjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqht0ddb9ozjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqht0ddb9ozjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqht0ddb9ozjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqht0ddb9ozjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqht0ddb9ozjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://starshadow76.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Queen-Concept-Art-157008177",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://starshadow76.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Queen-Concept-Art-157008177" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Starshadow76</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Chozo succeeded in engineering a Metroid Queen, a colossal creature who would lay Metroid Hatchling eggs. When hatched, these resulting Metroids were strong and durable creatures, and finally potent enough to combat the X menace. The Chozo knew that to completely suppress the parasites, the Metroid presence on SR388 had to be permanent. To ensure that the species would not overfeed on the environment and wipe out its food chains, the scientists hardwired an instinct into the Metroid Queen’s feral mind: Only thirty-nine Metroids were to exist on the planet at any one time. This, it was hoped, would keep their numbers high enough to destroy any X re-emergence, but low enough so that they wouldn’t consume the rest of the life on the planet, and starve to death from lack of food. [M2] + </p> + + <p> + The scientists assembled a payload of Hatchling Eggs and the surviving Chozo warriors distributed them across the planet. The eggs hatched quickly, and the X-Parasites were immediately overwhelmed by the infant Metroids. The X-Parasites were quickly hunted to near-extinction, with only a few surviving cells entering a state of suspension deep in the planet. [M2 SP / MF] + </p> + <p> + The Chozo had won their war, but only just. Most of the warriors and scientists had not survived, and those that were left had to make sure that the X-Parasites had been permanently suppressed. The planet shook with tremors; the earth shifted and acid poured, as if the world was trying to crush the Chozo in their glass laboratory. [M2 SP] + </p> + + <p> + The X-Parasites did not return, and the Metroid Queen continued to scream as her glass prison shook. The Chozo didn’t realise it, but her despair was being heard. [M2 SP] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqhuzegzvcfjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhuzegzvcfjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="415" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhuzegzvcfjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhuzegzvcfjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhuzegzvcfjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhuzegzvcfjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhuzegzvcfjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhuzegzvcfjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhuzegzvcfjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://hermax669.deviantart.com/art/Omega-Metroid-93544917",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://hermax669.deviantart.com/art/Omega-Metroid-93544917" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Hermax669</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + SR388 had been violated by the Chozo. Though very different to Phaaze, SR388 had its own vague sense of awareness. It perceived the Chozo as a viral infection, and the dead X-Parasites as part of itself. It understood loss, and shook with ancient rage. [MP3 SP / M2 SP / MF SP] + </p> + + <p> + It changed itself to change the Metroids. It adopted them to replace the X-Parasites, and quickly killed the weaker breeds. It moved its radioactive minerals closer to their eggs and soon mutated the species. As SR388 had done with X, it did with the Metroids. It made them strong. [M2 SP / MF SP] + </p> + <p> + Alpha, Gamma, Zeta and Omega Metroids spawned quickly, and responded to the screams of their Queen. With their bulk and strength, they smashed through the glass laboratory and slaughtered their Chozo creators. The Chozo warriors were hunted down and crushed. [M2] + </p> + + <p> + SR388 developed into a new cauldron of hostility. The Metroids served as the apex predator, and the robots of the Chozo decayed into machine madness and prowled the ruins, killing on sight. The Chozo mission to suppress the X-Parasite had been a success, but the planet had gained its revenge. [M2 / M2 SP / MF] + </p> + <h2 id="h3294"> + <a id></a>Part Two: The End of the Renaissance + </h2> + <h3 id="h3295"> + <a id></a>The Holy World + </h3> + <p> + The Chozo had devastated two planets for the good of the universe, and sustained many causalities. The superpredators of Phaaze were extinct and the X-Parasites were permanently suppressed. With the crisis over, the race became consumed with a collective sense of guilt over their necessary actions. The Chozo believed the life of the universe to be sacred, and had to reconcile their aggressive actions with their faith. [MP SP / MP3 SP / M2 / MF] + </p> + + <p> + Worse still, their prophets continued to have visions of endless conflict and death. War was coming to the universe, and it seemed that their sins had not saved them. Many began to doubt these visions, and a schism occurred. [MP/ MP3 SP] + </p> + <p> + The bulk of the Chozo civilisation retired themselves from galactic affairs, leaving only a few scattered colonies amongst the stars. The race retreated to the holy planet of Tallon IV, to shun their technologies and begin simpler, poetic lives. These Chozo reconnected themselves to the natural world and tried to find a harmony with it. As time went on, the most potent prophets became manic, and tried to warn their fellows of a great poison that was to come. [M1 / MP] + </p> + + <p> + These visions were met with increasing dismissal, but the day finally came when the prophets were believed. After eons swimming in the stars, Phaaze’s seed entered the Tallon system. [MP / MP3] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqidecyjp0ujpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqidecyjp0ujpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="315" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqidecyjp0ujpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqidecyjp0ujpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqidecyjp0ujpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqidecyjp0ujpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqidecyjp0ujpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqidecyjp0ujpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqidecyjp0ujpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://hameed.deviantart.com/art/Cessation-619497",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://hameed.deviantart.com/art/Cessation-619497" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Hameed</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Leviathan crashed down, and rained poison and death unto the world. The impact survivors watched as their sacred nature succumbed to the mutagens leaking from the seed, and barricaded themselves in their temples as the flora and fauna transformed. Phazon spread beneath the surface of the dying planet, and radiation storms battered the surface. [MP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqiejsfe664jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiejsfe664jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="674" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiejsfe664jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiejsfe664jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiejsfe664jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiejsfe664jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiejsfe664jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiejsfe664jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiejsfe664jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://riivka.deviantart.com/art/Fading-321733899",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://riivka.deviantart.com/art/Fading-321733899" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Source: Riivka</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Chozos’ punishment for their sins, and the fulfilment of Phaaze’s wrath, reached biblical proportions. The Chozo of Tallon IV did not get to rest in peace. Their life energies suffered from Phazon disruption, and upon death they became mad ghosts who screamed forever as they were torn in and out of the material world. In this purgatory, the undead immaterial Chozo murdered anyone they could find. [MP / MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + As their numbers dwindled, the last of the Chozo constructed a great temple above the impact crater. Within this temple, they used what little technology remained to project an energy field around the Leviathan to slow the spread of contagion. As the Chozo civilisation on Tallon IV was extinguished, their dying prophets told of a hero who would one day emerge, to enter the crater and defeat the evil worm within. [MP] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqigaxkohx4jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqigaxkohx4jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="405" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqigaxkohx4jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqigaxkohx4jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqigaxkohx4jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqigaxkohx4jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqigaxkohx4jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqigaxkohx4jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqigaxkohx4jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://havoc-dm.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Prime-74392852",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://havoc-dm.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Prime-74392852" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Source: Havoc-DM</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Within the Impact Crater, Metroid Prime remained trapped within the Chozo energy field. In its armour constructed from ancient Chozo power suits, it continued its wait to be unleashed on the universe. [MP / MP3 SP] + </p> + + <h3 id="h3296"> + <a id></a>Dark Echoes + </h3> + <figure data-id="18zqiho9ab5xrjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiho9ab5xrjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="639" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiho9ab5xrjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiho9ab5xrjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiho9ab5xrjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiho9ab5xrjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiho9ab5xrjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiho9ab5xrjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiho9ab5xrjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/luminoth-priest-191995430",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/luminoth-priest-191995430" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artist: 3ihard</a></span>) + </p> + <p> + On the planet Aether, an ancient race of mystics known as the Luminoth received the horrifying data coming from Tallon IV. In distant times, the Luminoth and the Chozo had been steadfast allies – until the Chozo retreat ended their ties. Desperate to assist, the Luminoth began to organise a rescue mission. [MP2 / MP2 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqijbga70tljpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqijbga70tljpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqijbga70tljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqijbga70tljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqijbga70tljpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqijbga70tljpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqijbga70tljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqijbga70tljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqijbga70tljpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://pugofdoom.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Ghost-88765133",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://pugofdoom.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Ghost-88765133" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artist: PugOfDoon</a></span>) + </p> + <p> + A dark transmission was received from Tallon IV. The image showed a screaming, ghostly Chozo figure, flickering in and out of the living universe. In its undead madness, it spoke for its kin. It raged that they would kill anyone who would set foot on their world. The planet was pandemonium, a cursed world on which the dead could not die. As the signal faded, the Luminoth realised that there was no one left alive to rescue. [MP SP / MP2 SP] + </p> + + <p> + The Luminoth were receiving strange readings from the devastated planet. A mutagen was spreading, unlike anything they had ever encountered. They scanned the stars for its source, and made a devastating discovery – a mass of the same mutagen was on a collision course with Aether. Phaaze’s second seed had nearly arrived at its destination. [MP2 SP / MP3 SP] + </p> + <p> + The people of Aether turned to their technology to save them. Their planet had no native star of its own, and had been implanted millennia ago with a complex energy network that sustained all life. This system was reverently called the Light of Aether, and harnessed the light of the universe in its mechanism. The Luminoth realised that even with this great power, they could not destroy the Phazon Leviathan. A different approach was needed. [MP2 / MP2 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqim04ra2w5jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqim04ra2w5jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="736" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqim04ra2w5jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqim04ra2w5jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqim04ra2w5jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqim04ra2w5jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqim04ra2w5jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqim04ra2w5jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqim04ra2w5jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/Sanctuary-Fortress-Ing-Hive-72912247",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/Sanctuary-Fortress-Ing-Hive-72912247" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: SesaKath</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Luminoth used their great Light to engineer a small pocket universe, a dark lifeless echo of existence. The plan was bold: they would use the Light of Aether to surgically open the fabric of reality in the path of the Phazon seed, and allow it to harmlessly enter the pocket universe. If all went well, they would be saved. [MP2 SP] + </p> + + <p> + The day came, and the Leviathan entered Aether’s atmosphere. The Luminoth commenced their great plan. [MP2 SP] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqimznelg78jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqimznelg78jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="321" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqimznelg78jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqimznelg78jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqimznelg78jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqimznelg78jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqimznelg78jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqimznelg78jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqimznelg78jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://adriencgd.deviantart.com/art/Clashing-Neighbors-327277211",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://adriencgd.deviantart.com/art/Clashing-Neighbors-327277211" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Adriencgd</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Phaaze’s seed was a sum of living materials beyond Luminoth comprehension. It hit the pocket universe with incalculable force, and a tsunami of exotic energy ruptured space and time. The equipment containing the dark reality lost containment within moments, and the Luminoth were helpless as their creation expanded across the entire planet. A wave of dark energy absorbed creatures, structures and land into the dark universe, and what was once a single planet – was now two. [MP2 / MP2 SP] + </p> + + <p> + The Luminoth surveyed the devastation. The Phazon seed was gone – it had indeed collided with the dark universe. Entire continents, with millions of inhabitants, had vanished with it. [MP2 / MP2 SP + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqiocyxn4ksjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiocyxn4ksjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="407" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiocyxn4ksjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiocyxn4ksjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiocyxn4ksjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiocyxn4ksjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiocyxn4ksjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiocyxn4ksjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiocyxn4ksjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://azureparagon.deviantart.com/art/Void-Xarasque-Sky-Station-244410462",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://azureparagon.deviantart.com/art/Void-Xarasque-Sky-Station-244410462" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: AzureParagon</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + In the dark universe, a grotesque world was being born. Previous inhabitants of Aether, having been absorbed when containment of the pocket universe was lost, found themselves twisted by the corrosive new reality around them. Most perished, and their flesh fed the strange carnivorous fungi that glowed sickly colours. Some survivors were mutated by the Phazon slowly spreading beneath the surface, and adapted to survive in the hostility. [MP2 SP] + </p> + + <p> + Aether and its echo, the Phazon-infested Dark Aether, existed in synchronicity. As the Luminoth tried to rebuild their planet, it took only decades for cracks to form in the ether separating the two realities. As rips in the universe shattered open, Aether became a battlefield. [MP2] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqiq826qgjkjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiq826qgjkjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="379" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiq826qgjkjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiq826qgjkjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiq826qgjkjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiq826qgjkjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiq826qgjkjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiq826qgjkjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiq826qgjkjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://xxkiragaxx.deviantart.com/art/ING-181463823",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://xxkiragaxx.deviantart.com/art/ING-181463823" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Xxkiragaxx</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + A womb of Phazon mutation and dark energies had birthed a cunning and ferocious horde. The Ing erupted through the cracks between the two worlds, and commenced slaughter. They were fought back by the Luminoth, and a war began between the two parallel worlds. The Ing invaded Aether with regularity, and killed, pillaged and destroyed all that they could find. The Luminoth retaliated and crusaded into Dark Aether in their Light Suits, on suicide missions to exterminate the source of the Ing menace. Both sides suffered colossal casualties as the decades went on. [MP2] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqirpbvm7a1jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqirpbvm7a1jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="535" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqirpbvm7a1jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqirpbvm7a1jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqirpbvm7a1jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqirpbvm7a1jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqirpbvm7a1jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqirpbvm7a1jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqirpbvm7a1jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/The-U-MOS-118477953",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/The-U-MOS-118477953" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The war was being lost by the Luminoth. The Ing had exterminated most of their race and had stolen too many vital technologies. With the theft of essential energy components from the Light of Aether power network, they had become a defeated people. [MP2] + </p> + + <p> + The Ing had destroyed all of Aether’s ancient ships, and condemned the Luminoth to no escape from their doomed world. With no other choice, the survivors sealed themselves in an inner sanctum, and entered a state of suspended animation. One custodian, U-Mos, volunteered to be their guardian. As Aether became weaker and weaker, the Luminoth waited for someone to save them. They would wait a very long time. [MP2] + </p> + <h3 id="h3297"> + <a id></a>The Sacrifice of the Alimbics + </h3> + <figure data-id="18zqitehsufhejpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqitehsufhejpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="393" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqitehsufhejpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqitehsufhejpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqitehsufhejpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqitehsufhejpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqitehsufhejpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqitehsufhejpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqitehsufhejpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://kihunter.deviantart.com/art/MPH-The-Alimbics-94723125",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://kihunter.deviantart.com/art/MPH-The-Alimbics-94723125" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Kihunter</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + As the Chozo and the Luminoth fell, so too did other ancient races. In a distant part of the universe, the Alimbics were a militaristic society that maintained peace in their galactic cluster. Their order was shattered when a murderous entity, originating from someplace beyond the understood universe, plummeted into one of their worlds. The creature emerged from the devastation as a gaseous entity, and assumed an Alimbic-styled body to begin its onslaught. [MPH] + </p> + + <p> + This alien juggernaut was named Gorea by the Alimbic race, and they soon understood it brought only death. Gorea killed every Alimbic it could find, and destroyed everything in its path. Planet after planet fell to Gorea, and the Alimbics realised the creature would never stop. [MPH] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqiuxqv4hadjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiuxqv4hadjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="355" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiuxqv4hadjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiuxqv4hadjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiuxqv4hadjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiuxqv4hadjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiuxqv4hadjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiuxqv4hadjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiuxqv4hadjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/The-Oubliette-46403925",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/The-Oubliette-46403925" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Sesakath</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Alimbics performed an act of supreme sacrifice. They combined the mental energies of their entire race to forge a prison for Gorea. The psychic prison held it bound, and it was transplanted into an organic vessel called The Oubliette. The vessel was launched into the void outside of the universe, a course that would keep its indestructible prisoner in exile forever. The systems of the prison ship were tasked to scan the every molecule of the imprisoned Gorea, and devise an Omega weapon that could be used to kill it. [MPH / MPH SP] + </p> + + <p> + The mental energies expelled in this plan consumed the physical bodies of the entire Alimbic race. They vanished from the universe in an instant. Their sacrifice protected all life in the cosmos from Gorea’s murderous rampage. [MPH] + </p> + <h3 id="h3298"> + <a id></a>The War of Bryyo + </h3> + <figure data-id="18zqixy9iqkrejpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqixy9iqkrejpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="414" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqixy9iqkrejpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqixy9iqkrejpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqixy9iqkrejpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqixy9iqkrejpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqixy9iqkrejpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqixy9iqkrejpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqixy9iqkrejpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/MP-C-Bryyo-88412835",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/MP-C-Bryyo-88412835" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Sesakath</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + As the old races of the universe died around them, the lizard people of Bryyo faced their own challenges. The Bryyonians were an advanced, space-faring race who had learned much from their Chozo allies. Their society was a deeply polarised one, with tensions eternal between the scientific and religious factions.[MP3] + </p> + + <p> + Over the previous centuries, the scientific agenda had dominated, with space travel proving beneficial and enlightening. As the Chozo, Luminoth and Alimbics faced extinction, the religious Bryyonians believed more than ever that the universe was a hostile place, and became desperate to stop their scientific counterparts. [MP3] + </p> + <p> + A great war exploded across Bryyo. By its end, the scholars had been wiped out and the survivors of both sides had regressed to a feral existence. The race devolved into animals, wandering around ruins that they no longer understood. Language vanished and strength ruled. Anyone who landed on Bryyo was meat, to be killed and eaten. [MP3] + </p> + + <h3 id="h3299"> + <a id></a>The Little Rainy Planet + </h3> + <p> + The onslaught of vengeances, conquerors, poisons and politics destroyed the old races. The Alimbics had lost their flesh, while the Bryyonians had lost their souls. The Luminoth had retreated into stasis, and the Chozo of Tallon IV had been condemned to a living death. [MP / MPH / MP2 / MP3] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqiznfcy0icjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiznfcy0icjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="430" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiznfcy0icjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiznfcy0icjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiznfcy0icjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiznfcy0icjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiznfcy0icjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiznfcy0icjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiznfcy0icjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://kaiquesilva.deviantart.com/art/Planet-Zebes-251229151",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://kaiquesilva.deviantart.com/art/Planet-Zebes-251229151" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Kaiquesilva</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + On a small, rainy planet called Zebes, the last known Chozo colony had watched the stars with impotence. This small settlement of the nearly-extinct avian race witnessed the end of the great universal renaissance, and the slow beginning of a new chapter in galactic history. Gradually, the younger races were launching their first satellites into space. In time, new empires would rise to take the place of the old. [M1 / M1 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqj0sv6pheljpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqj0sv6pheljpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="591" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqj0sv6pheljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqj0sv6pheljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqj0sv6pheljpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqj0sv6pheljpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqj0sv6pheljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqj0sv6pheljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqj0sv6pheljpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Praying-for-Universe-179491357",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Praying-for-Universe-179491357" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Zebes prophets’ saw the visions the Chozo had always endured: great wars, spreading poison and death. And suddenly, something bold was foreseen. [M1 SP / MP3 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="528" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://fddt.deviantart.com/art/Samus-Aran-368975394",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://fddt.deviantart.com/art/Samus-Aran-368975394" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Fddt</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + A great hunter, clad in orange, red and green. The Chozo glimpsed a future hero, alone in the darkness beneath worlds, fighting so that good could survive evil. They saw her curing poisoned planets, and ending galactic wars. They saw the universe’s one chance to survive its apocalyptic future. They saw the only one who could defy prophecy. [M1 / MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + And they saw her wearing Chozo armour. [M1] + </p> + <h2 id="h3300"> + <a id></a>Part Three: The New Empires + </h2> + <h3 id="h3301"> + <a id></a>The Humans + </h3> + <p> + On the planet Earth, the human race had finally developed a ship capable of leaving their solar system. A brave crew ventured into the universe to learn whether life existed elsewhere. Their discoveries fundamentally changed the human condition. On planet after planet, they found ruined tombs and cities, guarded by weathered statues of dead races. Most significant of all, they found technology. [M1 SP] + </p> + + <p> + The humans reverse engineered their salvage, and advanced with pace. Within another century, faster-than-light ships explored the stars, and colonies transformed hostile worlds into homes. Peaceful relations formed between other younger races, and a great Galactic Federation was founded. [M1 SP] + </p> + <h3 id="h3302"> + <a id></a>The Space Pirates + </h3> + <p> + In a less hospitable region of space, a cabal of battered races joined their forces to survive. On planets where acid rain burned flesh and magma flowed, the alliance expanded into a hardened space empire. They ventured into nearby systems and took what they needed from anyone they could reach. They found the ruins of the old races and ransacked the ancient technologies within. They immersed themselves in science and unlocked the secrets of their finds. Within decades, they had advanced their spread with stronger and faster ships. The creatures enhanced themselves, rewriting their genetics and integrating mechanisms beneath their flesh. They were unique: a cybernetic race of furious murderers with a skill for patient scientific process. As more planets were invaded, their conquered civilisations were conscripted by force. [M1 SP / MP / MP3] + </p> + + <p> + The inevitable moment came when their Empire reached the borders of the vast Galactic Federation. [M1 SP / MP / MP3] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqjuebmfw70jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqjuebmfw70jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="489" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjuebmfw70jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjuebmfw70jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjuebmfw70jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqjuebmfw70jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjuebmfw70jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjuebmfw70jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjuebmfw70jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://mr-corr.deviantart.com/art/fight-for-norion-175087687",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://mr-corr.deviantart.com/art/fight-for-norion-175087687" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Mr-Corr</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + First contact was brief and furious. On that day, the warning went out to all the worlds of the Federation: Beware the Space Pirates. Though no state of war was officially declared, the empires attacked each other on sight. The Galactic Federation was large enough to repress any meaningful incursions into their space. [M1 SP / MP SP / MP3 SP / SM SP] + </p> + + <h3 id="h3303"> + <a id></a>The Massacre of Two Families + </h3> + <p> + The Galactic Federation discovered the last Chozo Colony on Zebes. The tired, ancient avians welcomed the humans and shared with them wisdom and knowledge. They offered the Galactic Federation new sciences, and taught them how to make organic computers. The Federation studied the Chozo’s own central processing unit, an engineered brain that mothered over their colony, and left with plans to assemble their own variants. On the nearest habitable planet of K-2L, a colony was established. [M1 / MP3 SP] + </p> + + <p> + On this world, the human Samus Aran was born. [M1] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="478" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/Zebesian-Space-Pirate-301454831",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/Zebesian-Space-Pirate-301454831" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Methuselah3000</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Barely out of infancy, the young Samus witnessed her family die. A Space Pirate raiding party overwhelmed her colony and murdered everyone she ever knew. By staying silent while surrounded by horror, Samus survived as the Pirates ransacked the settlement and left. [M1] + </p> + + <p> + The Chozo colony on Zebes received K-2L’s automated distress signal. In an ancient dusty ship, they reached the planet and found Samus to be the only survivor of the massacre. The child was brought to Zebes, and the Chozo deliberated. Should she be returned to her own kind, or allowed to stay? [M1] + </p> + <p> + Across the colony, the Prophets experienced a simultaneous moment of clarity. They understood immediately that they had found their prophesised hero. The young girl was their inheritor, and would grow strong. She would learn all she could from them, and take their strongest technologies into the universe. She would be the hero against the oncoming storm. [M1 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqjz9xd98ltjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqjz9xd98ltjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="524" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjz9xd98ltjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjz9xd98ltjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjz9xd98ltjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqjz9xd98ltjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjz9xd98ltjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjz9xd98ltjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjz9xd98ltjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://r3dfive.deviantart.com/art/The-Birth-Of-The-Hunter-255511894",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://r3dfive.deviantart.com/art/The-Birth-Of-The-Hunter-255511894" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: R3dFiVe</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Samus Aran reached maturity amongst the Chozo. She was trained in the combat arts of the great extinct races. She was infused with Chozo genetic material so she could employ their technologies. She was educated to be a scientist, an explorer, and a tactician. Everything that was good about the Chozo civilisation was allowed to live on in Samus. [M1] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqjzzky4ffnjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqjzzky4ffnjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="517" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjzzky4ffnjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjzzky4ffnjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjzzky4ffnjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqjzzky4ffnjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjzzky4ffnjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjzzky4ffnjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjzzky4ffnjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://pyra.deviantart.com/art/Decaying-Elder-53293713",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://pyra.deviantart.com/art/Decaying-Elder-53293713" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Pyra</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Samus became an adult, and the Chozo presented her with their greatest works: a toughened power suit and an agile spacecraft, both more potent than anything their race had ever made. The Chozo leader, decaying and blind, told Samus it was time for her to find her destiny in the universe. Samus Aran departed for the stars, and years pass. [M1 / M1 SP] + </p> + + <p> + As Samus tried to reconnect with her heritage on Earth, the last Chozo prophets on Zebes received a final vision: The Space Pirates were coming for them. It was time for the last Chozo to be extinguished from the universe. [M1 SP] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqk1guma1bojpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk1guma1bojpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="401" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk1guma1bojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk1guma1bojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk1guma1bojpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk1guma1bojpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk1guma1bojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk1guma1bojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk1guma1bojpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://phobos-romulus.deviantart.com/art/The-Chozo-187935440",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://phobos-romulus.deviantart.com/art/The-Chozo-187935440" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Phobos-Romulus</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The Chozo hid their technologies throughout the planet, in places that they were certain Samus would find them. They concealed a second Power Suit within the walls of their holy temple, having foreseen that Samus may require it in the future. They then returned to the surface to await the inevitable. [M1 SP] + </p> + + <p> + The Space Pirates invaded in force, and murdered Samus Aran’s second family. The Chozo became extinct. [M1 / MP SP] + </p> + <h3 id="h3304"> + <a id></a>The Mother Brain + </h3> + <p> + Space Pirate scientists arrived shortly after the carnage and focused their attention on the legendary Chozo organic central processing unit. They rewrote its benign programming and injected stimulants into its flesh. They enabled it to form an artificial intelligence obsessed with strategy and conquest. They drove its computational potential towards absolute advancement of the Space Pirate Empire. [M1 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqk2icdbv0cjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk2icdbv0cjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="528" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk2icdbv0cjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk2icdbv0cjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk2icdbv0cjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk2icdbv0cjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk2icdbv0cjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk2icdbv0cjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk2icdbv0cjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://jaagup.deviantart.com/art/mother-brain-258536723",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://jaagup.deviantart.com/art/mother-brain-258536723" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Jaagup</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + The results went beyond High Command’s most optimistic projections. The Space Pirates had created a leader, a desperately needed figure to unite their fragmented empire. They had created their Mother Brain. The great Space Pirate generals Ridley and Kraid arrived at Zebes, ready to pay tribute to their new master and to plan for the future. Mother Brain delivered to the Space Pirates knowledge and power. She told them of a world referenced in her oldest Chozo databanks, a planet bathed in a mutagenic poison waiting to be farmed. She instructed High Command to prepare an armada of ships and invade the planet Tallon IV. [M1 / MP SP] + </p> + + <p> + The order was followed immediately, and the High Command discovered a world deranged by contagion. Beneath its surface, endless pools of Phazon waited to be weaponised, and a great mining operation began. Mother Brain received data from their readings on the planet; even after thousands of years, the source of the Phazon was still contained in the Chozo force field. She scrutinised her records further, and was unable to ascertain any method of breaching the barrier. The Space Pirates could retrieve the Phazon, but were denied access to its source. [MP] + </p> + <h3 id="h3305"> + <a id></a>The Metroids + </h3> + <p> + A perfect storm brewed. As the Space Pirates gained access to the most potent mutagen in the universe, the Galactic Federation made an equally eventful discovery: They found the dark planet SR388. [M1 / M2] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqk5mt4ocetjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk5mt4ocetjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="477" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk5mt4ocetjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk5mt4ocetjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk5mt4ocetjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk5mt4ocetjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk5mt4ocetjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk5mt4ocetjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk5mt4ocetjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://firebornform.deviantart.com/art/SR388-Tunnels-353312617",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://firebornform.deviantart.com/art/SR388-Tunnels-353312617" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Fireborn Form</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + A Galactic Federation survey team studied the surface, and soon encountered a gelatinous creature that swam through air. The alien defied gravity and physics as it phased through dense rock with ease. It perceived the survey team, and made a few curious chirps in their direction. It then suddenly changed temperament, aggressively charging to latch itself onto the skull of one of the party. The victim died in agony as the Metroid fed on all the energy within, and could not be removed until its prey had been reduced to a dried husk of collapsing matter. The young Metroid had just killed, in a way that science could not explain. [M1 SP / M2 SP] + </p> + + <p> + With effort and casualties, the scientists contained a few infant specimens of the Metroid creatures, and left the planet without further incident. [M1] + </p> + <p> + As their vessel went back to the stars, SR388 was aware their withdrawal. It harboured a great contempt for the invaders, an endless hate fuelled by the impotence it endured centuries ago when the Chozo had committed their great invasion. The living planet had spent centuries honing the Metroids into perfect killers, and knew the devastation they could cause upon maturity. The planet had intentionally allowed the humans to take a few Metroids away so that the creatures could grow up and kill anyone out amongst the stars who ever thought of returning. SR388 took any opportunity to gain revenge against an outside universe that refused to leave it alone. [M2 SP] + </p> + + <p> + As the scientists began to broadcast their findings back to the Galactic Federation, Mother Brain intercepted the transmission. She cross-referenced their data with notes buried in the Chozo’s ancient fragmented records. She deduced that the Metroids were a form of genetically engineered predator of incredible power, created by the Chozo for an unknown purpose. Mother Brain ordered High Command to get the creatures to her by any means necessary. [M1 SP] + </p> + <p> + The Space Pirates overran the Galactic Federation vessel and stole the Metroid creatures. They divided their prize: some were sent to their nearest Homeworld; others were sent to the Tallon IV outpost; and the most potent were delivered straight to Zebes for the experiments of Mother Brain. [M1 / MP / MP3] + </p> + + <p> + With the arrival of the first Phazon samples from Tallon IV, the exotic substance allowed the Space Pirates to slowly produce stable cloned Metroids across their breeding sites. [M1 SP / MP SP] + </p> + <h3 id="h3306"> + <a id></a>The Revenge of Samus Aran + </h3> + <figure data-id="18zqk7ps96cb3jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk7ps96cb3jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk7ps96cb3jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk7ps96cb3jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk7ps96cb3jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk7ps96cb3jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk7ps96cb3jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk7ps96cb3jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk7ps96cb3jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://ojanpohja.deviantart.com/art/Space-Pirate-31294390",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://ojanpohja.deviantart.com/art/Space-Pirate-31294390" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Ojanpohja</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + In her first mission as a Bounty Hunter, Samus Arran was commissioned by the Galactic Federation to neutralise the stolen Metroids. Through careful investigation, Samus discovered that the Pirates are operating from Zebes – her home. She concluded that the Space Pirates had murdered her second family, as they had done with her first. They have took from her everyone she ever loved, and destroyed her two worlds. [M1] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqk8x71i4gnjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk8x71i4gnjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="384" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk8x71i4gnjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk8x71i4gnjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk8x71i4gnjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk8x71i4gnjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk8x71i4gnjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk8x71i4gnjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk8x71i4gnjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://stuarthughe.deviantart.com/art/Samus-Varia-322194081",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://stuarthughe.deviantart.com/art/Samus-Varia-322194081" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Stuart Hughe</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Samus stormed Zebes and killed everyone in her path. [M1] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqkachpcz0ijpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkachpcz0ijpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="530" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkachpcz0ijpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkachpcz0ijpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkachpcz0ijpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkachpcz0ijpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkachpcz0ijpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkachpcz0ijpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkachpcz0ijpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://immarart.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-337270954",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://immarart.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-337270954" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Immarart</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + As her defences were breached, Mother Brain unleashed the great generals Ridley and Kraid. Both were killled, and, desperate to stop the intruder, Mother Brain released the Metroids. Samus Aran exterminated the creatures, and invaded the inner sanctum. [M1] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://twigs.deviantart.com/art/The-Mother-s-Chamber-140408495",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://twigs.deviantart.com/art/The-Mother-s-Chamber-140408495" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Twigs</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Samus confronted the malevolent Mother Brain and blasted apart her body. A power overload was caused, and the Tourian facility shook itself apart. Samus evacuated to her ship and tried to leave Zebes, but a Space Pirate battleship in orbit registered her ascent and opened fire. Samus’ gunship plummeted back towards the Zebes and impacted Chozodia, her former home. [M1] + </p> + + <p> + Extremely lucky to be alive, Samus crawled out of the remains of her destroyed power suit, and fled as Space Pirate forces stormed the area. Samus hid, crawled and ran to find sanctuary in the deepest part of the Chozo’s most revered temple. [M1] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqkdb1egv73jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkdb1egv73jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="500" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkdb1egv73jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkdb1egv73jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkdb1egv73jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkdb1egv73jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkdb1egv73jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkdb1egv73jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkdb1egv73jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://eyes5.deviantart.com/art/Blessing-6012954",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://eyes5.deviantart.com/art/Blessing-6012954" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Eyes5</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Samus found herself surrounded with murals of the dead Chozo, and accepted she was alone in the universe. Overcoming despair, she solved the trials of the Chozodian temple and a concealed power suit was revealed to her. This shining armour was even more potent than the one she had just lost, and was able to integrate the most exotic Chozo technologies. Samus realised the greater meaning of her find; the Chozo had left her gifts for her in places they had foreseen she would traverse. Her adopted family continued to protect her long after their deaths, and she would find their statues cradling survival equipment in the darkest corners of the cosmos. [M1 / MP / MP3 / M2 / SM] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqkeig3z5btjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkeig3z5btjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="374" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkeig3z5btjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkeig3z5btjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkeig3z5btjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkeig3z5btjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkeig3z5btjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkeig3z5btjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkeig3z5btjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://imachinivid.deviantart.com/art/Super-missile-309591371",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://imachinivid.deviantart.com/art/Super-missile-309591371" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Imachinivid</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + With her new armaments, Samus cleansed the Space Pirate presence from Zebes. She came to be known as “The Hunter”, and the Space Pirates learned that they will always be hunted down for what they did to her families. They fled the planet in terror. [M1 / MP / MP2 / MP3] + </p> + + <h3 id="h3307"> + <a id></a>Tallon IV + </h3> + <p> + As years passed, Samus Aran accepted further missions from the Galactic Federation. The bounty earned funded her personal vendetta against the Space Pirates. She improved her armaments, paid for black market information and stormed their outposts. Samus showed her enemies no mercy, and became the feared nemesis of their entire civilisation. With the income from her Federation services, Samus had soon amassed enough money to buy the most secret information regarding the Space Pirates: the coordinates of their stronghold on an old forgotten planet called Tallon IV. [MP1 SP] + </p> + + <p> + Samus guided her ship into the Tallon system and investigated an orbiting space station. She discovered a failed genetic engineering facility whose Space Pirate crew was murdered when they lost control of their own creations. Samus fought her way through the ferocious beasts scattered within, and discovered a half-insane cyborg recreation of the Space Pirate general Ridley. As the station began to collapse, the biomechanical dragon fled to the world below, and Samus pursued. [MP1] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqkglfb56vojpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkglfb56vojpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="311" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkglfb56vojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkglfb56vojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkglfb56vojpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkglfb56vojpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkglfb56vojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkglfb56vojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkglfb56vojpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://lightningarts.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Metal-Where-It-All-Begins-393272172",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://lightningarts.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Metal-Where-It-All-Begins-393272172" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Lightningarts</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Samus lost Ridley in the planet’s stormy atmosphere, and elected to land in a nearby jungle to conceal her presence from the Pirate ground forces. Exploring the surroundings, Samus discovered that the planet was once home to the bulk of the extinct Chozo civilisation. In a great temple Samus studied poetic murals that told of the Phazon comet that had struck their world. The scribblings informed her of a creature trapped deep in the comet that they referred to as “The Worm,” and of the powerful shield they erected to prevent its escape. Samus read their last prophecy; that a hero would traverse fire and ice, jungle and cave, and find twelve sacred keys that would deactivate the barrier and allow passage to the Impact Crater. This saviour from the stars would bring down the ancient shield, and destroy the worm that infected their planet. [MP1] + </p> + + <p> + She continued her exploration, and battled ferocious flora and fauna. The Hunter came to understand that the Space Pirates had established a complex military installation that descended far below the surface. [MP1] + </p> + <figure data-id="18zqkick4w4i9jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkick4w4i9jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="517" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkick4w4i9jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkick4w4i9jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkick4w4i9jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkick4w4i9jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkick4w4i9jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkick4w4i9jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkick4w4i9jpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://r-sraven.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Prime-Lost-Ruins-33577678",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://r-sraven.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Prime-Lost-Ruins-33577678" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: R-Sraven</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Samus hunted the Pirates and accessed their computer logs. The Empire had found quantities of an intensely potent mutagen called Phazon. Laboratories across the outpost experimented with the substance, and in a short space of time they had created prototypes for the next generation of their races: powerful Phazon-fuelled juggernauts. Should these advances continue, Samus knew that the Space Pirates would be able to conquer the Galactic Federation. [MP1] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqkje1rl63yjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkje1rl63yjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="800" data-height="816" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 800w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkje1rl63yjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 800w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://greenstranger.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Ceres-Station-Lab-358321968",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://greenstranger.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Ceres-Station-Lab-358321968" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Greenstranger</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + In the most secure laboratory, Samus made a devastating discovery. The Space Pirates had used Phazon to create an army of stable clone Metroids and lost containment. The Metroid creatures were roaming the caverns deep in the planet, reproducing and mutating as the Phazon influenced their physiology. [MP1] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqklb3wp0jajpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqklb3wp0jajpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="365" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqklb3wp0jajpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqklb3wp0jajpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqklb3wp0jajpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqklb3wp0jajpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqklb3wp0jajpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqklb3wp0jajpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqklb3wp0jajpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://greenstranger.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Ceres-Station-Lab-358321968",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://greenstranger.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Ceres-Station-Lab-358321968" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Ohimseeinstars</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Samus’ final discovery was the most horrific. The powerful, poisonous Phazon was not a rare material on Tallon IV. Despite the Chozo shield containing the Impact Crater, the substance had spread and consumed the world inside-out. The core of the planet presented the Space Pirates with a vast supply of Phazon, enough to fuel their conquest of the stars. [MP1] + </p> + + <p> + Samus destroyed the mining facilities and laboratories, and reconstructed the twelve parts of the ancient Chozo cipher. She destroyed living weapons such as the Thardus experiment, and annihilated the prototype Omega Pirate. She overcame corrupted Metroids, and banished the tormented Chozo ghosts from the living world. She fought the mad Meta Ridley, and on his demise deactivated the Chozo containment shield. As prophesised, Samus Aran entered the Impact Crater. [MP1] + </p> + <h3 id="h3308"> + <a id></a>The Worm + </h3> + <p> + Samus Aran had opened Metroid Prime’s cage, and had no understanding of what she was about to unleash on the universe. The creature had been imprisoned in a different era, and had spent eons being tortuously transformed by Phazon into an undying mad genius. [MP1] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqkn672gklqjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkn672gklqjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="499" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkn672gklqjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkn672gklqjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkn672gklqjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkn672gklqjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkn672gklqjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkn672gklqjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkn672gklqjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<em>Artist: Chrysaetos-Pteron</em>) + </p> + <p> + Samus and the ancient Metroid battled, and the bounty hunter shattered the creature’s metal armour. By channelling the surrounding Phazon deposits into a supercharged energy beam, Samus was able to devastate Metroid Prime’s gelatinous body. After a tremendous battle, the old creature began to collapse on itself. [MP1] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqkodlj2z8kjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkodlj2z8kjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="525" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkodlj2z8kjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkodlj2z8kjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkodlj2z8kjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkodlj2z8kjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkodlj2z8kjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkodlj2z8kjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkodlj2z8kjpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sabretoontigers.deviantart.com/art/Samus-308644319",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sabretoontigers.deviantart.com/art/Samus-308644319" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Sabretoontigers</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Seemingly dying, Metroid Prime lashed out, grabbing a layer of material from Samus Aran’s armour. The creature melted into a pool of Phazon particles, and the bounty hunter evacuated the Impact Crater. [MP1] + </p> + + <p> + Samus Aran had seemingly succeeded in her mission. The surviving Space Pirates abandoned their devastated facilities and hastily evacuated the planet. With the defeat of Metroid Prime, the Phazon contagion was slowly stopping its spread. The tormented Chozo spirits that had been bound to the planet were finally able to achieve their rest. Leaving the world to recover from its devastation, Samus Aran headed back to the stars. [MP1 / MP1 SP] + </p> + <h3 id="h3309"> + <a id></a>The Dark Hunter + </h3> + <p> + Metroid Prime’s exposure to millennia of Phazon had given the creature extremely exotic abilities, the most potent being its durability – to recreate itself after nearly any level of destruction. As it had collapsed on itself, the essence of Metroid Prime craved the strength and adaptability present in Samus Aran. In the Talon IV impact crater, Metroid Prime recreated itself as a dark copy of the woman who had defeated it. [MP 1 / MP2 / MP3 SP] + </p> + + <figure data-id="18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="412" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div contenteditable="false" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <p><img alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg.jpg 470w"> + </p> + </div> + </figure> + <p> + (<span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://imachinivid.deviantart.com/art/Dark-Samus-returns-295856131",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://imachinivid.deviantart.com/art/Dark-Samus-returns-295856131" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Imachinivid</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p> + Dark Samus clawed its way out of the Impact Crater. It departed Tallon IV to spread its venom across the stars, and to sow the seeds of a great war. [MP1 / MP2 / MP3] + </p> + + <p> + <span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","Internal link","https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108"><em>Click here for the second half of this epic story.</em></a></span> + </p> + <hr> + <p> + <small>Mama Robotnik is a video game historian living somewhere in the British Empire. He specialises in unearthing lost gaming media, but also enjoys a good long essay about his favourite games every now and then. He drinks a lot of tea, and has a horrendously naughty black and white cat called Blossom. If you would like to contact him, he responds to his private messages over at</small> <span><a data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://www.neogaf.com/forum/",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://www.neogaf.com/forum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><small>NeoGAF</small></a></span><small>.</small> + </p> + </div>
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@media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.bLXZFj{line-height:20px;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1auy74q-11 */ + .hByOxy{font-size:12px;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.hByOxy{line-height:20px;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1auy74q-12 */ + .bSrIEu{display:block;color:#72AD75;font-weight:bold;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1auy74q-13 */ + .fivNdM{display:block;font-weight:bold;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1auy74q-14 */ + .hVwDer{position:relative;padding-bottom:100%;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1auy74q-19 */ + .djmGRD,.djmGRD a{font-family:ProximaNovaCond,sans-serif;color:#666;font-size:15px;margin-top:10px;} .djmGRD a{padding-bottom:0.25rem;border-bottom:1px solid #72AD75;} + /* sc-component-id: y7n5nk-1 */ + .jdIVZt{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;} + /* sc-component-id: y7n5nk-2 */ + .hepDvs{width:66%;} + /* sc-component-id: y7n5nk-3 */ + .iHzJmW{border:1px solid #72AD75;margin:50px auto 62px;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;max-width:636px;font-family:FiraSans,sans-serif;clear:both;padding:10px;margin:2rem auto;} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.iHzJmW{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;}} + /* sc-component-id: y7n5nk-4 */ + .kvyumD{position:relative;width:33%;min-width:100px;margin-right:0.5rem;} .kvyumD.kvyumD img,.kvyumD.kvyumD amp-img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:contain;} + /* sc-component-id: bxm4mm-0 */ + @media only screen and (min-width:50em){.gtgww{display:none;}} + /* sc-component-id: bxm4mm-2 */ + .iXYVqp{margin-left:40px;margin-right:40px;border-top:1px solid #E5E5E5;padding-bottom:10px;} + /* sc-component-id: bxm4mm-3 */ + .dciqNP{margin-left:40px;margin-right:40px;border-bottom:1px solid #E5E5E5;} + /* sc-component-id: bxm4mm-4 */ + .liWXlp{margin:10px 0 20px 0;} + /* sc-component-id: bxm4mm-5 */ + .eZvXLs{margin:0 !important;} + /* sc-component-id: bxm4mm-6 */ + .eblHLt{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:14px;-webkit-letter-spacing:2px;-moz-letter-spacing:2px;-ms-letter-spacing:2px;letter-spacing:2px;color:#CCC;margin-bottom:10px;} + /* sc-component-id: bxm4mm-11 */ + @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.ciBKcm{display:none;}} + /* sc-component-id: ynugv2-0 */ + .eFcvZm{padding:31px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #E5E5E5;min-width:300px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;} .eFcvZm:last-child{border-bottom:none;} @media only screen and (min-width:50em){.eFcvZm .bxm4mm-0{display:block;}}.gVWJry{padding:31px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #E5E5E5;min-width:300px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding:31px 0 88px 0;} .gVWJry:last-child{border-bottom:none;} @media only screen and (min-width:50em){.gVWJry .bxm4mm-0{display:block;}} + /* sc-component-id: ynugv2-1 */ + .hebJFs [data-ad-load-state=loaded]{padding:31px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #E5E5E5;min-width:300px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;} + /* sc-component-id: ynugv2-2 */ + .fLwIBi{display:none;} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em){.fLwIBi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:column nowrap;-ms-flex-flow:column nowrap;flex-flow:column nowrap;width:33.5%;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;border-left:1px solid #E5E5E5;padding:0 1.125rem;-webkit-align-items:flex-end;-webkit-box-align:flex-end;-ms-flex-align:flex-end;align-items:flex-end;}} + /* sc-component-id: ynugv2-3 */ + .jNiKtz{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:column nowrap;-ms-flex-flow:column nowrap;flex-flow:column nowrap;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-157agsr-0 */ + @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em){.cjbzCR{max-width:1336px;margin:0 auto;width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:row nowrap;-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;}} .cjbzCR .sc-11qwj9y-1{padding-top:0;} .cjbzCR .ynugv2-2 .ynugv2-1:first-child [data-ad-load-state=loaded]{padding-top:0;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-157agsr-1 */ + .ciLbRL{position:relative;padding:1.5rem 1.125rem 1rem;margin:0 auto;} .ciLbRL h1{margin-bottom:0;} @media only screen and (max-width:63.69em){.ciLbRL{max-width:800px;box-sizing:content-box;}} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em){.ciLbRL{max-width:1336px;}.ciLbRL.ciLbRL h1{max-width:calc(1336px * 0.8);font-size:52px;line-height:64px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:1260px) and (max-width:1363px){.ciLbRL{padding-left:calc((66.5% - 800px) / 2);margin:0;}} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em) and (max-width:49.94em){} @media only screen and (min-width:50em) and (max-width:63.69em){} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em) and (max-width:85.19em){} @media only screen and (min-width:85.25em){.ciLbRL{padding-left:calc(((1336px * 0.665) - 800px) / 2);}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1out364-0 */ + .fwjlmD{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} + /* sc-component-id: vuc0jk-0 */ + .hVJsES{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;background:#000;} + /* sc-component-id: vuc0jk-1 */ + .hyLaMq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;margin:0;} .hyLaMq > li:first-child{margin-left:-8px;} @media only screen and (max-width:49.94em){.hyLaMq{width:calc((100vw - 16px) * 1 - 16px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:50em) and (max-width:63.69em){.hyLaMq{width:calc((100vw - 24px) * 1 - 24px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em) and (max-width:85.19em){.hyLaMq{width:calc((100vw - 24px) * 1 - 24px);}} @media only screen and (min-width:85.25em){.hyLaMq{width:calc((1364px - 32px) * 1 - 32px);}} + /* sc-component-id: vuc0jk-2 */ + .cxfwkg{text-transform:uppercase;line-height:24px;font-size:15px;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;padding:0 8px;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;color:#7D7D7D;} .cxfwkg:hover{background:#222;color:#F5F5F5;} .cxfwkg:hover > a,.cxfwkg:hover > a:hover,.cxfwkg:hover > a:active,.cxfwkg:hover > a:focus,.cxfwkg:hover > a.focus{color:#F5F5F5;} .cxfwkg > a{position:relative;top:1px;} .cxfwkg > a,.cxfwkg > a:hover,.cxfwkg > a:active,.cxfwkg > a:focus,.cxfwkg > a.focus{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#CCC;} + /* sc-component-id: vuc0jk-3 */ + .fPqcTm{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;padding:0 8px;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;} .fPqcTm::after{width:1px;height:14px;background-color:#666;content:'';} + /* sc-component-id: sc-2d8w30-0 */ + .jRvBRt{--scale:1;}.rzxbx{--scale:0.35;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-2d8w30-1 */ + .iHLoZR{position:relative;height:calc(32px * var(--scale));display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;} .iHLoZR svg{position:absolute;-webkit-transform-origin:top left;-ms-transform-origin:top left;transform-origin:top left;-webkit-transform:scale(var(--scale));-ms-transform:scale(var(--scale));transform:scale(var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.avclub{width:calc(150px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.avclub svg{top:-40%;} .iHLoZR.clickhole{width:calc(216px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.clickhole svg{top:-4%;} .iHLoZR.deadspin{width:calc(254px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.deadspin svg{top:0%;} .iHLoZR.earther{width:calc(217px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.earther svg{top:-1%;} .iHLoZR.gizmodo{width:calc(225px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.gizmodo svg{top:0%;} .iHLoZR.jalopnik{width:calc(228px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.jalopnik svg{top:0%;} .iHLoZR.jezebel{width:calc(206px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.jezebel svg{top:0%;} .iHLoZR.kotaku{width:calc(212px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.kotaku svg{top:-10%;} .iHLoZR.lifehacker{width:calc(180px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.lifehacker svg{top:-25%;} .iHLoZR.splinter{width:calc(261px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.splinter svg{top:-7%;} .iHLoZR.theinventory{width:calc(258px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.theinventory svg{top:-13%;} .iHLoZR.theroot{width:calc(205px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.theroot svg{top:-20%;} .iHLoZR.theonion{width:calc(262px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.theonion svg{top:-22%;} .iHLoZR.thetakeout{width:calc(140px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.thetakeout svg{top:-34%;} .iHLoZR.kinja{width:calc(152px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.kinja svg{top:-22%;} .iHLoZR.gomedia{width:calc(241px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.gomedia svg{top:-20%;} .iHLoZR.kinjadeals{width:calc(203px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.kinjadeals svg{top:-10%;} .iHLoZR.kinjavideo{width:calc(243px * var(--scale));} .iHLoZR.kinjavideo svg{top:-6%;} + /* sc-component-id: j48i5d-0 */ + .hPQZPo{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .hPQZPo + svg,.hPQZPo + .iyvn34-0{margin-left:4px;} + /* sc-component-id: j48i5d-1 */ + .fbNnTF{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;} .fbNnTF svg + span{margin-left:4px;} .fbNnTF .iyvn34-0 + span{margin-left:4px;} + /* sc-component-id: j48i5d-2 */ + .jaUINu{width:auto;height:42px;padding:0 2rem;border:transparent 1px solid;border-radius:21px;border-color:#B12460;color:#B12460;font-size:1rem;text-align:center;line-height:42px;background-color:#FFF;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.2s ease-out,border-color 0.2s ease-out,color 0.2s ease-out;transition:background-color 0.2s ease-out,border-color 0.2s ease-out,color 0.2s ease-out;} .jaUINu .j48i5d-1 > svg{margin-bottom:2px;} .jaUINu .iyvn34-0{margin-bottom:2px;} .jaUINu:hover,.jaUINu:active,.jaUINu:focus{color:#5c1332;border-color:#5c1332;background-color:#fff;} .jaUINu:hover .j48i5d-1 > svg,.jaUINu:active .j48i5d-1 > svg,.jaUINu:focus .j48i5d-1 > svg{stroke:#871b49;} @media only screen and (max-width:49.94em){}.ghtMMt{width:auto;height:34px;padding:0 2rem;border:transparent 1px solid;border-radius:34px;border-color:transparent;color:#FFF;font-size:14px;text-align:center;line-height:34px;background-color:#1877F2;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.2s ease-out,border-color 0.2s ease-out,color 0.2s ease-out;transition:background-color 0.2s ease-out,border-color 0.2s ease-out,color 0.2s ease-out;} .ghtMMt .j48i5d-1 > svg{margin-bottom:2px;} .ghtMMt .iyvn34-0{margin-bottom:2px;} .ghtMMt:hover,.ghtMMt:active,.ghtMMt:focus{color:#fff;border-color:transparent;background-color:#0b5fcc;} .ghtMMt:hover .j48i5d-1 > svg,.ghtMMt:active .j48i5d-1 > svg,.ghtMMt:focus .j48i5d-1 > svg{stroke:#fff;} @media only screen and (max-width:49.94em){}.hNujir{width:auto;height:34px;padding:0 2rem;border:transparent 1px solid;border-radius:34px;border-color:transparent;color:#FFF;font-size:14px;text-align:center;line-height:34px;background-color:#1DA1F2;-webkit-transition:background-color 0.2s ease-out,border-color 0.2s ease-out,color 0.2s ease-out;transition:background-color 0.2s ease-out,border-color 0.2s ease-out,color 0.2s ease-out;} .hNujir .j48i5d-1 > svg{margin-bottom:2px;} .hNujir .iyvn34-0{margin-bottom:2px;} .hNujir:hover,.hNujir:active,.hNujir:focus{color:#fff;border-color:transparent;background-color:#0c85d0;} .hNujir:hover .j48i5d-1 > svg,.hNujir:active .j48i5d-1 > svg,.hNujir:focus .j48i5d-1 > svg{stroke:#fff;} @media only screen and (max-width:49.94em){} + /* sc-component-id: ynl58c-0 */ + .gdELAJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:inherit;height:inherit;} .gdELAJ .SVGInline-svg{display:none;} .gdELAJ svg{max-width:100%;width:inherit;height:inherit;}.fcMbEd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:20px;height:20px;} .fcMbEd .SVGInline-svg{display:none;} .fcMbEd svg{max-width:100%;width:inherit;height:inherit;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1cfejv7-0 */ + .iHpzjB{background-color:#F5F5F5;border-top:1px solid #E5E5E5;} .iHpzjB .sc-147n754-0{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:26px 30px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1jotqfp-2 */ + .jZQBpt{background-color:inherit;} .jZQBpt [data-ad-load-state=loaded]{border-bottom:1px solid #E5E5E5;padding:20px 0;} @media only screen and (max-width:969px){.jZQBpt{display:none;}} .jZQBpt .ad-container[data-ad-load-state=loaded] div iframe{margin:0 auto;} .jZQBpt .ad-container[data-ad-load-state=loaded] > div{width:100% !important;} @media only screen and (max-width:63.69em){.jZQBpt{display:none;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-17y8tyw-0 */ + .zVObM{display:none;} @media only screen and (min-width:50em){.zVObM{display:block;width:100%;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-8vrmk6-0 */ + .fPlCjx{height:100%;font-size:1.5rem;color:#222;font-weight:bold;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;} .fPlCjx:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#000;} .fPlCjx .sc-2d8w30-1{--scale:0.8;} @media only screen and (max-width:63.69em){.fPlCjx .sc-2d8w30-1{--scale:0.6;}} + /* sc-component-id: dfwuc8-0 */ + .fVpzWD{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-transform:uppercase;padding:0 6px;-webkit-transition:color 300ms;transition:color 300ms;white-space:nowrap;margin-right:8px;} .fVpzWD span{color:#000;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;height:21px;line-height:22px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1.27px;-moz-letter-spacing:1.27px;-ms-letter-spacing:1.27px;letter-spacing:1.27px;} .fVpzWD:hover,.fVpzWD:active{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .fVpzWD:hover span,.fVpzWD:active span{color:#B12460;} .fVpzWD.section-nav__search-btn{border-right:0;} .fVpzWD:first-child{padding-left:0;} @media only screen and (max-width:85.19em){.fVpzWD{border:none;line-height:21px;white-space:nowrap;}} @media only screen and (max-width:49.94em){.fVpzWD:first-child{margin-left:16px;}.fVpzWD:last-child{margin-right:16px;}}.jDxnTz{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-transform:uppercase;padding:0 6px;-webkit-transition:color 300ms;transition:color 300ms;white-space:nowrap;margin-right:8px;border:0;padding-left:7.5px;padding-right:7.5px;font-size:17px;white-space:nowrap;} .jDxnTz span{color:#000;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;height:21px;line-height:22px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1.27px;-moz-letter-spacing:1.27px;-ms-letter-spacing:1.27px;letter-spacing:1.27px;} .jDxnTz:hover,.jDxnTz:active{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .jDxnTz:hover span,.jDxnTz:active span{color:#B12460;} .jDxnTz.section-nav__search-btn{border-right:0;} .jDxnTz:first-child{padding-left:0;} @media only screen and 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format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_thin-webfont.woff?04172017) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ProximaNovaCond';font-weight:100;font-style:italic;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_thin_it-webfont.woff2?04172017) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_thin_it-webfont.woff?04172017) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ProximaNovaCond';font-weight:800;font-style:normal;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_bold-webfont.woff2?01182018) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_bold-webfont.woff?01182018) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ProximaNovaCond';font-weight:800;font-style:italic;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_bold_it-webfont.woff2?01182018) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_bold_it-webfont.woff?01182018) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ProximaNovaCond';font-weight:900;font-style:normal;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_xbold-webfont.woff2?01182018) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_xbold-webfont.woff?01182018) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ProximaNovaCond';font-weight:900;font-style:italic;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_xbold_it-webfont.woff2?01182018) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/proxima/proxima_nova_cond_xbold_it-webfont.woff?01182018) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ElizabethSerif';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-light-webfont.woff2?09162015) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-light-webfont.woff?09162015) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ElizabethSerif';font-weight:400;font-style:italic;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-lightitalic-webfont.woff2?09162015) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-lightitalic-webfont.woff?09162015) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ElizabethSerif';font-weight:500;font-style:normal;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-regular-webfont.woff2?09162015) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-regular-webfont.woff?09162015) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ElizabethSerif';font-weight:500;font-style:italic;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-italic-webfont.woff2?09162015) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-italic-webfont.woff?09162015) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ElizabethSerif';font-weight:700;font-style:normal;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-bold-webfont.woff2?09162015) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-bold-webfont.woff?09162015) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'ElizabethSerif';font-weight:700;font-style:italic;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-bolditalic-webfont.woff2?09162015) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/elizabeth-serif/elizabethserif-bolditalic-webfont.woff?09162015) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'FiraSans';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-light.woff2?02092016) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-light.woff?02092016) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'FiraSans';font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;src:url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-medium.woff2?02092016) format('woff2'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-medium.woff?02092016) format('woff');} @font-face{font-display:fallback;font-family:'Libre Baskerville';font-weight:700;font-style:normal;src:local('Libre Baskerville Bold'),local('LibreBaskerville-Bold'), url(https://f.kinja-static.com/assets/fonts/libre-baskerville/libre-baskerville-bold.woff2) format('woff2');} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1efpnfq-0 */ + .kwUvxw{font-size:2.5rem;font-family:ProximaNovaCond,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.kwUvxw{font-size:2rem;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1efpnfq-1 */ + .dLONoQ a{display:inline;color:#000;} .dLONoQ a:hover{color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1m41dwj-0 */ + .hUFSvg{position:absolute;top:8px;z-index:1;opacity:0;width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:5px;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:0.4s opacity;transition:0.4s opacity;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.7);pointer-events:none;left:8px;} .hUFSvg:hover{opacity:1;} .hUFSvg svg{position:relative;display:block;margin:auto;color:#FFF;opacity:0.5;top:7px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-145m8ut-0 */ + .FoItC{color:#222;-webkit-transition:color 0.1s ease-out;transition:color 0.1s ease-out;box-shadow:inset 0 -2px 0 #B12460;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .FoItC:hover{color:#B12460;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1eow4w5-0 */ + .dUoECc{clear:both;display:block;cursor:pointer;} .dUoECc:hover .lightbox{opacity:1;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1eow4w5-1 */ + .kivedT{position:relative;margin:0 0 1.5rem;} .kivedT:hover .sc-1m41dwj-0{opacity:1;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.kivedT{margin:0 -1.125rem 1.5rem -1.125rem;}} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em) and (max-width:49.94em){} @media only screen and (min-width:50em) and (max-width:63.69em){} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em) and (max-width:85.19em){} @media only screen and (min-width:85.25em){} @media only screen and (min-width:50em){}.iLDaWI{position:relative;margin:0 0 1.5rem;} .iLDaWI:hover .sc-1m41dwj-0{opacity:1;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.iLDaWI{max-width:100% !important;margin:0 auto 1.5rem !important;}} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.iLDaWI{max-width:636px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em) and (max-width:49.94em){} @media only screen and (min-width:50em) and (max-width:63.69em){} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em) and (max-width:85.19em){} @media only screen and (min-width:85.25em){} @media only screen and (min-width:50em){} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1eow4w5-2 */ + .gfolHV{position:relative;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.dXbcSW{position:relative;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;cursor:pointer;display:block;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1eow4w5-3 */ + .iJyiXs{position:relative;background-color:#f5f5f5;} .iJyiXs video{position:absolute;width:100%;height:auto;} .iJyiXs img{position:absolute;width:100%;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1lmpmkf-1 */ + .irMuRt div[data-ad-unit="SECTION_SPONSORSHIP"]{float:right;} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em){.irMuRt div[data-ad-unit="SECTION_SPONSORSHIP"]{padding-left:1rem;}} @media only screen and (max-width:63.69em){.irMuRt{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.irMuRt .sc-1lmpmkf-0{-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;}.irMuRt .permalink-story-type{-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;}.irMuRt div[data-ad-unit="SECTION_SPONSORSHIP"]{-webkit-order:3;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;padding:0.5rem 0 1rem;}.irMuRt header{-webkit-order:4;-ms-flex-order:4;order:4;}} + /* sc-component-id: ejta2c-0 */ + .kHCVke{height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:56.25%;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-color:#F5F5F5;overflow:hidden;position:relative;} .kHCVke:hover .sc-1638q22-0{bottom:0;} .kHCVke img,.kHCVke video{width:100%;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1rh3ayr-0 */ + .cKkWUs{font-family:ProximaNovaCond,sans-serif;font-size:16px;color:#000;box-shadow:inset 0 -2px 0 #B12460;line-height:18px;} .cKkWUs .hostname{font-weight:bold;} .cKkWUs:hover{color:#B12460;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1rh3ayr-1 */ + .iNvMiS{padding-bottom:56.2%;} .iNvMiS video,.iNvMiS img,.iNvMiS amp-img{position:absolute;width:100%;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1rh3ayr-2 */ + .dIJDts{display:block;position:relative;margin:-1.125rem -1.125rem 1rem;} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.dIJDts{width:25%;min-width:25%;padding:1.125rem 0 0 1.125rem;margin:0;float:left;}} @media only screen and (max-width:49.94em){.dIJDts{margin:auto;}.dIJDts .sc-1rh3ayr-1 img{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;}} .dIJDts .sc-1rh3ayr-1{margin:0;position:relative;border-bottom:5px solid #FBC000;} .dIJDts > span{position:relative;top:-20px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1rh3ayr-3 */ + .cysjdd{font-size:20px;line-height:24px;margin-bottom:10px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1rh3ayr-4 */ + .flvRyU.flvRyU{font-size:15px;line-height:25px;margin-bottom:0.6rem;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1rh3ayr-5 */ + .kIoxhb{clear:both;margin:2rem auto;border:#E5E5E5 1px solid;border-radius:5px;box-shadow:#E5E5E5 0 2px 5px;max-width:636px;} @media only screen and (min-width:50em) and (max-width:63.69em){.kIoxhb{max-width:636px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em) and (max-width:85.19em){.kIoxhb{max-width:636px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:85.25em){.kIoxhb{max-width:636px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.kIoxhb{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1rh3ayr-6 */ + .gCydvg{padding:1.125rem;} .gCydvg a,.gCydvg a:hover{color:#000;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-759qgu-0 */ + .knZcug{text-align:left;font-size:24px;font-family:ProximaNovaCond,sans-serif;line-height:1.3;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.knZcug{margin-bottom:8px;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-5f1ako-0 */ + .kBeEqh{padding-bottom:3px;margin-bottom:16px;font-size:20px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;color:#222;border-bottom:1px solid #E5E5E5;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-5f1ako-1 */ + .gOGycY{border:1px solid #72AD75;padding:10px 20px;margin-bottom:16px;} .gOGycY:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0;} .gOGycY .sc-1out364-0:hover{color:inherit;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-5f1ako-2 */ + .wcAhP{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-flex:2.162 1 0%;-ms-flex:2.162 1 0%;flex:2.162 1 0%;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-5f1ako-3 */ + .iaPcjQ{width:100%;} .iaPcjQ .ejta2c-0{margin-bottom:12px;} .iaPcjQ .sc-759qgu-0{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:18px;line-height:23px;} + /* sc-component-id: uhd9ir-0 */ + .lkqtha{display:inline-block;font-size:14px;line-height:19px;} .lkqtha .sc-1out364-0{color:#7D7D7D;} .lkqtha .sc-1out364-0:hover{color:#7D7D7D;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-15qf33u-0 */ + .bUDpTX{width:33.333333333333336%;border:1px solid #FFF;display:block;float:left;position:relative;opacity:0;z-index:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0%,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0%,0,0);transform:translate3d(0%,0,0);-webkit-transition:opacity 300ms;transition:opacity 300ms;} .bUDpTX.active{opacity:1;z-index:10;}.fwSvTs{width:33.333333333333336%;border:1px solid #FFF;display:block;float:left;position:relative;opacity:0;z-index:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(-100%,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(-100%,0,0);transform:translate3d(-100%,0,0);-webkit-transition:opacity 300ms;transition:opacity 300ms;} .fwSvTs.active{opacity:1;z-index:10;}.gIjPOj{width:33.333333333333336%;border:1px solid #FFF;display:block;float:left;position:relative;opacity:0;z-index:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(-200%,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(-200%,0,0);transform:translate3d(-200%,0,0);-webkit-transition:opacity 300ms;transition:opacity 300ms;} .gIjPOj.active{opacity:1;z-index:10;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-15qf33u-1 */ + .dsTWpc{color:#000;margin:10px 0 1px;font-size:20px;line-height:1.2;font-family:ProximaNovaCond,sans-serif;word-break:break-word;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-15qf33u-3 */ + .cLsyOJ{font-size:15px;line-height:17px;color:#7D7D7D;display:inline;margin-right:15px;} .cLsyOJ strong{color:#000;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-15qf33u-4 */ + .izUYtn{font-size:15px;line-height:17px;color:#7D7D7D;margin:15px 0 6px;} .izUYtn strong{color:#000;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-15qf33u-5 */ + .kFeogc:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .kFeogc:hover .sc-15qf33u-1{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#000;text-decoration-color:#000;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-15qf33u-6 */ + .ixUPOi{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;color:#7D7D7D;margin-top:4px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-17xh7h5-0 */ + .ldeICr{margin-bottom:2px;margin-left:1px;margin-right:1px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-17xh7h5-1 */ + .eNdIIE{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;height:2px;position:relative;background-color:#CCC;overflow:hidden;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-17xh7h5-2 */ + .kOFjhT{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;border-radius:1.5px;z-index:1;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;background-color:#7D7D7D;-webkit-transform-origin:0 0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0 0;transform-origin:0 0 0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-100%);-ms-transform:translateX(-100%);transform:translateX(-100%);} .kOFjhT.ticking{-webkit-animation:gTwDaX 8000ms linear;animation:gTwDaX 8000ms linear;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1m3f1n9-0 */ + .jIBiCM{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:row nowrap;-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:2px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1m3f1n9-1 */ + .dXPirX{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;border:1px solid #FFF;position:relative;} .dXPirX:last-child{margin-right:0;} .dXPirX::after{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;font-size:35px;font-weight:bold;color:#FFF;content:'1';z-index:1;opacity:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);-webkit-transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;} .dXPirX.active{-webkit-filter:grayscale(100%);filter:grayscale(100%);} .dXPirX.active::after{opacity:0.7;} .dXPirX:hover{-webkit-filter:grayscale(100%);filter:grayscale(100%);} .dXPirX:hover::after{opacity:0.7;}.XVppW{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;border:1px solid #FFF;position:relative;} .XVppW:last-child{margin-right:0;} .XVppW::after{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;font-size:35px;font-weight:bold;color:#FFF;content:'2';z-index:1;opacity:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);-webkit-transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;} .XVppW.active{-webkit-filter:grayscale(100%);filter:grayscale(100%);} .XVppW.active::after{opacity:0.7;} .XVppW:hover{-webkit-filter:grayscale(100%);filter:grayscale(100%);} .XVppW:hover::after{opacity:0.7;}.bEUjwS{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;border:1px solid #FFF;position:relative;} .bEUjwS:last-child{margin-right:0;} .bEUjwS::after{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;font-size:35px;font-weight:bold;color:#FFF;content:'3';z-index:1;opacity:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);-webkit-transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;} .bEUjwS.active{-webkit-filter:grayscale(100%);filter:grayscale(100%);} .bEUjwS.active::after{opacity:0.7;} .bEUjwS:hover{-webkit-filter:grayscale(100%);filter:grayscale(100%);} .bEUjwS:hover::after{opacity:0.7;} + /* sc-component-id: i2qujp-0 */ + .esIpx{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;} + /* sc-component-id: i2qujp-1 */ + .bspgcg{width:300%;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0);} + /* sc-component-id: i2qujp-2 */ + .cclgoe{contain:content;} .cclgoe:hover .sc-17xh7h5-1 > div{-webkit-animation-play-state:paused;animation-play-state:paused;} + /* sc-component-id: i2qujp-3 */ + .fVlnpj header{margin:5px 0 16px;} .fVlnpj header h2{margin:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:20px;font-family:ProximaNovaCond,sans-serif;color:#666;} .fVlnpj header h2 a{color:#666;} .fVlnpj header h2 strong{color:#000;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-6l6yqv-0 */ + .defoG{padding-bottom:4px;margin-bottom:16px;font-size:16px;line-height:21px;text-transform:uppercase;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-6l6yqv-1 */ + .busDXq{font-size:18px;line-height:23px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-6l6yqv-2 */ + .kUfXGZ:hover{color:inherit;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-6l6yqv-3 */ + .fWhkEE{position:relative;} .fWhkEE:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:1rem;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-6l6yqv-4 */ + .jyjbTH{color:#666;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;height:14px;line-height:14px;margin-right:4px;text-transform:uppercase;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-6l6yqv-5 */ + .glBtZI{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:8px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-6l6yqv-6 */ + .eagNII{margin:0 auto 32px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-10uan3u-0 */ + .esHOJV{width:100%;font-weight:700;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;} .esHOJV button{margin-top:16px;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;} .esHOJV .ynl58c-0{margin-right:16px;min-width:64px;} .esHOJV .ynl58c-0 svg[aria-label="GO avatar"]{background-color:#FBC000;} .esHOJV .ynl58c-0 svg[aria-label="GO avatar"] path{fill:#FFF;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-10uan3u-1 */ + .cqtDtB{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:16px;padding-bottom:3px;margin-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #E5E5E5;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-10uan3u-2 */ + .ktBPdN{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;font-size:18px;color:#222;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-10uan3u-3 */ + .lfhhVO:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .lfhhVO button{width:100%;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1ez0oyg-0 */ + .ktESSG{min-height:0px;}.ehkuKX{min-height:768px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1ez0oyg-1 */ + .etpvfO{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1dvfjie-0 */ + .fhmHGL{position:absolute;display:none;top:100%;right:0;} .fhmHGL.open{display:block;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1dvfjie-1 */ + .hCitnH{z-index:98;position:relative;margin-top:5px;background:#FFF;border-radius:5px;border:1px solid #CCC;min-width:174px;} .hCitnH::before,.hCitnH::after{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;height:0;width:0;border-bottom-style:solid;} .hCitnH::after{border:inset 6px;border-color:transparent transparent #FFF transparent;top:-12px;right:14px;} .hCitnH::before{border:inset 7px;border-color:transparent transparent #CCC transparent;top:-14px;right:13px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1dvfjie-2 */ + .eJinCt{display:inline-block;position:relative;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-10a86sv-0 */ + .fVjjcw{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#666;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:14px;line-height:2;padding:6px 8px;text-transform:uppercase;} .fVjjcw:first-child{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;} .fVjjcw:last-child{border-bottom-left-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;} .fVjjcw:hover{background:#F5F5F5;color:#666;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .fVjjcw .iyvn34-0{margin-right:15px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-101yw2y-0 */ + .eSuPFB{position:relative;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-101yw2y-1 */ + .jgysUY{position:relative;display:block;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-101yw2y-2 */ + .bYlXTp{float:left;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-101yw2y-4 */ + .icfmop{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:100%;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-101yw2y-5 */ + @media only screen and (min-width:50em){.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .layout--Modular3 .grid__zone:not(:first-child),.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .layout--Modular4 .grid__zone:not(:first-child){border-left-width:0px;position:relative;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .layout--Modular3 .grid__zone:not(:first-child)::before,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .layout--Modular4 .grid__zone:not(:first-child)::before{content:'';position:absolute;height:calc(100% - 100px);left:0;bottom:0;border-left:1px solid #E5E5E5;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .curation-module__zone__item-width-children{background-color:#FFF;padding-top:1rem;padding:1rem 20px 0px;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .curation-module__zone__item-width-children:first-child{padding-left:20px;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .curation-module__zone__item-width-children:not(:last-child){margin-right:-20px;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3{position:relative;top:-6rem;margin-bottom:-6rem;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain .curation_control > button,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 .curation_control > button,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain .curation_control > div,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 .curation_control > div{top:6rem;position:relative;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain >.sc-1whp23a-2:first-child,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 >.sc-1whp23a-2:first-child,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child .sc-1whp23a-2,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child .sc-1whp23a-2{position:relative;z-index:0;padding:1rem 1rem 0 1rem;margin:-1rem -1rem 0 -1rem;background:white;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain >section:first-child,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 >section:first-child,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child section,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child section{position:relative;z-index:0;padding:1rem 1rem 0 1rem;margin:-1rem -1rem 0 -1rem;background:transparent;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child::after,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child::after{content:none;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child.canSelect:hover section,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child.canSelect:hover section{background-color:#F5F5F5;border:2px solid #CCC;border-radius:5px;top:-2px;left:-2px;margin-right:-20px;}.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child.isSelected section,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child.isSelected section,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation > .curation-mountain .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child.isSelected:hover section,.ebBaTT.custom-header-has-background.hangable-curation .sc-101yw2y-3 .sc-1v0374p-0:first-child.isSelected:hover section{background-color:#FDF0C7;border:2px solid #B12460;border-radius:5px;top:-2px;left:-2px;margin-right:-20px;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-101yw2y-6 */ + @media only screen and (min-width:50em){.jOQyEj.sticky-top{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:750;}.jOQyEj.sticky-top .ad-container{padding-top:20px;background-color:#FFF;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-101yw2y-7 */ + .enFBrX .ad-container{min-height:250px;padding-bottom:31px;} .enFBrX .ad-container[data-ad-load-state=empty]{display:none;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1lmbno3-0 */ + .eXGUJG{position:relative;} .eXGUJG li{padding-left:2.25rem;margin-bottom:6px;} .eXGUJG li::before{position:absolute;content:'\b7';margin:-1px 0 0 -29px;font-weight:bold;font-size:24px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1bwb26k-1 */ + .RjwRf{font-family:ProximaNovaCond,sans-serif;text-align:left;} + /* sc-component-id: gcp5ez-0 */ + .dGHwsG{border:solid #ddd;border-width:1px 0 0;height:0;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;clear:both;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1mn1yww-0 */ + .OMwVz{font-size:10px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.2px;-moz-letter-spacing:0.2px;-ms-letter-spacing:0.2px;letter-spacing:0.2px;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;text-transform:inherit;margin-top:0;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1mn1yww-1 */ + .iftYcF{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;color:#7D7D7D;} .iftYcF:hover{color:#B12460;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-12i6d45-0 */ + .jzcQTJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:auto;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-12i6d45-1 */ + .cWiYXU{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1vjnuu8-0 */ + .frTClM{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} + /* sc-component-id: wvv3zm-0 */ + @media only screen and (min-width:50em){.MWIGZ{display:none;}} + /* sc-component-id: wvv3zm-1 */ + .kzkhwW{color:#7D7D7D;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .kzkhwW:hover{color:#7D7D7D;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} + /* sc-component-id: wvv3zm-2 */ + .dNAgCv{text-transform:uppercase;color:#000;padding-left:4px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1jc3ukb-0 */ + .ezwLgJ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;font-family:ProximaNovaCond,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:21px;text-align:left;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1jc3ukb-1 */ + .jLgjau{-webkit-flex-basis:40px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:40px;flex-basis:40px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;margin-right:10px;} .jLgjau img{width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;position:unset;} .jLgjau video{width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#F5F5F5;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1jc3ukb-2 */ + .jpbKEQ{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1jc3ukb-4 */ + .grWrOW{display:inline-block;font-size:16px;line-height:17px;margin:0 7px 2px 7px;color:#7D7D7D;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1jc3ukb-5 */ + .bNRtrM{line-height:19px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1jc3ukb-6 */ + .kyKjbV{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.kyKjbV{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.kyKjbV{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}} .kyKjbV time{font-size:16px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-17x7c2u-0 */ + .eTFIkv{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:39px;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;min-width:39px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#B12460;-webkit-transition:color 200ms;transition:color 200ms;} .eTFIkv:hover{color:#5c1332;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-17x7c2u-1 */ + .jBsDWZ{padding:0 10px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-17x7c2u-2 */ + .gpwIdA{background-color:#CCC;border-radius:3px;border:1px solid #CCC;display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-gap:1px;} .gpwIdA > .sc-17x7c2u-0{background-color:white;} .gpwIdA > .sc-17x7c2u-0:first-child{border-top-left-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px;} .gpwIdA > .sc-17x7c2u-0:last-child{border-top-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-15g8630-0 */ + .hICZjh{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;height:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.hICZjh .iyvn34-0 svg{width:24px;height:24px;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-15g8630-1 */ + .jOqHdi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} .jOqHdi > *{margin:0 4px;min-width:32px;color:#7D7D7D;-webkit-transition:color 200ms ease-in-out;transition:color 200ms ease-in-out;} .jOqHdi > *:first-child{margin-left:0;} .jOqHdi a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#B12460;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-83o472-0 */ + .iimSGa{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.iimSGa{width:100%;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-83o472-1 */ + .yjpVX{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.yjpVX{-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.yjpVX .sc-83o472-0 + .sc-83o472-0{margin-top:15px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.yjpVX{-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-83o472-2 */ + .foLDPX{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} + /* sc-component-id: r43lxo-0 */ + .blgiqp{max-width:1024px;width:100%;} @media only screen and (min-width:50em) and (max-width:63.69em){.blgiqp{max-width:1024px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em) and (max-width:85.19em){.blgiqp{max-width:1024px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:85.25em){.blgiqp{max-width:1024px;}} .blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-1:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-8hxd3p-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-1eu5fsj-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .ooo3c9-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-1jaa1bu-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp p:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp ul:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp hr:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-1bwb26k-1:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp > span:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp figure:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp pre:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1){margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:636px;} @media only screen and (min-width:50em) and (max-width:63.69em){.blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-1:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp 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(min-width:85.25em){.blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-1:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-8hxd3p-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-1eu5fsj-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .ooo3c9-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-1jaa1bu-0:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp p:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp ul:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp hr:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp .sc-1bwb26k-1:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp > span:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp figure:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1),.blgiqp pre:not(.sc-1eow4w5-1){max-width:636px;}} @media only screen and (max-width:63.69em){.blgiqp figure figcaption{padding-left:20px;}} .blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-0,.blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-1,.blgiqp .sc-8hxd3p-0,.blgiqp ul,.blgiqp p{font-family:ElizabethSerif,Georgia,serif;font-size:15px;line-height:28px;font-weight:normal;} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-0,.blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-1,.blgiqp .sc-8hxd3p-0,.blgiqp ul,.blgiqp p{font-size:16px;line-height:29px;}} .blgiqp p{margin-bottom:1.25rem;} .blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-0,.blgiqp .sc-1lmbno3-1{margin-bottom:1.5rem;} .blgiqp iframe{max-width:100%;} .blgiqp .twitter-embed iframe{margin:0 auto;} .blgiqp .has-image,.blgiqp .has-embed,.blgiqp .has-video{margin-bottom:0;width:100%;clear:left;} .blgiqp .ooo3c9-0{margin-bottom:1.5rem;} .blgiqp .has-image.has-image,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1.5rem;position:relative;} .blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-large,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-large{max-width:800px;} .blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-large,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-large,.blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-medium,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-medium,.blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-small,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-small{width:auto;text-align:center;} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-small,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-small{max-width:($main-content-max-width / 2);float:left;margin:0.5rem 1.125rem 0.5rem 0;}} @media only screen and (max-width:49.94em){.blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-medium,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-medium,.blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-large,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-large{width:auto;margin-left:-1.125rem;margin-right:-1.125rem;}.blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-medium figcaption,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-medium figcaption,.blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-large figcaption,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-large figcaption,.blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-medium .video-embed__caption,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-medium .video-embed__caption,.blgiqp .has-image.has-image.media-large .video-embed__caption,.blgiqp .has-video.has-video.media-large .video-embed__caption{padding:0 1.125rem;}} .blgiqp pre{box-shadow:inset 0 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5);display:block;overflow:auto;padding:1.125rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem;width:auto;word-break:break-all;} .blgiqp pre > code{background-color:transparent;} .blgiqp pre p{line-height:24px;} .blgiqp pre,.blgiqp pre p,.blgiqp code{font-family:Courier,monospace;color:#222;font-size:1rem;} .blgiqp pre,.blgiqp code{background-color:#F5F5F5;} .blgiqp code{padding:0 7px;display:inline-block;} .blgiqp ul{margin-bottom:1.5rem;} .blgiqp ul li{margin-bottom:6px;} .blgiqp ul.commerce li{font-family:FiraSans,sans-serif;padding-left:0;color:#666;} .blgiqp ul.commerce li em{color:#72AD75;font-style:normal;} .blgiqp ul.commerce li a{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-shadow:none;} .blgiqp ul.commerce li a:hover strong{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .blgiqp ul.commerce li::before{display:none;} .blgiqp .sc-1bwb26k-1.commerce-icon{max-width:100%;} .blgiqp .ad-container{margin:0;width:auto;height:auto;} .blgiqp .ad-container[data-ad-load-state=loaded] div iframe{margin:0 auto;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1bdg1q0-0 */ + .dHZwOk{border-top:#E5E5E5 solid 1px;position:fixed;bottom:0;right:0;width:100%;padding:6px;background:#FFF;z-index:20;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1bdg1q0-1 */ + .huOEht{margin:0 5px;padding:0 1rem;width:90px;height:28px;line-height:unset;} .huOEht > div{-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;-webkit-box-pack:space-around;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:space-around;justify-content:space-around;} .huOEht span{margin-left:6px;} @media only screen and (max-width:49.94em){.huOEht{margin:0 10px;width:120px;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1bdg1q0-2 */ + .fItspw{width:100%;max-width:1336px;margin:0 auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;padding:0 1.125rem;} @media only screen and (max-width:49.94em){.fItspw{-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;}} + /* sc-component-id: z1qon0-0 */ + .sHsHa{font-size:16px;line-height:21px;margin-bottom:1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.sHsHa{color:#7D7D7D;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-18b1b2r-0 */ + .jZyWXs{display:inline-block;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.jZyWXs{width:100%;max-width:100%;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-18b1b2r-3 */ + .egRxyu{border-radius:3px;padding:0 1rem;border-color:#CCC;} .egRxyu:hover,.egRxyu:active,.egRxyu:focus{border-color:#CCC;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-18b1b2r-4 */ + .fwDNjy{text-align:right;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-18b1b2r-5 */ + .ccAJCg{margin:2.5rem auto 0;max-width:636px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.ccAJCg .sc-18b1b2r-2{width:100%;margin-top:36px;}.ccAJCg .sc-18b1b2r-2 .z1qon0-0:first-child{display:none;}.ccAJCg .sc-18b1b2r-1{display:block;}.ccAJCg .btk291-0{width:100%;}} @media only screen and (min-width:37.37em){.ccAJCg .sc-18b1b2r-1{display:none;}} @media only screen and (min-width:50em) and (max-width:63.69em){.ccAJCg{max-width:636px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:63.75em) and (max-width:85.19em){.ccAJCg{max-width:636px;}} @media only screen and (min-width:85.25em){.ccAJCg{max-width:636px;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1or3yyu-0 */ + .nBxoz{padding-bottom:4px;margin-bottom:16px;font-size:16px;line-height:21px;text-transform:uppercase;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1or3yyu-1 */ + .jcgXjw{margin-bottom:4px;font-size:18px;line-height:23px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1or3yyu-2 */ + .bzrPWe:hover{color:inherit;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1or3yyu-3 */ + .jvIkaX{position:relative;padding-left:25px;} .jvIkaX > *:first-child::before{content:"•";position:absolute;left:0;font-size:21px;font-weight:bold;color:#B12460;} .jvIkaX:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:1rem;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1or3yyu-4 */ + .kSfANG{max-width:636px;margin:32px auto 0;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-73739c-0 */ + @media only screen and (max-width:37.31em){.iaHIzx{margin:0 -1.125rem;}} + /* sc-component-id: sc-73739c-2 */ + .kXLoyx.trc_related_container{padding:0;} .kXLoyx .thumbnails-a{padding:0;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-73739c-3 */ + .eOmEvw{margin:40px auto 0;max-width:636px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-73739c-4 */ + .cirOTP iframe{margin:1rem auto;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1fofo4n-0 */ + .hbcmGw{margin-bottom:24px;} + /* sc-component-id: sc-1auy74q-22 */ + .fVaIqa{position:absolute;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;z-index:2;top:-19px;left:-17px;background:#72AD75;height:55px;width:55px;min-width:55px;border-radius:50%;line-height:55px;text-align:center;font-size:20px;} .fVaIqa span{color:#FFF;} .fVaIqa:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#FFF;} .fVaIqa svg{width:34px;height:34px;color:#FFF;margin:0;} + ]]> + </style> + <style data-styled="gTwDaX" data-styled-version="4.3.2"> + <![CDATA[ + /* sc-component-id: sc-keyframes-gTwDaX */ + @-webkit-keyframes gTwDaX{from{-webkit-transform:translateX(-100%);-ms-transform:translateX(-100%);transform:translateX(-100%);}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);-ms-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0);}} @keyframes gTwDaX{from{-webkit-transform:translateX(-100%);-ms-transform:translateX(-100%);transform:translateX(-100%);}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);-ms-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0);}} + ]]> + </style> + <style> + <![CDATA[ + body{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-x:hidden}ol,ul{list-style-type:none}ol,ul,ol li,ul li,iframe{margin:0}iframe{border:0;display:block;padding:0}.video-js .vjs-big-play-button .vjs-icon-placeholder:before,.video-js .vjs-modal-dialog,.vjs-button>.vjs-icon-placeholder:before,.vjs-modal-dialog 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That's what you're about to see here: one of the richest, most amazing tributes to a great gaming series that we've ever run on Kotaku. Warning #1: this one might make your browser chug, so close your other tabs. Warning #2: This piece might make it hurt a little more than there are no new Metroid games from Nintendo on the horizon. ","datePublished":"2013-09-11T10:00:00-04:00","dateModified":"2013-09-13T16:34:46-04:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-one-of-gamings-riche-1284029577"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"width":1200,"url":"https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_675,pg_1,q_80,w_1200/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg","thumbnail":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":180,"width":320,"url":"https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_180,pg_1,q_80,w_320/18zu12g5xzyxojpg.jpg"}},"articleBody":"Nothing beats the passion of a true fan writing about something they love. That's what you're about to see here: one of the richest, most amazing tributes to a great gaming series that we've ever run on Kotaku. Warning #1: this one might make your browser chug, so close your other tabs. Warning #2: This piece might make it hurt a little more than there are no new Metroid games from Nintendo on the horizon. \n\nPlease note that this is the first half of Mama Robotnik's massive Metroid story. The second half can be found here. The entire post is a greatly-expanded version of a post that Mama Robotnik originally published on the NeoGAF forum before revising and reworking it for Kotaku. Take it away, MR...\n\nNintendo’s Metroid series tells us of a malevolent and vicious universe. It’s a maelstrom in which benevolent races are routinely extinguished, and corrupt empires wage war for ownership of living weapons.\n\nIt’s a place in which xenocide is a commissioned service, and grievances are resolved with planetary apocalypses. Everything is chaotically connected to a dead race of avian prophetic poets fighting a war throughout the cosmos. It’s a dark place to visit.\n\nThere are two purposes to this article: to explore the expansive lore of the Metroid universe – with speculation to fill in the gaps – and to exhibit some extraordinary Metroid-inspired art. All artwork is credited to its original source – follow the links to see further works of these spectacular artists.\n\nNotes on Speculation and Lore\n\nThe games tell us much about this hostile universe, but there are a lot of unresolved story points. In response to these mysteries, the article will provide a healthy amount of speculation. You can consider the piece to be either a makeshift timeline illustrated with fan-artwork, or simply an enthusiastic attempt to reconcile the series continuity into a cohesive whole. The article is informed by the extensive research previously performed by its author. The approach taken regarding speculation is thus: The logical inclusion of probable events that resolve mysteries, while maintaining the themes of the series.\n\nBefore we begin, let’s briefly revisit the five points of essential lore:\n\nMetroids are a genetically-engineered species, created by the Chozo in the prehistory of the games. By the time the first entry begins, Metroid creatures only exist on the planet SR388. At some point long before the games, there was also a Metroid presence on the planet Phaaze.\n\n(Metroid IL Return of Samus, Metroid Prime III: Corruption and Metroid Fusion) \n\nAt least some Chozo possessed a native ability to see into the future.\n\n(Metroid: Zero Mission and Metroid Prime)\n\nThe Chozo discovered the living planet Phaaze with their Elysian Research Outpost. We are not told what transpired immediately after this discovery, but something happened that caused at least one Metroid organism to appear on Phaaze. The planet then loaded this creature – along with pieces Chozo-style powersuit armour, into a Phazon seed and launched it towards a heavily populated Chozo planet. This seed impacted Tallon IV and is contained by the Chozo within an impenetrable shield. The mutated superevolved Metroid creature within – clad in crafted power armour – is trapped in the shield until Samus Aran deactivated it thousands of years later.\n\n(Metroid Prime EU release, Metroid Prime III: Corruption and Metroid Prime Trilogy) \n\nThere are living planets in the Metroid Universe. Phaaze is explicitly referred to as being alive, and could interact with a sentient mind – as shown when a Galactic Federation Aurora Unit is implanted. The planet SR388 could be interpreted as having some form of sentience – it shook with apparent anger when its creatures were killed by Samus Aran, and precisely manipulated its oceans to lure the bounty hunter into hostile situations. (Metroid II: Return of Samus and Metroid Prime III: Corruption). The immediate backstory to the first game in the series is the discovery of the planet SR388. The final event of the final game in the chronology is the final destruction of SR388.\n\n(Metroid, Metroid II: Return of Samus)\n\nReferencing\n\nEach story section includes one or more of the below superscript annotations, to help inform the reader as to where the lore or speculation comes from. A brief key:\n\nWith all that said, let us begin.\n\nPart One: The Wars in Heaven\n\nThe Living Planet\n\n(Artist: 3ihard)\n\nOn an unknown planet in the universe, a race of avian humanoids evolved. The species that will come to be known as the Chozo possessed great strength, agility and intelligence. The species is peaceful, and is driven by a social/religious value that nature is sacred. [M1 / MP]\n\n(Artist: 3ihard)\n\nCertain blessed individuals were born with a unique gift – the vague comprehension of events set to take place in the distant future. Driven by these prophecies, the race advanced quickly and became space faring. With abstract predictions of a hostile universe, the Chozo developed powered armour and armaments to defend themselves. Prepared for whatever hostility awaited them, the Chozo explored the stars. [M1 / MP / MP SP]\n\n(Artist: Elearia)\n\nThe Chozo discovered that – despite their prophets’ visions of a chaotic and warring universe – the cosmos was enjoying a prolonged period of peace and enlightenment. First contact was made with a number of old and wise races, such as the Ylla, the N’kren, the Bryyonians, the Alimbic and the Luminoth. The species shared their cultures and technology, and gently colonised wild worlds such as Aether, Elysia, and Tallon IV. [MP / MPH / MP2 / MP3]\n\n(Artist: Slapshoft)\n\nPeace reigned through the cosmos. The alliance was a great universal renaissance, and lasted for a millennium. [MPH SP / MP2 SP / MP3 SP]\n\n(Artist: 3ihard)\n\nDuring this calm, the Chozo prophets continued to receive increasingly severe visions of chaos. They foresaw a universe consumed by war, horrors evolving on distant worlds, and a great toxicity waiting to be unleashed. As the visions became more precise, the species isolated itself from its allies. The Chozo civilisation became intensely driven to fight this unclear threat. [MP / MP3 SP / M2 SP /MF SP]\n\n(Artist: DanilLovesFood)\n\nThe Chozo needed more potent tools to locate this unseen and distant danger. They expanded their SkyTown colony on the gas giant Elysia and remade it into a vast interstellar observatory powered by the planet’s endless storms. The facility was of such scale that an entire species of artificial life became necessary to maintain it. The Chozo created their first species – the mechanical Elysians. [MP3 / MP3 SP]\n\nProbes were launched across the universe, and the Elysians and Chozo scrutinised the data. The search took generations, while the planet’s tempestuous atmosphere battered SkyTown, weathering the station faster than the Elysians could maintain it. After countless probe launches, a partial transmission received from a decaying and distant satellite set prophecy in motion. [MP3]\n\n(Artist: Mechanical-Hand)\n\nThe data received was terrifying. The blue planet registered as an organism, somehow existing as both mineral and flesh. Impossible radiation pulsed from the surface, which overwhelmed the Chozo satellite and rendered it inert. The location of the planet was immediately lost, and only a broad region of space could be established. [MP3]\n\nWith this find, the Chozo purpose on SkyTown was fulfilled. The race departed the facility, leaving the Elysians to continue their monitoring of the stars. The abandoned race of robots continued to launch satellites to try and rediscover the blue world, hopeful that such a discovery would herald the return of their Chozo creators. The Elysians searched unsuccessfully until Elysia’s endless storms eroded their civilisation into a rusted remnant. [MP3]\n\nThe Chozo reconciled their vague discovery of a blue living planet with their prophecies of toxicity. On this distant world of poison, could creatures have evolved so vicious that they endangered the universe? [MP3 SP]\n\nThe Invasion of Phaaze\n\n(Artist: 3ihard)\n\nFinding the exact location of the deadly planet becomes a priority for the Chozo civilisation. A gargantuan ship was assembled on the holy planet of Tallon IV, and dispatched to the dark corner of the universe where the Elysian satellite had been lost. The greatest Chozo warriors, scientists and prophets commenced a crusade for the hostile world, knowing that they would likely never make it back home. During their long journey, they conceive a name for their target: Phaaze. [MP3 SP]\n\n(Artist: SesakaTH)\n\nGenerations passed, and the Chozo expedition finally located the blue planet. As they approached, they witnessed the living world as it endlessly pulsed with blue and white energies. There was nothing like this place elsewhere in the universe. [MP3 SP]\n\nTheir scans confirmed their worst fears – this atmosphere was a bath of radiation and mutation – and evolution had produced horrors. [MP3 SP]\n\n(Artist: SamusMMX)\n\nFor billions of years, Phaaze had mutated and irradiated life that evolved on its surface. The strongest creatures had survived to thrive in an ecosystem of beautiful poison. It was then that the Chozo understood: They had arrived at the home of the most devastating and deranged creatures in the known universe. [MP3 SP]\n\nIf these monsters were to escape their containment on Phaaze, they would voraciously consume their way through the cosmos. With younger races only centuries away from space travel, the Chozo could not risk them finding this world and releasing its terrors. [MP3 SP]\n\nThe Chozo expedition came to an impasse. The threat of Phaaze’s superpredators had to be neutralised, but severe action against the planet would be sacrilege. The Chozo held life sacred, and refused to destroy the unique living world. [MP3 SP]\n\nA dangerous plan was agreed upon. The expedition ship landed on Phaaze, exposing the crew to tremendous radiation. [MP3 SP]\n\n(Artist: Adoublea)\n\nChozo Warriors in power suits fought the planet’s creatures as they swarmed the ship. The soldiers battled, watching their kin die around them, in a desperate mission to buy time. [MP3 SP]\n\nThe scientists within the ship began to harness the intense radiation around them, to try and engineer an artificial predator that could neutralise the planet’s superpredators. With access to the unique Phazon mutagen that covered the poisonous world, genetic engineering that should have taken decades was done in days. The Chozo engineered the first Metroid. [MP3 SP]\n\n(Artist: Methuselah3000)\n\nThe Metroid creature was unleashed onto the planet, and the radiation caused it to reproduce quickly. The resulting swarm of Metroids began to consume the planet’s monstrosities and established themselves as Phaaze’s apex predator. [MP3 SP]\n\nThe Chozo mission was complete. The worst creatures were being hunted to extinction, and the Metroids were expected to die from starvation soon after. The cost had been enormous – most of the crew had been killed defending the ship, and the survivors were deathly ill from radiation poisoning. The burnt and damaged ship took off for the long journey home, but the crew soon succumbed to the radiation they had endured. The autopilot took the ship of Chozo bodies home. [MP3 SP]\n\n(Artist: 3ihard)\n\nOn Phaaze, the Metroid presence lasted decades as they consumed the planet’s superpredators. The corpses of Chozo warriors were absorbed into the planet, and their battle armour slowly became weathered and scattered. The planet’s slow sentience developed an outrage that seethed under its continents. It had been violated by the Chozo. As the Metroid infestation began to die out, Phaaze developed a very primitive concept of purpose and retribution. [MP3 SP]\n\nPhaaze established a vague awareness of concepts it had absorbed from the brains of the Chozo warrior corpses – and the location of two worlds from the Chozo’s memories. As the planet entered its reproductive cycle, it purposely directed two of its seeds towards the planets Tallon IV and Aether. In the seed sent to the Chozo world, Phaaze included one of the last surviving Metroid creatures and some ruined pieces of Chozo armour, intended as a reminder of the crime Phaaze had endured at their hands. The planet sent its second seed to Aether, as the absorbed memories informed the living planet that its inhabitants were friends of the Chozo, and therefore the enemies of Phaaze. [MP 1 / MP 2 SP / MP3 SP]\n\nThe expedition ship – heavily damaged by radiation and lack of maintenance – was guided back to civilisation by an increasingly erratic auto-pilot. After decades it eventually approached the Chozo world of Zebes, and crash-landed onto its surface. The Chozo civilisation attempted to recover data logs from the wreckage with very limited success – they were able to understand the sacrifice that the heroic crew had made, and confirmed the apparent success of the Metroids in neutralising the creatures on the living planet. The Chozo authorities were unable to establish the location of Phaaze, or recover much in the way of scientific data concerning it. [MP3 SP / SM SP]\n\n(Artist: Methuselah3000)\n\nAs the Tallon IV seed began its centuries of travelling through space, the lone Metroid within absorbed vast amounts of Phazon and radiation. It became self-aware, and grew in size, intelligence and strength. It used the ruined pieces of Chozo armour to construct itself an exoskeleton, and descended into madness. The exoskeleton failed to protect the creature from the endless radiation, and the Metroid became as exotic as Phaaze’s extinct superpredators: An undying tortured genius. [MP / MP2 / MP3 / MP3 SP]\n\nThe creature that would come to be known as Metroid Prime resented Phaaze for imprisoning it in the Leviathan. It resented the Chozo for creating and discarding the Metroids. It decided that it would survive, bring order to the chaotic universe that birthed it, and somehow enslave Phaaze to its will. In its solitude, immortal as a consequence of its mutations, Metroid Prime plotted its revenge against the universe. [MP / MP2 / MP3 / MP3 SP]\n\nThe Dark Planet\n\nWith a clear understanding of the danger of living planets, the Chozo authority commenced a search for similar threats. With far more advanced technology than their ancestors had during the Elysian era, the Chozo were unfortunate enough to find a planet of even greater horrors. [MP 3 SP / M2]\n\n(Artist: PeaceFistArtist)\n\nThe Chozo detected strange readings coming from a world in a desolate part of the galaxy. The planet had been previously considered so obscure and unimportant that it didn’t have a name, merely catalogued with the codename SR388 and left to its obscurity. A detailed analysis picked up some extremely strange observations; though seemingly mineral, the caverns and liquids beneath the surface shifted with metabolic rhythm – as if the whole planet was somehow a living thing. A ship was dispatched, and the strongest Chozo warriors braved the caverns beneath the surface. [M2 / M2 SP]\n\nFew made it back. They told of a cauldron of evil, an environment so hostile and vicious that it had birthed the most terrible things. [M2]\n\n(Artist: LightningArts)\n\nBeneath that planet, evolution had been won by an abomination that could steal the flesh, abilities, memories and strengths of all of its prey. The creature was a fusion of energy and plasma that parasitized on life itself. With no word suitable for the nightmare they had discovered, the Chozo simply called it X. If these X-Parasites somehow gained access to the wider universe, there would be no force that could contain them. [M2]\n\nThe threat had to be dealt with. Remembering the apparent success of the Chozo expedition to Phaaze, a plan was put into action. The Chozo assembled their best and brightest, their strongest and wisest. They carved their way into SR388, and dispatched mechanical creatures to construct secure facilities. Robots and Chozo warriors repressed all instances of the X-Parasite as they found them, but casualties were high. The planet appeared to fight the Chozo at every turn, it drowned the invaders in acid and unleashed ambushes of creatures. The endless swam of X-Parasites gained strength from the corpses around them. [MP3 SP / M2]\n\nDeep in the planet, a glass laboratory was created, its walls highly resistant to SR388’s acid belly. Here, in dangerous proximity to the X-Parasites, the Chozo scientists began their work. [M2]\n\n(Artist: 3ihard)\n\nThe Chozo tried to recreate the plan of their ancestors – the use of Metroids to pacify superpredators too dangerous to exist. Without access to the same planetary radiation and materials the Phaaze expedition had, progress was slow. As the war against the planet was raging around them, the Chozo scientists were able to engineer Metroids, but not a variant strong enough to overcome the X-Parasites. As more and more Chozo died protecting the laboratory, a different approach was needed. [M2 SP]\n\n(Artist: Starshadow76)\n\nThe Chozo succeeded in engineering a Metroid Queen, a colossal creature who would lay Metroid Hatchling eggs. When hatched, these resulting Metroids were strong and durable creatures, and finally potent enough to combat the X menace. The Chozo knew that to completely suppress the parasites, the Metroid presence on SR388 had to be permanent. To ensure that the species would not overfeed on the environment and wipe out its food chains, the scientists hardwired an instinct into the Metroid Queen’s feral mind: Only thirty-nine Metroids were to exist on the planet at any one time. This, it was hoped, would keep their numbers high enough to destroy any X re-emergence, but low enough so that they wouldn’t consume the rest of the life on the planet, and starve to death from lack of food. [M2]\n\nThe scientists assembled a payload of Hatchling Eggs and the surviving Chozo warriors distributed them across the planet. The eggs hatched quickly, and the X-Parasites were immediately overwhelmed by the infant Metroids. The X-Parasites were quickly hunted to near-extinction, with only a few surviving cells entering a state of suspension deep in the planet. [M2 SP / MF]\n\nThe Chozo had won their war, but only just. Most of the warriors and scientists had not survived, and those that were left had to make sure that the X-Parasites had been permanently suppressed. The planet shook with tremors; the earth shifted and acid poured, as if the world was trying to crush the Chozo in their glass laboratory. [M2 SP]\n\nThe X-Parasites did not return, and the Metroid Queen continued to scream as her glass prison shook. The Chozo didn’t realise it, but her despair was being heard. [M2 SP]\n\n(Artist: Hermax669)\n\nSR388 had been violated by the Chozo. Though very different to Phaaze, SR388 had its own vague sense of awareness. It perceived the Chozo as a viral infection, and the dead X-Parasites as part of itself. It understood loss, and shook with ancient rage. [MP3 SP / M2 SP / MF SP]\n\nIt changed itself to change the Metroids. It adopted them to replace the X-Parasites, and quickly killed the weaker breeds. It moved its radioactive minerals closer to their eggs and soon mutated the species. As SR388 had done with X, it did with the Metroids. It made them strong. [M2 SP / MF SP]\n\nAlpha, Gamma, Zeta and Omega Metroids spawned quickly, and responded to the screams of their Queen. With their bulk and strength, they smashed through the glass laboratory and slaughtered their Chozo creators. The Chozo warriors were hunted down and crushed. [M2]\n\nSR388 developed into a new cauldron of hostility. The Metroids served as the apex predator, and the robots of the Chozo decayed into machine madness and prowled the ruins, killing on sight. The Chozo mission to suppress the X-Parasite had been a success, but the planet had gained its revenge. [M2 / M2 SP / MF]\n\nPart Two: The End of the Renaissance\n\nThe Holy World\n\nThe Chozo had devastated two planets for the good of the universe, and sustained many causalities. The superpredators of Phaaze were extinct and the X-Parasites were permanently suppressed. With the crisis over, the race became consumed with a collective sense of guilt over their necessary actions. The Chozo believed the life of the universe to be sacred, and had to reconcile their aggressive actions with their faith. [MP SP / MP3 SP / M2 / MF]\n\nWorse still, their prophets continued to have visions of endless conflict and death. War was coming to the universe, and it seemed that their sins had not saved them. Many began to doubt these visions, and a schism occurred. [MP/ MP3 SP]\n\nThe bulk of the Chozo civilisation retired themselves from galactic affairs, leaving only a few scattered colonies amongst the stars. The race retreated to the holy planet of Tallon IV, to shun their technologies and begin simpler, poetic lives. These Chozo reconnected themselves to the natural world and tried to find a harmony with it. As time went on, the most potent prophets became manic, and tried to warn their fellows of a great poison that was to come. [M1 / MP]\n\nThese visions were met with increasing dismissal, but the day finally came when the prophets were believed. After eons swimming in the stars, Phaaze’s seed entered the Tallon system. [MP / MP3]\n\n(Artist: Hameed)\n\nThe Leviathan crashed down, and rained poison and death unto the world. The impact survivors watched as their sacred nature succumbed to the mutagens leaking from the seed, and barricaded themselves in their temples as the flora and fauna transformed. Phazon spread beneath the surface of the dying planet, and radiation storms battered the surface. [MP]\n\n(Source: Riivka)\n\nThe Chozos’ punishment for their sins, and the fulfilment of Phaaze’s wrath, reached biblical proportions. The Chozo of Tallon IV did not get to rest in peace. Their life energies suffered from Phazon disruption, and upon death they became mad ghosts who screamed forever as they were torn in and out of the material world. In this purgatory, the undead immaterial Chozo murdered anyone they could find. [MP / MP3 SP]\n\nAs their numbers dwindled, the last of the Chozo constructed a great temple above the impact crater. Within this temple, they used what little technology remained to project an energy field around the Leviathan to slow the spread of contagion. As the Chozo civilisation on Tallon IV was extinguished, their dying prophets told of a hero who would one day emerge, to enter the crater and defeat the evil worm within. [MP]\n\n(Source: Havoc-DM)\n\nWithin the Impact Crater, Metroid Prime remained trapped within the Chozo energy field. In its armour constructed from ancient Chozo power suits, it continued its wait to be unleashed on the universe. [MP / MP3 SP]\n\nDark Echoes\n\n(Artist: 3ihard)\n\nOn the planet Aether, an ancient race of mystics known as the Luminoth received the horrifying data coming from Tallon IV. In distant times, the Luminoth and the Chozo had been steadfast allies – until the Chozo retreat ended their ties. Desperate to assist, the Luminoth began to organise a rescue mission. [MP2 / MP2 SP]\n\n(Artist: PugOfDoon)\n\nA dark transmission was received from Tallon IV. The image showed a screaming, ghostly Chozo figure, flickering in and out of the living universe. In its undead madness, it spoke for its kin. It raged that they would kill anyone who would set foot on their world. The planet was pandemonium, a cursed world on which the dead could not die. As the signal faded, the Luminoth realised that there was no one left alive to rescue. [MP SP / MP2 SP]\n\nThe Luminoth were receiving strange readings from the devastated planet. A mutagen was spreading, unlike anything they had ever encountered. They scanned the stars for its source, and made a devastating discovery – a mass of the same mutagen was on a collision course with Aether. Phaaze’s second seed had nearly arrived at its destination. [MP2 SP / MP3 SP]\n\nThe people of Aether turned to their technology to save them. Their planet had no native star of its own, and had been implanted millennia ago with a complex energy network that sustained all life. This system was reverently called the Light of Aether, and harnessed the light of the universe in its mechanism. The Luminoth realised that even with this great power, they could not destroy the Phazon Leviathan. A different approach was needed. [MP2 / MP2 SP]\n\n(Artist: SesaKath)\n\nThe Luminoth used their great Light to engineer a small pocket universe, a dark lifeless echo of existence. The plan was bold: they would use the Light of Aether to surgically open the fabric of reality in the path of the Phazon seed, and allow it to harmlessly enter the pocket universe. If all went well, they would be saved. [MP2 SP]\n\nThe day came, and the Leviathan entered Aether’s atmosphere. The Luminoth commenced their great plan. [MP2 SP]\n\n(Artist: Adriencgd)\n\nPhaaze’s seed was a sum of living materials beyond Luminoth comprehension. It hit the pocket universe with incalculable force, and a tsunami of exotic energy ruptured space and time. The equipment containing the dark reality lost containment within moments, and the Luminoth were helpless as their creation expanded across the entire planet. A wave of dark energy absorbed creatures, structures and land into the dark universe, and what was once a single planet – was now two. [MP2 / MP2 SP]\n\nThe Luminoth surveyed the devastation. The Phazon seed was gone – it had indeed collided with the dark universe. Entire continents, with millions of inhabitants, had vanished with it. [MP2 / MP2 SP\n\n(Artist: AzureParagon)\n\nIn the dark universe, a grotesque world was being born. Previous inhabitants of Aether, having been absorbed when containment of the pocket universe was lost, found themselves twisted by the corrosive new reality around them. Most perished, and their flesh fed the strange carnivorous fungi that glowed sickly colours. Some survivors were mutated by the Phazon slowly spreading beneath the surface, and adapted to survive in the hostility. [MP2 SP]\n\nAether and its echo, the Phazon-infested Dark Aether, existed in synchronicity. As the Luminoth tried to rebuild their planet, it took only decades for cracks to form in the ether separating the two realities. As rips in the universe shattered open, Aether became a battlefield. [MP2]\n\n(Artist: Xxkiragaxx)\n\nA womb of Phazon mutation and dark energies had birthed a cunning and ferocious horde. The Ing erupted through the cracks between the two worlds, and commenced slaughter. They were fought back by the Luminoth, and a war began between the two parallel worlds. The Ing invaded Aether with regularity, and killed, pillaged and destroyed all that they could find. The Luminoth retaliated and crusaded into Dark Aether in their Light Suits, on suicide missions to exterminate the source of the Ing menace. Both sides suffered colossal casualties as the decades went on. [MP2]\n\n(Artist: 3ihard)\n\nThe war was being lost by the Luminoth. The Ing had exterminated most of their race and had stolen too many vital technologies. With the theft of essential energy components from the Light of Aether power network, they had become a defeated people. [MP2]\n\nThe Ing had destroyed all of Aether’s ancient ships, and condemned the Luminoth to no escape from their doomed world. With no other choice, the survivors sealed themselves in an inner sanctum, and entered a state of suspended animation. One custodian, U-Mos, volunteered to be their guardian. As Aether became weaker and weaker, the Luminoth waited for someone to save them. They would wait a very long time. [MP2]\n\nThe Sacrifice of the Alimbics\n\n(Artist: Kihunter)\n\nAs the Chozo and the Luminoth fell, so too did other ancient races. In a distant part of the universe, the Alimbics were a militaristic society that maintained peace in their galactic cluster. Their order was shattered when a murderous entity, originating from someplace beyond the understood universe, plummeted into one of their worlds. The creature emerged from the devastation as a gaseous entity, and assumed an Alimbic-styled body to begin its onslaught. [MPH]\n\nThis alien juggernaut was named Gorea by the Alimbic race, and they soon understood it brought only death. Gorea killed every Alimbic it could find, and destroyed everything in its path. Planet after planet fell to Gorea, and the Alimbics realised the creature would never stop. [MPH]\n\n(Artist: Sesakath)\n\nThe Alimbics performed an act of supreme sacrifice. They combined the mental energies of their entire race to forge a prison for Gorea. The psychic prison held it bound, and it was transplanted into an organic vessel called The Oubliette. The vessel was launched into the void outside of the universe, a course that would keep its indestructible prisoner in exile forever. The systems of the prison ship were tasked to scan the every molecule of the imprisoned Gorea, and devise an Omega weapon that could be used to kill it. [MPH / MPH SP]\n\nThe mental energies expelled in this plan consumed the physical bodies of the entire Alimbic race. They vanished from the universe in an instant. Their sacrifice protected all life in the cosmos from Gorea’s murderous rampage. [MPH]\n\nThe War of Bryyo\n\n(Artist: Sesakath)\n\nAs the old races of the universe died around them, the lizard people of Bryyo faced their own challenges. The Bryyonians were an advanced, space-faring race who had learned much from their Chozo allies. Their society was a deeply polarised one, with tensions eternal between the scientific and religious factions.[MP3]\n\nOver the previous centuries, the scientific agenda had dominated, with space travel proving beneficial and enlightening. As the Chozo, Luminoth and Alimbics faced extinction, the religious Bryyonians believed more than ever that the universe was a hostile place, and became desperate to stop their scientific counterparts. [MP3]\n\nA great war exploded across Bryyo. By its end, the scholars had been wiped out and the survivors of both sides had regressed to a feral existence. The race devolved into animals, wandering around ruins that they no longer understood. Language vanished and strength ruled. Anyone who landed on Bryyo was meat, to be killed and eaten. [MP3]\n\nThe Little Rainy Planet\n\nThe onslaught of vengeances, conquerors, poisons and politics destroyed the old races. The Alimbics had lost their flesh, while the Bryyonians had lost their souls. The Luminoth had retreated into stasis, and the Chozo of Tallon IV had been condemned to a living death. [MP / MPH / MP2 / MP3]\n\n(Artist: Kaiquesilva)\n\nOn a small, rainy planet called Zebes, the last known Chozo colony had watched the stars with impotence. This small settlement of the nearly-extinct avian race witnessed the end of the great universal renaissance, and the slow beginning of a new chapter in galactic history. Gradually, the younger races were launching their first satellites into space. In time, new empires would rise to take the place of the old. [M1 / M1 SP]\n\n(Artist: 3ihard)\n\nZebes prophets’ saw the visions the Chozo had always endured: great wars, spreading poison and death. And suddenly, something bold was foreseen. [M1 SP / MP3 SP]\n\n(Artist: Fddt)\n\nA great hunter, clad in orange, red and green. The Chozo glimpsed a future hero, alone in the darkness beneath worlds, fighting so that good could survive evil. They saw her curing poisoned planets, and ending galactic wars. They saw the universe’s one chance to survive its apocalyptic future. They saw the only one who could defy prophecy. [M1 / MP3 SP]\n\nAnd they saw her wearing Chozo armour. [M1]\n\nPart Three: The New Empires\n\nThe Humans\n\nOn the planet Earth, the human race had finally developed a ship capable of leaving their solar system. A brave crew ventured into the universe to learn whether life existed elsewhere. Their discoveries fundamentally changed the human condition. On planet after planet, they found ruined tombs and cities, guarded by weathered statues of dead races. Most significant of all, they found technology. [M1 SP]\n\nThe humans reverse engineered their salvage, and advanced with pace. Within another century, faster-than-light ships explored the stars, and colonies transformed hostile worlds into homes. Peaceful relations formed between other younger races, and a great Galactic Federation was founded. [M1 SP]\n\nThe Space Pirates\n\nIn a less hospitable region of space, a cabal of battered races joined their forces to survive. On planets where acid rain burned flesh and magma flowed, the alliance expanded into a hardened space empire. They ventured into nearby systems and took what they needed from anyone they could reach. They found the ruins of the old races and ransacked the ancient technologies within. They immersed themselves in science and unlocked the secrets of their finds. Within decades, they had advanced their spread with stronger and faster ships. The creatures enhanced themselves, rewriting their genetics and integrating mechanisms beneath their flesh. They were unique: a cybernetic race of furious murderers with a skill for patient scientific process. As more planets were invaded, their conquered civilisations were conscripted by force. [M1 SP / MP / MP3]\n\nThe inevitable moment came when their Empire reached the borders of the vast Galactic Federation. [M1 SP / MP / MP3]\n\n(Artist: Mr-Corr)\n\nFirst contact was brief and furious. On that day, the warning went out to all the worlds of the Federation: Beware the Space Pirates. Though no state of war was officially declared, the empires attacked each other on sight. The Galactic Federation was large enough to repress any meaningful incursions into their space. [M1 SP / MP SP / MP3 SP / SM SP]\n\nThe Massacre of Two Families\n\nThe Galactic Federation discovered the last Chozo Colony on Zebes. The tired, ancient avians welcomed the humans and shared with them wisdom and knowledge. They offered the Galactic Federation new sciences, and taught them how to make organic computers. The Federation studied the Chozo’s own central processing unit, an engineered brain that mothered over their colony, and left with plans to assemble their own variants. On the nearest habitable planet of K-2L, a colony was established. [M1 / MP3 SP]\n\nOn this world, the human Samus Aran was born. [M1]\n\n(Artist: Methuselah3000)\n\nBarely out of infancy, the young Samus witnessed her family die. A Space Pirate raiding party overwhelmed her colony and murdered everyone she ever knew. By staying silent while surrounded by horror, Samus survived as the Pirates ransacked the settlement and left. [M1]\n\nThe Chozo colony on Zebes received K-2L’s automated distress signal. In an ancient dusty ship, they reached the planet and found Samus to be the only survivor of the massacre. The child was brought to Zebes, and the Chozo deliberated. Should she be returned to her own kind, or allowed to stay? [M1]\n\nAcross the colony, the Prophets experienced a simultaneous moment of clarity. They understood immediately that they had found their prophesised hero. The young girl was their inheritor, and would grow strong. She would learn all she could from them, and take their strongest technologies into the universe. She would be the hero against the oncoming storm. [M1 SP]\n\n(Artist: R3dFiVe)\n\nSamus Aran reached maturity amongst the Chozo. She was trained in the combat arts of the great extinct races. She was infused with Chozo genetic material so she could employ their technologies. She was educated to be a scientist, an explorer, and a tactician. Everything that was good about the Chozo civilisation was allowed to live on in Samus. [M1]\n\n(Artist: Pyra)\n\nSamus became an adult, and the Chozo presented her with their greatest works: a toughened power suit and an agile spacecraft, both more potent than anything their race had ever made. The Chozo leader, decaying and blind, told Samus it was time for her to find her destiny in the universe. Samus Aran departed for the stars, and years pass. [M1 / M1 SP]\n\nAs Samus tried to reconnect with her heritage on Earth, the last Chozo prophets on Zebes received a final vision: The Space Pirates were coming for them. It was time for the last Chozo to be extinguished from the universe. [M1 SP]\n\n(Artist: Phobos-Romulus)\n\nThe Chozo hid their technologies throughout the planet, in places that they were certain Samus would find them. They concealed a second Power Suit within the walls of their holy temple, having foreseen that Samus may require it in the future. They then returned to the surface to await the inevitable. [M1 SP]\n\nThe Space Pirates invaded in force, and murdered Samus Aran’s second family. The Chozo became extinct. [M1 / MP SP]\n\nThe Mother Brain\n\nSpace Pirate scientists arrived shortly after the carnage and focused their attention on the legendary Chozo organic central processing unit. They rewrote its benign programming and injected stimulants into its flesh. They enabled it to form an artificial intelligence obsessed with strategy and conquest. They drove its computational potential towards absolute advancement of the Space Pirate Empire. [M1 SP]\n\n(Artist: Jaagup)\n\nThe results went beyond High Command’s most optimistic projections. The Space Pirates had created a leader, a desperately needed figure to unite their fragmented empire. They had created their Mother Brain. The great Space Pirate generals Ridley and Kraid arrived at Zebes, ready to pay tribute to their new master and to plan for the future. Mother Brain delivered to the Space Pirates knowledge and power. She told them of a world referenced in her oldest Chozo databanks, a planet bathed in a mutagenic poison waiting to be farmed. She instructed High Command to prepare an armada of ships and invade the planet Tallon IV. [M1 / MP SP]\n\nThe order was followed immediately, and the High Command discovered a world deranged by contagion. Beneath its surface, endless pools of Phazon waited to be weaponised, and a great mining operation began. Mother Brain received data from their readings on the planet; even after thousands of years, the source of the Phazon was still contained in the Chozo force field. She scrutinised her records further, and was unable to ascertain any method of breaching the barrier. The Space Pirates could retrieve the Phazon, but were denied access to its source. [MP]\n\nThe Metroids\n\nA perfect storm brewed. As the Space Pirates gained access to the most potent mutagen in the universe, the Galactic Federation made an equally eventful discovery: They found the dark planet SR388. [M1 / M2]\n\n(Artist: Fireborn Form)\n\nA Galactic Federation survey team studied the surface, and soon encountered a gelatinous creature that swam through air. The alien defied gravity and physics as it phased through dense rock with ease. It perceived the survey team, and made a few curious chirps in their direction. It then suddenly changed temperament, aggressively charging to latch itself onto the skull of one of the party. The victim died in agony as the Metroid fed on all the energy within, and could not be removed until its prey had been reduced to a dried husk of collapsing matter. The young Metroid had just killed, in a way that science could not explain. [M1 SP / M2 SP]\n\nWith effort and casualties, the scientists contained a few infant specimens of the Metroid creatures, and left the planet without further incident. [M1]\n\nAs their vessel went back to the stars, SR388 was aware their withdrawal. It harboured a great contempt for the invaders, an endless hate fuelled by the impotence it endured centuries ago when the Chozo had committed their great invasion. The living planet had spent centuries honing the Metroids into perfect killers, and knew the devastation they could cause upon maturity. The planet had intentionally allowed the humans to take a few Metroids away so that the creatures could grow up and kill anyone out amongst the stars who ever thought of returning. SR388 took any opportunity to gain revenge against an outside universe that refused to leave it alone. [M2 SP]\n\nAs the scientists began to broadcast their findings back to the Galactic Federation, Mother Brain intercepted the transmission. She cross-referenced their data with notes buried in the Chozo’s ancient fragmented records. She deduced that the Metroids were a form of genetically engineered predator of incredible power, created by the Chozo for an unknown purpose. Mother Brain ordered High Command to get the creatures to her by any means necessary. [M1 SP]\n\nThe Space Pirates overran the Galactic Federation vessel and stole the Metroid creatures. They divided their prize: some were sent to their nearest Homeworld; others were sent to the Tallon IV outpost; and the most potent were delivered straight to Zebes for the experiments of Mother Brain. [M1 / MP / MP3]\n\nWith the arrival of the first Phazon samples from Tallon IV, the exotic substance allowed the Space Pirates to slowly produce stable cloned Metroids across their breeding sites. [M1 SP / MP SP]\n\nThe Revenge of Samus Aran\n\n(Artist: Ojanpohja)\n\nIn her first mission as a Bounty Hunter, Samus Arran was commissioned by the Galactic Federation to neutralise the stolen Metroids. Through careful investigation, Samus discovered that the Pirates are operating from Zebes – her home. She concluded that the Space Pirates had murdered her second family, as they had done with her first. They have took from her everyone she ever loved, and destroyed her two worlds. [M1]\n\n(Artist: Stuart Hughe)\n\nSamus stormed Zebes and killed everyone in her path. [M1]\n\n(Artist: Immarart)\n\nAs her defences were breached, Mother Brain unleashed the great generals Ridley and Kraid. Both were killled, and, desperate to stop the intruder, Mother Brain released the Metroids. Samus Aran exterminated the creatures, and invaded the inner sanctum. [M1]\n\n(Artist: Twigs)\n\nSamus confronted the malevolent Mother Brain and blasted apart her body. A power overload was caused, and the Tourian facility shook itself apart. Samus evacuated to her ship and tried to leave Zebes, but a Space Pirate battleship in orbit registered her ascent and opened fire. Samus’ gunship plummeted back towards the Zebes and impacted Chozodia, her former home. [M1]\n\nExtremely lucky to be alive, Samus crawled out of the remains of her destroyed power suit, and fled as Space Pirate forces stormed the area. Samus hid, crawled and ran to find sanctuary in the deepest part of the Chozo’s most revered temple. [M1]\n\n(Artist: Eyes5)\n\nSamus found herself surrounded with murals of the dead Chozo, and accepted she was alone in the universe. Overcoming despair, she solved the trials of the Chozodian temple and a concealed power suit was revealed to her. This shining armour was even more potent than the one she had just lost, and was able to integrate the most exotic Chozo technologies. Samus realised the greater meaning of her find; the Chozo had left her gifts for her in places they had foreseen she would traverse. Her adopted family continued to protect her long after their deaths, and she would find their statues cradling survival equipment in the darkest corners of the cosmos. [M1 / MP / MP3 / M2 / SM]\n\n(Artist: Imachinivid)\n\nWith her new armaments, Samus cleansed the Space Pirate presence from Zebes. She came to be known as “The Hunter”, and the Space Pirates learned that they will always be hunted down for what they did to her families. They fled the planet in terror. [M1 / MP / MP2 / MP3]\n\nTallon IV\n\nAs years passed, Samus Aran accepted further missions from the Galactic Federation. The bounty earned funded her personal vendetta against the Space Pirates. She improved her armaments, paid for black market information and stormed their outposts. Samus showed her enemies no mercy, and became the feared nemesis of their entire civilisation. With the income from her Federation services, Samus had soon amassed enough money to buy the most secret information regarding the Space Pirates: the coordinates of their stronghold on an old forgotten planet called Tallon IV. [MP1 SP]\n\nSamus guided her ship into the Tallon system and investigated an orbiting space station. She discovered a failed genetic engineering facility whose Space Pirate crew was murdered when they lost control of their own creations. Samus fought her way through the ferocious beasts scattered within, and discovered a half-insane cyborg recreation of the Space Pirate general Ridley. As the station began to collapse, the biomechanical dragon fled to the world below, and Samus pursued. [MP1]\n\n(Artist: Lightningarts)\n\nSamus lost Ridley in the planet’s stormy atmosphere, and elected to land in a nearby jungle to conceal her presence from the Pirate ground forces. Exploring the surroundings, Samus discovered that the planet was once home to the bulk of the extinct Chozo civilisation. In a great temple Samus studied poetic murals that told of the Phazon comet that had struck their world. The scribblings informed her of a creature trapped deep in the comet that they referred to as “The Worm,” and of the powerful shield they erected to prevent its escape. Samus read their last prophecy; that a hero would traverse fire and ice, jungle and cave, and find twelve sacred keys that would deactivate the barrier and allow passage to the Impact Crater. This saviour from the stars would bring down the ancient shield, and destroy the worm that infected their planet. [MP1]\n\nShe continued her exploration, and battled ferocious flora and fauna. The Hunter came to understand that the Space Pirates had established a complex military installation that descended far below the surface. [MP1]\n\n(Artist: R-Sraven)\n\nSamus hunted the Pirates and accessed their computer logs. The Empire had found quantities of an intensely potent mutagen called Phazon. Laboratories across the outpost experimented with the substance, and in a short space of time they had created prototypes for the next generation of their races: powerful Phazon-fuelled juggernauts. Should these advances continue, Samus knew that the Space Pirates would be able to conquer the Galactic Federation. [MP1]\n\n(Artist: Greenstranger)\n\nIn the most secure laboratory, Samus made a devastating discovery. The Space Pirates had used Phazon to create an army of stable clone Metroids and lost containment. The Metroid creatures were roaming the caverns deep in the planet, reproducing and mutating as the Phazon influenced their physiology. [MP1]\n\n(Artist: Ohimseeinstars)\n\nSamus’ final discovery was the most horrific. The powerful, poisonous Phazon was not a rare material on Tallon IV. Despite the Chozo shield containing the Impact Crater, the substance had spread and consumed the world inside-out. The core of the planet presented the Space Pirates with a vast supply of Phazon, enough to fuel their conquest of the stars. [MP1]\n\nSamus destroyed the mining facilities and laboratories, and reconstructed the twelve parts of the ancient Chozo cipher. She destroyed living weapons such as the Thardus experiment, and annihilated the prototype Omega Pirate. She overcame corrupted Metroids, and banished the tormented Chozo ghosts from the living world. She fought the mad Meta Ridley, and on his demise deactivated the Chozo containment shield. As prophesised, Samus Aran entered the Impact Crater. [MP1]\n\nThe Worm\n\nSamus Aran had opened Metroid Prime’s cage, and had no understanding of what she was about to unleash on the universe. The creature had been imprisoned in a different era, and had spent eons being tortuously transformed by Phazon into an undying mad genius. [MP1]\n\n(Artist: Chrysaetos-Pteron)\n\nSamus and the ancient Metroid battled, and the bounty hunter shattered the creature’s metal armour. By channelling the surrounding Phazon deposits into a supercharged energy beam, Samus was able to devastate Metroid Prime’s gelatinous body. After a tremendous battle, the old creature began to collapse on itself. [MP1]\n\n(Artist: Sabretoontigers)\n\nSeemingly dying, Metroid Prime lashed out, grabbing a layer of material from Samus Aran’s armour. The creature melted into a pool of Phazon particles, and the bounty hunter evacuated the Impact Crater. [MP1]\n\nSamus Aran had seemingly succeeded in her mission. The surviving Space Pirates abandoned their devastated facilities and hastily evacuated the planet. With the defeat of Metroid Prime, the Phazon contagion was slowly stopping its spread. The tormented Chozo spirits that had been bound to the planet were finally able to achieve their rest. Leaving the world to recover from its devastation, Samus Aran headed back to the stars. [MP1 / MP1 SP]\n\nThe Dark Hunter\n\nMetroid Prime’s exposure to millennia of Phazon had given the creature extremely exotic abilities, the most potent being its durability – to recreate itself after nearly any level of destruction. As it had collapsed on itself, the essence of Metroid Prime craved the strength and adaptability present in Samus Aran. In the Talon IV impact crater, Metroid Prime recreated itself as a dark copy of the woman who had defeated it. [MP 1 / MP2 / MP3 SP]\n\n(Artist: Imachinivid)\n\nDark Samus clawed its way out of the Impact Crater. It departed Tallon IV to spread its venom across the stars, and to sow the seeds of a great war. [MP1 / MP2 / MP3]\n\nClick here for the second half of this epic story.\n\nMama Robotnik is a video game historian living somewhere in the British Empire. He specialises in unearthing lost gaming media, but also enjoys a good long essay about his favourite games every now and then. He drinks a lot of tea, and has a horrendously naughty black and white cat called Blossom. If you would like to contact him, he responds to his private messages over at NeoGAF.\n\n","articleSection":"metroid","keywords":["metroid","kotaku longreads","nintendo"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"http://schema.org","name":"Kotaku","url":"https://kotaku.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":500,"url":"https://x.kinja-static.com/assets/images/logos/newsletter/kotaku-500px.png"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/kotaku","https://www.youtube.com/user/KotakuNYC","https://twitter.com/kotaku","https://instagram.com/kotakudotcom"]},"video":[]} + ]]> + </script> + <div class="js_starterpost"> + <div class="sc-1fofo4n-0 hbcmGw"> + <div class="sc-83o472-1 yjpVX"> + <div class="sc-83o472-0 iimSGa"> + <div class="sc-1jc3ukb-0 ezwLgJ"> + <div class="sc-1jc3ukb-1 jLgjau"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" 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</div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + <em>Nothing beats the passion of a true fan writing about something they love. That's what you're about to see here: one of the richest, most amazing tributes to a great gaming series that we've ever run on</em> Kotaku<em>. <strong>Warning #1:</strong> this one might make your browser chug, so close your other tabs. <strong>Warning #2:</strong> This piece might make it hurt a little more than there are no new</em> Metroid <em>games from Nintendo on the horizon.</em> + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + <em>Please note that this is the first half of Mama Robotnik's massive</em> Metroid <em>story.</em> <span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","Internal link","https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108"><em>The second half can be found here</em></a></span><em>. The entire post is a greatly-expanded version of</em> <span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://www.neogaf.com/forum/showthread.php?t=649215",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://www.neogaf.com/forum/showthread.php?t=649215" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>a post</em></a></span> <em>that Mama Robotnik originally published on the NeoGAF forum before revising and reworking it for Kotaku. Take it away, MR...</em> + </p> + <div id="swappable-mobile-ad-container" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic swappable-mobile-ad-container js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile js_swappable-mobile-ad" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <div class="instream-native-video instream-permalink instream-native-video--mobile bxm4mm-0 gtgww"></div> + <aside class="inset--story branded-item branded-item--kotaku sc-1rh3ayr-5 kIoxhb" data-commerce-source="inset"> + <a class="inset--story__thumb sc-1rh3ayr-2 dIJDts js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Permalink page click","Permalink page click - inset photo"]]" href="https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> + <div class="js_lazy-image sc-1rh3ayr-1 iNvMiS"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_180,q_80,w_320/18zu0xoi51q3ajpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_264,q_80,w_470/18zu0xoi51q3ajpg.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_450,q_80,w_800/18zu0xoi51q3ajpg.jpg 800w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_675,q_80,w_1200/18zu0xoi51q3ajpg.jpg 1200w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_900,q_80,w_1600/18zu0xoi51q3ajpg.jpg 1600w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zu0xoi51q3ajpg.jpg 80w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 200px, 260px" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zu0xoi51q3ajpg" data-format="jpg" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div><span class="ynl58c-0 fcMbEd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64" aria-label="Kotaku avatar" viewbox="0 0 64 64"> + <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> + <path fill="#FBC000" d="M0 0h64v64H0z"></path> + <path fill="#FFF" d="M16.8 49.62l3.67-.14c4.05-.15 7.76-3.2 8.35-6.78l4.13-24.65-10.3-.3-5.84 31.87zM43.19 29.1c3.57.02 4.95 1.29 5.93 3.27l6.84 16.84c-1.73 1.54-9.79 1-12.08-5.04l-2.5-6.72h-1.15c-3.8.06-9.2-2.78-8.03-8.4l11 .05zm-22.2-11.38l-5.59-.16c-7.78-.22-9.93 5.3-9.28 8.88l13.26.13 1.6-8.85zm31.55 7.69c2.62-1.66 3.74-7.65 1.9-9.4l-13.51 3.4c-2.3 1.28-4.94 5.01-2.33 9.15l13.94-3.15z"></path> + </g></svg></span></a> + <div class="sc-1rh3ayr-6 gCydvg"> + <a class="js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Permalink page click","Permalink page click - inset headline"]]" href="https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> + <h6 class="sc-1rh3ayr-3 cysjdd"> + The Spectacular Story Of <em>Metroid</em>, Part 2 + </h6></a> + <p class="sc-1rh3ayr-4 flvRyU"> + This article is a continuation of Mama Robotnik's epic telling of the story of Nintendo's Metroid… + </p><a class="js_readmore inset--story__readmore sc-1rh3ayr-0 cKkWUs js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Permalink page click","Permalink page click - inset read more link"]]" href="https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Read more</a> + </div> + </aside> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Nintendo’s <em>Metroid</em> series tells us of a malevolent and vicious universe. It’s a maelstrom in which benevolent races are routinely extinguished, and corrupt empires wage war for ownership of living weapons. + </p> + <div class="bxm4mm-11 ciBKcm"> + <aside class="y7n5nk-0 etfWWT"> + <div class="sc-1auy74q-3 y7n5nk-3 iHzJmW"> + <div class="y7n5nk-1 jdIVZt"> + <div class="js_lazy-image y7n5nk-4 kvyumD"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/fmxkv4w3fn53bgahlsls.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/fmxkv4w3fn53bgahlsls.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/fmxkv4w3fn53bgahlsls.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/fmxkv4w3fn53bgahlsls.jpg 800w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_1600/fmxkv4w3fn53bgahlsls.jpg 1600w" sizes="320px" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="fmxkv4w3fn53bgahlsls" data-format="jpg" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + <div class="y7n5nk-2 hepDvs"> + <div class="sc-1auy74q-6 yLgPx"> + <header class="sc-1auy74q-8 sc-1auy74q-9 hHYFwB"> + <h2> + Friday's Best Deals: Children's Books, Circular Lamp, Memory Foam... + </h2> + </header> + </div> + <div class="sc-1auy74q-11 hByOxy"> + <span class="sc-1auy74q-19 djmGRD"><a href="https://kinjadeals.theinventory.com/fridays-best-deals-childrens-books-circular-lamp-mem-1842660540" data-ga="[["Mobile Commerce Inset Post Clicks","Mobile commerce inset - post click","https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-one-of-gamings-riche-1284029577"],["ns:unique","Mobile Commerce Inset Post Clicks","Mobile commerce inset - post click","https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-one-of-gamings-riche-1284029577"]]">Read on The Inventory</a></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </aside> + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-OUTSTREAM_PASSBACK ad-teads-outstream teads-wrapper" data-ad-unit="OUTSTREAM_PASSBACK" data-targeting="{"pos":"outstream_passback"}"></div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + It’s a place in which xenocide is a commissioned service, and grievances are resolved with planetary apocalypses. Everything is chaotically connected to a dead race of avian prophetic poets fighting a war throughout the cosmos. It’s a dark place to visit. + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + There are two purposes to this article: to explore the expansive lore of the <em>Metroid</em> universe – with speculation to fill in the gaps – and to exhibit some extraordinary <em>Metroid</em>-inspired art. All artwork is credited to its original source – follow the links to see further works of these spectacular artists. + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3288"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>Notes on Speculation and Lore + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The games tell us much about this hostile universe, but there are a lot of unresolved story points. In response to these mysteries, the article will provide a healthy amount of speculation. You can consider the piece to be either a makeshift timeline illustrated with fan-artwork, or simply an enthusiastic attempt to reconcile the series continuity into a cohesive whole. The article is informed by the extensive research previously performed by its author. The approach taken regarding speculation is thus: The logical inclusion of probable events that resolve mysteries, while maintaining the themes of the series. + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Before we begin, let’s briefly revisit the five points of essential lore: + </p> + <ul data-type="List" data-style="Bullet" class="sc-1lmbno3-0 eXGUJG"> + <li>Metroids are a genetically-engineered species, created by the Chozo in the prehistory of the games. By the time the first entry begins, Metroid creatures only exist on the planet SR388. At some point long before the games, there was also a Metroid presence on the planet Phaaze. + </li> + </ul> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + <em>(Metroid IL Return of Samus, Metroid Prime III: Corruption and Metroid Fusion)</em> + </p> + <ul data-type="List" data-style="Bullet" class="sc-1lmbno3-0 eXGUJG"> + <li>At least some Chozo possessed a native ability to see into the future. + </li> + </ul> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + <em>(Metroid: Zero Mission and Metroid Prime)</em> + </p> + <ul data-type="List" data-style="Bullet" class="sc-1lmbno3-0 eXGUJG"> + <li>The Chozo discovered the living planet Phaaze with their Elysian Research Outpost. We are not told what transpired immediately after this discovery, but something happened that caused at least one Metroid organism to appear on Phaaze. The planet then loaded this creature – along with pieces Chozo-style powersuit armour, into a Phazon seed and launched it towards a heavily populated Chozo planet. This seed impacted Tallon IV and is contained by the Chozo within an impenetrable shield. The mutated superevolved Metroid creature within – clad in crafted power armour – is trapped in the shield until Samus Aran deactivated it thousands of years later. + </li> + </ul> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + <em>(Metroid Prime EU release, Metroid Prime III: Corruption and Metroid Prime Trilogy)</em> + </p> + <ul data-type="List" data-style="Bullet" class="sc-1lmbno3-0 eXGUJG"> + <li>There are living planets in the <em>Metroid</em> Universe. Phaaze is explicitly referred to as being alive, and could interact with a sentient mind – as shown when a Galactic Federation Aurora Unit is implanted. The planet SR388 could be interpreted as having some form of sentience – it shook with apparent anger when its creatures were killed by Samus Aran, and precisely manipulated its oceans to lure the bounty hunter into hostile situations. (Metroid II: Return of Samus and Metroid Prime III: Corruption). The immediate backstory to the first game in the series is the discovery of the planet SR388. The final event of the final game in the chronology is the final destruction of SR388. + </li> + </ul> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + <em>(Metroid, Metroid II: Return of Samus)</em> + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3289"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>Referencing + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Each story section includes one or more of the below superscript annotations, to help inform the reader as to where the lore or speculation comes from. A brief key: + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqfwc3l0k28gif" data-recommend-id="image://18zqfwc3l0k28gif" data-format="gif" data-width="640" data-height="128" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 dXbcSW" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:20%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <video poster="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-webmsrc="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqfwc3l0k28gif.webm" data-mp4src="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqfwc3l0k28gif.mp4" data-postersrc="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqfwc3l0k28gif.jpg" loop="" autoplay="" muted="" playsinline="" data-chomp-id="18zqfwc3l0k28gif" data-format="gif" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqfwc3l0k28gif.jpg"></video> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + With all that said, let us begin. + </p> + <h2 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3290"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>Part One: The Wars in Heaven + </h2> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3291"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Living Planet + </h3> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqg21aub0sljpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqg21aub0sljpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="488" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:76.3%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqg21aub0sljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqg21aub0sljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqg21aub0sljpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqg21aub0sljpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + <em>(</em><span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-dramatic-97410107",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-dramatic-97410107" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span><em>)</em> + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + On an unknown planet in the universe, a race of avian humanoids evolved. The species that will come to be known as the Chozo possessed great strength, agility and intelligence. The species is peaceful, and is driven by a social/religious value that nature is sacred. [M1 / MP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqg86aaay9kjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqg86aaay9kjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="575" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:89.8%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqg86aaay9kjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqg86aaay9kjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqg86aaay9kjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqg86aaay9kjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Goddess-121103720",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Goddess-121103720" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Certain blessed individuals were born with a unique gift – the vague comprehension of events set to take place in the distant future. Driven by these prophecies, the race advanced quickly and became space faring. With abstract predictions of a hostile universe, the Chozo developed powered armour and armaments to defend themselves. Prepared for whatever hostility awaited them, the Chozo explored the stars. [M1 / MP / MP SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqgmn6fovtyjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgmn6fovtyjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="409" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:63.9%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgmn6fovtyjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgmn6fovtyjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgmn6fovtyjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgmn6fovtyjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<em>Artist: Elearia</em>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo discovered that – despite their prophets’ visions of a chaotic and warring universe – the cosmos was enjoying a prolonged period of peace and enlightenment. First contact was made with a number of old and wise races, such as the Ylla, the N’kren, the Bryyonians, the Alimbic and the Luminoth. The species shared their cultures and technology, and gently colonised wild worlds such as Aether, Elysia, and Tallon IV. [MP / MPH / MP2 / MP3] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="503" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:78.6%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgp7wzq6v9jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://slapshoft.deviantart.com/art/quot-Past-is-Prologue-quot-259977883",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://slapshoft.deviantart.com/art/quot-Past-is-Prologue-quot-259977883" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Slapshoft</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Peace reigned through the cosmos. The alliance was a great universal renaissance, and lasted for a millennium. [MPH SP / MP2 SP / MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqgqj9kac9hjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgqj9kac9hjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="426" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:66.6%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgqj9kac9hjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgqj9kac9hjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgqj9kac9hjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgqj9kac9hjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Oracle-of-Chozo-164523580",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Oracle-of-Chozo-164523580" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + During this calm, the Chozo prophets continued to receive increasingly severe visions of chaos. They foresaw a universe consumed by war, horrors evolving on distant worlds, and a great toxicity waiting to be unleashed. As the visions became more precise, the species isolated itself from its allies. The Chozo civilisation became intensely driven to fight this unclear threat. [MP / MP3 SP / M2 SP /MF SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqgrykgsndujpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgrykgsndujpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="273" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:42.7%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgrykgsndujpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgrykgsndujpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgrykgsndujpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgrykgsndujpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://danillovesfood.deviantart.com/art/Commission-Metroid-Prime-Skytown-Elysia-336095763",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://danillovesfood.deviantart.com/art/Commission-Metroid-Prime-Skytown-Elysia-336095763" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: DanilLovesFood</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo needed more potent tools to locate this unseen and distant danger. They expanded their SkyTown colony on the gas giant Elysia and remade it into a vast interstellar observatory powered by the planet’s endless storms. The facility was of such scale that an entire species of artificial life became necessary to maintain it. The Chozo created their first species – the mechanical Elysians. [MP3 / MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Probes were launched across the universe, and the Elysians and Chozo scrutinised the data. The search took generations, while the planet’s tempestuous atmosphere battered SkyTown, weathering the station faster than the Elysians could maintain it. After countless probe launches, a partial transmission received from a decaying and distant satellite set prophecy in motion. [MP3] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqgtjse9p7rjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgtjse9p7rjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="375" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:58.6%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgtjse9p7rjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgtjse9p7rjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgtjse9p7rjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgtjse9p7rjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://mechanical-hand.deviantart.com/art/Phaaze-138141037",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://mechanical-hand.deviantart.com/art/Phaaze-138141037" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Mechanical-Hand</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The data received was terrifying. The blue planet registered as an organism, somehow existing as both mineral and flesh. Impossible radiation pulsed from the surface, which overwhelmed the Chozo satellite and rendered it inert. The location of the planet was immediately lost, and only a broad region of space could be established. [MP3] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + With this find, the Chozo purpose on SkyTown was fulfilled. The race departed the facility, leaving the Elysians to continue their monitoring of the stars. The abandoned race of robots continued to launch satellites to try and rediscover the blue world, hopeful that such a discovery would herald the return of their Chozo creators. The Elysians searched unsuccessfully until Elysia’s endless storms eroded their civilisation into a rusted remnant. [MP3] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo reconciled their vague discovery of a blue living planet with their prophecies of toxicity. On this distant world of poison, could creatures have evolved so vicious that they endangered the universe? [MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3292"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Invasion of Phaaze + </h3> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqgy9h1t7injpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqgy9h1t7injpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="399" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:62.3%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqgy9h1t7injpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqgy9h1t7injpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqgy9h1t7injpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqgy9h1t7injpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-flighter-175094535",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-flighter-175094535" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Finding the exact location of the deadly planet becomes a priority for the Chozo civilisation. A gargantuan ship was assembled on the holy planet of Tallon IV, and dispatched to the dark corner of the universe where the Elysian satellite had been lost. The greatest Chozo warriors, scientists and prophets commenced a crusade for the hostile world, knowing that they would likely never make it back home. During their long journey, they conceive a name for their target: Phaaze. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhapd1bv1hjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhapd1bv1hjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="450" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:70.3%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhapd1bv1hjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhapd1bv1hjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhapd1bv1hjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhapd1bv1hjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/MP-C-Phaaze-89786422",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/MP-C-Phaaze-89786422" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: SesakaTH</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Generations passed, and the Chozo expedition finally located the blue planet. As they approached, they witnessed the living world as it endlessly pulsed with blue and white energies. There was nothing like this place elsewhere in the universe. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Their scans confirmed their worst fears – this atmosphere was a bath of radiation and mutation – and evolution had produced horrors. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhdvss5le8jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhdvss5le8jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="621" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:97%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhdvss5le8jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhdvss5le8jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhdvss5le8jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhdvss5le8jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://samusmmx.deviantart.com/art/Phazon-Worm-252806281",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://samusmmx.deviantart.com/art/Phazon-Worm-252806281" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: SamusMMX</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + For billions of years, Phaaze had mutated and irradiated life that evolved on its surface. The strongest creatures had survived to thrive in an ecosystem of beautiful poison. It was then that the Chozo understood: They had arrived at the home of the most devastating and deranged creatures in the known universe. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + If these monsters were to escape their containment on Phaaze, they would voraciously consume their way through the cosmos. With younger races only centuries away from space travel, the Chozo could not risk them finding this world and releasing its terrors. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo expedition came to an impasse. The threat of Phaaze’s superpredators had to be neutralised, but severe action against the planet would be sacrilege. The Chozo held life sacred, and refused to destroy the unique living world. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + A dangerous plan was agreed upon. The expedition ship landed on Phaaze, exposing the crew to tremendous radiation. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhfmxw5dphjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhfmxw5dphjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="532" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:83.1%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhfmxw5dphjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhfmxw5dphjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhfmxw5dphjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhfmxw5dphjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://adoublea.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Chozo-warrior-138820343",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://adoublea.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Chozo-warrior-138820343" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Adoublea</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Chozo Warriors in power suits fought the planet’s creatures as they swarmed the ship. The soldiers battled, watching their kin die around them, in a desperate mission to buy time. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The scientists within the ship began to harness the intense radiation around them, to try and engineer an artificial predator that could neutralise the planet’s superpredators. With access to the unique Phazon mutagen that covered the poisonous world, genetic engineering that should have taken decades was done in days. The Chozo engineered the first Metroid. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhh28q856sjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhh28q856sjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="598" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:93.4%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhh28q856sjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhh28q856sjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhh28q856sjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhh28q856sjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Creator-278707002",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Creator-278707002" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Methuselah3000</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Metroid creature was unleashed onto the planet, and the radiation caused it to reproduce quickly. The resulting swarm of Metroids began to consume the planet’s monstrosities and established themselves as Phaaze’s apex predator. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo mission was complete. The worst creatures were being hunted to extinction, and the Metroids were expected to die from starvation soon after. The cost had been enormous – most of the crew had been killed defending the ship, and the survivors were deathly ill from radiation poisoning. The burnt and damaged ship took off for the long journey home, but the crew soon succumbed to the radiation they had endured. The autopilot took the ship of Chozo bodies home. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhipfm1vidjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhipfm1vidjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="381" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:59.5%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhipfm1vidjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhipfm1vidjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhipfm1vidjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhipfm1vidjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Phazon-Mines-178697159",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Phazon-Mines-178697159" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + On Phaaze, the Metroid presence lasted decades as they consumed the planet’s superpredators. The corpses of Chozo warriors were absorbed into the planet, and their battle armour slowly became weathered and scattered. The planet’s slow sentience developed an outrage that seethed under its continents. It had been violated by the Chozo. As the Metroid infestation began to die out, Phaaze developed a very primitive concept of purpose and retribution. [MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Phaaze established a vague awareness of concepts it had absorbed from the brains of the Chozo warrior corpses – and the location of two worlds from the Chozo’s memories. As the planet entered its reproductive cycle, it purposely directed two of its seeds towards the planets Tallon IV and Aether. In the seed sent to the Chozo world, Phaaze included one of the last surviving Metroid creatures and some ruined pieces of Chozo armour, intended as a reminder of the crime Phaaze had endured at their hands. The planet sent its second seed to Aether, as the absorbed memories informed the living planet that its inhabitants were friends of the Chozo, and therefore the enemies of Phaaze. [MP 1 / MP 2 SP / MP3 SP] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The expedition ship – heavily damaged by radiation and lack of maintenance – was guided back to civilisation by an increasingly erratic auto-pilot. After decades it eventually approached the Chozo world of Zebes, and crash-landed onto its surface. The Chozo civilisation attempted to recover data logs from the wreckage with very limited success – they were able to understand the sacrifice that the heroic crew had made, and confirmed the apparent success of the Metroids in neutralising the creatures on the living planet. The Chozo authorities were unable to establish the location of Phaaze, or recover much in the way of scientific data concerning it. [MP3 SP / SM SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhkgkmizwijpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhkgkmizwijpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="380" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:59.4%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhkgkmizwijpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhkgkmizwijpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhkgkmizwijpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhkgkmizwijpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/MDB-Bestiary-Metroid-Prime-338464952",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/MDB-Bestiary-Metroid-Prime-338464952" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Methuselah3000</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + As the Tallon IV seed began its centuries of travelling through space, the lone Metroid within absorbed vast amounts of Phazon and radiation. It became self-aware, and grew in size, intelligence and strength. It used the ruined pieces of Chozo armour to construct itself an exoskeleton, and descended into madness. The exoskeleton failed to protect the creature from the endless radiation, and the Metroid became as exotic as Phaaze’s extinct superpredators: An undying tortured genius. [MP / MP2 / MP3 / MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The creature that would come to be known as Metroid Prime resented Phaaze for imprisoning it in the Leviathan. It resented the Chozo for creating and discarding the Metroids. It decided that it would survive, bring order to the chaotic universe that birthed it, and somehow enslave Phaaze to its will. In its solitude, immortal as a consequence of its mutations, Metroid Prime plotted its revenge against the universe. [MP / MP2 / MP3 / MP3 SP] + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3293"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Dark Planet + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + With a clear understanding of the danger of living planets, the Chozo authority commenced a search for similar threats. With far more advanced technology than their ancestors had during the Elysian era, the Chozo were unfortunate enough to find a planet of even greater horrors. [MP 3 SP / M2] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhnuwesum0jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhnuwesum0jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:75%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhnuwesum0jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhnuwesum0jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhnuwesum0jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhnuwesum0jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://peacefistartist.deviantart.com/art/SR388-126083062",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://peacefistartist.deviantart.com/art/SR388-126083062" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artist: PeaceFistArtist</a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo detected strange readings coming from a world in a desolate part of the galaxy. The planet had been previously considered so obscure and unimportant that it didn’t have a name, merely catalogued with the codename SR388 and left to its obscurity. A detailed analysis picked up some extremely strange observations; though seemingly mineral, the caverns and liquids beneath the surface shifted with metabolic rhythm – as if the whole planet was somehow a living thing. A ship was dispatched, and the strongest Chozo warriors braved the caverns beneath the surface. [M2 / M2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Few made it back. They told of a cauldron of evil, an environment so hostile and vicious that it had birthed the most terrible things. [M2] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhokjxzrgmjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhokjxzrgmjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="355" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:55.5%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhokjxzrgmjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhokjxzrgmjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhokjxzrgmjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhokjxzrgmjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://lightningarts.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Metal-Fusion-Sector1-393385160",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://lightningarts.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Metal-Fusion-Sector1-393385160" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artist: LightningArts</a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Beneath that planet, evolution had been won by an abomination that could steal the flesh, abilities, memories and strengths of all of its prey. The creature was a fusion of energy and plasma that parasitized on life itself. With no word suitable for the nightmare they had discovered, the Chozo simply called it X. If these X-Parasites somehow gained access to the wider universe, there would be no force that could contain them. [M2] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The threat had to be dealt with. Remembering the apparent success of the Chozo expedition to Phaaze, a plan was put into action. The Chozo assembled their best and brightest, their strongest and wisest. They carved their way into SR388, and dispatched mechanical creatures to construct secure facilities. Robots and Chozo warriors repressed all instances of the X-Parasite as they found them, but casualties were high. The planet appeared to fight the Chozo at every turn, it drowned the invaders in acid and unleashed ambushes of creatures. The endless swam of X-Parasites gained strength from the corpses around them. [MP3 SP / M2] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Deep in the planet, a glass laboratory was created, its walls highly resistant to SR388’s acid belly. Here, in dangerous proximity to the X-Parasites, the Chozo scientists began their work. [M2] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="552" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:86.3%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhrsyn6h9wjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Account-119685313",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Account-119685313" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo tried to recreate the plan of their ancestors – the use of Metroids to pacify superpredators too dangerous to exist. Without access to the same planetary radiation and materials the Phaaze expedition had, progress was slow. As the war against the planet was raging around them, the Chozo scientists were able to engineer Metroids, but not a variant strong enough to overcome the X-Parasites. As more and more Chozo died protecting the laboratory, a different approach was needed. [M2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqht0ddb9ozjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqht0ddb9ozjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="396" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:61.9%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqht0ddb9ozjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqht0ddb9ozjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqht0ddb9ozjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqht0ddb9ozjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://starshadow76.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Queen-Concept-Art-157008177",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://starshadow76.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Queen-Concept-Art-157008177" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Starshadow76</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo succeeded in engineering a Metroid Queen, a colossal creature who would lay Metroid Hatchling eggs. When hatched, these resulting Metroids were strong and durable creatures, and finally potent enough to combat the X menace. The Chozo knew that to completely suppress the parasites, the Metroid presence on SR388 had to be permanent. To ensure that the species would not overfeed on the environment and wipe out its food chains, the scientists hardwired an instinct into the Metroid Queen’s feral mind: Only thirty-nine Metroids were to exist on the planet at any one time. This, it was hoped, would keep their numbers high enough to destroy any X re-emergence, but low enough so that they wouldn’t consume the rest of the life on the planet, and starve to death from lack of food. [M2] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The scientists assembled a payload of Hatchling Eggs and the surviving Chozo warriors distributed them across the planet. The eggs hatched quickly, and the X-Parasites were immediately overwhelmed by the infant Metroids. The X-Parasites were quickly hunted to near-extinction, with only a few surviving cells entering a state of suspension deep in the planet. [M2 SP / MF] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo had won their war, but only just. Most of the warriors and scientists had not survived, and those that were left had to make sure that the X-Parasites had been permanently suppressed. The planet shook with tremors; the earth shifted and acid poured, as if the world was trying to crush the Chozo in their glass laboratory. [M2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The X-Parasites did not return, and the Metroid Queen continued to scream as her glass prison shook. The Chozo didn’t realise it, but her despair was being heard. [M2 SP] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqhuzegzvcfjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqhuzegzvcfjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="415" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:64.8%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqhuzegzvcfjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqhuzegzvcfjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqhuzegzvcfjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqhuzegzvcfjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://hermax669.deviantart.com/art/Omega-Metroid-93544917",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://hermax669.deviantart.com/art/Omega-Metroid-93544917" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Hermax669</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + SR388 had been violated by the Chozo. Though very different to Phaaze, SR388 had its own vague sense of awareness. It perceived the Chozo as a viral infection, and the dead X-Parasites as part of itself. It understood loss, and shook with ancient rage. [MP3 SP / M2 SP / MF SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + It changed itself to change the Metroids. It adopted them to replace the X-Parasites, and quickly killed the weaker breeds. It moved its radioactive minerals closer to their eggs and soon mutated the species. As SR388 had done with X, it did with the Metroids. It made them strong. [M2 SP / MF SP] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Alpha, Gamma, Zeta and Omega Metroids spawned quickly, and responded to the screams of their Queen. With their bulk and strength, they smashed through the glass laboratory and slaughtered their Chozo creators. The Chozo warriors were hunted down and crushed. [M2] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + SR388 developed into a new cauldron of hostility. The Metroids served as the apex predator, and the robots of the Chozo decayed into machine madness and prowled the ruins, killing on sight. The Chozo mission to suppress the X-Parasite had been a success, but the planet had gained its revenge. [M2 / M2 SP / MF] + </p> + <h2 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3294"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>Part Two: The End of the Renaissance + </h2> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3295"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Holy World + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo had devastated two planets for the good of the universe, and sustained many causalities. The superpredators of Phaaze were extinct and the X-Parasites were permanently suppressed. With the crisis over, the race became consumed with a collective sense of guilt over their necessary actions. The Chozo believed the life of the universe to be sacred, and had to reconcile their aggressive actions with their faith. [MP SP / MP3 SP / M2 / MF] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Worse still, their prophets continued to have visions of endless conflict and death. War was coming to the universe, and it seemed that their sins had not saved them. Many began to doubt these visions, and a schism occurred. [MP/ MP3 SP] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The bulk of the Chozo civilisation retired themselves from galactic affairs, leaving only a few scattered colonies amongst the stars. The race retreated to the holy planet of Tallon IV, to shun their technologies and begin simpler, poetic lives. These Chozo reconnected themselves to the natural world and tried to find a harmony with it. As time went on, the most potent prophets became manic, and tried to warn their fellows of a great poison that was to come. [M1 / MP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + These visions were met with increasing dismissal, but the day finally came when the prophets were believed. After eons swimming in the stars, Phaaze’s seed entered the Tallon system. [MP / MP3] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqidecyjp0ujpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqidecyjp0ujpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="315" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:49.2%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqidecyjp0ujpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqidecyjp0ujpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqidecyjp0ujpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqidecyjp0ujpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://hameed.deviantart.com/art/Cessation-619497",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://hameed.deviantart.com/art/Cessation-619497" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Hameed</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Leviathan crashed down, and rained poison and death unto the world. The impact survivors watched as their sacred nature succumbed to the mutagens leaking from the seed, and barricaded themselves in their temples as the flora and fauna transformed. Phazon spread beneath the surface of the dying planet, and radiation storms battered the surface. [MP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqiejsfe664jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiejsfe664jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="674" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:105.3%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiejsfe664jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiejsfe664jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiejsfe664jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiejsfe664jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://riivka.deviantart.com/art/Fading-321733899",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://riivka.deviantart.com/art/Fading-321733899" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Source: Riivka</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozos’ punishment for their sins, and the fulfilment of Phaaze’s wrath, reached biblical proportions. The Chozo of Tallon IV did not get to rest in peace. Their life energies suffered from Phazon disruption, and upon death they became mad ghosts who screamed forever as they were torn in and out of the material world. In this purgatory, the undead immaterial Chozo murdered anyone they could find. [MP / MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + As their numbers dwindled, the last of the Chozo constructed a great temple above the impact crater. Within this temple, they used what little technology remained to project an energy field around the Leviathan to slow the spread of contagion. As the Chozo civilisation on Tallon IV was extinguished, their dying prophets told of a hero who would one day emerge, to enter the crater and defeat the evil worm within. [MP] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqigaxkohx4jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqigaxkohx4jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="405" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:63.3%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqigaxkohx4jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqigaxkohx4jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqigaxkohx4jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqigaxkohx4jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://havoc-dm.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Prime-74392852",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://havoc-dm.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Prime-74392852" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Source: Havoc-DM</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Within the Impact Crater, Metroid Prime remained trapped within the Chozo energy field. In its armour constructed from ancient Chozo power suits, it continued its wait to be unleashed on the universe. [MP / MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3296"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>Dark Echoes + </h3> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqiho9ab5xrjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiho9ab5xrjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="639" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:99.8%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiho9ab5xrjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiho9ab5xrjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiho9ab5xrjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiho9ab5xrjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/luminoth-priest-191995430",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/luminoth-priest-191995430" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artist: 3ihard</a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + On the planet Aether, an ancient race of mystics known as the Luminoth received the horrifying data coming from Tallon IV. In distant times, the Luminoth and the Chozo had been steadfast allies – until the Chozo retreat ended their ties. Desperate to assist, the Luminoth began to organise a rescue mission. [MP2 / MP2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqijbga70tljpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqijbga70tljpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:75%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqijbga70tljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqijbga70tljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqijbga70tljpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqijbga70tljpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://pugofdoom.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Ghost-88765133",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://pugofdoom.deviantart.com/art/Chozo-Ghost-88765133" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artist: PugOfDoon</a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + A dark transmission was received from Tallon IV. The image showed a screaming, ghostly Chozo figure, flickering in and out of the living universe. In its undead madness, it spoke for its kin. It raged that they would kill anyone who would set foot on their world. The planet was pandemonium, a cursed world on which the dead could not die. As the signal faded, the Luminoth realised that there was no one left alive to rescue. [MP SP / MP2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Luminoth were receiving strange readings from the devastated planet. A mutagen was spreading, unlike anything they had ever encountered. They scanned the stars for its source, and made a devastating discovery – a mass of the same mutagen was on a collision course with Aether. Phaaze’s second seed had nearly arrived at its destination. [MP2 SP / MP3 SP] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The people of Aether turned to their technology to save them. Their planet had no native star of its own, and had been implanted millennia ago with a complex energy network that sustained all life. This system was reverently called the Light of Aether, and harnessed the light of the universe in its mechanism. The Luminoth realised that even with this great power, they could not destroy the Phazon Leviathan. A different approach was needed. [MP2 / MP2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqim04ra2w5jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqim04ra2w5jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="736" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:115%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqim04ra2w5jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqim04ra2w5jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqim04ra2w5jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqim04ra2w5jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/Sanctuary-Fortress-Ing-Hive-72912247",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/Sanctuary-Fortress-Ing-Hive-72912247" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: SesaKath</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Luminoth used their great Light to engineer a small pocket universe, a dark lifeless echo of existence. The plan was bold: they would use the Light of Aether to surgically open the fabric of reality in the path of the Phazon seed, and allow it to harmlessly enter the pocket universe. If all went well, they would be saved. [MP2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The day came, and the Leviathan entered Aether’s atmosphere. The Luminoth commenced their great plan. [MP2 SP] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqimznelg78jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqimznelg78jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="321" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:50.2%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqimznelg78jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqimznelg78jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqimznelg78jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqimznelg78jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://adriencgd.deviantart.com/art/Clashing-Neighbors-327277211",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://adriencgd.deviantart.com/art/Clashing-Neighbors-327277211" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Adriencgd</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Phaaze’s seed was a sum of living materials beyond Luminoth comprehension. It hit the pocket universe with incalculable force, and a tsunami of exotic energy ruptured space and time. The equipment containing the dark reality lost containment within moments, and the Luminoth were helpless as their creation expanded across the entire planet. A wave of dark energy absorbed creatures, structures and land into the dark universe, and what was once a single planet – was now two. [MP2 / MP2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Luminoth surveyed the devastation. The Phazon seed was gone – it had indeed collided with the dark universe. Entire continents, with millions of inhabitants, had vanished with it. [MP2 / MP2 SP + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqiocyxn4ksjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiocyxn4ksjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="407" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:63.6%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiocyxn4ksjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiocyxn4ksjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiocyxn4ksjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiocyxn4ksjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://azureparagon.deviantart.com/art/Void-Xarasque-Sky-Station-244410462",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://azureparagon.deviantart.com/art/Void-Xarasque-Sky-Station-244410462" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: AzureParagon</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + In the dark universe, a grotesque world was being born. Previous inhabitants of Aether, having been absorbed when containment of the pocket universe was lost, found themselves twisted by the corrosive new reality around them. Most perished, and their flesh fed the strange carnivorous fungi that glowed sickly colours. Some survivors were mutated by the Phazon slowly spreading beneath the surface, and adapted to survive in the hostility. [MP2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Aether and its echo, the Phazon-infested Dark Aether, existed in synchronicity. As the Luminoth tried to rebuild their planet, it took only decades for cracks to form in the ether separating the two realities. As rips in the universe shattered open, Aether became a battlefield. [MP2] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqiq826qgjkjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiq826qgjkjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="379" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:59.2%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiq826qgjkjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiq826qgjkjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiq826qgjkjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiq826qgjkjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://xxkiragaxx.deviantart.com/art/ING-181463823",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://xxkiragaxx.deviantart.com/art/ING-181463823" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Xxkiragaxx</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + A womb of Phazon mutation and dark energies had birthed a cunning and ferocious horde. The Ing erupted through the cracks between the two worlds, and commenced slaughter. They were fought back by the Luminoth, and a war began between the two parallel worlds. The Ing invaded Aether with regularity, and killed, pillaged and destroyed all that they could find. The Luminoth retaliated and crusaded into Dark Aether in their Light Suits, on suicide missions to exterminate the source of the Ing menace. Both sides suffered colossal casualties as the decades went on. [MP2] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqirpbvm7a1jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqirpbvm7a1jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="535" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:83.6%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqirpbvm7a1jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqirpbvm7a1jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqirpbvm7a1jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqirpbvm7a1jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/The-U-MOS-118477953",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/The-U-MOS-118477953" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The war was being lost by the Luminoth. The Ing had exterminated most of their race and had stolen too many vital technologies. With the theft of essential energy components from the Light of Aether power network, they had become a defeated people. [MP2] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Ing had destroyed all of Aether’s ancient ships, and condemned the Luminoth to no escape from their doomed world. With no other choice, the survivors sealed themselves in an inner sanctum, and entered a state of suspended animation. One custodian, U-Mos, volunteered to be their guardian. As Aether became weaker and weaker, the Luminoth waited for someone to save them. They would wait a very long time. [MP2] + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3297"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Sacrifice of the Alimbics + </h3> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqitehsufhejpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqitehsufhejpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="393" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:61.4%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqitehsufhejpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqitehsufhejpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqitehsufhejpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqitehsufhejpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://kihunter.deviantart.com/art/MPH-The-Alimbics-94723125",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://kihunter.deviantart.com/art/MPH-The-Alimbics-94723125" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Kihunter</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + As the Chozo and the Luminoth fell, so too did other ancient races. In a distant part of the universe, the Alimbics were a militaristic society that maintained peace in their galactic cluster. Their order was shattered when a murderous entity, originating from someplace beyond the understood universe, plummeted into one of their worlds. The creature emerged from the devastation as a gaseous entity, and assumed an Alimbic-styled body to begin its onslaught. [MPH] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + This alien juggernaut was named Gorea by the Alimbic race, and they soon understood it brought only death. Gorea killed every Alimbic it could find, and destroyed everything in its path. Planet after planet fell to Gorea, and the Alimbics realised the creature would never stop. [MPH] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqiuxqv4hadjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiuxqv4hadjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="355" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:55.5%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiuxqv4hadjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiuxqv4hadjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiuxqv4hadjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiuxqv4hadjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/The-Oubliette-46403925",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/The-Oubliette-46403925" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Sesakath</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Alimbics performed an act of supreme sacrifice. They combined the mental energies of their entire race to forge a prison for Gorea. The psychic prison held it bound, and it was transplanted into an organic vessel called The Oubliette. The vessel was launched into the void outside of the universe, a course that would keep its indestructible prisoner in exile forever. The systems of the prison ship were tasked to scan the every molecule of the imprisoned Gorea, and devise an Omega weapon that could be used to kill it. [MPH / MPH SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The mental energies expelled in this plan consumed the physical bodies of the entire Alimbic race. They vanished from the universe in an instant. Their sacrifice protected all life in the cosmos from Gorea’s murderous rampage. [MPH] + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3298"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The War of Bryyo + </h3> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqixy9iqkrejpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqixy9iqkrejpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="414" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:64.7%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqixy9iqkrejpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqixy9iqkrejpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqixy9iqkrejpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqixy9iqkrejpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/MP-C-Bryyo-88412835",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sesakath.deviantart.com/art/MP-C-Bryyo-88412835" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Sesakath</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + As the old races of the universe died around them, the lizard people of Bryyo faced their own challenges. The Bryyonians were an advanced, space-faring race who had learned much from their Chozo allies. Their society was a deeply polarised one, with tensions eternal between the scientific and religious factions.[MP3] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Over the previous centuries, the scientific agenda had dominated, with space travel proving beneficial and enlightening. As the Chozo, Luminoth and Alimbics faced extinction, the religious Bryyonians believed more than ever that the universe was a hostile place, and became desperate to stop their scientific counterparts. [MP3] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + A great war exploded across Bryyo. By its end, the scholars had been wiped out and the survivors of both sides had regressed to a feral existence. The race devolved into animals, wandering around ruins that they no longer understood. Language vanished and strength ruled. Anyone who landed on Bryyo was meat, to be killed and eaten. [MP3] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3299"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Little Rainy Planet + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The onslaught of vengeances, conquerors, poisons and politics destroyed the old races. The Alimbics had lost their flesh, while the Bryyonians had lost their souls. The Luminoth had retreated into stasis, and the Chozo of Tallon IV had been condemned to a living death. [MP / MPH / MP2 / MP3] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqiznfcy0icjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqiznfcy0icjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="430" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:67.2%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqiznfcy0icjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqiznfcy0icjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqiznfcy0icjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqiznfcy0icjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://kaiquesilva.deviantart.com/art/Planet-Zebes-251229151",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://kaiquesilva.deviantart.com/art/Planet-Zebes-251229151" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Kaiquesilva</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + On a small, rainy planet called Zebes, the last known Chozo colony had watched the stars with impotence. This small settlement of the nearly-extinct avian race witnessed the end of the great universal renaissance, and the slow beginning of a new chapter in galactic history. Gradually, the younger races were launching their first satellites into space. In time, new empires would rise to take the place of the old. [M1 / M1 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqj0sv6pheljpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqj0sv6pheljpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="591" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:92.3%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqj0sv6pheljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqj0sv6pheljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqj0sv6pheljpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqj0sv6pheljpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Praying-for-Universe-179491357",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://3ihard.deviantart.com/art/Praying-for-Universe-179491357" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: 3ihard</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Zebes prophets’ saw the visions the Chozo had always endured: great wars, spreading poison and death. And suddenly, something bold was foreseen. [M1 SP / MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="528" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:82.5%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqj1sdn0v6rjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://fddt.deviantart.com/art/Samus-Aran-368975394",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://fddt.deviantart.com/art/Samus-Aran-368975394" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Fddt</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + A great hunter, clad in orange, red and green. The Chozo glimpsed a future hero, alone in the darkness beneath worlds, fighting so that good could survive evil. They saw her curing poisoned planets, and ending galactic wars. They saw the universe’s one chance to survive its apocalyptic future. They saw the only one who could defy prophecy. [M1 / MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + And they saw her wearing Chozo armour. [M1] + </p> + <h2 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3300"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>Part Three: The New Empires + </h2> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3301"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Humans + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + On the planet Earth, the human race had finally developed a ship capable of leaving their solar system. A brave crew ventured into the universe to learn whether life existed elsewhere. Their discoveries fundamentally changed the human condition. On planet after planet, they found ruined tombs and cities, guarded by weathered statues of dead races. Most significant of all, they found technology. [M1 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The humans reverse engineered their salvage, and advanced with pace. Within another century, faster-than-light ships explored the stars, and colonies transformed hostile worlds into homes. Peaceful relations formed between other younger races, and a great Galactic Federation was founded. [M1 SP] + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3302"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Space Pirates + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + In a less hospitable region of space, a cabal of battered races joined their forces to survive. On planets where acid rain burned flesh and magma flowed, the alliance expanded into a hardened space empire. They ventured into nearby systems and took what they needed from anyone they could reach. They found the ruins of the old races and ransacked the ancient technologies within. They immersed themselves in science and unlocked the secrets of their finds. Within decades, they had advanced their spread with stronger and faster ships. The creatures enhanced themselves, rewriting their genetics and integrating mechanisms beneath their flesh. They were unique: a cybernetic race of furious murderers with a skill for patient scientific process. As more planets were invaded, their conquered civilisations were conscripted by force. [M1 SP / MP / MP3] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The inevitable moment came when their Empire reached the borders of the vast Galactic Federation. [M1 SP / MP / MP3] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqjuebmfw70jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqjuebmfw70jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="489" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:76.4%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjuebmfw70jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjuebmfw70jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjuebmfw70jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqjuebmfw70jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://mr-corr.deviantart.com/art/fight-for-norion-175087687",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://mr-corr.deviantart.com/art/fight-for-norion-175087687" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Mr-Corr</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + First contact was brief and furious. On that day, the warning went out to all the worlds of the Federation: Beware the Space Pirates. Though no state of war was officially declared, the empires attacked each other on sight. The Galactic Federation was large enough to repress any meaningful incursions into their space. [M1 SP / MP SP / MP3 SP / SM SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3303"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Massacre of Two Families + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Galactic Federation discovered the last Chozo Colony on Zebes. The tired, ancient avians welcomed the humans and shared with them wisdom and knowledge. They offered the Galactic Federation new sciences, and taught them how to make organic computers. The Federation studied the Chozo’s own central processing unit, an engineered brain that mothered over their colony, and left with plans to assemble their own variants. On the nearest habitable planet of K-2L, a colony was established. [M1 / MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + On this world, the human Samus Aran was born. [M1] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="478" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:74.7%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqjw7ft0zj5jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/Zebesian-Space-Pirate-301454831",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://methuselah3000.deviantart.com/art/Zebesian-Space-Pirate-301454831" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Methuselah3000</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Barely out of infancy, the young Samus witnessed her family die. A Space Pirate raiding party overwhelmed her colony and murdered everyone she ever knew. By staying silent while surrounded by horror, Samus survived as the Pirates ransacked the settlement and left. [M1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo colony on Zebes received K-2L’s automated distress signal. In an ancient dusty ship, they reached the planet and found Samus to be the only survivor of the massacre. The child was brought to Zebes, and the Chozo deliberated. Should she be returned to her own kind, or allowed to stay? [M1] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Across the colony, the Prophets experienced a simultaneous moment of clarity. They understood immediately that they had found their prophesised hero. The young girl was their inheritor, and would grow strong. She would learn all she could from them, and take their strongest technologies into the universe. She would be the hero against the oncoming storm. [M1 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqjz9xd98ltjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqjz9xd98ltjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="524" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:81.9%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjz9xd98ltjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjz9xd98ltjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjz9xd98ltjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqjz9xd98ltjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://r3dfive.deviantart.com/art/The-Birth-Of-The-Hunter-255511894",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://r3dfive.deviantart.com/art/The-Birth-Of-The-Hunter-255511894" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: R3dFiVe</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus Aran reached maturity amongst the Chozo. She was trained in the combat arts of the great extinct races. She was infused with Chozo genetic material so she could employ their technologies. She was educated to be a scientist, an explorer, and a tactician. Everything that was good about the Chozo civilisation was allowed to live on in Samus. [M1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqjzzky4ffnjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqjzzky4ffnjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="517" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:80.8%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqjzzky4ffnjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqjzzky4ffnjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqjzzky4ffnjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqjzzky4ffnjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://pyra.deviantart.com/art/Decaying-Elder-53293713",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://pyra.deviantart.com/art/Decaying-Elder-53293713" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Pyra</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus became an adult, and the Chozo presented her with their greatest works: a toughened power suit and an agile spacecraft, both more potent than anything their race had ever made. The Chozo leader, decaying and blind, told Samus it was time for her to find her destiny in the universe. Samus Aran departed for the stars, and years pass. [M1 / M1 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + As Samus tried to reconnect with her heritage on Earth, the last Chozo prophets on Zebes received a final vision: The Space Pirates were coming for them. It was time for the last Chozo to be extinguished from the universe. [M1 SP] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqk1guma1bojpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk1guma1bojpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="401" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:62.7%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk1guma1bojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk1guma1bojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk1guma1bojpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk1guma1bojpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://phobos-romulus.deviantart.com/art/The-Chozo-187935440",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://phobos-romulus.deviantart.com/art/The-Chozo-187935440" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Phobos-Romulus</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Chozo hid their technologies throughout the planet, in places that they were certain Samus would find them. They concealed a second Power Suit within the walls of their holy temple, having foreseen that Samus may require it in the future. They then returned to the surface to await the inevitable. [M1 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Space Pirates invaded in force, and murdered Samus Aran’s second family. The Chozo became extinct. [M1 / MP SP] + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3304"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Mother Brain + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Space Pirate scientists arrived shortly after the carnage and focused their attention on the legendary Chozo organic central processing unit. They rewrote its benign programming and injected stimulants into its flesh. They enabled it to form an artificial intelligence obsessed with strategy and conquest. They drove its computational potential towards absolute advancement of the Space Pirate Empire. [M1 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqk2icdbv0cjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk2icdbv0cjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="528" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:82.5%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk2icdbv0cjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk2icdbv0cjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk2icdbv0cjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk2icdbv0cjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://jaagup.deviantart.com/art/mother-brain-258536723",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://jaagup.deviantart.com/art/mother-brain-258536723" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Jaagup</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The results went beyond High Command’s most optimistic projections. The Space Pirates had created a leader, a desperately needed figure to unite their fragmented empire. They had created their Mother Brain. The great Space Pirate generals Ridley and Kraid arrived at Zebes, ready to pay tribute to their new master and to plan for the future. Mother Brain delivered to the Space Pirates knowledge and power. She told them of a world referenced in her oldest Chozo databanks, a planet bathed in a mutagenic poison waiting to be farmed. She instructed High Command to prepare an armada of ships and invade the planet Tallon IV. [M1 / MP SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The order was followed immediately, and the High Command discovered a world deranged by contagion. Beneath its surface, endless pools of Phazon waited to be weaponised, and a great mining operation began. Mother Brain received data from their readings on the planet; even after thousands of years, the source of the Phazon was still contained in the Chozo force field. She scrutinised her records further, and was unable to ascertain any method of breaching the barrier. The Space Pirates could retrieve the Phazon, but were denied access to its source. [MP] + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3305"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Metroids + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + A perfect storm brewed. As the Space Pirates gained access to the most potent mutagen in the universe, the Galactic Federation made an equally eventful discovery: They found the dark planet SR388. [M1 / M2] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqk5mt4ocetjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk5mt4ocetjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="477" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:74.5%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk5mt4ocetjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk5mt4ocetjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk5mt4ocetjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk5mt4ocetjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://firebornform.deviantart.com/art/SR388-Tunnels-353312617",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://firebornform.deviantart.com/art/SR388-Tunnels-353312617" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Fireborn Form</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + A Galactic Federation survey team studied the surface, and soon encountered a gelatinous creature that swam through air. The alien defied gravity and physics as it phased through dense rock with ease. It perceived the survey team, and made a few curious chirps in their direction. It then suddenly changed temperament, aggressively charging to latch itself onto the skull of one of the party. The victim died in agony as the Metroid fed on all the energy within, and could not be removed until its prey had been reduced to a dried husk of collapsing matter. The young Metroid had just killed, in a way that science could not explain. [M1 SP / M2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + With effort and casualties, the scientists contained a few infant specimens of the Metroid creatures, and left the planet without further incident. [M1] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + As their vessel went back to the stars, SR388 was aware their withdrawal. It harboured a great contempt for the invaders, an endless hate fuelled by the impotence it endured centuries ago when the Chozo had committed their great invasion. The living planet had spent centuries honing the Metroids into perfect killers, and knew the devastation they could cause upon maturity. The planet had intentionally allowed the humans to take a few Metroids away so that the creatures could grow up and kill anyone out amongst the stars who ever thought of returning. SR388 took any opportunity to gain revenge against an outside universe that refused to leave it alone. [M2 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + As the scientists began to broadcast their findings back to the Galactic Federation, Mother Brain intercepted the transmission. She cross-referenced their data with notes buried in the Chozo’s ancient fragmented records. She deduced that the Metroids were a form of genetically engineered predator of incredible power, created by the Chozo for an unknown purpose. Mother Brain ordered High Command to get the creatures to her by any means necessary. [M1 SP] + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + The Space Pirates overran the Galactic Federation vessel and stole the Metroid creatures. They divided their prize: some were sent to their nearest Homeworld; others were sent to the Tallon IV outpost; and the most potent were delivered straight to Zebes for the experiments of Mother Brain. [M1 / MP / MP3] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + With the arrival of the first Phazon samples from Tallon IV, the exotic substance allowed the Space Pirates to slowly produce stable cloned Metroids across their breeding sites. [M1 SP / MP SP] + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3306"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Revenge of Samus Aran + </h3> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqk7ps96cb3jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk7ps96cb3jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:75%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk7ps96cb3jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk7ps96cb3jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk7ps96cb3jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk7ps96cb3jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://ojanpohja.deviantart.com/art/Space-Pirate-31294390",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://ojanpohja.deviantart.com/art/Space-Pirate-31294390" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Ojanpohja</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + In her first mission as a Bounty Hunter, Samus Arran was commissioned by the Galactic Federation to neutralise the stolen Metroids. Through careful investigation, Samus discovered that the Pirates are operating from Zebes – her home. She concluded that the Space Pirates had murdered her second family, as they had done with her first. They have took from her everyone she ever loved, and destroyed her two worlds. [M1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqk8x71i4gnjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqk8x71i4gnjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="384" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:60%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqk8x71i4gnjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqk8x71i4gnjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqk8x71i4gnjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqk8x71i4gnjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://stuarthughe.deviantart.com/art/Samus-Varia-322194081",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://stuarthughe.deviantart.com/art/Samus-Varia-322194081" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Stuart Hughe</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus stormed Zebes and killed everyone in her path. [M1] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqkachpcz0ijpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkachpcz0ijpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="530" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:82.8%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkachpcz0ijpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkachpcz0ijpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkachpcz0ijpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkachpcz0ijpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://immarart.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-337270954",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://immarart.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-337270954" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Immarart</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + As her defences were breached, Mother Brain unleashed the great generals Ridley and Kraid. Both were killled, and, desperate to stop the intruder, Mother Brain released the Metroids. Samus Aran exterminated the creatures, and invaded the inner sanctum. [M1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:56.3%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkbhxb2ugpjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://twigs.deviantart.com/art/The-Mother-s-Chamber-140408495",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://twigs.deviantart.com/art/The-Mother-s-Chamber-140408495" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Twigs</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus confronted the malevolent Mother Brain and blasted apart her body. A power overload was caused, and the Tourian facility shook itself apart. Samus evacuated to her ship and tried to leave Zebes, but a Space Pirate battleship in orbit registered her ascent and opened fire. Samus’ gunship plummeted back towards the Zebes and impacted Chozodia, her former home. [M1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Extremely lucky to be alive, Samus crawled out of the remains of her destroyed power suit, and fled as Space Pirate forces stormed the area. Samus hid, crawled and ran to find sanctuary in the deepest part of the Chozo’s most revered temple. [M1] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqkdb1egv73jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkdb1egv73jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="500" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:78.1%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkdb1egv73jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkdb1egv73jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkdb1egv73jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkdb1egv73jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://eyes5.deviantart.com/art/Blessing-6012954",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://eyes5.deviantart.com/art/Blessing-6012954" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Eyes5</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus found herself surrounded with murals of the dead Chozo, and accepted she was alone in the universe. Overcoming despair, she solved the trials of the Chozodian temple and a concealed power suit was revealed to her. This shining armour was even more potent than the one she had just lost, and was able to integrate the most exotic Chozo technologies. Samus realised the greater meaning of her find; the Chozo had left her gifts for her in places they had foreseen she would traverse. Her adopted family continued to protect her long after their deaths, and she would find their statues cradling survival equipment in the darkest corners of the cosmos. [M1 / MP / MP3 / M2 / SM] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqkeig3z5btjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkeig3z5btjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="374" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:58.4%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkeig3z5btjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkeig3z5btjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkeig3z5btjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkeig3z5btjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://imachinivid.deviantart.com/art/Super-missile-309591371",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://imachinivid.deviantart.com/art/Super-missile-309591371" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Imachinivid</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + With her new armaments, Samus cleansed the Space Pirate presence from Zebes. She came to be known as “The Hunter”, and the Space Pirates learned that they will always be hunted down for what they did to her families. They fled the planet in terror. [M1 / MP / MP2 / MP3] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3307"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>Tallon IV + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + As years passed, Samus Aran accepted further missions from the Galactic Federation. The bounty earned funded her personal vendetta against the Space Pirates. She improved her armaments, paid for black market information and stormed their outposts. Samus showed her enemies no mercy, and became the feared nemesis of their entire civilisation. With the income from her Federation services, Samus had soon amassed enough money to buy the most secret information regarding the Space Pirates: the coordinates of their stronghold on an old forgotten planet called Tallon IV. [MP1 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus guided her ship into the Tallon system and investigated an orbiting space station. She discovered a failed genetic engineering facility whose Space Pirate crew was murdered when they lost control of their own creations. Samus fought her way through the ferocious beasts scattered within, and discovered a half-insane cyborg recreation of the Space Pirate general Ridley. As the station began to collapse, the biomechanical dragon fled to the world below, and Samus pursued. [MP1] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqkglfb56vojpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkglfb56vojpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="311" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:48.6%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkglfb56vojpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkglfb56vojpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkglfb56vojpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkglfb56vojpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://lightningarts.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Metal-Where-It-All-Begins-393272172",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://lightningarts.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Metal-Where-It-All-Begins-393272172" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Lightningarts</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus lost Ridley in the planet’s stormy atmosphere, and elected to land in a nearby jungle to conceal her presence from the Pirate ground forces. Exploring the surroundings, Samus discovered that the planet was once home to the bulk of the extinct Chozo civilisation. In a great temple Samus studied poetic murals that told of the Phazon comet that had struck their world. The scribblings informed her of a creature trapped deep in the comet that they referred to as “The Worm,” and of the powerful shield they erected to prevent its escape. Samus read their last prophecy; that a hero would traverse fire and ice, jungle and cave, and find twelve sacred keys that would deactivate the barrier and allow passage to the Impact Crater. This saviour from the stars would bring down the ancient shield, and destroy the worm that infected their planet. [MP1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + She continued her exploration, and battled ferocious flora and fauna. The Hunter came to understand that the Space Pirates had established a complex military installation that descended far below the surface. [MP1] + </p> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqkick4w4i9jpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkick4w4i9jpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="517" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:80.8%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkick4w4i9jpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkick4w4i9jpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkick4w4i9jpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkick4w4i9jpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://r-sraven.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Prime-Lost-Ruins-33577678",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://r-sraven.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Prime-Lost-Ruins-33577678" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: R-Sraven</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus hunted the Pirates and accessed their computer logs. The Empire had found quantities of an intensely potent mutagen called Phazon. Laboratories across the outpost experimented with the substance, and in a short space of time they had created prototypes for the next generation of their races: powerful Phazon-fuelled juggernauts. Should these advances continue, Samus knew that the Space Pirates would be able to conquer the Galactic Federation. [MP1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--bleed js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 kivedT" data-id="18zqkje1rl63yjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkje1rl63yjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="800" data-height="816" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:800px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:102%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/18zqkje1rl63yjpg.jpg 800w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkje1rl63yjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://greenstranger.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Ceres-Station-Lab-358321968",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://greenstranger.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Ceres-Station-Lab-358321968" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Greenstranger</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + In the most secure laboratory, Samus made a devastating discovery. The Space Pirates had used Phazon to create an army of stable clone Metroids and lost containment. The Metroid creatures were roaming the caverns deep in the planet, reproducing and mutating as the Phazon influenced their physiology. [MP1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqklb3wp0jajpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqklb3wp0jajpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="365" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:57%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqklb3wp0jajpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqklb3wp0jajpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqklb3wp0jajpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqklb3wp0jajpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://greenstranger.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Ceres-Station-Lab-358321968",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://greenstranger.deviantart.com/art/Metroid-Ceres-Station-Lab-358321968" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Ohimseeinstars</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus’ final discovery was the most horrific. The powerful, poisonous Phazon was not a rare material on Tallon IV. Despite the Chozo shield containing the Impact Crater, the substance had spread and consumed the world inside-out. The core of the planet presented the Space Pirates with a vast supply of Phazon, enough to fuel their conquest of the stars. [MP1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus destroyed the mining facilities and laboratories, and reconstructed the twelve parts of the ancient Chozo cipher. She destroyed living weapons such as the Thardus experiment, and annihilated the prototype Omega Pirate. She overcame corrupted Metroids, and banished the tormented Chozo ghosts from the living world. She fought the mad Meta Ridley, and on his demise deactivated the Chozo containment shield. As prophesised, Samus Aran entered the Impact Crater. [MP1] + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3308"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Worm + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus Aran had opened Metroid Prime’s cage, and had no understanding of what she was about to unleash on the universe. The creature had been imprisoned in a different era, and had spent eons being tortuously transformed by Phazon into an undying mad genius. [MP1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqkn672gklqjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkn672gklqjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="499" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:78%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkn672gklqjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkn672gklqjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkn672gklqjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkn672gklqjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<em>Artist: Chrysaetos-Pteron</em>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus and the ancient Metroid battled, and the bounty hunter shattered the creature’s metal armour. By channelling the surrounding Phazon deposits into a supercharged energy beam, Samus was able to devastate Metroid Prime’s gelatinous body. After a tremendous battle, the old creature began to collapse on itself. [MP1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqkodlj2z8kjpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkodlj2z8kjpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="525" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:82%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkodlj2z8kjpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkodlj2z8kjpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkodlj2z8kjpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkodlj2z8kjpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://sabretoontigers.deviantart.com/art/Samus-308644319",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://sabretoontigers.deviantart.com/art/Samus-308644319" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Sabretoontigers</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Seemingly dying, Metroid Prime lashed out, grabbing a layer of material from Samus Aran’s armour. The creature melted into a pool of Phazon particles, and the bounty hunter evacuated the Impact Crater. [MP1] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Samus Aran had seemingly succeeded in her mission. The surviving Space Pirates abandoned their devastated facilities and hastily evacuated the planet. With the defeat of Metroid Prime, the Phazon contagion was slowly stopping its spread. The tormented Chozo spirits that had been bound to the planet were finally able to achieve their rest. Leaving the world to recover from its devastation, Samus Aran headed back to the stars. [MP1 / MP1 SP] + </p> + <h3 class="sc-1bwb26k-1 RjwRf" id="h3309"> + <a class="js_header-anchor" id=""></a>The Dark Hunter + </h3> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Metroid Prime’s exposure to millennia of Phazon had given the creature extremely exotic abilities, the most potent being its durability – to recreate itself after nearly any level of destruction. As it had collapsed on itself, the essence of Metroid Prime craved the strength and adaptability present in Samus Aran. In the Talon IV impact crater, Metroid Prime recreated itself as a dark copy of the woman who had defeated it. [MP 1 / MP2 / MP3 SP] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <figure class="align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure sc-1eow4w5-1 iLDaWI" data-id="18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg" data-recommend-id="image://18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg" data-format="jpg" data-width="640" data-height="412" data-lightbox="true" data-recommended="false" contenteditable="false" draggable="false"> + <div class="img-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-2 gfolHV" contenteditable="false" style="max-width:640px" data-syndicationrights="false"> + <div class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox hide sc-1m41dwj-0 hUFSvg"> + <span class="js_lightbox-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-0 dUoECc"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ZoomIn icon" viewbox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.5 1a6.5 6.5 0 1 1-4.23 11.44l-4.42 4.41a.5.5 0 0 1-.7-.7l4.41-4.42A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 10.5 1zm0 1a5.5 5.5 0 1 0 0 11 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-11zm0 2c.28 0 .5.22.5.5V7h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.41v.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H11v2.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.41.5h-.09a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H7.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.41V7.5c0-.28.22-.5.5-.5H10V4.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .41-.5z"></path></svg></span></span> + </div> + <div style="padding-bottom:64.4%" class="image-hydration-wrapper sc-1eow4w5-3 iJyiXs"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_80,q_80,w_80/18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg.jpg 80w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_320/18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg.jpg 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg.jpg 470w" draggable="auto" data-chomp-id="18zqkq6pqyr8ljpg" data-format="jpg" data-alt="Illustration for article titled The Spectacular Story Of emMetroid/em, One Of Gamings Richest Universes" data-anim-src="" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </figure> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + (<span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://imachinivid.deviantart.com/art/Dark-Samus-returns-295856131",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://imachinivid.deviantart.com/art/Dark-Samus-returns-295856131" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Artist: Imachinivid</em></a></span>) + </p> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + Dark Samus clawed its way out of the Impact Crater. It departed Tallon IV to spread its venom across the stars, and to sow the seeds of a great war. [MP1 / MP2 / MP3] + </p> + <div id="" class="js_ad-mobile-dynamic js_ad-dynamic ad-mobile-dynamic movable-ad bxm4mm-4 liWXlp"> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-2 iXYVqp"></div> + <div class="ad-unit ad-mobile bxm4mm-5 eZvXLs"> + <div class="bxm4mm-6 eblHLt"> + Advertisement + </div> + <div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MOBILE_IN_POST ad-mobile" data-ad-unit="MOBILE_IN_POST" data-targeting="{"pos":"mobile_inpost"}"></div> + <div class="bt-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div class="bxm4mm-1 bxm4mm-3 dciqNP"></div> + </div> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + <span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","Internal link","https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://kotaku.com/the-spectacular-story-of-metroid-part-2-1284621108"><em>Click here for the second half of this epic story.</em></a></span> + </p> + <hr class="gcp5ez-0 dGHwsG" /> + <p class="sc-77igqf-0 hJpRRP"> + <small>Mama Robotnik is a video game historian living somewhere in the British Empire. He specialises in unearthing lost gaming media, but also enjoys a good long essay about his favourite games every now and then. He drinks a lot of tea, and has a horrendously naughty black and white cat called Blossom. If you would like to contact him, he responds to his private messages over at</small> <span><a class="sc-145m8ut-0 FoItC js_link sc-1out364-0 fwjlmD" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://www.neogaf.com/forum/",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://www.neogaf.com/forum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><small>NeoGAF</small></a></span><small>.</small> + </p> + </div> + <div class="sc-18b1b2r-5 ccAJCg"> + <div> + <h4 class="z1qon0-0 sHsHa"> + Share This Story + </h4> + <div class="js_share-tools sc-18b1b2r-0 jZyWXs" data-position="bottom"> + <div class="sc-17x7c2u-2 gpwIdA"> + <a href="https://facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fthe-spectacular-story-of-metroid-one-of-gamings-riche-1284029577%3Futm_medium%3Dsharefromsite%26utm_source%3D_facebook" title="Share to Facebook" target="_blank" data-ga="[["Share Tools", "Share to Facebook","bottom"]]" class="sc-17x7c2u-0 eTFIkv"><span class="sc-17x7c2u-1 jBsDWZ"><span class="iyvn34-0 iSaTEN"><svg 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-3/source.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-3/source.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4a3df858 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/lazy-image-3/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Lazy Load with Alt includes jpg/png/webp extensions</title> +</head> +<body> + <article class="markdown-body"> + <h2>Test Case 1</h2> + <img class="lazyload inited loaded" + data-src="https://p3-juejin.byteimg.com/tos-cn-i-k3u1fbpfcp/0579d17015b145a88dd93992c6447d7d~tplv-k3u1fbpfcp-watermark.jpg" + alt="performance.jpg" + /> + <h2>Test Case 2</h2> + <img class="lazyload inited loaded" + data-src="https://p3-juejin.byteimg.com/tos-cn-i-k3u1fbpfcp/0579d17015b145a88dd93992c6447d7d~tplv-k3u1fbpfcp-watermark.png" + alt="performance.jpg" + /> + </article> +</body> +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/medicalnewstoday/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/medicalnewstoday/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45552803a --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/medicalnewstoday/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +[ + "https:\/\/cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com\/content\/images\/headlines\/318\/318674\/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg", + "https:\/\/cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com\/content\/images\/articles\/318\/318674\/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg" +]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/medicalnewstoday/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/medicalnewstoday/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b3947e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/medicalnewstoday/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "By Ana Sandoiu", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "New research investigates the neurobiological timing of the so-called a-ha! moment that occurs we have come up with the solution to a complex problem.", + "Image": "https:\/\/cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com\/content\/images\/headlines\/318\/318674\/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg", + "Title": "How does the brain turn unconscious information into conscious thought?", + "SiteName": "Medical News Today" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/medicalnewstoday/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/medicalnewstoday/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18ab009e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/medicalnewstoday/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +<div itemprop="articleBody"> + <header> + Neuroscience tells us that most of the work done by our brains happens on an unconscious level, but when does that "a-ha!" moment occur? And what happens during it? New research investigates. + </header> + <p><img data-src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318674/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg" alt="hand holding brain lightbulb" src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318674/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg"><br> + <em>A new study investigates when the 'a-ha!' moment takes place in the brain, and how similar it is to other brain processes.</em> + </p> + <p> + Many of us have noticed that we seem to get our best ideas when we're in the shower, or that we can find the answer to a difficult question when we least think about it. + </p> + <p> + A large body of neuroscientific <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797612446024" target="_blank" rel="noopener">studies</a> has pointed out that the brain does a lot of work in its spare time, the so-called idle state - wherein the brain does not appear to be thinking about anything at all - and that this is the time when it works at its hardest to find solutions to complex problems. + </p> + <p> + With time and advances in <a href="http://fakehost/articles/248680.php" title="What is neuroscience?">neuroscience</a>, it has become more and more clear to researchers that Freud <em>was</em> right and the mind, as well as the brain, do work unconsciously. In fact, it would be safe to say that what is consciously known to us is just the tip of a much larger iceberg, deeply submerged in unconscious waters. + </p> + <p> + But the exact moment at which information becomes known to us - or when the "tip of the iceberg" pierces through the water, and the unconscious becomes conscious - has been somewhat of a mystery, from a neuroscientific point of view. + </p> + <p> + In other words, we do not yet know when that intellectually satisfying "a-ha!" moment takes place, or what the biology is behind it. This is why a team of researchers at Columbia University in New York City, NY, set out to investigate this moment in more detail. + </p> + + <p> + The scientists were led by Michael Shadlen, Ph.D., of Columbia University's Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, and the <a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30784-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">findings</a> were published in the journal <em>Current Biology.</em> + </p> + + <h2> + The hypothesis + </h2> + <p> + Dr. Shadlen and colleagues started out from an interesting hypothesis, one which they derived from previous research on the neurobiological processes involved in decision-making. + </p> + <p> + As the authors explain, research conducted in both monkeys and humans shows that many of our decisions take place at a point when the brain "feels" as though it has gathered enough information, or when a critical level of information has been accumulated. + </p> + + <p> + This process of making a decision once the brain has accumulated enough evidence bears the name of "bounded evidence accumulation." Reaching this threshold is important because, although the brain does not use <em>all</em> of the information available, it uses as much as is necessary to make a speedy yet accurate decision. + </p> + <p> + <strong>The researchers wondered whether or not this threshold is also responsible for our "eureka!" moments.</strong> + </p> + + <p> + In Dr. Shadlen's words, "Could the moment when the brain believes it has accumulated enough evidence be tied to the person's awareness of having decided - that important 'a-ha!' moment?" + </p> + + <h2> + Examining the 'a-ha!' moment + </h2> + <p> + To answer this question, the scientists asked five people to perform a "direction discrimination" task. In it, the participants looked at dots on a computer screen. The dots moved randomly, as grains of sand would when blown by the wind. The participants were asked to say in which direction the dots had moved. + </p> + <p> + The moment they "decided" which direction the dots seemed to be taking was considered to be the equivalent of the "a-ha!" moment. + </p> + <p> + In the center of the screen, there was a fixed point and a clock. The display also had two "choice targets" - namely, left or right - and these were the directions in which the participants had to decide that the dots had moved. + </p> + <p> + Shortly after the dots had stopped moving, the participants used an electronic, hand-held stylus to move the cursor in the direction that they thought the dots had moved. + </p> + <p> + To determine when the decision was made, the researchers used the technique called "mental chronometry" - that is, after they made their decision, the participants were asked to move the clock backward to the point when they felt that they had consciously done so. + </p> + + <p> + "The moment in time indicated by the participants - this mental chronometry - was entirely subjective; it relied solely on their own estimation of how long it took them to make that decision," Dr. Shadlen says. "And because it was purely subjective, in principle it ought to be unverifiable." + </p> + + <h2> + 'A-ha' moment similar to making a decision + </h2> + <p> + However, by applying a mathematical model, the scientists were able to match these subjective decision times to the bounded evidence accumulation process. + </p> + <p> + <strong>The subjective decision times fit so well with what the scientists determined as the evidence accumulation threshold that they were able to predict the choices of four of the five participants.</strong> + </p> + <p> + "If the time reported to us by the participants was valid, we reasoned that it might be possible to predict the accuracy of the decision," explains Dr. Shadlen. + </p> + <p> + "We incorporated a kind of mathematical trick, based on earlier studies, which showed that the speed and accuracy of decisions were tied together by the same brain function." This "mathematical trick" was the evidence accumulation model. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + <span>"</span>Essentially, the act of becoming consciously aware of a decision conforms to the same process that the brain goes through to complete a decision, even a simple one - such as whether to turn left or right." + </p> + <p> + Michael Shadlen, Ph.D. + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + In other words, the study shows that the conscious awareness of the "a-ha!" moment takes place precisely when the brain has reached that threshold of evidence accumulation. + </p> + <p> + The findings provide unique insights into the biology of consciousness, say the researchers, and they bring us closer to understanding the biological basis of decisions, ethics, and, generally, the human mind. + </p> + + </div>
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+ //default is other js + glob_JS.ExternalJS.push(jsFunction); + } + + + }else{ + //let next function to determine save or fire ad function + fireJS(jsType,jsFunction); + + } + } + } + + + + function loadScript(url, parameters,callback){ + + + + var script = document.createElement("script"); + script.type = "text/javascript"; + + + //add custom attribute + for (var key in parameters) { + if (parameters.hasOwnProperty(key)) { + script.setAttribute(key,parameters[key]); + } + } + + + if (script.readyState){ //IE + script.onreadystatechange = function(){ + if (script.readyState == "loaded" || + script.readyState == "complete"){ + script.onreadystatechange = null; + callback(); + } + }; + } else { //Others + script.onload = function(){ + + if(typeof callback === 'function'){ + callback(); + } + + }; + } + + script.src = url; + document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script); + } + + + + } + + ]]> + </script><!--<script type='text/javascript'> +(function() { +var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; +var src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + +'//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; +document.write('<scr' + 'ipt src="' + src + '"></scr' + 'ipt>'); +})(); +</script>--> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + //CMP + var isEEA = true; + var passEEACheck = false; + + var metadata = 'BOSk20WOSk20WABABBENBR-AAAAeCAFAAUABwAEAANABCA'; + var purposeConsents = { 1: true, 2: true, 3: true, 4: true, 5: true }; + var vendorConsents = { 10:true, 28: true, 32: true, 52: true, 132: true }; + + function __cmp(cmd, p, cb) { + if (cmd === 'getVendorConsents' || cmd === 'getConsentData') { + cb({ + hasGlobalScope: true, + gdprApplies: isEEA, + metadata: metadata, + consentData: metadata, + purposeConsents: purposeConsents, + vendorConsents: vendorConsents + }, true); + } else if (cmd === 'ping') { + cb({gdprAppliesGlobally: false, cmpLoaded: isEEA}); + } else { + throw new Error('Invalid CMP command '+ cmd); + } + } + //]]> + </script><!-- <script async src="//js-sec.indexww.com/ht/p/184901-208206248649346.js"></script> --> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + //ADBRIDG MIGRATION: Load the Adbridg library directly after the GPT library. + var AdBridg = AdBridg || {}; + AdBridg.cmd = AdBridg.cmd || []; + window.adbridgFallback = function() { + console.log('ADBRIDG MIGRATION: library failed to load; falling back to GPT'); + var dq = [], l = [], ls = {}, lf = [], es; + var rl = function(f) {return function(){var a=arguments, x=function(){f.apply(null,a)};lf.push(x);pl()}} + var pl = function() {if(!l.length){while(lf.length){(lf.shift())()}}} + dq.process = function() { while(dq.length) { googletag.display(dq.shift()); }} + AdBridg.defineSlot = function(p, s, d) { return googletag.defineSlot(p, s, d).addService(googletag.pubads()); } + AdBridg.defineOutOfPageSlot = function(p, d) { return googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot(p, d).addService(googletag.pubads()); } + AdBridg.destroySlots = function(s) { return googletag.destroySlots(s); } + AdBridg.display = function(d) { dq.push(d); if (es) { dq.process(); }} + AdBridg.refresh = function(s, o) { googletag.pubads().refresh(s, o); } + AdBridg.render = function() { } + AdBridg.serve = function() { googletag.enableServices(); es=1; dq.process(); } + AdBridg.sizeMapping = function() { return googletag.sizeMapping(); } + AdBridg.useSizeMapping = function() { } + AdBridg.lock = function(s) {if(ls[s]){ls[s]=null;return;}l.push(s);pl()} + AdBridg.unlock = function(s) {var f=0; for(var i=0;i<l.length;++i){if(l[i]==s){l.splice(i,1);f=1}}; if(!f){ls[s]=1} pl()} + AdBridg.cmd.push = function(f) { + if (typeof(f)=='object') { + var api_fallback = function(o) { + googletag.cmd.push(function() { + var fl; + if (o.gpt_path) { + var u=AdBridg.defineSlot(o.gpt_path,o.size||[],o.dom_id); + if(o.size_map) { + var m = googletag.sizeMapping(); + for(var oi=0;oi<o.size_map.length;oi++){m=m.addSize(o.size_map[oi].viewport, o.size_map[oi].sizes);} + u.defineSizeMapping(m.build()); + } + if(o.events) { + if(o.events["gpt.defined"]){o.events["gpt.defined"](u);} + fl = function(a,b){if(o.events[a]){googletag.pubads().addEventListener(b,function(e){if(e.slot===u){o.events[a](u,e)}})}} + fl("gpt.rendered",'slotRenderEnded'); + fl("gpt.viewed",'impressionViewable'); + fl("gpt.visibilityChanged",'slotVisibilityChanged'); + } + } else if (o.events) { + fl = function(a,b){if(o.events[a]){googletag.pubads().addEventListener(b,function(e){o.events[a](a,e)})}} + fl("gpt.render_raw",'slotRenderEnded'); + fl("gpt.viewed_raw",'impressionViewable'); + } + }); + } + if(f.length){for(var i=0;i<f.length;++i){api_fallback(f[i]);}}else{api_fallback(f);} + f=function(){AdBridg.serve()} + } + return googletag.cmd.push(f); + } + while (AdBridg.cmd.length) { AdBridg.cmd.push(AdBridg.cmd.shift()); } + }; + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(1, function() { + (function() { + var adb = document.createElement("script"); + adb.async = true; + adb.type = "text/javascript"; + adb.src = '//prod.adspsp.com/adb.2418030m.min.js'; + var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; + node.parentNode.insertBefore(adb, node); + + // Return control to GPT if the AdBridg library fails to load. + adb.onerror = function() { + if (AdBridg.exists) { return; } + document.createElement('IMG').src = '//adspsp.com/pt/2418030/3/1/?e=0'; + window.adbridgFallback(); + } + })(); + }); + //]]> + </script><!-- Load DFP --> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + var googletag = googletag || { }; + googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [ ]; + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(1,function(){ + (function() { + var gads = document.createElement("script"); + gads.async = true; + gads.type = "text/javascript"; + var useSSL = "https:" == document.location.protocol; + gads.src = (useSSL ? "https:" : "http:") + "//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js"; + var node =document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; + node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); + })(); + }); + //]]> + </script><!--New header bidding--> + + <script> + <![CDATA[ + var amzn_win=window,amzn_c=5,amzn_x=0;while(amzn_x<amzn_c){amzn_win=amzn_win.parent;if(amzn_win.apstag)try{amzn_win.apstag.renderImp(document,"%%PATTERN:amzniid%%");amzn_x=amzn_c}catch(e){}amzn_x++}; + ]]> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + fireOrSaveGoogleAdFunctions(function() { + AdBridg.cmd.push(function () { + // ADBRIDG MIGRATION: this command to set AdSense is one of the few + // GPT commands that should not be replaced with our library proxy. + googletag.pubads().set("adsense_background_color", "FFFFFF"); + }); + }); + //]]> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + var googleDegfaultAdVars = {"main":"'neurology'","sub":"'biology-biochemistry', 'psychology-psychiatry'","k1":"'otherneurologicaldisorders'","k2":"'neurological'","k3":"'health'","uniq":"'318674'","msiteactive":"'False'"}; + var googleAdSlotInfo = []; + //]]> + </script><!-- End of old ads area --> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + //Page level targeting setup + var adRPV = Math.floor(Math.random()*100)+1; + adRPV = adRPV.toString(); + + fireOrSaveGoogleAdFunctions(function(){ + // ADBRIDG MIGRATION: the `cmd` function needs to run through AdBridg, but the + // setTargeting methods should stay native to GPT. + AdBridg.cmd.push(function() { + googletag.pubads().setTargeting('rpv', adRPV); + //We need to add a new key for 'url' + googletag.pubads().setTargeting('url', encodeURI(location.pathname)); + + //Set default targeting first + if (typeof googleDegfaultAdVars !== "undefined") { + for (var k in googleDegfaultAdVars) { + if (k == "sub" || googleDegfaultAdVars[k].toString().indexOf(",") > -1) { + var finalOutput = googleDegfaultAdVars[k].split(','); + //Remove the single qoute + for (var i in finalOutput) { + if (finalOutput[i].trim().toString().indexOf("'") == 0) { + finalOutput[i] = finalOutput[i].trim().slice(1, -1); + } else { + finalOutput[i] = finalOutput[i].trim(); + } + } + } else { + if (googleDegfaultAdVars[k].toString().indexOf("'") == 0) { + //if it got single qoute inside, we remove it + var finalOutput = googleDegfaultAdVars[k].slice(1, -1); + } else { + var finalOutput = googleDegfaultAdVars[k]; + } + } + googletag.pubads().setTargeting(k, finalOutput); + } + } + //googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); // enable async loading + // Disable initial load, we will use refresh() to fetch ads. + // Calling this function means that display() calls just + // register the slot as ready, but do not fetch ads for it. + // googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); + // googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); + // googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ + // fetchMarginPercent: 50, // Fetch slots within 5 viewports. + // renderMarginPercent: 30, // Render slots within 2 viewports. + // mobileScaling: 2.0 // Double the above values on mobile. + // }); + // googletag.enableServices(); + // ADBRIDG MIGRATION: by default, we enable single request, disable initial + // load, and async rendering is enabled by default (GPT no longer supports + // synchronous rendering as of 2019-01-21.) + // All we need to do now is tell AdBridg to begin serving the ads. + // AdBridg.serve(); + // console.log("serve happened in page level"); + + }); + }); + //]]> + </script> + <script> + <![CDATA[ + // check viewport for resize events and reload ads (1000ms delay) + var resizeTimer; + var width = window.innerWidth; + + function resizer() { + //Check to see if the width is changed + var newWidth = window.innerWidth; + if (width != newWidth) { + // check if we've crossed a break point (only need to refresh if crossing the 1000px break point) + if (width >= 1000 && newWidth < 1000) { + + // DECREASE IN WIDTH + fireOrSaveGoogleAdFunctions(function() { + AdBridg.cmd.push(function () { + if (typeof window.DLB1 !== "undefined") { + AdBridg.refresh([window.DLB1]); + } + }); + }); + + // send resize+refresh event + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send', 'event', { eventCategory: 'Browser Width', eventAction: 'Resize / Shrink / Ad refresh', eventLabel: 'Resize / Shrink / Ad refresh'});}); + + } else if (width < 1000 && newWidth >= 1000) { + + // INCREASE IN WIDTH + // + if(typeof window.DLB1 !== "undefined"){ + AdBridg.refresh([window.DLB1]); + } + + // send resize+refresh event + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send', 'event', { eventCategory: 'Browser Width', eventAction: 'Resize / Grow / Ad refresh', eventLabel: 'Resize / Grow / Ad refresh'});}); + + } else { + // send resize event + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send', 'event', { eventCategory: 'Browser Width', eventAction: 'Resize / No ad refresh', eventLabel: 'Resize / No ad refresh'});}); + } + } + + width = newWidth; + } + + window.addEventListener("resize", function(){ + clearTimeout(resizeTimer); + resizeTimer = setTimeout(resizer, 1000); + }); + + ]]> + </script><!--New header bidding--> + + <script> + <![CDATA[ + !function(a9,a,p,s,t,A,g){if(a[a9])return;function q(c,r){a[a9]._Q.push([c,r])}a[a9]={init:function(){q("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){q("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},_Q:[]};A=p.createElement(s);A.async=!0;A.src=t;g=p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];g.parentNode.insertBefore(A,g)}("apstag",window,document,"script","//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"); + + + var initParams = { + pubID: '3083', + adServer: 'googletag' + }; + + + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(1,function(){ + + if (passEEACheck||(isEEA&&glob_mntcookie)) { + __cmp('getConsentData', null, function(vendorConsentData, success) { + + initParams.gdpr = { enabled: true, consent: vendorConsentData.metadata }; + apstag.init(initParams); + }); + } else { + apstag.init(initParams); + } + + }) + + ]]> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + this.top.location!==this.location&&(this.top.location=this.location); + //]]> + </script> + <style> + <![CDATA[ + .async-hide { opacity: 0 !important} + ]]> + </style> + <script> + <![CDATA[ + (function(a,s,y,n,c,h,i,d,e){s.className+=' '+y;h.start=1*new Date; + h.end=i=function(){s.className=s.className.replace(RegExp(' ?'+y),'')}; + (a[n]=a[n]||[]).hide=h;setTimeout(function(){i();h.end=null},c);h.timeout=c; + })(window,document.documentElement,'async-hide','dataLayer',4000, + {'GTM-W59HFNJ':true}); + ]]> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + + <!-- GA Universal Code 2014-08 (obfuscated) --> + + eval(function(p,a,c,k,e,d){e=function(c){return(c<a?'':e(parseInt(c/a)))+((c=c%a)>35?String.fromCharCode(c+29):c.toString(36))};while(c--){if(k[c]){p=p.replace(new RegExp('\\b'+e(c)+'\\b','g'),k[c])}}return p}('5(-1,2(){(2(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i[\'c\']=r;i[r]=i[r]||2(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).e(d)},i[r].l=1*j h();a=s.b(o),m=s.6(o)[0];a.7=1;a.8=g;m.9.k(a,m)})(y,A,\'z\',\'//x.n-3.t/3.u\',\'4\')});5(-1,2(){4(\'v\',\'p-w-1\',\'f\')});',37,37,'||function|analytics|ga|fireOrSaveJsFunctions|getElementsByTagName|async|src|parentNode||createElement|GoogleAnalyticsObject|arguments|push|auto||Date||new|insertBefore|||google||UA||||com|js|create|849615|www|window|script|document'.split('|'))) + + + //]]> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + /* + CSS Browser Selector v0.4.0 (Nov 02, 2010) + Rafael Lima (http://rafael.adm.br) + http://rafael.adm.br/css_browser_selector + License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ + Contributors: http://rafael.adm.br/css_browser_selector#contributors + */ + function css_browser_selector(u){var ua=u.toLowerCase(),is=function(t){return ua.indexOf(t)>-1},g='gecko',w='webkit',s='safari',o='opera',m='mobile',h=document.documentElement,b=[(!(/opera|webtv/i.test(ua))&&/msie\s(\d)/.test(ua))?('ie ie'+RegExp.$1):is('firefox/2')?g+' ff2':is('firefox/3.5')?g+' ff3 ff3_5':is('firefox/3.6')?g+' ff3 ff3_6':is('firefox/3')?g+' ff3':is('gecko/')?g:is('opera')?o+(/version\/(\d+)/.test(ua)?' '+o+RegExp.$1:(/opera(\s|\/)(\d+)/.test(ua)?' '+o+RegExp.$2:'')):is('konqueror')?'konqueror':is('blackberry')?m+' blackberry':is('android')?m+' android':is('chrome')?w+' chrome':is('iron')?w+' iron':is('applewebkit/')?w+' '+s+(/version\/(\d+)/.test(ua)?' '+s+RegExp.$1:''):is('mozilla/')?g:'',is('j2me')?m+' j2me':is('iphone')?m+' iphone':is('ipod')?m+' ipod':is('ipad')?m+' ipad':is('mac')?'mac':is('darwin')?'mac':is('webtv')?'webtv':is('win')?'win'+(is('windows nt 6.0')?' vista':''):is('freebsd')?'freebsd':(is('x11')||is('linux'))?'linux':'','js']; c = b.join(' '); h.className += ' '+c; return c;}; css_browser_selector(navigator.userAgent); + //]]> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + var viewportWidth = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth, window.innerWidth || 0); + var viewportHeight = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientHeight, window.innerHeight || 0); + + switch (true) { + case viewportWidth > 1360: + var viewportBreakpoint = 'Desktop - XL'; + break; + case viewportWidth > 1200: + var viewportBreakpoint = 'Desktop - L'; + break; + case viewportWidth > 1000: + var viewportBreakpoint = 'Desktop - M'; + break; + default: + var viewportBreakpoint = 'Desktop - S'; + } + + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('set', 'dimension20', viewportBreakpoint);}); + + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('set', { + 'dimension1': "no", + 'dimension2': "written", + 'dimension3': "Neurology / Neuroscience", + 'dimension5': "older", + 'dimension6': "desktop", + 'dimension8': "3", + 'dimension12': "2017-07-27", + 'dimension17': "7721", + 'dimension21': "2", + 'dimension23': "Ana Sandoiu", + 'dimension24': "Biology / Biochemistry", + 'dimension25': "Psychology / Psychiatry", + 'dimension27': "1", + 'dimension28': "otherneurologicaldisorders", + 'dimension29': "neurological" + });}); + + if (window.devicePixelRatio) { + var pixelRatio = (window.devicePixelRatio >= 1.5) ? "HiDPI" : "1X"; + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('set', 'dimension7', pixelRatio);}); + } + + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('set', 'dimension10', viewportWidth);}); + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('set', 'dimension11', viewportHeight);}); + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('set', 'dimension16', 'None');});fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('require', 'GTM-W59HFNJ');}); + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send', 'pageview');}); + + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 030','318674')});",30000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 040','318674')});",40000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 050','318674')});",50000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 060','318674')});",60000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 070','318674')});",70000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 080','318674')});",80000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 090','318674')});",90000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 100','318674')});",100000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 110','318674')});",110000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 120','318674')});",120000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 130','318674')});",130000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 140','318674')});",140000) + setTimeout("fireOrSaveJsFunctions(0,function() {ga('send','event','Engagement Time','Engagement 150','318674')});",150000) + //]]> + </script> + <script> + <![CDATA[ + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(1,function() { + + var _qevents = _qevents || []; + + (function() { + var elem = document.createElement('script'); + //elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://secure" : "http://edge") + ".quantserve.com/quant.js"; + elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://" : "http://") + "cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/structure/javascript/cache/quant.js"; + elem.async = true; + elem.type = "text/javascript"; + var scpt = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; + scpt.parentNode.insertBefore(elem, scpt); + })(); + + _qevents.push({ + qacct:"p-v03RmX3GES6RT" + }); + }); + + + ]]> + </script> + <script> + <![CDATA[ + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(1,function() { + + window._comscore = window._comscore || []; + window._comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "19983957" }); + (function() { + var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; + //s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; + s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? 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And what happens during it? New research investigates. + </header> + <div class="photobox_right" style="max-width: 550px;"> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318674/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg" alt="hand holding brain lightbulb" /><br /> + <em>A new study investigates when the 'a-ha!' moment takes place in the brain, and how similar it is to other brain processes.</em> + </div> + <p> + Many of us have noticed that we seem to get our best ideas when we're in the shower, or that we can find the answer to a difficult question when we least think about it. + </p> + <p> + A large body of neuroscientific <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797612446024" target="_blank" rel="noopener">studies</a> has pointed out that the brain does a lot of work in its spare time, the so-called idle state - wherein the brain does not appear to be thinking about anything at all - and that this is the time when it works at its hardest to find solutions to complex problems. + </p> + <p> + With time and advances in <a href="/articles/248680.php" title="What is neuroscience?" class="keywords">neuroscience</a>, it has become more and more clear to researchers that Freud <em>was</em> right and the mind, as well as the brain, do work unconsciously. In fact, it would be safe to say that what is consciously known to us is just the tip of a much larger iceberg, deeply submerged in unconscious waters. + </p> + <p> + But the exact moment at which information becomes known to us - or when the "tip of the iceberg" pierces through the water, and the unconscious becomes conscious - has been somewhat of a mystery, from a neuroscientific point of view. + </p> + <p> + In other words, we do not yet know when that intellectually satisfying "a-ha!" moment takes place, or what the biology is behind it. This is why a team of researchers at Columbia University in New York City, NY, set out to investigate this moment in more detail. + </p> + <div id="onequarter-of-article"></div> + <p> + The scientists were led by Michael Shadlen, Ph.D., of Columbia University's Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, and the <a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30784-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">findings</a> were published in the journal <em>Current Biology.</em> + </p><!--[DLB]--><!-- Leaderboard BANNER advert --> + <div id="dlb2_container" class="mnt css_c4zij"> + <!-- header_ad code --> + <div class="mnt_history" style="display:none;"> + <a href="/whitelist-mnt"><img src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/structure/images/mnt_ads/mnt_history_leaderboard.png" alt="Thank you for supporting Medical News Today" /></a> + </div> + <div id="dlb2_unit" adonis-marker=""> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + googleAdSlotInfo.push({ + "slotName":'DLB2', + "slotContainer":'dlb2_container' }); + //]]> + </script> + </div> + </div><!-- /header_ad code --><!--[END DLB]--><!--[MMR]--><!--[END MMR]--> + <h2> + The hypothesis + </h2> + <p> + Dr. Shadlen and colleagues started out from an interesting hypothesis, one which they derived from previous research on the neurobiological processes involved in decision-making. + </p> + <p> + As the authors explain, research conducted in both monkeys and humans shows that many of our decisions take place at a point when the brain "feels" as though it has gathered enough information, or when a critical level of information has been accumulated. + </p> + <div class="related_inline"> + <a href="/articles/315184.php?iacp" title="Scientists find new mechanism for memory formation" target="_blank"> + <div> + <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="/content/images/headlines/315/315184/memory-cogs.jpg" alt="Scientists find new mechanism for memory formation" class="original" /> + <div class="headline"> + Scientists find new mechanism for memory formation + </div> + <div class="excerpt"> + How do we form memories? New research uncovers key brain area. + </div> + <div class="more"> + Read now + </div> + </div></a> + </div> + <p> + This process of making a decision once the brain has accumulated enough evidence bears the name of "bounded evidence accumulation." Reaching this threshold is important because, although the brain does not use <em>all</em> of the information available, it uses as much as is necessary to make a speedy yet accurate decision. + </p> + <p> + <strong>The researchers wondered whether or not this threshold is also responsible for our "eureka!" moments.</strong> + </p> + <div id="middle-of-article"></div> + <p> + In Dr. Shadlen's words, "Could the moment when the brain believes it has accumulated enough evidence be tied to the person's awareness of having decided - that important 'a-ha!' moment?" + </p><!--[DLB]--><!-- Leaderboard BANNER advert --> + <div id="dlb3_container" class="mnt css_c4zij"> + <!-- header_ad code --> + <div class="mnt_history" style="display:none;"> + <a href="/whitelist-mnt"><img src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/structure/images/mnt_ads/mnt_history_leaderboard.png" alt="Thank you for supporting Medical News Today" /></a> + </div> + <div id="dlb3_unit" adonis-marker=""> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + googleAdSlotInfo.push({ + "slotName":'DLB3', + "slotContainer":'dlb3_container' }); + //]]> + </script> + </div> + </div><!-- /header_ad code --><!--[END DLB]--><!--[MMR]--><!--[END MMR]--> + <h2> + Examining the 'a-ha!' moment + </h2> + <p> + To answer this question, the scientists asked five people to perform a "direction discrimination" task. In it, the participants looked at dots on a computer screen. The dots moved randomly, as grains of sand would when blown by the wind. The participants were asked to say in which direction the dots had moved. + </p> + <p> + The moment they "decided" which direction the dots seemed to be taking was considered to be the equivalent of the "a-ha!" moment. + </p> + <p> + In the center of the screen, there was a fixed point and a clock. The display also had two "choice targets" - namely, left or right - and these were the directions in which the participants had to decide that the dots had moved. + </p> + <p> + Shortly after the dots had stopped moving, the participants used an electronic, hand-held stylus to move the cursor in the direction that they thought the dots had moved. + </p> + <p> + To determine when the decision was made, the researchers used the technique called "mental chronometry" - that is, after they made their decision, the participants were asked to move the clock backward to the point when they felt that they had consciously done so. + </p> + <div id="threequarter-of-article"></div> + <p> + "The moment in time indicated by the participants - this mental chronometry - was entirely subjective; it relied solely on their own estimation of how long it took them to make that decision," Dr. Shadlen says. "And because it was purely subjective, in principle it ought to be unverifiable." + </p><!--[DLB]--><!-- Leaderboard BANNER advert --> + <div id="dlb4_container" class="mnt css_c4zij"> + <!-- header_ad code --> + <div class="mnt_history" style="display:none;"> + <a href="/whitelist-mnt"><img src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/structure/images/mnt_ads/mnt_history_leaderboard.png" alt="Thank you for supporting Medical News Today" /></a> + </div> + <div id="dlb4_unit" adonis-marker=""> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + googleAdSlotInfo.push({ + "slotName":'DLB4', + "slotContainer":'dlb4_container' }); + //]]> + </script> + </div> + </div><!-- /header_ad code --><!--[END DLB]--><!--[MMR]--><!--[END MMR]--> + <h2> + 'A-ha' moment similar to making a decision + </h2> + <p> + However, by applying a mathematical model, the scientists were able to match these subjective decision times to the bounded evidence accumulation process. + </p> + <p> + <strong>The subjective decision times fit so well with what the scientists determined as the evidence accumulation threshold that they were able to predict the choices of four of the five participants.</strong> + </p> + <p> + "If the time reported to us by the participants was valid, we reasoned that it might be possible to predict the accuracy of the decision," explains Dr. Shadlen. + </p> + <p> + "We incorporated a kind of mathematical trick, based on earlier studies, which showed that the speed and accuracy of decisions were tied together by the same brain function." This "mathematical trick" was the evidence accumulation model. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + <span class="pullquote">"</span>Essentially, the act of becoming consciously aware of a decision conforms to the same process that the brain goes through to complete a decision, even a simple one - such as whether to turn left or right." + </p> + <p class="right"> + Michael Shadlen, Ph.D. + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + In other words, the study shows that the conscious awareness of the "a-ha!" moment takes place precisely when the brain has reached that threshold of evidence accumulation. + </p> + <p> + The findings provide unique insights into the biology of consciousness, say the researchers, and they bring us closer to understanding the biological basis of decisions, ethics, and, generally, the human mind. + </p> + <div id="bottom-of-article"></div> + </div> + </div><!-- MNT_Desktop Leaderboard --> + <ins class="adsbygoogle mnt_dlb_foot_container" id="mnt_dlb_foot_container" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1971793357249522" data-ad-slot="8084911109" style="display:block; width: 728px; height: 90px;"></ins> + <script> + <![CDATA[ + + + + fireOrSaveJsFunctions(1,function(){loadScript( + "//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js", + {}, + function(){} + + )}); + + + ]]> + </script> + <script> + <![CDATA[ + (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); + ]]> + </script> + <p id="slidebox_trigger"></p> + <div id="suggest_reading_outer_container" class="place full"> + <h2 class="suggested_reading internal_related"> + Related coverage + </h2><!--<h2 class="suggested_reading">Suggested Reading</h2>--> + <div itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"> + <!-- suggested_reading_container_parent --> + <div class="suggested_reading_container"> + <div class="suggested_reading_inner column1"> + <div class="suggested_item"> + <a href="/articles/320950.php?sr" title="It's official: Pets benefit our mental health"> + <div class="suggested_item_image"> + <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAQAAAADCAQAAAAe/WZNAAAADklEQVR42mNkgAJGDAYAAFEABCaLYqoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/hero/320/320950/320950_1100.jpg" alt="" /> + </div><span class="title">It's official: Pets benefit our mental health</span> <span class="summary">A systematic review of existing studies lists the many ways in which pets provide people with mental health issues some much-needed comfort.</span> <span class="more">Read now</span></a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="suggested_reading_inner column2"> + <div class="suggested_item"> + <a href="/articles/319529.php?sr" title="Consciousness 'restored' using nerve stimulation"> + <div class="suggested_item_image"> + <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAQAAAADCAQAAAAe/WZNAAAADklEQVR42mNkgAJGDAYAAFEABCaLYqoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/headlines/319/319529/man-lying-in-a-hospital-bed.jpg" alt="" /> + </div><span class="title">Consciousness 'restored' using nerve stimulation</span> <span class="summary">One month after a vagus nerve stimulator was implanted in his chest, a patient who had spent 15 years in a vegetative state showed signs of consciousness.</span> <span class="more">Read now</span></a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="suggested_reading_inner column3"> + <div class="suggested_item"> + <a href="/articles/318965.php?sr" title="Cannabis for pain and PTSD 'lacks high-quality evidence'"> + <div class="suggested_item_image"> + <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAQAAAADCAQAAAAe/WZNAAAADklEQVR42mNkgAJGDAYAAFEABCaLYqoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/headlines/318/318965/medical-marijuana.jpg" alt="" /> + </div><span class="title">Cannabis for pain and PTSD 'lacks high-quality evidence'</span> <span class="summary">Systematic reviews of the scientific evidence suggest that it is of insufficient quality to support the use of cannabis for the treatment of PTSD and pain.</span> <span class="more">Read now</span></a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="suggested_reading_inner column4"> + <div class="suggested_item"> + <a href="/articles/320725.php?sr" title="Pancreatic cancer: Modified flu virus destroys tumors"> + <div class="suggested_item_image"> + <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAQAAAADCAQAAAAe/WZNAAAADklEQVR42mNkgAJGDAYAAFEABCaLYqoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/hero/320/320725/320725_1100.jpg" alt="" /> + </div><span class="title">Pancreatic cancer: Modified flu virus destroys tumors</span> <span class="summary">Scientists destroyed pancreatic cancer cells using a modified flu virus. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/mercurial/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/mercurial/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61915e455 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/mercurial/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,738 @@ +<div id="evolve-shared-mutable-history"> + + <div id="contents"> + <p> + Contents + </p> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="#evolve-shared-mutable-history" id="id4">Evolve: Shared Mutable History</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="#sharing-with-a-single-developer" id="id5">Sharing with a single developer</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="#publishing-and-non-publishing-repositories" id="id6">Publishing and non-publishing repositories</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#setting-up" id="id7">Setting up</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#example-1-amend-a-shared-changeset" id="id8">Example 1: Amend a shared changeset</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#example-2-amend-again-locally" id="id9">Example 2: Amend again, locally</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#sharing-with-multiple-developers-code-review" id="id10">Sharing with multiple developers: code review</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="#id2" id="id11">Setting up</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#example-3-alice-commits-and-amends-a-draft-fix" id="id12">Example 3: Alice commits and amends a draft fix</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#example-4-bob-implements-and-publishes-a-new-feature" id="id13">Example 4: Bob implements and publishes a new feature</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#example-5-alice-integrates-and-publishes" id="id14">Example 5: Alice integrates and publishes</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#getting-into-trouble-with-shared-mutable-history" id="id15">Getting into trouble with shared mutable history</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="#id3" id="id16">Setting up</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#example-6-divergent-changesets" id="id17">Example 6: Divergent changesets</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#phase-divergence-when-a-rewritten-changeset-is-made-public" id="id18">Phase-divergence: when a rewritten changeset is made public</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#conclusion" id="id19">Conclusion</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <p> + Once you have mastered the art of mutable history in a single repository (see the <a href="http://fakehost/test/user-guide.html">user guide</a>), you can move up to the next level: <em>shared</em> mutable history. <tt><span>evolve</span></tt> lets you push and pull draft changesets between repositories along with their obsolescence markers. This opens up a number of interesting possibilities. + </p> + <p> + The simplest scenario is a single developer working across two computers. Say you’re working on code that must be tested on a remote test server, probably in a rack somewhere, only accessible by SSH, and running an “enterprise-grade” (out-of-date) OS. But you probably prefer to write code locally: everything is setup the way you like it, and you can use your preferred editor, IDE, merge/diff tools, etc. + </p> + <p> + Traditionally, your options are limited: either + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + <ul> + <li>(ab)use your source control system by committing half-working code in order to get it onto the remote test server, or + </li> + <li>go behind source control’s back by using <tt><span>rsync</span></tt> (or similar) to transfer your code back-and-forth until it is ready to commit + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + The former is less bad with distributed version control systems like Mercurial, but it’s still far from ideal. (One important version control “best practice” is that every commit should make things just a little bit better, i.e. you should never commit code that is worse than what came before.) The latter, avoiding version control entirely, means that you’re walking a tightrope without a safety net. One accidental <tt><span>rsync</span></tt> in the wrong direction could destroy hours of work. + </p> + <p> + Using Mercurial with <tt><span>evolve</span></tt> to share mutable history solves these problems. As with single-repository <tt><span>evolve</span></tt>, you can commit whenever the code is demonstrably better, even if all the tests aren’t passing yet—just <tt><span>hg</span> <span>amend</span></tt> when they are. And you can transfer those half-baked changesets between repositories to try things out on your test server before anything is carved in stone. + </p> + <p> + A less common scenario is multiple developers sharing mutable history, typically for code review. We’ll cover this scenario later. First, we will cover single-user sharing. + </p> + <div id="sharing-with-a-single-developer"> + <h2> + <a href="#id5">Sharing with a single developer</a><a href="#sharing-with-a-single-developer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h2> + <div id="publishing-and-non-publishing-repositories"> + <h3> + <a href="#id6">Publishing and non-publishing repositories</a><a href="#publishing-and-non-publishing-repositories" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + The key to shared mutable history is to keep your changesets in <em>draft</em> phase as you pass them around. Recall that by default, <tt><span>hg</span> <span>push</span></tt> promotes changesets from <em>draft</em> to <em>public</em>, and public changesets are immutable. You can change this behaviour by reconfiguring the <em>remote</em> repository so that it is non-publishing. (Short version: set <tt><span>phases.publish</span></tt> to <tt><span>false</span></tt>. Long version follows.) + </p> + </div> + <div id="setting-up"> + <h3> + <a href="#id7">Setting up</a><a href="#setting-up" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + We’ll work through an example with three local repositories, although in the real world they’d most likely be on three different computers. First, the <tt><span>public</span></tt> repository is where tested, polished changesets live, and it is where you synchronize with the rest of your team. + </p> + + <p> + We’ll need two clones where work gets done, <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt> and <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg clone public test-repo +updating to branch default +0 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ hg clone test-repo dev-repo +updating to branch default +0 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + <p> + <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt> is your local machine, with GUI merge tools and IDEs and everything configured just the way you like it. <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt> is the test server in a rack somewhere behind SSH. So for the most part, we’ll develop in <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt>, push to <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt>, test and polish there, and push to <tt><span>public</span></tt>. + </p> + <p> + The key to shared mutable history is to make the target repository, in this case <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt>, non-publishing. And, of course, we have to enable the <tt><span>evolve</span></tt> extension in both <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt> and <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt>. + </p> + <p> + First, edit the configuration for <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg -R test-repo config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + <p> + and add + </p> + <div> + <pre>[phases] +publish = false + +[extensions] +evolve = +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Then edit the configuration for <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg -R dev-repo config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + <p> + and add + </p> + + <p> + Keep in mind that in real life, these repositories would probably be on separate computers, so you’d have to login to each one to configure each repository. + </p> + <p> + To start things off, let’s make one public, immutable changeset: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd test-repo +$ echo 'my new project' > file1 +$ hg add file1 +$ hg commit -m 'create new project' +$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +</pre> + </div> + <p> + and pull that into the development repository: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd ../dev-repo +$ hg pull -u +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="example-2-amend-again-locally"> + <h3> + <a href="#id9">Example 2: Amend again, locally</a><a href="#example-2-amend-again-locally" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + This process can repeat. Perhaps you figure out a more elegant fix to the bug, and want to mutate history so nobody ever knows you had a less-than-perfect idea. We’ll implement it locally in <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt> and push to <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ echo 'Fix, fix, and fix.' > file1 +$ hg amend +$ hg push +</pre> + </div> + <p> + This time around, the temporary amend commit is in <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt>, and it is not transferred to <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt>—the same as before, just in the opposite direction. Figure 4 shows the two repositories after amending in <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt> and pushing to <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt>. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG04: each repo has one temporary amend commit, but they’re different in each one] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Let’s hop over to <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt> to test the more elegant fix: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd ../test-repo +$ hg update +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + <p> + This time, all the tests pass, so no further amending is required. This bug fix is finished, so we push it to the public repository: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Note that only one changeset—the final version, after two amendments—was actually pushed. Again, Mercurial doesn’t transfer hidden changesets on push and pull. + </p> + <p> + So the picture in <tt><span>public</span></tt> is much simpler than in either <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt> or <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt>. Neither of our missteps nor our amendments are publicly visible, just the final, beautifully polished changeset: + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG05: public repo with rev 0:0dc9, 1:de61, both public] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + There is one important step left to do. Because we pushed from <tt><span>test-repo</span></tt> to <tt><span>public</span></tt>, the pushed changeset is in <em>public</em> phase in those two repositories. But <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt> has been out-of-the-loop; changeset de61 is still <em>draft</em> there. If we’re not careful, we might mutate history in <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt>, obsoleting a changeset that is already public. Let’s avoid that situation for now by pushing up to <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg push ../dev-repo +pushing to ../dev-repo +searching for changes +no changes found +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Even though no <em>changesets</em> were pushed, Mercurial still pushed obsolescence markers and phase changes to <tt><span>dev-repo</span></tt>. + </p> + <p> + A final note: since this fix is now <em>public</em>, it is immutable. It’s no longer possible to amend it: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg amend -m 'fix bug 37' +abort: cannot amend public changesets +</pre> + </div> + <p> + This is, after all, the whole point of Mercurial’s phases: to prevent rewriting history that has already been published. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <div id="sharing-with-multiple-developers-code-review"> + <h2> + <a href="#id10">Sharing with multiple developers: code review</a><a href="#sharing-with-multiple-developers-code-review" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h2> + <p> + Now that you know how to share your own mutable history across multiple computers, you might be wondering if it makes sense to share mutable history with others. It does, but you have to be careful, stay alert, and <em>communicate</em> with your peers. + </p> + <p> + Code review is a good use case for sharing mutable history across multiple developers: Alice commits a draft changeset, submits it for review, and amends her changeset until her reviewer is satisfied. Meanwhile, Bob is also committing draft changesets for review, amending until his reviewer is satisfied. Once a particular changeset passes review, the respective author (Alice or Bob) pushes it to the public (publishing) repository. + </p> + <p> + Incidentally, the reviewers here can be anyone: maybe Bob and Alice review each other’s work; maybe the same third party reviews both; or maybe they pick different experts to review their work on different parts of a large codebase. Similarly, it doesn’t matter if reviews are conducted in person, by email, or by carrier pigeon. Code review is outside of the scope of Mercurial, so all we’re looking at here is the mechanics of committing, amending, pushing, and pulling. + </p> + <div id="id2"> + <h3> + <a href="#id11">Setting up</a><a href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + To demonstrate, let’s start with the <tt><span>public</span></tt> repository as we left it in the last example, with two immutable changesets (figure 5 above). We’ll clone a <tt><span>review</span></tt> repository from it, and then Alice and Bob will both clone from <tt><span>review</span></tt>. + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg clone public review +updating to branch default +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ hg clone review alice +updating to branch default +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ hg clone review bob +updating to branch default +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + <p> + We need to configure Alice’s and Bob’s working repositories to enable <tt><span>evolve</span></tt>. First, edit Alice’s configuration with + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg -R alice config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + <p> + and add + </p> + + <p> + Then edit Bob’s repository configuration: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg -R bob config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + <p> + and add the same text. + </p> + </div> + <div id="example-3-alice-commits-and-amends-a-draft-fix"> + <h3> + <a href="#id12">Example 3: Alice commits and amends a draft fix</a><a href="#example-3-alice-commits-and-amends-a-draft-fix" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + We’ll follow Alice working on a bug fix. We’re going to use bookmarks to make it easier to understand multiple branch heads in the <tt><span>review</span></tt> repository, so Alice starts off by creating a bookmark and committing her first attempt at a fix: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg bookmark bug15 +$ echo 'fix' > file2 +$ hg commit -A -u alice -m 'fix bug 15 (v1)' +adding file2 +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Note the unorthodox “(v1)” in the commit message. We’re just using that to make this tutorial easier to follow; it’s not something we’d recommend in real life. + </p> + <p> + Of course Alice wouldn’t commit unless her fix worked to her satisfaction, so it must be time to solicit a code review. She does this by pushing to the <tt><span>review</span></tt> repository: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg push -B bug15 +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +exporting bookmark bug15 +</pre> + </div> + <p> + (The use of <tt><span>-B</span></tt> is important to ensure that we only push the bookmarked head, and that the bookmark itself is pushed. See this <a href="http://mercurial.aragost.com/kick-start/en/bookmarks/">guide to bookmarks</a>, especially the <a href="http://mercurial.aragost.com/kick-start/en/bookmarks/#sharing-bookmarks">Sharing Bookmarks</a> section, if you’re not familiar with bookmarks.) + </p> + <p> + Some time passes, and Alice receives her code review. As a result, Alice revises her fix and submits it for a second review: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ echo 'Fix.' > file2 +$ hg amend -m 'fix bug 15 (v2)' +$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +updating bookmark bug15 +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Figure 6 shows the state of the <tt><span>review</span></tt> repository at this point. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG06: rev 2:fn1e is Alice’s obsolete v1, rev 3:cbdf is her v2; both children of rev 1:de61] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + After a busy morning of bug fixing, Alice stops for lunch. Let’s see what Bob has been up to. + </p> + </div> + <div id="example-4-bob-implements-and-publishes-a-new-feature"> + <h3> + <a href="#id13">Example 4: Bob implements and publishes a new feature</a><a href="#example-4-bob-implements-and-publishes-a-new-feature" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + Meanwhile, Bob has been working on a new feature. Like Alice, he’ll use a bookmark to track his work, and he’ll push that bookmark to the <tt><span>review</span></tt> repository, so that reviewers know which changesets to review. + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd ../bob +$ echo 'stuff' > file1 +$ hg bookmark featureX +$ hg commit -u bob -m 'implement feature X (v1)' # rev 4:1636 +$ hg push -B featureX +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +exporting bookmark featureX +</pre> + </div> + <p> + When Bob receives his code review, he improves his implementation a bit, amends, and submits the resulting changeset for review: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ echo 'do stuff' > file1 +$ hg amend -m 'implement feature X (v2)' # rev 5:0eb7 +$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +updating bookmark featureX +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Unfortunately, that still doesn’t pass muster. Bob’s reviewer insists on proper capitalization and punctuation. + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ echo 'Do stuff.' > file1 +$ hg amend -m 'implement feature X (v3)' # rev 6:540b +</pre> + </div> + <p> + On the bright side, the second review said, “Go ahead and publish once you fix that.” So Bob immediately publishes his third attempt: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg push ../public +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +</pre> + </div> + <p> + It’s not enough just to update <tt><span>public</span></tt>, though! Other people also use the <tt><span>review</span></tt> repository, and right now it doesn’t have Bob’s latest amendment (“v3”, revision 6:540b), nor does it know that the precursor of that changeset (“v2”, revision 5:0eb7) is obsolete. Thus, Bob pushes to <tt><span>review</span></tt> as well: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg push ../review +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +updating bookmark featureX +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Figure 7 shows the result of Bob’s work in both <tt><span>review</span></tt> and <tt><span>public</span></tt>. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG07: review includes Alice’s draft work on bug 15, as well as Bob’s v1, v2, and v3 changes for feature X: v1 and v2 obsolete, v3 public. public contains only the final, public implementation of feature X] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Incidentally, it’s important that Bob push to <tt><span>public</span></tt> <em>before</em> <tt><span>review</span></tt>. If he pushed to <tt><span>review</span></tt> first, then revision 6:540b would still be in <em>draft</em> phase in <tt><span>review</span></tt>, but it would be <em>public</em> in both Bob’s local repository and the <tt><span>public</span></tt> repository. That could lead to confusion at some point, which is easily avoided by pushing first to <tt><span>public</span></tt>. + </p> + </div> + <div id="example-5-alice-integrates-and-publishes"> + <h3> + <a href="#id14">Example 5: Alice integrates and publishes</a><a href="#example-5-alice-integrates-and-publishes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + Finally, Alice gets back from lunch and sees that the carrier pigeon with her second review has arrived (or maybe it’s in her email inbox). Alice’s reviewer approved her amended changeset, so she pushes it to <tt><span>public</span></tt>: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg push ../public +[...] +remote has heads on branch 'default' that are not known locally: 540ba8f317e6 +abort: push creates new remote head cbdfbd5a5db2! +(pull and merge or see "hg help push" for details about pushing new heads) +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Oops! Bob has won the race to push first to <tt><span>public</span></tt>. So Alice needs to integrate with Bob: let’s pull his changeset(s) and see what the branch heads are. + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg pull ../public +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +(run 'hg heads' to see heads, 'hg merge' to merge) +$ hg log -G -q -r 'head()' --template '{rev}:{node|short} ({author})\n' +o 5:540ba8f317e6 (bob) +| +| @ 4:cbdfbd5a5db2 (alice) +|/ +</pre> + </div> + <p> + We’ll assume Alice and Bob are perfectly comfortable with rebasing changesets. (After all, they’re already using mutable history in the form of <tt><span>amend</span></tt>.) So Alice rebases her changeset on top of Bob’s and publishes the result: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg rebase -d 5 +$ hg push ../public +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +$ hg push ../review +[...] +added 1 changesets with 0 changes to 0 files +updating bookmark bug15 +</pre> + </div> + <p> + The result, in both <tt><span>review</span></tt> and <tt><span>public</span></tt> repositories, is shown in figure 8. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG08: review shows v1 and v2 of Alice’s fix, then v1, v2, v3 of Bob’s feature, finally Alice’s fix rebased onto Bob’s. public just shows the final public version of each changeset] + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + </div> + <div id="getting-into-trouble-with-shared-mutable-history"> + <h2> + <a href="#id15">Getting into trouble with shared mutable history</a><a href="#getting-into-trouble-with-shared-mutable-history" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h2> + <p> + Mercurial with <tt><span>evolve</span></tt> is a powerful tool, and using powerful tools can have consequences. (You can cut yourself badly with a sharp knife, but every competent chef keeps several around. Ever try to chop onions with a spoon?) + </p> + <p> + In the user guide, we saw examples of <em>unstbale</em> changesets, which are the most common type of troubled changeset. (Recall that a non-obsolete changeset with obsolete ancestors is an orphan.) + </p> + <p> + Two other types of troubles can happen: <em>divergent</em> and <em>bumped</em> changesets. Both are more likely with shared mutable history, especially mutable history shared by multiple developers. + </p> + <div id="id3"> + <h3> + <a href="#id16">Setting up</a><a href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + For these examples, we’re going to use a slightly different workflow: as before, Alice and Bob share a <tt><span>public</span></tt> repository. But this time there is no <tt><span>review</span></tt> repository. Instead, Alice and Bob put on their cowboy hats, throw good practice to the wind, and pull directly from each other’s working repositories. + </p> + <p> + So we throw away everything except <tt><span>public</span></tt> and reclone: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ rm -rf review alice bob +$ hg clone public alice +updating to branch default +2 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ hg clone public bob +updating to branch default +2 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Once again we have to configure their repositories: enable <tt><span>evolve</span></tt> and (since Alice and Bob will be pulling directly from each other) make their repositories non-publishing. Edit Alice’s configuration: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg -R alice config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + <p> + and add + </p> + <div> + <pre>[extensions] +rebase = +evolve = + +[phases] +publish = false +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Then edit Bob’s repository configuration: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg -R bob config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + <p> + and add the same text. + </p> + </div> + <div id="example-6-divergent-changesets"> + <h3> + <a href="#id17">Example 6: Divergent changesets</a><a href="#example-6-divergent-changesets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + When an obsolete changeset has two successors, those successors are <em>divergent</em>. One way to get into such a situation is by failing to communicate with your teammates. Let’s see how that might happen. + </p> + <p> + First, we’ll have Bob commit a bug fix that could still be improved: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd bob +$ echo 'pretty good fix' >> file1 +$ hg commit -u bob -m 'fix bug 24 (v1)' # rev 4:2fe6 +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Since Alice and Bob are now in cowboy mode, Alice pulls Bob’s draft changeset and amends it herself. + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd ../alice +$ hg pull -u ../bob +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +$ echo 'better fix (alice)' >> file1 +$ hg amend -u alice -m 'fix bug 24 (v2 by alice)' +</pre> + </div> + <p> + But Bob has no idea that Alice just did this. (See how important good communication is?) So he implements a better fix of his own: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd ../bob +$ echo 'better fix (bob)' >> file1 +$ hg amend -u bob -m 'fix bug 24 (v2 by bob)' # rev 6:a360 +</pre> + </div> + <p> + At this point, the divergence exists, but only in theory: Bob’s original changeset, 4:2fe6, is obsolete and has two successors. But those successors are in different repositories, so the trouble is not visible to anyone yet. It will be as soon as Bob pulls from Alice’s repository (or vice-versa). + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ hg pull ../alice +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 2 files (+1 heads) +(run 'hg heads' to see heads, 'hg merge' to merge) +2 new divergent changesets +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Figure 9 shows the situation in Bob’s repository. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG09: Bob’s repo with 2 heads for the 2 divergent changesets, 6:a360 and 7:e3f9; wc is at 6:a360; both are successors of obsolete 4:2fe6, hence divergence] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Now we need to get out of trouble. As usual, the answer is to evolve history. + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ HGMERGE=internal:other hg evolve +merge:[6] fix bug 24 (v2 by bob) +with: [7] fix bug 24 (v2 by alice) +base: [4] fix bug 24 (v1) +0 files updated, 1 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Figure 10 shows how Bob’s repository looks now. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG10: only one visible head, 9:5ad6, successor to hidden 6:a360 and 7:e3f9] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + We carefully dodged a merge conflict by specifying a merge tool (<tt><span>internal:other</span></tt>) that will take Alice’s changes over Bob’s. (You might wonder why Bob wouldn’t prefer his own changes by using <tt><span>internal:local</span></tt>. He’s avoiding a <a href="#bug">bug</a> in <tt><span>evolve</span></tt> that occurs when evolving divergent changesets using <tt><span>internal:local</span></tt>.) + </p> + <p> + # XXX this link does not work .. <span id="bug">bug</span>: <a href="https://bitbucket.org/marmoute/mutable-history/issue/48/">https://bitbucket.org/marmoute/mutable-history/issue/48/</a> + </p> + <p> + ** STOP HERE: WORK IN PROGRESS ** + </p> + </div> + <div id="phase-divergence-when-a-rewritten-changeset-is-made-public"> + <h3> + <a href="#id18">Phase-divergence: when a rewritten changeset is made public</a><a href="#phase-divergence-when-a-rewritten-changeset-is-made-public" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + If Alice and Bob are collaborating on some mutable changesets, it’s possible to get into a situation where an otherwise worthwhile changeset cannot be pushed to the public repository; it is <em>phase-divergent</em> with another changeset that was made public first. Let’s demonstrate one way this could happen. + </p> + <p> + It starts with Alice committing a bug fix. Right now, we don’t yet know if this bug fix is good enough to push to the public repository, but it’s good enough for Alice to commit. + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd alice +$ echo 'fix' > file2 +$ hg commit -A -m 'fix bug 15' +adding file2 +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Now Bob has a bad idea: he decides to pull whatever Alice is working on and tweak her bug fix to his taste: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd ../bob +$ hg pull -u ../alice +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ echo 'Fix.' > file2 +$ hg amend -A -m 'fix bug 15 (amended)' +</pre> + </div> + <p> + (Note the lack of communication between Alice and Bob. Failing to communicate with your colleagues is a good way to get into trouble. Nevertheless, <tt><span>evolve</span></tt> can usually sort things out, as we will see.) + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG06: Bob’s repo with one amendment] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + After some testing, Alice realizes her bug fix is just fine as it is: no need for further polishing and amending, this changeset is ready to publish. + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd ../alice +$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +</pre> + </div> + <p> + This introduces a contradiction: in Bob’s repository, changeset 2:e011 (his copy of Alice’s fix) is obsolete, since Bob amended it. But in Alice’s repository (and the <tt><span>public</span></tt> repository), that changeset is public: it is immutable, carved in stone for all eternity. No changeset can be both obsolete and public, so Bob is in for a surprise the next time he pulls from <tt><span>public</span></tt>: + </p> + <div> + <pre>$ cd ../bob +$ hg pull -q -u +1 new phase-divergent changesets +</pre> + </div> + <p> + Figure 7 shows what just happened to Bob’s repository: changeset 2:e011 is now public, so it can’t be obsolete. When that changeset was obsolete, it made perfect sense for it to have a successor, namely Bob’s amendment of Alice’s fix (changeset 4:fe88). But it’s illogical for a public changeset to have a successor, so 4:fe88 is troubled: it has become <em>bumped</em>. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG07: 2:e011 now public not obsolete, 4:fe88 now bumped] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + As usual when there’s trouble in your repository, the solution is to evolve it: + </p> + + <p> + Figure 8 illustrates Bob’s repository after evolving away the bumped changeset. Ignoring the obsolete changesets, Bob now has a nice, clean, simple history. His amendment of Alice’s bug fix lives on, as changeset 5:227d—albeit with a software-generated commit message. (Bob should probably amend that changeset to improve the commit message.) But the important thing is that his repository no longer has any troubled changesets, thanks to <tt><span>evolve</span></tt>. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + [figure SG08: 5:227d is new, formerly bumped changeset 4:fe88 now hidden] + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + </div> + <div id="conclusion"> + <h2> + <a href="#id19">Conclusion</a><a href="#conclusion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h2> + <p> + Mutable history is a powerful tool. Like a sharp knife, an experienced user can do wonderful things with it, much more wonderful than with a dull knife (never mind a rusty spoon). At the same time, an inattentive or careless user can do harm to himself or others. Mercurial with <tt><span>evolve</span></tt> goes to great lengths to limit the harm you can do by trying to handle all possible types of “troubled” changesets. Nevertheless, having a first-aid kit nearby does not mean you should stop being careful with sharp knives. + </p> + <p> + Mutable history shared across multiple repositories by a single developer is a natural extension of this model. Once you are used to using a single sharp knife on its own, it’s pretty straightforward to chop onions and mushrooms using the same knife, or to alternate between two chopping boards with different knives. + </p> + <p> + Mutable history shared by multiple developers is a scary place to go. Imagine a professional kitchen full of expert chefs tossing their favourite knives back and forth, with the occasional axe or chainsaw thrown in to spice things up. If you’re confident that you <em>and your colleagues</em> can do it without losing a limb, go for it. But be sure to practice a lot first before you rely on it! + </p> + </div> + </div>
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This opens up a number of interesting possibilities. + </p> + <p> + The simplest scenario is a single developer working across two computers. Say you’re working on code that must be tested on a remote test server, probably in a rack somewhere, only accessible by SSH, and running an “enterprise-grade” (out-of-date) OS. But you probably prefer to write code locally: everything is setup the way you like it, and you can use your preferred editor, IDE, merge/diff tools, etc. + </p> + <p> + Traditionally, your options are limited: either + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + <ul class="simple"> + <li>(ab)use your source control system by committing half-working code in order to get it onto the remote test server, or + </li> + <li>go behind source control’s back by using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rsync</span></tt> (or similar) to transfer your code back-and-forth until it is ready to commit + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + The former is less bad with distributed version control systems like Mercurial, but it’s still far from ideal. (One important version control “best practice” is that every commit should make things just a little bit better, i.e. you should never commit code that is worse than what came before.) The latter, avoiding version control entirely, means that you’re walking a tightrope without a safety net. One accidental <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rsync</span></tt> in the wrong direction could destroy hours of work. + </p> + <p> + Using Mercurial with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt> to share mutable history solves these problems. As with single-repository <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt>, you can commit whenever the code is demonstrably better, even if all the tests aren’t passing yet—just <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hg</span> <span class="pre">amend</span></tt> when they are. And you can transfer those half-baked changesets between repositories to try things out on your test server before anything is carved in stone. + </p> + <p> + A less common scenario is multiple developers sharing mutable history, typically for code review. We’ll cover this scenario later. First, we will cover single-user sharing. + </p> + <div class="section" id="sharing-with-a-single-developer"> + <h2> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Sharing with a single developer</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sharing-with-a-single-developer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h2> + <div class="section" id="publishing-and-non-publishing-repositories"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Publishing and non-publishing repositories</a><a class="headerlink" href="#publishing-and-non-publishing-repositories" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + The key to shared mutable history is to keep your changesets in <em>draft</em> phase as you pass them around. Recall that by default, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hg</span> <span class="pre">push</span></tt> promotes changesets from <em>draft</em> to <em>public</em>, and public changesets are immutable. You can change this behaviour by reconfiguring the <em>remote</em> repository so that it is non-publishing. (Short version: set <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">phases.publish</span></tt> to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">false</span></tt>. Long version follows.) + </p> + </div> + <div class="section" id="setting-up"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Setting up</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + We’ll work through an example with three local repositories, although in the real world they’d most likely be on three different computers. First, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt> repository is where tested, polished changesets live, and it is where you synchronize with the rest of your team. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg init public +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + We’ll need two clones where work gets done, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg clone public test-repo +updating to branch default +0 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ hg clone test-repo dev-repo +updating to branch default +0 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt> is your local machine, with GUI merge tools and IDEs and everything configured just the way you like it. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> is the test server in a rack somewhere behind SSH. So for the most part, we’ll develop in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt>, push to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>, test and polish there, and push to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt>. + </p> + <p> + The key to shared mutable history is to make the target repository, in this case <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>, non-publishing. And, of course, we have to enable the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt> extension in both <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt>. + </p> + <p> + First, edit the configuration for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg -R test-repo config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + and add + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>[phases] +publish = false + +[extensions] +evolve = +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Then edit the configuration for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg -R dev-repo config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + and add + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>[extensions] +evolve = +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Keep in mind that in real life, these repositories would probably be on separate computers, so you’d have to login to each one to configure each repository. + </p> + <p> + To start things off, let’s make one public, immutable changeset: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd test-repo +$ echo 'my new project' > file1 +$ hg add file1 +$ hg commit -m 'create new project' +$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + and pull that into the development repository: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../dev-repo +$ hg pull -u +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="section" id="example-1-amend-a-shared-changeset"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Example 1: Amend a shared changeset</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-1-amend-a-shared-changeset" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + Everything you learned in the <a class="reference external" href="user-guide.html">user guide</a> applies to work done in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt>. You can commit, amend, uncommit, evolve, and so forth just as before. + </p> + <p> + Things get different when you push changesets to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>. Or rather, things stay the same, which <em>is</em> different: because we configured <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> to be non-publishing, draft changesets stay draft when we push them to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>. Importantly, they’re also draft (mutable) in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>. + </p> + <p> + Let’s commit a preliminary change and push it to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> for testing. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ echo 'fix fix fix' > file1 +$ hg commit -m 'prelim change' +$ hg push ../test-repo +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + At this point, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> have the same changesets in the same phases: + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG01: rev 0:0dc9 public, rev 1:f649 draft, same on both repos] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + (You may notice a change in notation from the user guide: now changesets are labelled with their revision number and the first four digits of the 40-digit hexadecimal changeset ID. Mercurial revision numbers are never stable when working across repositories, especially when obsolescence is involved. We’ll see why shortly.) + </p> + <p> + Now let’s switch to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> to test our change: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../test-repo +$ hg update +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Don’t forget to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hg</span> <span class="pre">update</span></tt>! Pushing only adds changesets to a remote repository; it does not update the working directory (unless you have a hook that updates for you). + </p> + <p> + Now let’s imagine the tests failed because we didn’t use proper punctuation and capitalization (oops). Let’s amend our preliminary fix (and fix the lame commit message while we’re at it): + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ echo 'Fix fix fix.' > file1 +$ hg amend -m 'fix bug 37' +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Now we’re in a funny intermediate state (figure 2): revision 1:f649 is obsolete in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>, having been replaced by revision 3:60ff (revision 2:2a03 is another one of those temporary amend commits that we saw in the user guide)—but <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt> knows nothing of these recent developments. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG02: test-repo has rev 0:0dc9 public, rev 1:f649, 2:2a03 obsolete, rev 3:60ff draft; dev-repo same as in SG01] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + Let’s resynchronize: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../dev-repo +$ hg pull -u +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + As seen in figure 3, this transfers the new changeset <em>and</em> the obsolescence marker for revision 1. However, it does <em>not</em> transfer the temporary amend commit, because it is hidden. Push and pull transfer obsolescence markers between repositories, but they do not transfer hidden changesets. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG03: dev-repo grows new rev 2:60ff, marks 1:f649 obsolete] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + Because of this deliberately incomplete synchronization, revision numbers in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt> are no longer consistent. We <em>must</em> use changeset IDs. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section" id="example-2-amend-again-locally"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Example 2: Amend again, locally</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-2-amend-again-locally" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + This process can repeat. Perhaps you figure out a more elegant fix to the bug, and want to mutate history so nobody ever knows you had a less-than-perfect idea. We’ll implement it locally in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt> and push to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ echo 'Fix, fix, and fix.' > file1 +$ hg amend +$ hg push +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + This time around, the temporary amend commit is in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt>, and it is not transferred to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>—the same as before, just in the opposite direction. Figure 4 shows the two repositories after amending in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt> and pushing to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG04: each repo has one temporary amend commit, but they’re different in each one] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + Let’s hop over to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> to test the more elegant fix: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../test-repo +$ hg update +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + This time, all the tests pass, so no further amending is required. This bug fix is finished, so we push it to the public repository: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Note that only one changeset—the final version, after two amendments—was actually pushed. Again, Mercurial doesn’t transfer hidden changesets on push and pull. + </p> + <p> + So the picture in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt> is much simpler than in either <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt>. Neither of our missteps nor our amendments are publicly visible, just the final, beautifully polished changeset: + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG05: public repo with rev 0:0dc9, 1:de61, both public] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + There is one important step left to do. Because we pushed from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test-repo</span></tt> to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt>, the pushed changeset is in <em>public</em> phase in those two repositories. But <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt> has been out-of-the-loop; changeset de61 is still <em>draft</em> there. If we’re not careful, we might mutate history in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt>, obsoleting a changeset that is already public. Let’s avoid that situation for now by pushing up to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt>: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg push ../dev-repo +pushing to ../dev-repo +searching for changes +no changes found +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Even though no <em>changesets</em> were pushed, Mercurial still pushed obsolescence markers and phase changes to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dev-repo</span></tt>. + </p> + <p> + A final note: since this fix is now <em>public</em>, it is immutable. It’s no longer possible to amend it: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg amend -m 'fix bug 37' +abort: cannot amend public changesets +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + This is, after all, the whole point of Mercurial’s phases: to prevent rewriting history that has already been published. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="section" id="sharing-with-multiple-developers-code-review"> + <h2> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Sharing with multiple developers: code review</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sharing-with-multiple-developers-code-review" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h2> + <p> + Now that you know how to share your own mutable history across multiple computers, you might be wondering if it makes sense to share mutable history with others. It does, but you have to be careful, stay alert, and <em>communicate</em> with your peers. + </p> + <p> + Code review is a good use case for sharing mutable history across multiple developers: Alice commits a draft changeset, submits it for review, and amends her changeset until her reviewer is satisfied. Meanwhile, Bob is also committing draft changesets for review, amending until his reviewer is satisfied. Once a particular changeset passes review, the respective author (Alice or Bob) pushes it to the public (publishing) repository. + </p> + <p> + Incidentally, the reviewers here can be anyone: maybe Bob and Alice review each other’s work; maybe the same third party reviews both; or maybe they pick different experts to review their work on different parts of a large codebase. Similarly, it doesn’t matter if reviews are conducted in person, by email, or by carrier pigeon. Code review is outside of the scope of Mercurial, so all we’re looking at here is the mechanics of committing, amending, pushing, and pulling. + </p> + <div class="section" id="id2"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Setting up</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + To demonstrate, let’s start with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt> repository as we left it in the last example, with two immutable changesets (figure 5 above). We’ll clone a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> repository from it, and then Alice and Bob will both clone from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt>. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg clone public review +updating to branch default +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ hg clone review alice +updating to branch default +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ hg clone review bob +updating to branch default +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + We need to configure Alice’s and Bob’s working repositories to enable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt>. First, edit Alice’s configuration with + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg -R alice config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + and add + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>[extensions] +evolve = +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Then edit Bob’s repository configuration: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg -R bob config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + and add the same text. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section" id="example-3-alice-commits-and-amends-a-draft-fix"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Example 3: Alice commits and amends a draft fix</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-3-alice-commits-and-amends-a-draft-fix" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + We’ll follow Alice working on a bug fix. We’re going to use bookmarks to make it easier to understand multiple branch heads in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> repository, so Alice starts off by creating a bookmark and committing her first attempt at a fix: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg bookmark bug15 +$ echo 'fix' > file2 +$ hg commit -A -u alice -m 'fix bug 15 (v1)' +adding file2 +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Note the unorthodox “(v1)” in the commit message. We’re just using that to make this tutorial easier to follow; it’s not something we’d recommend in real life. + </p> + <p> + Of course Alice wouldn’t commit unless her fix worked to her satisfaction, so it must be time to solicit a code review. She does this by pushing to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> repository: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg push -B bug15 +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +exporting bookmark bug15 +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + (The use of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-B</span></tt> is important to ensure that we only push the bookmarked head, and that the bookmark itself is pushed. See this <a class="reference external" href="http://mercurial.aragost.com/kick-start/en/bookmarks/">guide to bookmarks</a>, especially the <a class="reference external" href="http://mercurial.aragost.com/kick-start/en/bookmarks/#sharing-bookmarks">Sharing Bookmarks</a> section, if you’re not familiar with bookmarks.) + </p> + <p> + Some time passes, and Alice receives her code review. As a result, Alice revises her fix and submits it for a second review: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ echo 'Fix.' > file2 +$ hg amend -m 'fix bug 15 (v2)' +$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +updating bookmark bug15 +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Figure 6 shows the state of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> repository at this point. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG06: rev 2:fn1e is Alice’s obsolete v1, rev 3:cbdf is her v2; both children of rev 1:de61] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + After a busy morning of bug fixing, Alice stops for lunch. Let’s see what Bob has been up to. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section" id="example-4-bob-implements-and-publishes-a-new-feature"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Example 4: Bob implements and publishes a new feature</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-4-bob-implements-and-publishes-a-new-feature" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + Meanwhile, Bob has been working on a new feature. Like Alice, he’ll use a bookmark to track his work, and he’ll push that bookmark to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> repository, so that reviewers know which changesets to review. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../bob +$ echo 'stuff' > file1 +$ hg bookmark featureX +$ hg commit -u bob -m 'implement feature X (v1)' # rev 4:1636 +$ hg push -B featureX +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +exporting bookmark featureX +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + When Bob receives his code review, he improves his implementation a bit, amends, and submits the resulting changeset for review: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ echo 'do stuff' > file1 +$ hg amend -m 'implement feature X (v2)' # rev 5:0eb7 +$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +updating bookmark featureX +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Unfortunately, that still doesn’t pass muster. Bob’s reviewer insists on proper capitalization and punctuation. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ echo 'Do stuff.' > file1 +$ hg amend -m 'implement feature X (v3)' # rev 6:540b +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + On the bright side, the second review said, “Go ahead and publish once you fix that.” So Bob immediately publishes his third attempt: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg push ../public +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + It’s not enough just to update <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt>, though! Other people also use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> repository, and right now it doesn’t have Bob’s latest amendment (“v3”, revision 6:540b), nor does it know that the precursor of that changeset (“v2”, revision 5:0eb7) is obsolete. Thus, Bob pushes to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> as well: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg push ../review +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +updating bookmark featureX +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Figure 7 shows the result of Bob’s work in both <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt>. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG07: review includes Alice’s draft work on bug 15, as well as Bob’s v1, v2, and v3 changes for feature X: v1 and v2 obsolete, v3 public. public contains only the final, public implementation of feature X] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + Incidentally, it’s important that Bob push to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt> <em>before</em> <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt>. If he pushed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> first, then revision 6:540b would still be in <em>draft</em> phase in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt>, but it would be <em>public</em> in both Bob’s local repository and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt> repository. That could lead to confusion at some point, which is easily avoided by pushing first to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt>. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section" id="example-5-alice-integrates-and-publishes"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Example 5: Alice integrates and publishes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-5-alice-integrates-and-publishes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + Finally, Alice gets back from lunch and sees that the carrier pigeon with her second review has arrived (or maybe it’s in her email inbox). Alice’s reviewer approved her amended changeset, so she pushes it to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt>: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg push ../public +[...] +remote has heads on branch 'default' that are not known locally: 540ba8f317e6 +abort: push creates new remote head cbdfbd5a5db2! +(pull and merge or see "hg help push" for details about pushing new heads) +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Oops! Bob has won the race to push first to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt>. So Alice needs to integrate with Bob: let’s pull his changeset(s) and see what the branch heads are. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg pull ../public +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads) +(run 'hg heads' to see heads, 'hg merge' to merge) +$ hg log -G -q -r 'head()' --template '{rev}:{node|short} ({author})\n' +o 5:540ba8f317e6 (bob) +| +| @ 4:cbdfbd5a5db2 (alice) +|/ +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + We’ll assume Alice and Bob are perfectly comfortable with rebasing changesets. (After all, they’re already using mutable history in the form of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">amend</span></tt>.) So Alice rebases her changeset on top of Bob’s and publishes the result: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg rebase -d 5 +$ hg push ../public +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +$ hg push ../review +[...] +added 1 changesets with 0 changes to 0 files +updating bookmark bug15 +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + The result, in both <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt> repositories, is shown in figure 8. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG08: review shows v1 and v2 of Alice’s fix, then v1, v2, v3 of Bob’s feature, finally Alice’s fix rebased onto Bob’s. public just shows the final public version of each changeset] + </div> + </blockquote> + </div> + </div> + <div class="section" id="getting-into-trouble-with-shared-mutable-history"> + <h2> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Getting into trouble with shared mutable history</a><a class="headerlink" href="#getting-into-trouble-with-shared-mutable-history" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h2> + <p> + Mercurial with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt> is a powerful tool, and using powerful tools can have consequences. (You can cut yourself badly with a sharp knife, but every competent chef keeps several around. Ever try to chop onions with a spoon?) + </p> + <p> + In the user guide, we saw examples of <em>unstbale</em> changesets, which are the most common type of troubled changeset. (Recall that a non-obsolete changeset with obsolete ancestors is an orphan.) + </p> + <p> + Two other types of troubles can happen: <em>divergent</em> and <em>bumped</em> changesets. Both are more likely with shared mutable history, especially mutable history shared by multiple developers. + </p> + <div class="section" id="id3"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Setting up</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + For these examples, we’re going to use a slightly different workflow: as before, Alice and Bob share a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt> repository. But this time there is no <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">review</span></tt> repository. Instead, Alice and Bob put on their cowboy hats, throw good practice to the wind, and pull directly from each other’s working repositories. + </p> + <p> + So we throw away everything except <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt> and reclone: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ rm -rf review alice bob +$ hg clone public alice +updating to branch default +2 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ hg clone public bob +updating to branch default +2 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Once again we have to configure their repositories: enable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt> and (since Alice and Bob will be pulling directly from each other) make their repositories non-publishing. Edit Alice’s configuration: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg -R alice config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + and add + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>[extensions] +rebase = +evolve = + +[phases] +publish = false +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Then edit Bob’s repository configuration: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg -R bob config --edit --local +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + and add the same text. + </p> + </div> + <div class="section" id="example-6-divergent-changesets"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Example 6: Divergent changesets</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-6-divergent-changesets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + When an obsolete changeset has two successors, those successors are <em>divergent</em>. One way to get into such a situation is by failing to communicate with your teammates. Let’s see how that might happen. + </p> + <p> + First, we’ll have Bob commit a bug fix that could still be improved: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd bob +$ echo 'pretty good fix' >> file1 +$ hg commit -u bob -m 'fix bug 24 (v1)' # rev 4:2fe6 +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Since Alice and Bob are now in cowboy mode, Alice pulls Bob’s draft changeset and amends it herself. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../alice +$ hg pull -u ../bob +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +$ echo 'better fix (alice)' >> file1 +$ hg amend -u alice -m 'fix bug 24 (v2 by alice)' +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + But Bob has no idea that Alice just did this. (See how important good communication is?) So he implements a better fix of his own: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../bob +$ echo 'better fix (bob)' >> file1 +$ hg amend -u bob -m 'fix bug 24 (v2 by bob)' # rev 6:a360 +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + At this point, the divergence exists, but only in theory: Bob’s original changeset, 4:2fe6, is obsolete and has two successors. But those successors are in different repositories, so the trouble is not visible to anyone yet. It will be as soon as Bob pulls from Alice’s repository (or vice-versa). + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg pull ../alice +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 2 files (+1 heads) +(run 'hg heads' to see heads, 'hg merge' to merge) +2 new divergent changesets +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Figure 9 shows the situation in Bob’s repository. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG09: Bob’s repo with 2 heads for the 2 divergent changesets, 6:a360 and 7:e3f9; wc is at 6:a360; both are successors of obsolete 4:2fe6, hence divergence] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + Now we need to get out of trouble. As usual, the answer is to evolve history. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ HGMERGE=internal:other hg evolve +merge:[6] fix bug 24 (v2 by bob) +with: [7] fix bug 24 (v2 by alice) +base: [4] fix bug 24 (v1) +0 files updated, 1 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Figure 10 shows how Bob’s repository looks now. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG10: only one visible head, 9:5ad6, successor to hidden 6:a360 and 7:e3f9] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + We carefully dodged a merge conflict by specifying a merge tool (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">internal:other</span></tt>) that will take Alice’s changes over Bob’s. (You might wonder why Bob wouldn’t prefer his own changes by using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">internal:local</span></tt>. He’s avoiding a <a class="reference internal" href="#bug">bug</a> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt> that occurs when evolving divergent changesets using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">internal:local</span></tt>.) + </p> + <p> + # XXX this link does not work .. <span class="target" id="bug">bug</span>: <a class="reference external" href="https://bitbucket.org/marmoute/mutable-history/issue/48/">https://bitbucket.org/marmoute/mutable-history/issue/48/</a> + </p> + <p> + ** STOP HERE: WORK IN PROGRESS ** + </p> + </div> + <div class="section" id="phase-divergence-when-a-rewritten-changeset-is-made-public"> + <h3> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Phase-divergence: when a rewritten changeset is made public</a><a class="headerlink" href="#phase-divergence-when-a-rewritten-changeset-is-made-public" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h3> + <p> + If Alice and Bob are collaborating on some mutable changesets, it’s possible to get into a situation where an otherwise worthwhile changeset cannot be pushed to the public repository; it is <em>phase-divergent</em> with another changeset that was made public first. Let’s demonstrate one way this could happen. + </p> + <p> + It starts with Alice committing a bug fix. Right now, we don’t yet know if this bug fix is good enough to push to the public repository, but it’s good enough for Alice to commit. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd alice +$ echo 'fix' > file2 +$ hg commit -A -m 'fix bug 15' +adding file2 +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Now Bob has a bad idea: he decides to pull whatever Alice is working on and tweak her bug fix to his taste: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../bob +$ hg pull -u ../alice +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved +$ echo 'Fix.' > file2 +$ hg amend -A -m 'fix bug 15 (amended)' +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + (Note the lack of communication between Alice and Bob. Failing to communicate with your colleagues is a good way to get into trouble. Nevertheless, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt> can usually sort things out, as we will see.) + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG06: Bob’s repo with one amendment] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + After some testing, Alice realizes her bug fix is just fine as it is: no need for further polishing and amending, this changeset is ready to publish. + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../alice +$ hg push +[...] +added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + This introduces a contradiction: in Bob’s repository, changeset 2:e011 (his copy of Alice’s fix) is obsolete, since Bob amended it. But in Alice’s repository (and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt> repository), that changeset is public: it is immutable, carved in stone for all eternity. No changeset can be both obsolete and public, so Bob is in for a surprise the next time he pulls from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">public</span></tt>: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ cd ../bob +$ hg pull -q -u +1 new phase-divergent changesets +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Figure 7 shows what just happened to Bob’s repository: changeset 2:e011 is now public, so it can’t be obsolete. When that changeset was obsolete, it made perfect sense for it to have a successor, namely Bob’s amendment of Alice’s fix (changeset 4:fe88). But it’s illogical for a public changeset to have a successor, so 4:fe88 is troubled: it has become <em>bumped</em>. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG07: 2:e011 now public not obsolete, 4:fe88 now bumped] + </div> + </blockquote> + <p> + As usual when there’s trouble in your repository, the solution is to evolve it: + </p> + <div class="highlight-python"> + <div class="highlight"> + <pre>$ hg evolve --all +</pre> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Figure 8 illustrates Bob’s repository after evolving away the bumped changeset. Ignoring the obsolete changesets, Bob now has a nice, clean, simple history. His amendment of Alice’s bug fix lives on, as changeset 5:227d—albeit with a software-generated commit message. (Bob should probably amend that changeset to improve the commit message.) But the important thing is that his repository no longer has any troubled changesets, thanks to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt>. + </p> + <blockquote> + <div> + [figure SG08: 5:227d is new, formerly bumped changeset 4:fe88 now hidden] + </div> + </blockquote> + </div> + </div> + <div class="section" id="conclusion"> + <h2> + <a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Conclusion</a><a class="headerlink" href="#conclusion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a> + </h2> + <p> + Mutable history is a powerful tool. Like a sharp knife, an experienced user can do wonderful things with it, much more wonderful than with a dull knife (never mind a rusty spoon). At the same time, an inattentive or careless user can do harm to himself or others. Mercurial with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">evolve</span></tt> goes to great lengths to limit the harm you can do by trying to handle all possible types of “troubled” changesets. Nevertheless, having a first-aid kit nearby does not mean you should stop being careful with sharp knives. + </p> + <p> + Mutable history shared across multiple repositories by a single developer is a natural extension of this model. Once you are used to using a single sharp knife on its own, it’s pretty straightforward to chop onions and mushrooms using the same knife, or to alternate between two chopping boards with different knives. + </p> + <p> + Mutable history shared by multiple developers is a scary place to go. Imagine a professional kitchen full of expert chefs tossing their favourite knives back and forth, with the occasional axe or chainsaw thrown in to spice things up. If you’re confident that you <em>and your colleagues</em> can do it without losing a limb, go for it. But be sure to practice a lot first before you rely on it! + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="bottomnav"> + <p> + «  <a href="user-guide.html">Evolve: User Guide</a>   ::   <a class="uplink" href="index.html">Contents</a>   ::   <a href="concepts.html">Evolve: Concepts</a>  » + </p> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2010-2014, Pierre-Yves David, Greg Ward, and contributors. Last updated on Sep 21, 2017. Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.3. + </div> + </body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0637a088a --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed10c3040 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Creator Name", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "Preferred description", + "Image": null, + "Title": "My title", + "SiteName": null +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b282bddee --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +<article> + <h2>Test document title</h2> + <p> + Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </p> + <p> + Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </p> + </article>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/source.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/source.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e5c1ad7b --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/metadata-content-missing/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Title Element</title> + <meta property="x:title dc:title" content="My title"/> + <meta property="dc:creator twitter:site_name" content="Creator Name"/> + <meta name="author" content="FAIL"/> + <meta property="og:description twitter:description"/> + <meta property="dc:description og:description" content="Preferred description"/> + </head> + <body> + <article> + <h1>Test document title</h1> + <p> + Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </p> + <p> + Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </p> + </article> + </body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0637a088a --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59c9941eb --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": null, + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "Lorem\n ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n\ttab here\n incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,\n quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo\n consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse\n cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non\n proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.", + "Image": null, + "Title": "Normalize space test", + "SiteName": null +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18739c3f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +<article> + <h2>Lorem</h2> + <p> + Lorem + ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tab here + incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </p> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <p> + Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation + + + + + ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </p> + </article>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/source.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/source.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b23079824 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Normalize space test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + Lorem + ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tab here + incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation + + + + + ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93da552c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +[ + "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/02\/21\/nyregion\/21winterutilities1\/00winterutilities1-facebookJumbo.jpg", + "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/02\/21\/nyregion\/21winterutilities1\/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale", + "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2018\/02\/20\/multimedia\/author-corey-kilgannon\/author-corey-kilgannon-thumbLarge.jpg", + "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/02\/21\/nyregion\/21winterutilitiesOAK15\/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale", + "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/02\/15\/nyregion\/00winterutilitiesOAK11\/merlin_94083158_9e622a52-ec2f-4fbd-845c-5d530e94bc82-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp", + "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/02\/21\/nyregion\/21winterutilitiesOAK13\/merlin_77720485_1f5be529-e659-49c3-a0bc-a3f312835d14-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp", + "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2017\/12\/07\/nyregion\/00winter4\/00winter4-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp", + "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/02\/15\/nyregion\/00winterutilitiesOAK12\/merlin_77751796_7f1b7a7a-23e9-49b2-b12e-1edfed680911-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp", + "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/02\/12\/nyregion\/00winterutilities2\/merlin_150504129_e893b874-01eb-4d8f-8158-18512153e414-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" +]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d9b539ce --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "By Corey Kilgannon", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "New York\u2019s aging below-street infrastructure is tough to maintain, and the corrosive rock salt and \u201cfreeze-thaw\u201d cycles of winter make it even worse.", + "Image": "https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/02\/21\/nyregion\/21winterutilities1\/00winterutilities1-facebookJumbo.jpg", + "Title": "Manhole Fires and Burst Pipes: How Winter Wreaks Havoc on What\u2019s Underneath N.Y.C.", + "SiteName": null +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8a9bc341 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ +<article id="story"> + + <header> + + + <p> + New York’s aging below-street infrastructure is tough to maintain, and the corrosive rock salt and “freeze-thaw” cycles of winter make it even worse. + </p> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper"> + <figure aria-label="media" role="group" itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <p><span>Image</span><img alt src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale"> + </p> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description"> + <span>A Con Edison worker repairing underground cables this month in Flushing, Queens. The likely source of the problem was water and rock salt that had seeped underground.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder"><span>Credit</span><span><span>Credit</span><span>Chang W. Lee/The New York Times</span></span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div> + <div> + <p><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/corey-kilgannon"><img alt="Corey Kilgannon" title="Corey Kilgannon" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/02/20/multimedia/author-corey-kilgannon/author-corey-kilgannon-thumbLarge.jpg"></a> + </p> + + </div> + <ul> + <li> + <time datetime="2019-02-21">Feb. 21, 2019</time> + </li> + <li> + + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </header> + <section name="articleBody" itemprop="articleBody"> + <div> + <p> + <em>[What you need to know to start the day:</em> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/newsletters/newyorktoday?module=inline" title><em>Get New York Today in your inbox</em></a><em>.]</em> + </p> + <p> + A series of recent <a href="https://nypost.com/2019/02/17/manhole-fires-force-theater-evacuations-in-midtown/" title rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">manhole fires</a> in the heart of Manhattan forced the evacuation of several theaters and was a stark reminder that the subway is not the only creaky infrastructure beneath the streets of New York City. + </p> + <p> + Underground lies a chaotic assemblage of utilities that, much like the subway, are lifelines for the city: a sprawling tangle of water mains, power cables, gas and steam lines, telecom wires and sewers. + </p> + <p> + The city has one of the oldest and largest networks of subterranean infrastructure in the world, with some portions dating more than a century and prone to leaks and cracks. + </p> + <p> + And winter — from the corrosive rock salt used on streets and sidewalks to “freeze-thaw” cycles that weaken pipes — makes infrastructure problems even worse. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + In the late 1800s, many of the city’s overhead utilities were buried to lessen the exposure to winter weather. “People think it’s all protected and safe, but it’s really not,” said Patrick McHugh, vice president of electrical engineering and planning for Con Edison, which maintains about 90,000 miles of underground cable in the city. + </p> + <p> + “You have water, sewage, electricity and gas down there, and people don’t appreciate the effort that goes into keeping all that working,” he added. + </p> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper"> + <figure aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <p><span>Image</span><img alt src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 2000w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale"> + </p> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description"> + <span>In the late 1800s, overhead utilities were buried to lessen the exposure to winter weather.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder"><span>Credit</span><span>Kirsten Luce for The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div> + <h2 id="link-32de4094"> + Rock salt on icy streets can cause mayhem below them + </h2> + <p> + When rock salt melts ice, and the water seeps down manholes and into electrical units, it can set off fires and explosions strong enough to pop a 300-pound manhole cover five stories into the air. + </p> + <p> + For days after a storm, Con Edison officials say, they often deal with scores of electrical fires caused by the rock salt eating away at electrical cable insulation. The wet salt can create sparking that burns the insulation, producing both fire and gases that can combust and pop the manhole lids. + </p> + <p> + To alleviate the threat, the officials said, the utility switched most of its manhole covers to vented ones that allow gases to escape, “so they cannot form a combustible amount,” Mr. McHugh said. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + “It also lets smoke escape, which can tip off the public to notify the authorities,” he added. + </p> + <p> + Winter can also bring an increase in gas-line breakages. Con Edison, which maintains 4,300 miles of gas mains in and around New York City, records about 500 leaks — most of them nonemergencies — in a typical month, but many more in winter. + </p> + <p> + Even this past January, which was unseasonably mild, there were 750 leaks, Con Edison officials said. + </p> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper"> + <figure aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/15/nyregion/00winterutilitiesOAK11/merlin_94083158_9e622a52-ec2f-4fbd-845c-5d530e94bc82-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div> + <p><span>Image</span></p> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description"> + <span>There are typically between 400 and 600 water main breaks each year in New York City, an official said.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder"><span>Credit</span><span>Michael Appleton for The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/15/nyregion/00winterutilitiesOAK11/merlin_94083158_9e622a52-ec2f-4fbd-845c-5d530e94bc82-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp"></figure> + </div> + <div> + <h2 id="link-470a509"> + ‘Freeze-thaws’ linked to climate change can imperil utilities + </h2> + <p> + The extreme temperature swings that many researchers link to climate change are adding to the challenges of winter. + </p> + <p> + Officials monitor weather forecasts closely for freeze-thaw cycles, when they put extra repair crews on call. + </p> + <p> + During a polar vortex in late January, for instance, single-digit temperatures in the city quickly ballooned into the 50s. The thaw, much welcomed by many New Yorkers, worried Tasos Georgelis, deputy commissioner for water and sewer operations at the Department of Environmental Protection, which operates the city’s <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/24/nyregion/how-nyc-gets-its-water-new-york-101.html?action=click&contentCollection=New%20York&region=Footer&module=inline&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&moduleDetail=undefined&pgtype=Multimedia" title>water system</a>. + </p> + <p> + “When you get a freeze and a thaw, the ground around the water mains expands and contracts, and puts external pressure on the pipes,” Mr. Georgelis said. + </p> + <p> + Along the city’s roughly 6,500 miles of water mains, there are typically between 400 and 600 breaks a year, he added. The majority occur in winter, when the cold can make older cast-iron mains brittle. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + Environmental Protection officials said the department repaired 75 water-main breaks in January, including one in Lower Manhattan that disrupted rush-hour subway service and another on the West Side that snarled traffic and left nearby buildings without water for hours. + </p> + <p> + The city’s 7,500 miles of sewer lines are less affected by cold weather because they are generally buried deeper than other utilities, below the frost line, agency officials said. + </p> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper"> + <figure aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK13/merlin_77720485_1f5be529-e659-49c3-a0bc-a3f312835d14-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div> + <p><span>Image</span></p> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description"> + <span>In 1978, a water main break caused severe flooding in Bushwick, Brooklyn.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder"><span>Credit</span><span>Fred R. Conrad/The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK13/merlin_77720485_1f5be529-e659-49c3-a0bc-a3f312835d14-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp"></figure> + </div> + <div> + <h2 id="link-4c678ca"> + How to replace century-old utilities: slowly, and carefully + </h2> + <p> + Upgrading the city’s below-street utilities is a slow, painstaking process, “because you have such a fixed-in-place system,” said Rae Zimmerman, a research professor of planning and public administration at New York University. + </p> + <p> + But there is progress. Con Edison officials said they had begun replacing the city’s nearly 1,600 miles of natural gas lines — which were made of either cast iron or unprotected steel — with plastic piping. The plastic is less susceptible to corrosion, cracks and leaks, said the officials, who added that they were swapping about 100 miles of line each year. + </p> + <p> + The city is also replacing older, leak-prone water and sewer mains. + </p> + <p> + Some pipes that are more than a century old hold up because they were built with a thicker grade of cast iron, according to Environmental Protection Department officials. For less healthy ones, the agency has invested more than $1 billion in the past five years — with an additional $1.4 billion budgeted over the next five years — for upgrades and replacements. New pipes will be made of a more durable, graphite-rich cast iron known as ductile iron. + </p> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper"> + <figure aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/12/07/nyregion/00winter4/00winter4-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div> + <p><span>Image</span></p> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description"> + <span>Matt Cruz snowboarded through Manhattan’s Lower East Side after a snowstorm in 2016 left the streets coated in slush and rock salt.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder"><span>Credit</span><span>Hiroko Masuike/The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/12/07/nyregion/00winter4/00winter4-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp"></figure> + </div> + <div> + <h2 id="link-132c3a6b"> + Construction during the winter isn’t always a good idea + </h2> + <p> + Of course, winter also poses problems aboveground. Most nonemergency repair and construction work involving concrete is halted because concrete and some types of dirt, used to fill in trenches, freeze in colder temperatures, said Ian Michaels, a spokesman for the city’s Department of Design and Construction. + </p> + <p> + Digging by hand is also a challenge in frozen ground, so many excavations that are close to pipes and other utilities are put off, Mr. Michaels said. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + And asphalt is harder to obtain because it must be kept and transported at high temperatures, he added. + </p> + <p> + In the extreme cold, city officials will not risk shutting down water mains for construction because spillage into the street could freeze, Mr. Michaels said. He added that stopping the water flow could freeze the private water-service connections that branch off the mains, he said. + </p> + <p> + Even the basic task of locating utilities under the street can be complicated because infrastructure has been added piecemeal over the decades. + </p> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper"> + <figure aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/15/nyregion/00winterutilitiesOAK12/merlin_77751796_7f1b7a7a-23e9-49b2-b12e-1edfed680911-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div> + <p><span>Image</span></p> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description"> + <span>A water main break in Manhattan in 2014. “When you get a freeze and a thaw, the ground around the water mains expands and contracts, and puts external pressure on the pipes,” said Tasos Georgelis of the city's Department of Environmental Protection.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder"><span>Credit</span><span>Ãngel Franco/The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/15/nyregion/00winterutilitiesOAK12/merlin_77751796_7f1b7a7a-23e9-49b2-b12e-1edfed680911-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp"></figure> + </div> + <div> + <h2 id="link-7ba21106"> + Almost 1.8 million potholes filled since de Blasio took office + </h2> + <p> + Street surfaces are affected by winter weather, too: Last year, the city filled 255,904 potholes. + </p> + <p> + And should anyone forget that filling potholes, like snow removal, is a sacred staple of constituent services, transportation officials have compiled the number of potholes the city has filled — more than 1,786,300 — since Mayor Bill de Blasio took office in 2014. + </p> + <p> + Potholes form when water and salt seep into cracks, freeze and expand, creating a larger crevice, said Joe Carbone, who works for the Transportation Department, where he is known as the pothole chief. + </p> + <p> + Simply put, more freeze-thaw cycles <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/07/nyregion/07pothole.html?module=inline" title>result in more potholes</a>, he said. Currently, the department has 25 crews repairing potholes. During peak pothole-repair season in early March, that number can expand to more than 60. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + Still, the department is continually resurfacing the city’s more than 6,000 miles of streets and 19,000 lane miles. Each year, agency officials said, it uses more than one million tons of asphalt to repave more than 1,300 lane-miles of street. + </p> + + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper"> + <figure aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/12/nyregion/00winterutilities2/merlin_150504129_e893b874-01eb-4d8f-8158-18512153e414-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div> + <p><span>Image</span></p> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description"> + <span>Workers learning how to fix water main breaks at a training center in Queens.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder"><span>Credit</span><span>Chang W. Lee/The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/12/nyregion/00winterutilities2/merlin_150504129_e893b874-01eb-4d8f-8158-18512153e414-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp"></figure> + </div> + <div> + <h2 id="link-13d0a396"> + So, where do people learn how to fix some of these issues? + </h2> + <p> + Of the 400 city laborers who work on water mains, many learn the finer points of leak repair at a training center in Queens, where underground pipes are made to spring leaks for repair drills. + </p> + <p> + Workers from the Department of Environmental Protection recently gathered around a muddy hole as a co-worker, Nehemiah Dejesus, scrambled to apply a stainless-steel repair clamp around a cracked segment that was spewing water. + </p> + <p> + “Don’t get nervous,” instructed Milton Velez, the agency’s district supervisor for Queens. + </p> + <p> + “I’m not,” Mr. Dejesus said as he secured the clamp and stopped the leak. “It’s ‘Showtime at the Apollo.’” + </p> + </div> + + + </section> + <div> + + <div> + <p> + Corey Kilgannon is a Metro reporter covering news and human interest stories. His writes the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/column/character-study">Character Study</a> column in the Sunday Metropolitan section. He was also part of the team that won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News. <span><a href="https://twitter.com/coreykilgannon" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span>@</span>coreykilgannon</a> <span>•</span> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/corey.kilgannon.9" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Facebook</a></span> + </p> + </div> + <div><p> + A version of this article appears in print on </p><p>, on Page </p><p>A</p><p>22</p><p> of the New York edition</p><p> with the headline: </p><p>Under the City’s Streets, A Battle Against Winter<span>. <a href="http://www.nytreprints.com/">Order Reprints</a> | <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html">Today’s Paper</a> | <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY">Subscribe</a></span> + </p></div> + + </div> + + </article>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/source.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/source.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..293657692 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-3/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,1638 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en" itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/nyregion/winter-weather-manholes-pipes.html" itemtype="http://schema.org/NewsArticle" itemscope="true" class="story" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8" /> + <title data-rh="true"> + Manhole Fires and Burst Pipes: How Winter Wreaks Havoc on What’s Underneath N.Y.C. - The New York Times + </title> + <meta data-rh="true" itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-US" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:published" itemprop="datePublished" content="2019-02-21T08:00:08.000Z" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:modified" itemprop="dateModified" content="2019-02-22T12:17:45.596Z" /> + <meta data-rh="true" http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="noarchive" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="articleid" itemprop="identifier" content="100000006355641" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="nyt_uri" itemprop="identifier" content="nyt://article/d0aba0ad-4861-548c-8ff3-1d9606db5960" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="pubp_event_id" itemprop="identifier" content="pubp://event/b0523eccaeb445d49d2ab6d80d79d0ae" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="description" itemprop="description" content="New York’s aging below-street infrastructure is tough to maintain, and the corrosive rock salt and “freeze-thaw” cycles of winter make it even worse." /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="image" itemprop="image" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/00winterutilities1-facebookJumbo.jpg" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="byl" content="By Corey Kilgannon" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="thumbnail" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/00winterutilities1-thumbStandard.jpg" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="news_keywords" content="Water,Winter,Infrastructure,Pothole,Manhole,Con Edison,Department of Environmental Protection NYC,Manhattan" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="pdate" content="20190221" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/nyregion/winter-weather-manholes-pipes.html" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Manhole Fires and Burst Pipes: How Winter Wreaks Havoc on What’s Underneath N.Y.C." /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/00winterutilities1-facebookJumbo.jpg" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="New York’s aging below-street infrastructure is tough to maintain, and the corrosive rock salt and “freeze-thaw” cycles of winter make it even worse." /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/nyregion/winter-weather-manholes-pipes.html" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="Manhole Fires and Burst Pipes: How Winter Wreaks Havoc on What’s Underneath N.Y.C." /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="New York’s aging below-street infrastructure is tough to maintain, and the corrosive rock salt and “freeze-thaw” cycles of winter make it even worse." /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:image" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/00winterutilities1-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:image:alt" content="A Con Edison worker repairing underground cables this month in Flushing, Queens. The likely source of the problem was water and rock salt that had seeped underground." /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:section" itemprop="articleSection" content="New York" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Water" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Winter (Season)" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Infrastructure (Public Works)" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Potholes" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Manholes" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Consolidated Edison Inc" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Department of Environmental Protection (NYC)" /> + <meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Manhattan (NYC)" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="CG" content="nyregion" /> + <meta data-rh="true" name="SCG" content="" /> + 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translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px);}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-9zaqp9{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,0px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,0px);}50%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,10px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,10px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,10px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}}@keyframes animation-9zaqp9{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,0px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,0px);}50%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,10px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,10px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,10px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(-11.329999923706055px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-16fq4rz{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}50%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}}@keyframes animation-16fq4rz{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}50%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1kjk1j2{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,10px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,10px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,10px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) 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translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,0px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,10px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,10px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px) translate(0px,10px);}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-88g286{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,10px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,10px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,10px);}50%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}}@keyframes animation-88g286{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,10px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,10px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,10px);}50%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-12yx39b{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-34px,0px);}50%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-34px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}}@keyframes animation-12yx39b{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-34px,0px);}50%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-34px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-4hu8jm{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.85) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.85) translate(0px,0px);transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.85) translate(0px,0px);}33.33%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(0px,0px);transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(0px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.1) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) 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600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilities1/merlin_150498339_cf9085e5-9756-4169-a5a5-5b516316a3fa-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" /> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description" class="css-17ai7jg emkp2hg0"> + <span class="css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0">A Con Edison worker repairing underground cables this month in Flushing, Queens. The likely source of the problem was water and rock salt that had seeped underground.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder" class="emkp2hg2 css-1nwzsjy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit</span><span><span class="css-1dv1kvn">Credit</span><span>Chang W. Lee/The New York Times</span></span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-xt80pu euiyums0"> + <div class="css-acwcvw"> + <div class="css-17xsp6v epjyd6m0"> + <div class="css-nzv8co ey68jwv0"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/corey-kilgannon"><img alt="Corey Kilgannon" title="Corey Kilgannon" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/02/20/multimedia/author-corey-kilgannon/author-corey-kilgannon-thumbLarge.jpg" class="css-q08c2r ey68jwv2" /></a> + </div> + <div class="css-1baulvz"> + <p class="css-16vrk19 e1jsehar1" itemprop="author creator" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemid=""> + By<!-- --> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/corey-kilgannon" class="css-1riqqik e1jsehar0"><span class="css-1baulvz" itemprop="name">Corey Kilgannon</span></a> + </p> + </div> + </div> + <ul class="css-1w5cs23 epjyd6m1"> + <li> + <time class="css-qddhf4 e16638kd0" datetime="2019-02-21">Feb. 21, 2019</time> + </li> + <li 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class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + <em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">[What you need to know to start the day:</em> <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/newsletters/newyorktoday?module=inline" title=""><em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">Get New York Today in your inbox</em></a><em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">.]</em> + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + A series of recent <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://nypost.com/2019/02/17/manhole-fires-force-theater-evacuations-in-midtown/" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">manhole fires</a> in the heart of Manhattan forced the evacuation of several theaters and was a stark reminder that the subway is not the only creaky infrastructure beneath the streets of New York City. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Underground lies a chaotic assemblage of utilities that, much like the subway, are lifelines for the city: a sprawling tangle of water mains, power cables, gas and steam lines, telecom wires and sewers. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The city has one of the oldest and largest networks of subterranean infrastructure in the world, with some portions dating more than a century and prone to leaks and cracks. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + And <!-- -->winter<!-- --> — from the corrosive rock salt used on streets and sidewalks to “freeze-thaw” cycles that weaken pipes — makes infrastructure problems even worse. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + In the late 1800s, many of the city’s overhead utilities were buried to lessen the exposure to winter weather. “People think it’s all protected and safe, but it’s really not,” said Patrick McHugh, vice president of electrical engineering and planning for Con Edison, which maintains about 90,000 miles of underground cable in the city. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “You have water, sewage, electricity and gas down there, and people don’t appreciate the effort that goes into keeping all that working,” he added. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper" class="css-79elbk ehw59r11"> + <div class="css-z3e15g" data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper-hidden"></div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-children" class="css-1a48zt4 ehw59r111"> + <figure class="css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0" aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0"> + <span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Image</span><img alt="" class="css-1m50asq" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 2000w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK15/merlin_56025490_f9412a36-eeb9-4a10-a41e-f324eb7a3248-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" /> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description" class="css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0"> + <span class="css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0">In the late 1800s, overhead utilities were buried to lessen the exposure to winter weather.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder" class="css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit</span><span>Kirsten Luce for The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <h2 class="css-sbs9ef eoo0vm40" id="link-32de4094"> + Rock salt on icy streets can cause mayhem below them + </h2> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + When rock salt melts ice, and the water seeps down manholes and into electrical units, it can set off fires and explosions strong enough to pop a 300-pound manhole cover five stories into the air. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + For days after a storm, Con Edison officials say, they often deal with scores of electrical fires caused by the rock salt eating away at electrical cable insulation. The wet salt can create sparking that burns the insulation, producing both fire and gases that can combust and pop the manhole lids. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + To alleviate the threat, the officials said, the utility switched most of its manhole covers to vented ones that allow gases to escape, “so they cannot form a combustible amount,” Mr. McHugh said. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “It also lets smoke escape, which can tip off the public to notify the authorities,” he added. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Winter can also bring an increase in gas-line breakages. Con Edison, which maintains 4,300 miles of gas mains in and around New York City, records about 500 leaks — most of them nonemergencies — in a typical month, but many more in winter. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Even this past January, which was unseasonably mild, there were 750 leaks, Con Edison officials said. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper" class="css-79elbk ehw59r11"> + <div class="css-z3e15g" data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper-hidden"></div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-children" class="css-1a48zt4 ehw59r111"> + <figure class="css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0" aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/15/nyregion/00winterutilitiesOAK11/merlin_94083158_9e622a52-ec2f-4fbd-845c-5d530e94bc82-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0"> + <span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Image</span> + <div class="css-zjzyr8"> + <div data-testid="lazyimage-container" style="height:257.77777777777777px"></div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description" class="css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0"> + <span class="css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0">There are typically between 400 and 600 water main breaks each year in New York City, an official said.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder" class="css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit</span><span>Michael Appleton for The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <h2 class="css-sbs9ef eoo0vm40" id="link-470a509"> + ‘Freeze-thaws’ linked to climate change can imperil utilities + </h2> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The extreme temperature swings that many researchers link to climate change are adding to the challenges of winter. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Officials monitor weather forecasts closely for freeze-thaw cycles, when they put extra repair crews on call. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + During a polar vortex in late January, for instance, single-digit temperatures in the city quickly ballooned into the 50s. The thaw, much welcomed by many New Yorkers, worried Tasos Georgelis, deputy commissioner for water and sewer operations at the Department of Environmental Protection, which operates the city’s <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/24/nyregion/how-nyc-gets-its-water-new-york-101.html?action=click&contentCollection=New%20York&region=Footer&module=inline&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&moduleDetail=undefined&pgtype=Multimedia" title="">water system</a>. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “When you get a freeze and a thaw, the ground around the water mains expands and contracts, and puts external pressure on the pipes,” Mr. Georgelis said. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Along the city’s roughly 6,500 miles of water mains, there are typically between 400 and 600 breaks a year, he added. The majority occur in winter, when the cold can make older cast-iron mains brittle. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Environmental Protection officials said the department repaired 75 water-main breaks in January, including one in Lower Manhattan that disrupted rush-hour subway service and another on the West Side that snarled traffic and left nearby buildings without water for hours. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The city’s 7,500 miles of sewer lines are less affected by cold weather because they are generally buried deeper than other utilities, below the frost line, agency officials said. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper" class="css-79elbk ehw59r11"> + <div class="css-z3e15g" data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper-hidden"></div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-children" class="css-1a48zt4 ehw59r111"> + <figure class="css-t9vhop e1g7ppur0" aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/21/nyregion/21winterutilitiesOAK13/merlin_77720485_1f5be529-e659-49c3-a0bc-a3f312835d14-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0"> + <span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Image</span> + <div class="css-zjzyr8"> + <div data-testid="lazyimage-container" style="height:560.0222222222222px"></div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description" class="css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0"> + <span class="css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0">In 1978, a water main break caused severe flooding in Bushwick, Brooklyn.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder" class="css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit</span><span>Fred R. Conrad/The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <h2 class="css-sbs9ef eoo0vm40" id="link-4c678ca"> + How to replace century-old utilities: slowly, and carefully + </h2> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Upgrading the city’s below-street utilities is a slow, painstaking process, “because you have such a fixed-in-place system,” said Rae Zimmerman, a research professor of planning and public administration at New York University. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + But there is progress. Con Edison officials said they had begun replacing the city’s nearly 1,600 miles of natural gas lines — which were made of either cast iron or unprotected steel — with plastic piping. The plastic is less susceptible to corrosion, cracks and leaks, said the officials, who added that they were swapping about 100 miles of line each year. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The city is also replacing older, leak-prone <!-- -->water and sewer mains. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Some pipes that are more than a century old hold up because they were built with a thicker grade of cast iron, according to Environmental Protection Department officials. For less healthy ones, the agency has invested more than $1 billion in the past five years — with an additional $1.4 billion budgeted over the next five years — for upgrades and replacements. New pipes will be made of a more durable, graphite-rich cast iron known as <!-- -->ductile <!-- -->iron. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper" class="css-79elbk ehw59r11"> + <div class="css-z3e15g" data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper-hidden"></div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-children" class="css-1a48zt4 ehw59r111"> + <figure class="css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0" aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/12/07/nyregion/00winter4/00winter4-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0"> + <span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Image</span> + <div class="css-zjzyr8"> + <div data-testid="lazyimage-container" style="height:257.77777777777777px"></div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description" class="css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0"> + <span class="css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0">Matt Cruz snowboarded through Manhattan’s Lower East Side after a snowstorm in 2016 left the streets coated in slush and rock salt.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder" class="css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit</span><span>Hiroko Masuike/The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <h2 class="css-sbs9ef eoo0vm40" id="link-132c3a6b"> + Construction during the winter isn’t always a good idea + </h2> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Of course, winter also poses problems aboveground. Most nonemergency repair and construction work involving concrete is halted because concrete and some types of dirt, used to fill in trenches, freeze in colder temperatures, said Ian Michaels, a spokesman for the city’s Department of Design and Construction. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Digging by hand is also a challenge in frozen ground, so many excavations that are close to pipes and other utilities are put off, Mr. Michaels said. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + And asphalt is harder to obtain because it must be kept and transported at high temperatures, he added. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + In the extreme cold, city officials will not risk shutting down water mains for construction because spillage into the street could freeze, Mr. Michaels said. He added that stopping the water flow could freeze the private water-service connections that branch off the mains, he said. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Even the basic task of locating utilities under the street can be complicated because infrastructure has been added piecemeal over the decades. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper" class="css-79elbk ehw59r11"> + <div class="css-z3e15g" data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper-hidden"></div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-children" class="css-1a48zt4 ehw59r111"> + <figure class="css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0" aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/15/nyregion/00winterutilitiesOAK12/merlin_77751796_7f1b7a7a-23e9-49b2-b12e-1edfed680911-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0"> + <span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Image</span> + <div class="css-zjzyr8"> + <div data-testid="lazyimage-container" style="height:258.4222222222222px"></div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description" class="css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0"> + <span class="css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0">A water main break in Manhattan in 2014. “When you get a freeze and a thaw, the ground around the water mains expands and contracts, and puts external pressure on the pipes,” said Tasos Georgelis of the city's Department of Environmental Protection.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder" class="css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit</span><span>Ãngel Franco/The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <h2 class="css-sbs9ef eoo0vm40" id="link-7ba21106"> + Almost 1.8 million potholes filled since de Blasio took office + </h2> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Street surfaces are affected by winter weather, too: Last year, the city filled 255,904 potholes. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + And should anyone forget that filling potholes, like snow removal, is a sacred staple of constituent services, transportation officials have compiled the number of potholes the city has filled — more than 1,786,300<!-- --> — since Mayor Bill de Blasio took office in 2014<!-- -->. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Potholes form when water and salt seep into cracks, freeze and expand, creating a larger crevice, said Joe Carbone, who works for the Transportation Department, where he is known as the pothole chief. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Simply put, more freeze-thaw cycles <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/07/nyregion/07pothole.html?module=inline" title="">result in more potholes</a>, he said. Currently, the department has 25 crews repairing potholes. During peak pothole-repair season in early March, that number can expand to more than 60. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Still, the department is continually resurfacing the city’s more than 6,000 miles of streets and 19,000 lane miles. Each year, agency officials said, it uses more than one million tons of asphalt to repave more than 1,300 lane-miles of street. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper" class="css-79elbk ehw59r11"> + <div class="css-z3e15g" data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper-hidden"></div> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-children" class="css-1a48zt4 ehw59r111"> + <figure class="css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0" aria-label="media" role="group" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/02/12/nyregion/00winterutilities2/merlin_150504129_e893b874-01eb-4d8f-8158-18512153e414-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0"> + <span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Image</span> + <div class="css-zjzyr8"> + <div data-testid="lazyimage-container" style="height:257.77777777777777px"></div> + </div> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description" class="css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0"> + <span class="css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0">Workers learning how to fix water main breaks at a training center in Queens.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder" class="css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit</span><span>Chang W. Lee/The New York Times</span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <h2 class="css-sbs9ef eoo0vm40" id="link-13d0a396"> + So, where do people learn how to fix some of these issues? + </h2> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Of the 400 <!-- -->city<!-- --> laborers who work on water mains, many learn the finer points of leak repair at a training center in Queens, where underground pipes are made to spring leaks for repair drills. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Workers<!-- --> from the Department of Environmental Protection recently gathered around a muddy hole as a co-worker, Nehemiah <!-- -->Dejesus<!-- -->, scrambled to apply a stainless-steel repair clamp around a cracked segment that was spewing water. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “Don’t get nervous,” instructed Milton Velez, the agency’s district supervisor for Queens. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “I’m not,” Mr. Dejesus said as he secured the clamp and stopped the leak. “It’s ‘Showtime at the Apollo.’” + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-ys65w5 epkadsg3"> + <div class="css-15g2oxy epkadsg2"> + <div class="css-1o4azrb e16ij5yr6"> + <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/08/18/nyregion/new-york-101-streets-repair-and-maintenance.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article"> + <div class="css-i9gxme e16ij5yr4"> + <div class="css-1u39xnq e16ij5yr2"> + Why Are New York City’s Streets Always Under Construction? + </div><time class="css-1yil5bp e16638kd0" datetime="2016-08-18">Aug. 18, 2016</time> + </div> + <div class="css-rxyfbr e16ij5yr0"> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/nyregion/nyc101-01/nyc101-01-videoLarge-v7.jpg" class="css-32rbo2 e16ij5yr1" /> + </div></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"></div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + </section> + <div class="bottom-of-article"> + <div class="css-1rjzas3"></div> + <div class="css-wg1cha e17092zo0"> + <div class="css-x8f8u9 e1e7j8ap0"> + <div> + <p> + Corey Kilgannon is a Metro reporter covering news and human interest stories. His writes the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/column/character-study">Character Study</a> column in the Sunday Metropolitan section. He was also part of the team that won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News. <span class="css-4w91ra"><a href="https://twitter.com/coreykilgannon" class="css-1rj8to8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="css-0">@</span>coreykilgannon</a> <span class="css-19ln2d8">•</span> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/corey.kilgannon.9" class="css-1rj8to8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Facebook</a></span> + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-vdv0al"> + A version of this article appears in print on <!-- -->, on Page <!-- -->A<!-- -->22<!-- --> of the New York edition<!-- --> with the headline: <!-- -->Under the City’s Streets, A Battle Against Winter<span>. <a href="http://www.nytreprints.com/">Order Reprints</a> | <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html">Today’s Paper</a> | <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY">Subscribe</a></span> + </div> + <div class="css-i29ckm"> + <div 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Con Edison officials said they had begun replacing the city’s nearly 1,600 miles of natural gas lines — which were made of either cast iron or unprotected steel — with plastic piping. The plastic is less susceptible to corrosion, cracks and leaks, said the officials, who added that they were swapping about 100 miles of line each year.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.49.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"The city is also replacing older, leak-prone ","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.49.content.1":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"water and sewer mains.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.50.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Some pipes that are more than a century old hold up because they were built with a thicker grade of cast iron, according to Environmental Protection Department officials. 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Most nonemergency repair and construction work involving concrete is halted because concrete and some types of dirt, used to fill in trenches, freeze in colder temperatures, said Ian Michaels, a spokesman for the city’s Department of Design and Construction.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.56.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Digging by hand is also a challenge in frozen ground, so many excavations that are close to pipes and other utilities are put off, Mr. Michaels said. 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potholes.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.67.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"And should anyone forget that filling potholes, like snow removal, is a sacred staple of constituent services, transportation officials have compiled the number of potholes the city has filled — more than 1,786,300","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.67.content.1":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":" — since Mayor Bill de Blasio took office in 2014","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.67.content.2":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":".","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.69.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Potholes form when water and salt seep into cracks, freeze and expand, creating a larger crevice, said Joe Carbone, who works for the Transportation Department, where he is known as the pothole chief.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.71.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Simply put, more freeze-thaw cycles ","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.71.content.1":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"result in more potholes","formats":[{"type":"id","generated":true,"id":"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.71.content.1.formats.0","typename":"LinkFormat"}]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.71.content.1.formats.0":{"__typename":"LinkFormat","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2011\u002F02\u002F07\u002Fnyregion\u002F07pothole.html","title":""},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.71.content.2":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":", he said. 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scrambled to apply a stainless-steel repair clamp around a cracked segment that was spewing water.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.81.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"“Don’t get nervous,” instructed Milton Velez, the agency’s district supervisor for Queens.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.82.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"“I’m not,” Mr. Dejesus said as he secured the clamp and stopped the leak. “It’s ‘Showtime at the Apollo.’”","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2QwYWJhMGFkLTQ4NjEtNTQ4Yy04ZmYzLTFkOTYwNmRiNTk2MA==.sprinkledBody.content@[email protected]":{"__typename":"Interactive","promotionalHeadline":"Why Are New York City’s Streets Always Under Construction?","promotionalSummary":"The answer, in large measure, lies in what's 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-4/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-4/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..855eb5595 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/nytimes-4/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +<article id="story"> + + <header> + + + <p> + Tax cuts, spending increases and higher interest rates could make it harder to respond to future recessions and deal with other needs. + </p> + <div data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper"> + <figure aria-label="media" role="group" itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <p><span>Image</span><img alt src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw" itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale"> + </p> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description"> + <span>Interest payments on the federal debt could surpass the Defense Department budget in 2023.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder"><span>Credit</span><span><span>Credit</span><span>Jeon Heon-Kyun/EPA, via Shutterstock</span></span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + + </header> + <section name="articleBody" itemprop="articleBody"> + <div> + <p> + The federal government could soon pay more in interest on its debt than it spends on the military, Medicaid or children’s programs. + </p> + <p> + The run-up in borrowing costs is a one-two punch brought on by the need to finance a fast-growing budget deficit, worsened by tax cuts and steadily rising interest rates that will make the debt more expensive. + </p> + <p> + With less money coming in and more going toward interest, political leaders will find it harder to address pressing needs like fixing crumbling roads and bridges or to make emergency moves like pulling the economy out of future recessions. + </p> + <p> + Within a decade, more than $900 billion in interest payments will be due annually, easily outpacing spending on myriad other programs. Already the fastest-growing major government expense, the cost of interest is on track to hit $390 billion next year, nearly 50 percent more than in 2017, according to the Congressional Budget Office. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + “It’s very much something to worry about,” said C. Eugene Steuerle, a fellow at the Urban Institute and a co-founder of the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center in Washington. “Everything else is getting squeezed.” + </p> + <p> + Gradually rising interest rates would have made borrowing more expensive even without additional debt. But the tax cuts passed late last year have created a deeper hole, with the deficit increasing faster than expected. A budget bill <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/us/politics/congress-budget-deal-vote.html?module=inline" title>approved in February that raised</a> spending by $300 billion over two years will add to the financial pressure. + </p> + <p> + The deficit is expected to total nearly $1 trillion next year — the first time it has been that big since 2012, when the economy was still struggling to recover from the financial crisis and interest rates were near zero. + </p> + </div> + + <div> + <p> + Deficit hawks have gone silent, even proposing changes that would exacerbate the deficit. House Republicans introduced legislation this month that would make the tax cuts permanent. + </p> + <p> + “The issue has just disappeared,” said Senator Mark Warner, a Virginia Democrat. “There’s collective amnesia.” + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + The combination, say economists, marks a journey into mostly uncharted financial territory. + </p> + <p> + In the past, government borrowing expanded during recessions and waned in recoveries. That countercyclical policy has been a part of the standard Keynesian toolbox to combat downturns since the Great Depression. + </p> + <p> + The deficit is soaring now as the economy booms, meaning the stimulus is pro-cyclical. The risk is that the government would have less room to maneuver if the economy slows. + </p> + </div> + + <div> + <p> + Aside from wartime or a deep downturn like the 1930s or 2008-9, “this sort of aggressive fiscal stimulus is unprecedented in U.S. history,” said Jeffrey Frankel, an economist at Harvard. + </p> + <p> + Pouring gasoline on an already hot economy has resulted in faster growth — the economy expanded at an annualized rate of 4.2 percent in the second quarter. But Mr. Frankel warns that when the economy weakens, the government will find it more difficult to cut taxes or increase spending. + </p> + <p> + Lawmakers might, in fact, feel compelled to cut spending as tax revenue falls, further depressing the economy. “There will eventually be another recession, and this increases the chances we will have to slam on the brakes when the car is already going too slowly,” Mr. Frankel said. + </p> + <h2 id="link-cb5ee12"> + Interest costs make it harder for the government to do other things + </h2> + </div> + + <div> + <p> + Finding the money to pay investors who hold government debt will crimp other parts of the budget. In a decade, interest on the debt will eat up 13 percent of government spending, up from 6.6 percent in 2017. + </p> + <p> + “By 2020, we will spend more on interest than we do on kids, including education, food stamps and aid to families,” said Marc Goldwein, senior policy director at the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, a research and advocacy organization. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + Interest costs already dwarf spending on many popular programs. For example, grants to students from low-income families for college total roughly $30 billion — about one-tenth of what the government will pay in interest this year. Interest payments will overtake Medicaid in 2020 and the Department of Defense budget in 2023. + </p> + <p> + What’s more, the heavy burden of interest payments could make it harder for the government to repair aging infrastructure or take on other big new projects. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Trump has called for spending $1 trillion on infrastructure, but Congress has not taken up that idea. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + More about the federal debt and the economy + </p> + + </div> + <div> + <h2 id="link-1a1f1f7a"> + The U.S. hasn’t faced this issue for years + </h2> + <p> + Until recently, ultralow interest rates, set by the Federal Reserve to support the economy, allowed lawmakers to borrow without fretting too much about the cost of that debt. + </p> + <p> + But as the economy has strengthened, the Fed has gradually raised rates, starting in December 2015. The central bank is expected to push rates up again on Wednesday, and more increases are in store. + </p> + <p> + “When rates went down to record lows, it allowed the government to take on more debt without paying more interest,” Mr. Goldwein said. “That party is ending.” + </p> + </div> + + <div> + <p> + Since the beginning of the year, the yield on the 10-year Treasury note has risen by more than half a percentage point, to 3.1 percent. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the yield will climb to 4.2 percent in 2021. Given that the total public debt of the United States stands at nearly $16 trillion, even a small uptick in rates can cost the government billions. + </p> + + </div> + <div> + <p> + There’s no guarantee that these forecasts will prove accurate. If the economy weakens, rates might fall or rise only slightly, reducing interest payments. But rates could also overshoot the budget office forecast. + </p> + <p> + Some members of Congress want to set the stage for even more red ink. Republicans in the House want to make last year’s tax cuts permanent, instead of letting some of them expire at the end of 2025. That would reduce federal revenue by an additional $631 billion over 10 years, according to the <a href="https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/publications/analysis-protecting-family-and-small-business-tax-cuts-act-2018" title rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tax Policy Center</a>. + </p> + <h2 id="link-7b39a7bd"> + No, the United States isn’t at risk of becoming the next Greece + </h2> + </div> + + <div> + <p> + Deficit hawks have warned for years that a day of reckoning is coming, exposing the United States to the kind of economic crisis that overtook profligate borrowers in the past like Greece or Argentina. + </p> + <p> + But most experts say that isn’t likely because the dollar is the world’s reserve currency. As a result, the United States still has plenty of borrowing capacity left because the Fed can print money with fewer consequences than other central banks. + </p> + <p> + And interest rates plunged over the last decade, even as the government turned to the market for trillions each year after the recession. That’s because Treasury bonds are still the favored port of international investors in any economic storm. + </p> + <p> + “We exported a financial crisis a decade ago, and the world responded by sending us money,” said William G. Gale, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. + </p> + <p> + But that privileged position has allowed politicians in both parties to avoid politically painful steps like cutting spending or raising taxes. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + That doesn’t mean rapidly rising interest costs and a bigger deficit won’t eventually catch up with us. + </p> + <p> + Charles Schultze, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers in the Carter administration, once summed up the danger of deficits with a metaphor. “It’s not so much a question of the wolf at the door, but termites in the woodwork.” + </p> + <h2 id="link-12df6cc7"> + But Washington doesn’t want to hear about the potential problems + </h2> + <p> + Rather than simply splitting along party lines, lawmakers’ attitudes toward the deficit also depend on which party is in power. Republicans pilloried the Obama administration for proposing a large stimulus in the depths of the recession in 2009 and complained about the deficit for years. + </p> + <p> + In 2013, Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky called the debt and deficit “the transcendent issue of our era.” By 2017, as Senate majority leader, he quickly shepherded the tax cut through Congress. + </p> + <p> + Senator James Lankford, an Oklahoma Republican who warned of the deficit’s dangers in the past, nevertheless played down that threat on the Senate floor as the tax billed neared passage. + </p> + <p> + “I understand it’s a risk, but I think it’s an appropriate risk to be able to say let’s allow Americans to keep more of their own money to invest in this economy,” he said. + </p> + <p> + He also claimed the tax cuts would pay for themselves even as the Congressional Budget Office estimated that they would add $250 billion to the deficit on average from 2019 to 2024. + </p> + </div> + <div> + <p> + In an interview, Mr. Lankford insisted that the jury was still out on whether the tax cuts would generate additional revenue, citing the strong economic growth recently. + </p> + <p> + While the Republican about-face has been much more striking, Democrats have adjusted their position, too. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Warner, the Virginia Democrat, called last year’s tax bill “the worst piece of legislation we have passed since I arrived in the Senate.” In 2009, however, when Congress passed an $800 billion stimulus bill backed by the Obama administration, he called it “a responsible mix of tax cuts and investments that will create jobs.” + </p> + <p> + The difference, Mr. Warner said, was that the economy was near the precipice then. + </p> + <p> + “There was virtual unanimity among economists that we needed a stimulus,” he said. “But a $2 trillion tax cut at the end of a business cycle with borrowed money won’t end well.” + </p> + </div> + </section> + <div> + + <div> + <p> + Nelson D. Schwartz has covered economics since 2012. Previously, he wrote about Wall Street and banking, and also served as European economic correspondent in Paris. He joined The Times in 2007 as a feature writer for the Sunday Business section. <span><a href="https://twitter.com/NelsonSchwartz" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span>@</span>NelsonSchwartz</a></span> + </p> + </div> + <div><p> + A version of this article appears in print on </p><p>, on Page </p><p>A</p><p>1</p><p> of the New York edition</p><p> with the headline: </p><p>What May Soon Exceed Cost of U.S. Military? Interest on U.S. Debt <span>. <a href="http://www.nytreprints.com/">Order Reprints</a> | <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html">Today’s Paper</a> | <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY">Subscribe</a></span> + </p></div> + + </div> + + </article>
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translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-22.670000076293945px,0px);}}@keyframes animation-16fq4rz{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(22.670000076293945px,0px) scale(1,0.9) 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translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);transform:translate(34px,0px) translate(-34px,0px) translate(0px,5px);}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-12yx39b{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}25%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(-34px,0px);}50%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) 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scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}75%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,1) translate(-34px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);transform:translate(34px,0px) scale(1,0.95) translate(-34px,0px);}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-4hu8jm{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.85) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.85) translate(0px,0px);transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.85) translate(0px,0px);}33.33%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(0px,0px);transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.9) translate(0px,0px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) scale(1,0.1) translate(0px,0px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) 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translate(0px,15px);}33.33%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,10px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,10px);transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,10px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,30px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,30px);transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,30px);}}@keyframes animation-1wqz2f4{0%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,15px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,15px);transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,15px);}33.33%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,10px);-ms-transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,10px);transform:translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,0px) translate(0px,10px);}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(0px,0px) 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layoutHorizontal css-1b4fpzk toneNews" aria-label="media" role="group" itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> + <div class="css-bsn42l"> + <span class="css-1dv1kvn">Image</span><img alt="" class="css-11cwn6f" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw" itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/09/15/business/15DEBTS01/merlin_138209730_5f3b5746-4962-4207-a24f-aea644a8636f-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" /> + </div> + <figcaption itemprop="caption description" class="css-17ai7jg emkp2hg0"> + <span class="css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0">Interest payments on the federal debt could surpass the Defense Department budget in 2023.</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder" class="emkp2hg2 css-1nwzsjy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit</span><span><span class="css-1dv1kvn">Credit</span><span>Jeon Heon-Kyun/EPA, via Shutterstock</span></span></span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-xt80pu euiyums0"> + <div class="css-acwcvw"> + <div class="css-17xsp6v epjyd6m0"> + <div class="css-1baulvz"> + <p class="css-16vrk19 e1jsehar1" itemprop="author creator" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemid=""> + By<!-- --> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/nelson-d-schwartz" class="css-1riqqik e1jsehar0"><span class="css-1baulvz" itemprop="name">Nelson D. Schwartz</span></a> + </p> + </div> + </div> + <ul class="css-1w5cs23 epjyd6m1"> + <li> + <time class="css-qddhf4 e16638kd0" datetime="2018-09-25">Sept. 25, 2018</time> + </li> + <li class="css-6n7j50"> + <div class=""> + <div role="toolbar" aria-label="Social Media Share buttons, Save button, and Comments Panel with current comment count" class="css-d8bdto" data-testid="share-tools"> + <ul class="css-y8aj3r"> + <li class="css-60hakz"> + <a href="https://www.facebook.com/dialog/feed?app_id=9869919170&link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-government-debt-interest.html&smid=fb-share&name=As%20Debt%20Rises%2C%20the%20Government%20Will%20Soon%20Spend%20More%20on%20Interest%20Than%20on%20the%20Military&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Facebook"><svg class="css-4brsb6" viewbox="0 0 7 15" width="7" height="15"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.775 14.163V7.08h1.923l.255-2.441H4.775l.004-1.222c0-.636.06-.977.958-.977H6.94V0H5.016c-2.31 0-3.123 1.184-3.123 3.175V4.64H.453v2.44h1.44v7.083h2.882z" fill="#000"></path></svg></a> + </li> + <li class="css-60hakz"> + <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F2NC9vam&text=As%20Debt%20Rises%2C%20the%20Government%20Will%20Soon%20Spend%20More%20on%20Interest%20Than%20on%20the%20Military" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Twitter"><svg viewbox="0 0 13 10" class="css-4brsb6" width="13" height="10"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.987 2.772l.025.425-.429-.052c-1.562-.2-2.927-.876-4.086-2.011L.93.571.784.987c-.309.927-.111 1.906.533 2.565.343.364.266.416-.327.2-.206-.07-.386-.122-.403-.096-.06.06.146.85.309 1.161.223.434.678.858 1.176 1.11l.42.199-.497.009c-.481 0-.498.008-.447.19.172.564.85 1.162 1.606 1.422l.532.182-.464.277a4.833 4.833 0 0 1-2.3.641c-.387.009-.704.044-.704.07 0 .086 1.047.572 1.657.762 1.828.564 4 .32 5.631-.641 1.159-.685 2.318-2.045 2.859-3.363.292-.702.583-1.984.583-2.6 0-.398.026-.45.507-.927.283-.277.55-.58.6-.667.087-.165.078-.165-.36-.018-.73.26-.832.226-.472-.164.266-.278.584-.78.584-.928 0-.026-.129.018-.275.096a4.79 4.79 0 0 1-.755.294l-.464.148-.42-.286C9.66.467 9.335.293 9.163.24 8.725.12 8.055.137 7.66.276c-1.074.39-1.752 1.395-1.674 2.496z" fill="#000"></path></svg></a> + </li> + <li class="css-60hakz"> + <a href="mailto:?subject=NYTimes.com%3A%20As%20Debt%20Rises%2C%20the%20Government%20Will%20Soon%20Spend%20More%20on%20Interest%20Than%20on%20the%20Military&body=From%20The%20New%20York%20Times%3A%0A%0AAs%20Debt%20Rises%2C%20the%20Government%20Will%20Soon%20Spend%20More%20on%20Interest%20Than%20on%20the%20Military%0A%0ATax%20cuts%2C%20spending%20increases%20and%20higher%20interest%20rates%20could%20make%20it%20harder%20to%20respond%20to%20future%20recessions%20and%20deal%20with%20other%20needs.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-government-debt-interest.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Email"><svg viewbox="0 0 15 9" class="css-4brsb6" width="15" height="9"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M.906 8.418V0L5.64 4.76.906 8.419zm13 0L9.174 4.761 13.906 0v8.418zM7.407 6.539l-1.13-1.137L.907 9h13l-5.37-3.598-1.13 1.137zM1.297 0h12.22l-6.11 5.095L1.297 0z" fill="#000"></path></svg></a> + </li> + <li class="css-60hakz"> + <div class="css-6n7j50"> + <button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="More sharing options" class="css-16ogagc" data-testid=""><svg class="css-uhuo44" viewbox="0 0 16 13" width="16" height="13"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M15.406 5.359L8.978 0v3.215C3.82 3.215.406 8.107.406 12.66 1.653 9.133 4.29 7.517 8.978 7.517v3.2l6.428-5.358z" fill="#000"></path></svg></button> + </div> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </header> + <section name="articleBody" itemprop="articleBody" class="css-1i2y565"> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The federal government could soon pay more in interest on its debt than it spends on the military, Medicaid or children’s programs. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The run-up in borrowing costs is a one-two punch brought on by the need to finance a fast-growing budget deficit, worsened by tax cuts and steadily rising interest rates that will make the debt more expensive. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + With less money coming in and more going toward interest, political leaders will find it harder to address pressing needs like fixing crumbling roads and bridges or to make emergency moves like pulling the economy out of future recessions. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Within a decade, more than $900 billion in interest payments will be due annually, easily outpacing spending on myriad other programs. Already the fastest-growing major government expense, the cost of interest is on track to hit $390 billion next year, nearly 50 percent more than in 2017, according to the Congressional Budget Office. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “It’s very much something to worry about,” said C. Eugene Steuerle, a fellow at the Urban Institute and a co-founder of the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center in Washington. “Everything else is getting squeezed.” + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Gradually rising interest rates would have made borrowing more expensive even without additional debt. But the tax cuts passed late last year have created a deeper hole, with the deficit increasing faster than expected. A budget bill <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/us/politics/congress-budget-deal-vote.html?module=inline" title="">approved in February that raised</a> spending by $300 billion over two years will add to the financial pressure. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The deficit is expected to total nearly $1 trillion next year — the first time it has been that big <!-- -->since 2012<!-- -->, when the economy was still struggling to recover from the financial crisis and interest rates were near zero. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-13nfagi"> + <section id="interest-on-national-debt" data-id="100000006106654" class="interactive-embedded interactive-size-scoop custom-graphic-container css-rlzall e13l8dds1"> + <header class="css-cl76n0 interactive-header"> + <p data-testid="leadin" class="css-1vs7yia interactive-leadin custom-leadin"> + Annual interest payments on the national debt are expected to triple over the next decade, according to the Congressional Budget Office. + </p> + </header> + <div class="interactive-graphic custom-graphic css-17ih8de e13l8dds0"> + <!-- Generated by ai2html v0.74.0 - 2018-09-14 15:18 --> + <!-- ai file: 0916 biz web DEBT CHART 1.ai --> + <!-- preview: 2018-09-14-interest-on-national-debt --> + <!-- scoop: interest-on-national-debt --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-box" class="ai2html ai2html-box-v5"> + <!-- Artboard: Artboard_2 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-Artboard_2" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.382" data-min-width="600"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-Artboard_2-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/interest-on-national-debt/313e919f83bb85b62966d7f70121c5f3f3ea740b/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-Artboard_2.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.8869%;margin-top:-16.2px;left:96.5906%;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + $915 + </p> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + billion + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.0838%;width:243px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + Interest payments on the national debt + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9386%;width:52px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + $900 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:5.4133%;width:55px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + billion + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:34.841%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + 600 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:60.4108%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + 300 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:70.9998%;margin-top:-16.2px;left:5.8153%;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + $263 + </p> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + billion + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + 0 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-9" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:6.1605%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’17 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-10" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:14.4067%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’18 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-11" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:22.6527%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’19 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-12" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:30.9281%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’20 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-13" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:39.1744%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’21 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-14" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:47.4205%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’22 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-15" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:55.6667%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’23 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-16" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:63.9128%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’24 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-17" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:72.1591%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’25 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-18" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:80.4054%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’26 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-19" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:88.6513%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’27 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-20" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:96.8975%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’28 + </p> + </div> + </div><!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-Artboard_3" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.691" data-min-width="300" data-max-width="599"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-Artboard_3-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/interest-on-national-debt/313e919f83bb85b62966d7f70121c5f3f3ea740b/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-Artboard_3.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:243px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + Interest payments on the national debt + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0367%;width:52px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + $900 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.6594%;width:55px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + billion + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:17.787%;margin-top:-16.2px;left:90.6989%;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + $915 + </p> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + billion + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:34.841%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 600 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:60.4108%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 300 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:71.2301%;margin-top:-16.2px;left:10.5497%;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + $263 + </p> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + billion + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 0 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-9" class="g-Layer_1 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style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:47.1836%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’22 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-15" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:54.4401%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’23 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-16" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:61.6967%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’24 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-17" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:68.9535%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’25 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-18" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:76.2102%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’26 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-19" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:83.4665%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’27 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-20" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:90.7234%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’28 + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + (function (scriptEnvironment, nameSpace) { + // Use a sentinel class to ensure that this version of the resizer only initializes once + if (document.documentElement.className.indexOf(nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init") > -1) return; + document.documentElement.className += " " + nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init"; + // requires IE9+ + if (!("querySelector" in document)) return; + var observer = window.IntersectionObserver ? new IntersectionObserver(onIntersectionChange, {}) : null; + var visibilityIndex = {}; // visibility of each graphic, indexed by container id (used with InteractionObserver) + + updateAllGraphics(); + window.addEventListener('nyt:embed:load', updateAllGraphics); // for nyt vi compatibility + document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", updateAllGraphics); + window.addEventListener("resize", throttle(updateAllGraphics, 200)); + + function updateAllGraphics() { + selectElements(".ai2html-box-v5").forEach(updateGraphic); + if (scriptEnvironment == "nyt-preview") { + nytOnResize(); + } + } + + function updateGraphic(container) { + var artboards = selectElements("." + nameSpace + "artboard[data-min-width]", container), + width = Math.round(container.getBoundingClientRect().width), + id = container.id, // assume container has an id + showImages = !observer || visibilityIndex[id] == 'visible'; + + // Set artboard visibility based on container width + artboards.forEach(function(el) { + var minwidth = el.getAttribute("data-min-width"), + maxwidth = el.getAttribute("data-max-width"); + if (+minwidth <= width && (+maxwidth >= width || maxwidth === null)) { + if (showImages) { + selectElements("." + nameSpace + "aiImg", el).forEach(updateImgSrc); + } + el.style.display = "block"; + } else { + el.style.display = "none"; + } + }); + + // Initialize lazy loading on first call, if IntersectionObserver is available + if (observer && !visibilityIndex[id]) { + if (containerIsVisible(container)) { + // Skip IntersectionObserver if graphic is initially visible + // Note: We're doing this after artboard visibility is first calculated + // (above) -- otherwise all artboard images are display:block and the + // calculated height of the graphic is huge. + // TODO: Consider making artboard images position:absolute and setting + // height as a padding % (calculated from the aspect ratio of the graphic). + // This will correctly set the initial height of the graphic before + // an image is loaded. + visibilityIndex[id] = 'visible'; + updateGraphic(container); // Call again to start loading right away + } else { + visibilityIndex[id] = 'hidden'; + observer.observe(container); + } + } + } + + function containerIsVisible(container) { + var bounds = container.getBoundingClientRect(); + return bounds.top < window.innerHeight && bounds.bottom > 0; + } + + // Replace blank placeholder image with actual image + // (only relevant if use_lazy_loader option is true) + function updateImgSrc(img) { + var src = img.getAttribute("data-src"); + if (src && img.getAttribute("src") != src) { + img.setAttribute("src", src); + } + } + + function onIntersectionChange(entries) { + entries.forEach(function(entry) { + if (entry.isIntersecting) { + visibilityIndex[entry.target.id] = 'visible'; + observer.unobserve(entry.target); + updateGraphic(entry.target); + } + }); + } + + function selectElements(selector, parent) { + var selection = (parent || document).querySelectorAll(selector); + return Array.prototype.slice.call(selection); + } + + function nytOnResize() { + // TODO: add comments + try { + if (window.parent && window.parent.$) { + window.parent.$("body").trigger("resizedcontent", [window]); + } + document.documentElement.dispatchEvent(new Event("resizedcontent")); + if (window.require && document.querySelector("meta[name=sourceApp]") && document.querySelector("meta[name=sourceApp]").content == "nyt-v5") { + require(["foundation/main"], function() { + require(["shared/interactive/instances/app-communicator"], function(AppCommunicator) { + AppCommunicator.triggerResize(); + }); + }); + } + } catch(e) { console.log(e); } + } + + // based on underscore.js + function throttle(func, wait) { + var _now = Date.now || function() { return +new Date(); }, + timeout = null, previous = 0; + var run = function() { + previous = _now(); + timeout = null; + func(); + }; + return function() { + var remaining = wait - (_now() - previous); + if (remaining <= 0 || remaining > wait) { + if (timeout) { + clearTimeout(timeout); + } + run(); + } else if (!timeout) { + timeout = setTimeout(run, remaining); + } + }; + } + })("nyt-preview", "g-"); + //]]> + </script> <!-- End ai2html - 2018-09-14 15:18 --> + <!-- Pipeline: 2018-09-14-interest-on-national-debt | September 14, 2018, 03:20PM | 313e919f83bb85b62966d7f70121c5f3f3ea740b --> + </div> + <footer class="css-irejme interactive-footer custom-footer"> + <p data-testid="credit" class="css-1ct2c9h interactive-credit custom-credit"> + By The New York Times | Source: Congressional Budget Office + </p> + </footer> + </section> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Deficit hawks have gone silent, even proposing changes that would exacerbate the deficit. House Republicans introduced legislation this month that would make the tax cuts permanent. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “The issue has just disappeared,” said Senator Mark Warner, a Virginia Democrat. “There’s collective amnesia.” + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The combination, say economists, marks a journey into mostly uncharted financial territory. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + In the past, government borrowing expanded during recessions and waned in recoveries. That countercyclical policy has been a part of the standard Keynesian toolbox to combat downturns since the Great Depression. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The deficit is soaring now as the economy booms, meaning the stimulus is pro-cyclical. The risk is that the government would have less room to maneuver if the economy slows. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-13nfagi"> + <section id="debt-as-a-share-of-gdp" data-id="100000006106750" class="interactive-embedded interactive-size-scoop custom-graphic-container css-rlzall e13l8dds1"> + <header class="css-cl76n0 interactive-header"> + <p data-testid="leadin" class="css-1vs7yia interactive-leadin custom-leadin"> + Debt as a percentage of gross domestic product tends to increase during recessions and fall during recoveries. But the debt is increasing now, even as the economy is growing, because of tax cuts and spending increases. + </p> + </header> + <div class="interactive-graphic custom-graphic css-17ih8de e13l8dds0"> + <!-- Generated by ai2html v0.74.0 - 2018-09-14 13:34 --> + <!-- ai file: 0916 biz web DEBT CHART 2.ai --> + <!-- preview: 2018-09-14-debt-as-a-share-of-gdp --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-box" class="ai2html ai2html-box-v5"> + <!-- Artboard: Artboard_2 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_2" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.382" data-min-width="600"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_2-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/debt-as-a-share-of-gdp/dad2c5186b9c0b968d766fa279d9ed6b76ce776b/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_2.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.0838%;width:299px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + Public debt as a share of gross domestic product + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 100 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:5.4133%;width:33px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + % + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:16.8643%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:23.0468%;margin-left:-42.5px;width:85px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + RECESSIONS + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:16.8643%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:78.0253%;width:79px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + PROJECTED + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:24.7052%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 80 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:39.9089%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 60 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:55.3429%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 40 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-9" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:70.5466%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 20 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-10" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 0 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-11" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:8.5381%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle5"> + ’78 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-12" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:12.2413%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle5"> + ’80 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-13" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:29.7156%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle5"> + ’90 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-14" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:47.1898%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle5"> + ’00 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-15" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:64.635%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle5"> + ’10 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-16" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:82.1384%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle5"> + ’20 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-17" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:96.0294%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle5"> + ’28 + </p> + </div> + </div><!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.691" data-min-width="300" data-max-width="599"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/debt-as-a-share-of-gdp/dad2c5186b9c0b968d766fa279d9ed6b76ce776b/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:299px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + Public debt as a share of gross domestic product + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 100 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.2054%;width:33px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + % + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:24.7052%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 80 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:39.9089%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 60 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:55.3429%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 40 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:70.5465%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 20 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:80.4432%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:22.2287%;width:85px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + RECESSIONS + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-9" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:80.4432%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:74.1042%;width:79px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + PROJECTED + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-10" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 0 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-11" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:16.2259%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’80 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-12" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:31.6032%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’90 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-13" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:46.9805%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’00 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-14" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:62.2997%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’10 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-15" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:77.7354%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’20 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-16" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:89.9593%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’28 + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + (function (scriptEnvironment, nameSpace) { + // Use a sentinel class to ensure that this version of the resizer only initializes once + if (document.documentElement.className.indexOf(nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init") > -1) return; + document.documentElement.className += " " + nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init"; + // requires IE9+ + if (!("querySelector" in document)) return; + var observer = window.IntersectionObserver ? new IntersectionObserver(onIntersectionChange, {}) : null; + var visibilityIndex = {}; // visibility of each graphic, indexed by container id (used with InteractionObserver) + + updateAllGraphics(); + window.addEventListener('nyt:embed:load', updateAllGraphics); // for nyt vi compatibility + document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", updateAllGraphics); + window.addEventListener("resize", throttle(updateAllGraphics, 200)); + + function updateAllGraphics() { + selectElements(".ai2html-box-v5").forEach(updateGraphic); + if (scriptEnvironment == "nyt-preview") { + nytOnResize(); + } + } + + function updateGraphic(container) { + var artboards = selectElements("." + nameSpace + "artboard[data-min-width]", container), + width = Math.round(container.getBoundingClientRect().width), + id = container.id, // assume container has an id + showImages = !observer || visibilityIndex[id] == 'visible'; + + // Set artboard visibility based on container width + artboards.forEach(function(el) { + var minwidth = el.getAttribute("data-min-width"), + maxwidth = el.getAttribute("data-max-width"); + if (+minwidth <= width && (+maxwidth >= width || maxwidth === null)) { + if (showImages) { + selectElements("." + nameSpace + "aiImg", el).forEach(updateImgSrc); + } + el.style.display = "block"; + } else { + el.style.display = "none"; + } + }); + + // Initialize lazy loading on first call, if IntersectionObserver is available + if (observer && !visibilityIndex[id]) { + if (containerIsVisible(container)) { + // Skip IntersectionObserver if graphic is initially visible + // Note: We're doing this after artboard visibility is first calculated + // (above) -- otherwise all artboard images are display:block and the + // calculated height of the graphic is huge. + // TODO: Consider making artboard images position:absolute and setting + // height as a padding % (calculated from the aspect ratio of the graphic). + // This will correctly set the initial height of the graphic before + // an image is loaded. + visibilityIndex[id] = 'visible'; + updateGraphic(container); // Call again to start loading right away + } else { + visibilityIndex[id] = 'hidden'; + observer.observe(container); + } + } + } + + function containerIsVisible(container) { + var bounds = container.getBoundingClientRect(); + return bounds.top < window.innerHeight && bounds.bottom > 0; + } + + // Replace blank placeholder image with actual image + // (only relevant if use_lazy_loader option is true) + function updateImgSrc(img) { + var src = img.getAttribute("data-src"); + if (src && img.getAttribute("src") != src) { + img.setAttribute("src", src); + } + } + + function onIntersectionChange(entries) { + entries.forEach(function(entry) { + if (entry.isIntersecting) { + visibilityIndex[entry.target.id] = 'visible'; + observer.unobserve(entry.target); + updateGraphic(entry.target); + } + }); + } + + function selectElements(selector, parent) { + var selection = (parent || document).querySelectorAll(selector); + return Array.prototype.slice.call(selection); + } + + function nytOnResize() { + // TODO: add comments + try { + if (window.parent && window.parent.$) { + window.parent.$("body").trigger("resizedcontent", [window]); + } + document.documentElement.dispatchEvent(new Event("resizedcontent")); + if (window.require && document.querySelector("meta[name=sourceApp]") && document.querySelector("meta[name=sourceApp]").content == "nyt-v5") { + require(["foundation/main"], function() { + require(["shared/interactive/instances/app-communicator"], function(AppCommunicator) { + AppCommunicator.triggerResize(); + }); + }); + } + } catch(e) { console.log(e); } + } + + // based on underscore.js + function throttle(func, wait) { + var _now = Date.now || function() { return +new Date(); }, + timeout = null, previous = 0; + var run = function() { + previous = _now(); + timeout = null; + func(); + }; + return function() { + var remaining = wait - (_now() - previous); + if (remaining <= 0 || remaining > wait) { + if (timeout) { + clearTimeout(timeout); + } + run(); + } else if (!timeout) { + timeout = setTimeout(run, remaining); + } + }; + } + })("nyt-preview", "g-"); + //]]> + </script> <!-- End ai2html - 2018-09-14 13:34 --> + <!-- Pipeline: 2018-09-14-debt-as-a-share-of-gdp | September 14, 2018, 01:34PM | dad2c5186b9c0b968d766fa279d9ed6b76ce776b --> + </div> + <footer class="css-irejme interactive-footer custom-footer"> + <p data-testid="credit" class="css-1ct2c9h interactive-credit custom-credit"> + By The New York Times | Source: Congressional Budget Office + </p> + </footer> + </section> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Aside from wartime or a deep downturn like the 1930s or 2008-9, “this sort of aggressive fiscal stimulus is unprecedented in U.S. history,” said Jeffrey Frankel, an economist at Harvard. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Pouring gasoline on an already hot economy has resulted in faster growth — the economy expanded at an annualized rate of 4.2 percent in the second quarter. But Mr. Frankel warns that when the economy weakens, the government will find it more difficult to cut taxes or increase spending. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Lawmakers might, in fact, feel compelled to cut spending as tax revenue falls, further depressing the economy. “There will eventually be another recession, and this increases the chances we will have to slam on the brakes when the car is already going too slowly,” Mr. Frankel said. + </p> + <h2 class="css-1505tg eoo0vm40" id="link-cb5ee12"> + Interest costs make it harder for the government to do other things + </h2> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-13nfagi"> + <section id="expenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget" data-id="100000006106770" class="interactive-embedded interactive-size-scoop custom-graphic-container css-rlzall e13l8dds1"> + <header class="css-cl76n0 interactive-header"> + <p data-testid="leadin" class="css-1vs7yia interactive-leadin custom-leadin"> + Interest payments will make up 13 percent of the federal budget a decade from now, surpassing spending on Medicaid and defense. + </p> + </header> + <div class="interactive-graphic custom-graphic css-17ih8de e13l8dds0"> + <!-- Generated by ai2html v0.74.0 - 2018-09-14 14:03 --> + <!-- ai file: 0916 biz web DEBT CHART 3.ai --> + <!-- preview: 2018-09-14-expenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget --> + <!-- scoop: expenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-box" class="ai2html ai2html-box-v5"> + <!-- Artboard: Artboard_2 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_2" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.382" data-min-width="600"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_2-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/expenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget/3311a2358867f7423b4d30b424829c1ff1228a7a/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_2.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.0838%;width:258px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + Expenditures as a share of overall budget + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 15 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:5.4133%;width:33px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + % + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:17.5566%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:81.708%;width:90px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + Net interest + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:17.5566%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:96.8984%;margin-left:-29.5px;width:59px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + 13.0% + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:33.6891%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:81.708%;width:67px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + Defense + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:34.841%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 10 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:43.825%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:81.708%;width:72px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + Medicaid + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-9" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:50.0371%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:6.8178%;margin-left:-26px;width:52px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + 6.6% + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-10" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:60.4108%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 5 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-11" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 0 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-12" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:6.0116%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’17 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-13" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:14.2578%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’18 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-14" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:22.5039%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’19 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-15" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:30.7793%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’20 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-16" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:39.0255%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’21 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-17" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:47.2716%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’22 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-18" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:55.5179%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’23 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-19" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:63.764%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’24 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-20" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:72.0103%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’25 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-21" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:80.2565%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’26 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-22" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:88.5024%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’27 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-23" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:96.7487%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’28 + </p> + </div> + </div><!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_3" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.691" data-min-width="300" data-max-width="599"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_3-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/expenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget/3311a2358867f7423b4d30b424829c1ff1228a7a/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_3.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:258px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + Expenditures as a share of overall budget + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 15 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.2054%;width:33px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + % + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:17.5566%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:13.9762%;width:90px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + Net interest + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:17.5566%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:87.5494%;width:59px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + 13.0% + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:33.6892%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:14.1158%;width:67px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + Defense + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:34.841%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 10 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:44.2857%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:14.0525%;width:72px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + Medicaid + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-9" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:56.0265%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:13.3422%;width:52px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + 6.6% + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-10" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:60.4108%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 5 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-11" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 0 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-12" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.7111%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’17 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-13" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:17.9678%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’18 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-14" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:25.2243%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’19 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-15" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:32.5394%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’20 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-16" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:39.7959%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’21 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-17" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:47.0526%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’22 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-18" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:54.3093%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’23 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-19" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:61.5658%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’24 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-20" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:68.8225%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’25 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-21" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:76.0791%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’26 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-22" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:83.3357%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’27 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-23" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:90.5923%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’28 + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + (function (scriptEnvironment, nameSpace) { + // Use a sentinel class to ensure that this version of the resizer only initializes once + if (document.documentElement.className.indexOf(nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init") > -1) return; + document.documentElement.className += " " + nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init"; + // requires IE9+ + if (!("querySelector" in document)) return; + var observer = window.IntersectionObserver ? new 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Array.prototype.slice.call(selection); + } + + function nytOnResize() { + // TODO: add comments + try { + if (window.parent && window.parent.$) { + window.parent.$("body").trigger("resizedcontent", [window]); + } + document.documentElement.dispatchEvent(new Event("resizedcontent")); + if (window.require && document.querySelector("meta[name=sourceApp]") && document.querySelector("meta[name=sourceApp]").content == "nyt-v5") { + require(["foundation/main"], function() { + require(["shared/interactive/instances/app-communicator"], function(AppCommunicator) { + AppCommunicator.triggerResize(); + }); + }); + } + } catch(e) { console.log(e); } + } + + // based on underscore.js + function throttle(func, wait) { + var _now = Date.now || function() { return +new Date(); }, + timeout = null, previous = 0; + var run = function() { + previous = _now(); + timeout = null; + func(); + }; + return function() { + var remaining = wait - (_now() - previous); + if (remaining <= 0 || remaining > wait) { + if (timeout) { + clearTimeout(timeout); + } + run(); + } else if (!timeout) { + timeout = setTimeout(run, remaining); + } + }; + } + })("nyt-preview", "g-"); + //]]> + </script> <!-- End ai2html - 2018-09-14 14:03 --> + <!-- Pipeline: 2018-09-14-expenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget | September 14, 2018, 02:04PM | 3311a2358867f7423b4d30b424829c1ff1228a7a --> + </div> + <footer class="css-irejme interactive-footer custom-footer"> + <p data-testid="credit" class="css-1ct2c9h interactive-credit custom-credit"> + By The New York Times | Source: Congressional Budget Office + </p> + </footer> + </section> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Finding the money to pay investors who hold government debt will crimp other parts of the budget. In a decade, interest on the debt will eat up 13 percent of government spending, up from 6.6 percent in 2017. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “By 2020, we will spend more on interest than we do on kids, including education, food stamps and aid to families,” said Marc Goldwein, senior policy director at the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, a research and advocacy organization. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Interest costs already dwarf spending on many popular programs. For example, grants to students from low-income families for college total roughly $30 billion — about one-tenth of what the government will pay in interest this year. Interest payments will overtake Medicaid in 2020 and the Department of Defense budget in 2023. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + What’s more, the heavy burden of interest payments could make it harder for the government to repair aging infrastructure or take on other big new projects. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Mr. Trump has called for spending $1 trillion on infrastructure, but Congress has not taken up that idea. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-tmydge epkadsg3"> + <div class="css-1ukm2ij epkadsg0"> + More about the federal debt and the economy + </div> + <div class="css-15g2oxy epkadsg2"> + <div class="css-113dckd e16ij5yr6"> + <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/30/us/politics/trump-tax-cuts-rich.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article"> + <div class="css-i9gxme e16ij5yr4"> + <div class="css-ty8is0 e16ij5yr2"> + Trump Administration Mulls a Unilateral Tax Cut for the Rich + </div><time class="css-1yil5bp e16638kd0" datetime="2018-07-30">July 30, 2018</time> + </div> + <div class="css-77hcv e16ij5yr0"></div></a> + </div> + <div class="css-113dckd e16ij5yr6"> + <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/business/trump-corporate-tax-cut-deficit.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article"> + <div class="css-i9gxme e16ij5yr4"> + <div class="css-ty8is0 e16ij5yr2"> + How the Trump Tax Cut Is Helping to Push the Federal Deficit to $1 Trillion + </div><time class="css-1yil5bp e16638kd0" datetime="2018-07-25">July 25, 2018</time> + </div> + <div class="css-77hcv e16ij5yr0"></div></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <h2 class="css-1505tg eoo0vm40" id="link-1a1f1f7a"> + The U.S. hasn’t faced this issue for years + </h2> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Until recently, ultralow interest rates, set by the Federal Reserve to support the economy, allowed lawmakers to borrow without fretting too much about the cost of that debt. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + But as the economy has strengthened, the Fed has gradually raised rates, starting in December 2015. The central bank is expected to push rates up again on Wednesday, and more increases are in store. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “When rates went down to record lows, it allowed the government to take on more debt without paying more interest,” Mr. Goldwein said. “That party is ending.” + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-13nfagi"> + <section id="10-year-treasury-note" data-id="100000006106857" class="interactive-embedded interactive-size-scoop custom-graphic-container css-rlzall e13l8dds1"> + <header class="css-cl76n0 interactive-header"> + <p data-testid="leadin" class="css-1vs7yia interactive-leadin custom-leadin"> + After bottoming out below 2 percent, the yield on the 10-year Treasury note has climbed to over 3 percent recently. + </p> + </header> + <div class="interactive-graphic custom-graphic css-17ih8de e13l8dds0"> + <!-- Generated by ai2html v0.74.0 - 2018-09-25 16:50 --> + <!-- ai file: 0916 biz web DEBT CHART 5.ai --> + <!-- preview: 2018-09-14-10-year-treasury-note --> + <!-- scoop: 10-year-treasury-note --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-box" class="ai2html ai2html-box-v5"> + <!-- Artboard: Artboard_2 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-Artboard_2" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.382" data-min-width="600"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-Artboard_2-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/10-year-treasury-note/e6a342acf0db9b8a88e9ae36f0db5438e5e5124f/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-Artboard_2.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.0644%;width:196px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + Yield on 10-year Treasury note + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 8 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:5.4133%;width:33px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + % + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.7232%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:0.1584%;width:70px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + MONTHLY + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:21.2411%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:37.9228%;margin-left:-42.5px;width:85px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + RECESSIONS + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:28.6213%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 6 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:47.5106%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 4 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:66.6304%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 2 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-9" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 0 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-10" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:7.6353%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’98 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-11" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:16.3776%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’00 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-12" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:25.1199%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’02 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-13" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:33.8621%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’04 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-14" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:42.6044%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’06 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-15" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:51.3468%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’08 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-16" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:60.0889%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’10 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-17" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:68.8313%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’12 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-18" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:77.5735%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’14 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-19" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:86.3158%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’16 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-20" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:95.058%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’18 + </p> + </div> + </div><!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-Artboard_3" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.691" data-min-width="300" data-max-width="599"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-Artboard_3-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/10-year-treasury-note/e6a342acf0db9b8a88e9ae36f0db5438e5e5124f/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-Artboard_3.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:196px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + Yield on 10-year Treasury note + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 8 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.2054%;width:33px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + % + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.7232%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:6.6448%;width:70px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + MONTHLY + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:21.2411%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:38.8379%;margin-left:-42.5px;width:85px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + RECESSIONS + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:28.6214%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 6 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:47.5107%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 4 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:66.6305%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 2 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-9" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 0 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-10" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:12.306%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’98 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-11" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:27.6924%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’02 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-12" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:43.0788%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’06 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-13" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:58.4652%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’10 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-14" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:73.8516%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’14 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-15" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:89.238%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + ’18 + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + (function (scriptEnvironment, nameSpace) { + // Use a sentinel class to ensure that this version of the resizer only initializes once + if (document.documentElement.className.indexOf(nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init") > -1) return; + document.documentElement.className += " " + nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init"; + // requires IE9+ + if (!("querySelector" in document)) return; + var observer = window.IntersectionObserver ? new IntersectionObserver(onIntersectionChange, {}) : null; + var visibilityIndex = {}; // visibility of each graphic, indexed by container id (used with InteractionObserver) + + updateAllGraphics(); + window.addEventListener('nyt:embed:load', updateAllGraphics); // for nyt vi compatibility + document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", updateAllGraphics); + window.addEventListener("resize", throttle(updateAllGraphics, 200)); + + function updateAllGraphics() { + selectElements(".ai2html-box-v5").forEach(updateGraphic); + if (scriptEnvironment == "nyt-preview") { + nytOnResize(); + } + } + + function updateGraphic(container) { + var artboards = selectElements("." + nameSpace + "artboard[data-min-width]", container), + width = Math.round(container.getBoundingClientRect().width), + id = container.id, // assume container has an id + showImages = !observer || visibilityIndex[id] == 'visible'; + + // Set artboard visibility based on container width + artboards.forEach(function(el) { + var minwidth = el.getAttribute("data-min-width"), + maxwidth = el.getAttribute("data-max-width"); + if (+minwidth <= width && 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&& window.parent.$) { + window.parent.$("body").trigger("resizedcontent", [window]); + } + document.documentElement.dispatchEvent(new Event("resizedcontent")); + if (window.require && document.querySelector("meta[name=sourceApp]") && document.querySelector("meta[name=sourceApp]").content == "nyt-v5") { + require(["foundation/main"], function() { + require(["shared/interactive/instances/app-communicator"], function(AppCommunicator) { + AppCommunicator.triggerResize(); + }); + }); + } + } catch(e) { console.log(e); } + } + + // based on underscore.js + function throttle(func, wait) { + var _now = Date.now || function() { return +new Date(); }, + timeout = null, previous = 0; + var run = function() { + previous = _now(); + timeout = null; + func(); + }; + return function() { + var remaining = wait - (_now() - previous); + if (remaining <= 0 || remaining > wait) { + if (timeout) { + clearTimeout(timeout); + } + run(); + } else if (!timeout) { + timeout = setTimeout(run, remaining); + } + }; + } + })("nyt-preview", "g-"); + //]]> + </script> <!-- End ai2html - 2018-09-25 16:50 --> + <!-- Pipeline: 2018-09-14-10-year-treasury-note | September 25, 2018, 04:51PM | e6a342acf0db9b8a88e9ae36f0db5438e5e5124f --> + </div> + <footer class="css-irejme interactive-footer custom-footer"> + <p data-testid="credit" class="css-1ct2c9h interactive-credit custom-credit"> + By The New York Times | Source: Reuters + </p> + </footer> + </section> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Since the beginning of the year, the yield on the 10-year Treasury note has risen by more than half a percentage point, to <!-- -->3.1 percent<!-- -->. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the yield will climb to 4.2 percent in 2021. Given that the total public debt of the United States stands at nearly $16 trillion, even a small uptick in rates can cost the government billions. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + There’s no guarantee that these forecasts will prove accurate. If the economy weakens, rates might fall or rise only slightly, reducing interest payments. But rates could also overshoot the budget office forecast. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Some members of Congress want to set the stage for even more red ink. Republicans in the House want to make last year’s tax cuts permanent, instead of letting some of them expire at the end of 2025. That would reduce federal revenue by an additional $631 billion <!-- -->over 10 year<!-- -->s, according to the <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/publications/analysis-protecting-family-and-small-business-tax-cuts-act-2018" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tax Policy Center</a>. + </p> + <h2 class="css-1505tg eoo0vm40" id="link-7b39a7bd"> + No, the United States isn’t at risk of becoming the next Greece + </h2> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-13nfagi"> + <section id="dollar-index" data-id="100000006106834" class="interactive-embedded interactive-size-scoop custom-graphic-container css-rlzall e13l8dds1"> + <header class="css-cl76n0 interactive-header"> + <p data-testid="leadin" class="css-1vs7yia interactive-leadin custom-leadin"> + The dollar has strengthened even as government borrowing has increased. + </p> + </header> + <div class="interactive-graphic custom-graphic css-17ih8de e13l8dds0"> + <!-- Generated by ai2html v0.74.0 - 2018-09-21 18:43 --> + <!-- ai file: 0916 biz web DEBT CHART 4.ai --> + <!-- preview: 2018-09-14-dollar-index --> + <!-- scoop: dollar-index --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-box" class="ai2html ai2html-box-v5"> + <!-- Artboard: Artboard_2 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_2" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.382" data-min-width="600"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_2-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/dollar-index/3753490c8fd0afa3e42df37d132f5c87da5e1c36/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_2.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.0838%;width:117px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + U.S. Dollar index + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 140 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.7232%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:0.1584%;width:70px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + MONTHLY + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:21.2411%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:37.9228%;margin-left:-42.5px;width:85px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + RECESSIONS + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:28.6213%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 120 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:47.5106%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 100 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:66.6304%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 80 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 60 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-9" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:7.6353%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’98 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-10" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:16.3776%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’00 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-11" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:25.1199%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’02 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-12" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:33.8621%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’04 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-13" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:42.6044%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’06 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-14" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:51.3468%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’08 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-15" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:60.0889%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’10 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-16" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:68.8313%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’12 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-17" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:77.5735%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’14 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-18" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:86.3158%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’16 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai0-19" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:95.058%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’18 + </p> + </div> + </div><!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --> + <div id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_3" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.691" data-min-width="300" data-max-width="599"> + <img id="g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_3-img" class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/09/14/dollar-index/3753490c8fd0afa3e42df37d132f5c87da5e1c36/0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_3.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" /> + <div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:117px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle0"> + U.S. Dollar index + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 140 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:9.7232%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:6.6448%;width:70px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle2"> + MONTHLY + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:21.2411%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:38.8379%;margin-left:-42.5px;width:85px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle3"> + RECESSIONS + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:28.6214%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 120 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:47.5107%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 100 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-7" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:66.6305%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 80 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-8" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle1"> + 60 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-9" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:12.306%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’98 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-10" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:27.6924%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’02 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-11" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:43.0788%;width:40px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’06 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-12" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:58.4652%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’10 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-13" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:73.8516%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’14 + </p> + </div> + <div id="g-ai1-14" class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:89.238%;width:39px;"> + <p class="g-pstyle4"> + ’18 + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + (function (scriptEnvironment, nameSpace) { + // Use a sentinel class to ensure that this version of the resizer only initializes once + if (document.documentElement.className.indexOf(nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init") > -1) return; + document.documentElement.className += " " + nameSpace + "resizer-v5-init"; + // requires IE9+ + if (!("querySelector" in document)) return; + var observer = window.IntersectionObserver ? new IntersectionObserver(onIntersectionChange, {}) : null; + var visibilityIndex = {}; // visibility of each graphic, indexed by container id (used with InteractionObserver) + + updateAllGraphics(); + window.addEventListener('nyt:embed:load', updateAllGraphics); // for nyt vi compatibility + document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", updateAllGraphics); + window.addEventListener("resize", 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class="css-irejme interactive-footer custom-footer"> + <p data-testid="credit" class="css-1ct2c9h interactive-credit custom-credit"> + By The New York Times | Source: Reuters + </p> + </footer> + </section> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Deficit hawks have warned for years that a day of reckoning is coming, exposing the United States to the kind of economic crisis that overtook profligate borrowers in the past like Greece or Argentina. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + But most experts say that isn’t likely because the dollar is the world’s reserve currency. As a result, the United States still has plenty of borrowing capacity left because the Fed can print money with fewer consequences than other central banks. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + And interest rates plunged over the last decade, even as the government turned to the market for trillions each year after the recession. That’s because Treasury bonds are still the favored port of international investors in any economic storm. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “We exported a financial crisis a decade ago, and the world responded by sending us money,” <!-- -->said<!-- --> William G. Gale, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + But that privileged position has allowed politicians in both parties to avoid politically painful steps like cutting spending or raising taxes. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + That doesn’t mean rapidly rising interest costs and a bigger deficit won’t eventually catch up with us. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Charles Schultze, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers in the Carter administration, once summed up the danger of deficits with a metaphor. “It’s not so much a question of the wolf at the door, but termites in the woodwork.” + </p> + <h2 class="css-1505tg eoo0vm40" id="link-12df6cc7"> + But Washington doesn’t want to hear about the potential problems + </h2> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Rather than simply splitting along party lines, lawmakers’ attitudes toward the deficit also depend on which party is in power. Republicans pilloried the Obama administration for proposing a large stimulus in the depths of the recession in 2009 and complained about the deficit for years. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + In 2013, Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky called the debt and deficit “the transcendent issue of our era.” By 2017, as Senate majority leader, he quickly shepherded the tax cut through Congress. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Senator James Lankford, an Oklahoma Republican who warned of the deficit’s dangers in the past, nevertheless played down that threat on the Senate floor as the tax billed neared passage. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “I understand it’s a risk, but I think it’s an appropriate risk to be able to say let’s allow Americans to keep more of their own money to invest in this economy,” he said. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + He also claimed the tax cuts would pay for themselves even as the Congressional Budget Office estimated that they would add $250 billion to the deficit on average from 2019 to 2024. + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + <div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn"> + <div class="css-53u6y8"> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + In an interview, Mr. Lankford insisted that the jury was still out on whether the tax cuts would generate additional revenue, citing the strong economic growth recently. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + While the Republican about-face has been much more striking, Democrats have adjusted their position, too. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + Mr. Warner, the Virginia Democrat, called last year’s tax bill “the worst piece of legislation we have passed since I arrived in the Senate.” In 2009, however, when Congress passed an $800 billion stimulus bill backed by the Obama administration, he called it “a responsible mix of tax cuts and investments that will create jobs.” + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + The difference, Mr. Warner said, was that the economy was near the precipice then. + </p> + <p class="css-1ygdjhk evys1bk0"> + “There was virtual unanimity among economists that we needed a stimulus,” he said. “But a $2 trillion tax cut at the end of a business cycle with borrowed money won’t end well.” + </p> + </div> + <aside class="css-o6xoe7"></aside> + </div> + </section> + <div class="bottom-of-article"> + <div class="css-1rjzas3"></div> + <div class="css-wg1cha e17092zo0"> + <div class="css-x8f8u9 e1e7j8ap0"> + <div> + <p> + Nelson D. 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","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.5.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"With less money coming in and more going toward interest, political leaders will find it harder to address pressing needs like fixing crumbling roads and bridges or to make emergency moves like pulling the economy out of future recessions.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.7.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Within a decade, more than $900 billion in interest payments will be due annually, easily outpacing spending on myriad other programs. Already the fastest-growing major government expense, the cost of interest is on track to hit $390 billion next year, nearly 50 percent more than in 2017, according to the Congressional Budget Office.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.9.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"“It’s very much something to worry about,” said C. Eugene Steuerle, a fellow at the Urban Institute and a co-founder of the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center in Washington. “Everything else is getting squeezed.”","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.11.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Gradually rising interest rates would have made borrowing more expensive even without additional debt. 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A budget bill ","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.11.content.1":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"approved in February that raised","formats":[{"type":"id","generated":true,"id":"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.11.content.1.formats.0","typename":"LinkFormat"}]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.11.content.1.formats.0":{"__typename":"LinkFormat","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2018\u002F02\u002F08\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Fcongress-budget-deal-vote.html","title":""},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.11.content.2":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":" spending by $300 billion over two years will add to the financial pressure. 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class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’18\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-11\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:22.6527%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’19\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-12\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:30.9281%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’20\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-13\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:39.1744%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’21\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-14\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:47.4205%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’22\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-15\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:55.6667%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’23\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-16\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:63.9128%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’24\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-17\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:72.1591%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’25\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-18\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:80.4054%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’26\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-19\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:88.6513%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’27\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-20\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:96.8975%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’28\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\t\u003C!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --\u003E\n\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-Artboard_3\" class=\"g-artboard\" data-aspect-ratio=\"0.691\" data-min-width=\"300\" data-max-width=\"599\"\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cimg id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-Artboard_3-img\" class=\"g-aiImg\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2018\u002F09\u002F14\u002Finterest-on-national-debt\u002F313e919f83bb85b62966d7f70121c5f3f3ea740b\u002F0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-1-Artboard_3.png\" src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==\"\u002F\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-1\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:243px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle0\"\u003EInterest payments on the national debt\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-2\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0367%;width:52px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E$900\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-3\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.6594%;width:55px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003Ebillion\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-4\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:17.787%;margin-top:-16.2px;left:90.6989%;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003E$915\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003E billion\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-5\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:34.841%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E600\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-6\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:60.4108%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E300\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-7\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:71.2301%;margin-top:-16.2px;left:10.5497%;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003E$263\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003E billion\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-8\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E0\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-9\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.8422%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’17\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-10\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:18.0987%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’18\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-11\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:25.3552%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’19\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-12\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:32.6703%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’20\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-13\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:39.9268%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’21\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-14\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:47.1836%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’22\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-15\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:54.4401%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’23\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-16\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:61.6967%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’24\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-17\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:68.9535%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’25\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-18\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:76.2102%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’26\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-19\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:83.4665%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’27\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-20\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:90.7234%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’28\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003Cscript type=\"text\u002Fjavascript\"\u003E\n\t(function (scriptEnvironment, nameSpace) {\n\t\t\u002F\u002F Use a sentinel class to ensure that this version of the resizer only initializes once\n\t\tif (document.documentElement.className.indexOf(nameSpace + \"resizer-v5-init\") \u003E -1) return;\n\t\tdocument.documentElement.className += \" \" + nameSpace + \"resizer-v5-init\";\n\t\t\u002F\u002F requires IE9+\n\t\tif (!(\"querySelector\" in document)) return;\n\t\tvar observer = window.IntersectionObserver ? new IntersectionObserver(onIntersectionChange, {}) : null;\n\t\tvar visibilityIndex = {}; \u002F\u002F visibility of each graphic, indexed by container id (used with InteractionObserver)\n\n\t\tupdateAllGraphics();\n\t\twindow.addEventListener('nyt:embed:load', updateAllGraphics); \u002F\u002F for nyt vi compatibility\n\t\tdocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", updateAllGraphics);\n\t\twindow.addEventListener(\"resize\", throttle(updateAllGraphics, 200));\n\n\t\tfunction updateAllGraphics() {\n\t\t\tselectElements(\".ai2html-box-v5\").forEach(updateGraphic);\n\t\t\tif (scriptEnvironment == \"nyt-preview\") {\n\t\t\t\tnytOnResize();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction updateGraphic(container) {\n\t\t\tvar artboards = selectElements(\".\" + nameSpace + \"artboard[data-min-width]\", container),\n\t\t\t\t\twidth = Math.round(container.getBoundingClientRect().width),\n\t\t\t\t\tid = container.id, \u002F\u002F assume container has an id\n\t\t\t\t\tshowImages = !observer || visibilityIndex[id] == 'visible';\n\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Set artboard visibility based on container width\n\t\t\tartboards.forEach(function(el) {\n\t\t\t\tvar minwidth = el.getAttribute(\"data-min-width\"),\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmaxwidth = el.getAttribute(\"data-max-width\");\n\t\t\t\tif (+minwidth \u003C= width && (+maxwidth \u003E= width || maxwidth === null)) {\n\t\t\t\t\tif (showImages) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tselectElements(\".\" + nameSpace + \"aiImg\", el).forEach(updateImgSrc);\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\tel.style.display = \"block\";\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tel.style.display = \"none\";\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t});\n\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Initialize lazy loading on first call, if IntersectionObserver is available\n\t\t\tif (observer && !visibilityIndex[id]) {\n\t\t\t\tif (containerIsVisible(container)) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Skip IntersectionObserver if graphic is initially visible\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Note: We're doing this after artboard visibility is first calculated\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t (above) -- otherwise all artboard images are display:block and the\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t calculated height of the graphic is huge.\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F TODO: Consider making artboard images position:absolute and setting\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t height as a padding % (calculated from the aspect ratio of the graphic).\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t This will correctly set the initial height of the graphic before\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t an image is loaded.\n\t\t\t\t\tvisibilityIndex[id] = 'visible';\n\t\t\t\t\tupdateGraphic(container); \u002F\u002F Call again to start loading right away\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tvisibilityIndex[id] = 'hidden';\n\t\t\t\t\tobserver.observe(container);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction containerIsVisible(container) {\n\t\t\tvar bounds = container.getBoundingClientRect();\n\t\t\treturn bounds.top \u003C window.innerHeight && bounds.bottom \u003E 0;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t\u002F\u002F Replace blank placeholder image with actual image\n\t\t\u002F\u002F (only relevant if use_lazy_loader option is true)\n\t\tfunction updateImgSrc(img) {\n\t\t\tvar src = img.getAttribute(\"data-src\");\n\t\t\tif (src && img.getAttribute(\"src\") != src) {\n\t\t\t\timg.setAttribute(\"src\", src);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction onIntersectionChange(entries) {\n\t\t\tentries.forEach(function(entry) {\n\t\t\t\tif (entry.isIntersecting) {\n\t\t\t\t\tvisibilityIndex[entry.target.id] = 'visible';\n\t\t\t\t\tobserver.unobserve(entry.target);\n\t\t\t\t\tupdateGraphic(entry.target);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t});\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction selectElements(selector, parent) {\n\t\t\tvar selection = (parent || document).querySelectorAll(selector);\n\t\t\treturn Array.prototype.slice.call(selection);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction nytOnResize() {\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F TODO: add comments\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\tif (window.parent && window.parent.$) {\n\t\t\t\t\twindow.parent.$(\"body\").trigger(\"resizedcontent\", [window]);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tdocument.documentElement.dispatchEvent(new Event(\"resizedcontent\"));\n\t\t\t\tif (window.require && document.querySelector(\"meta[name=sourceApp]\") && document.querySelector(\"meta[name=sourceApp]\").content == \"nyt-v5\") {\n\t\t\t\t\trequire([\"foundation\u002Fmain\"], function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\trequire([\"shared\u002Finteractive\u002Finstances\u002Fapp-communicator\"], function(AppCommunicator) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAppCommunicator.triggerResize();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t} catch(e) { console.log(e); }\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t\u002F\u002F based on underscore.js\n\t\tfunction throttle(func, wait) {\n\t\t\tvar _now = Date.now || function() { return +new Date(); },\n\t\t\t\t\ttimeout = null, previous = 0;\n\t\t\tvar run = function() {\n\t\t\t\t\tprevious = _now();\n\t\t\t\t\ttimeout = null;\n\t\t\t\t\tfunc();\n\t\t\t};\n\t\t\treturn function() {\n\t\t\t\tvar remaining = wait - (_now() - previous);\n\t\t\t\tif (remaining \u003C= 0 || remaining \u003E wait) {\n\t\t\t\t\tif (timeout) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclearTimeout(timeout);\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\trun();\n\t\t\t\t} else if (!timeout) {\n\t\t\t\t\ttimeout = setTimeout(run, remaining);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t};\n\t\t}\n\t})(\"nyt-preview\", \"g-\");\n\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- End ai2html - 2018-09-14 15:18 --\u003E\n\u003C!-- Pipeline: 2018-09-14-interest-on-national-debt | September 14, 2018, 03:20PM | 313e919f83bb85b62966d7f70121c5f3f3ea740b 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{\r\n\t\tfont-weight:500;\r\n\t\theight:18px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_2 .g-pstyle3 {\r\n\t\tfont-weight:500;\r\n\t\tfont-size:11px;\r\n\t\theight:18px;\r\n\t\ttext-align:center;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_2 .g-pstyle4 {\r\n\t\tfont-weight:500;\r\n\t\tfont-size:11px;\r\n\t\theight:18px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_2 .g-pstyle5 {\r\n\t\tfont-weight:500;\r\n\t\theight:18px;\r\n\t\ttext-align:center;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3 {\r\n\t\tposition:relative;\r\n\t\toverflow:hidden;\r\n\t\twidth:300px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3 p {\r\n\t\tfont-family:nyt-franklin,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\r\n\t\tfont-weight:700;\r\n\t\tfont-size:13px;\r\n\t\tline-height:18px;\r\n\t\theight:auto;\r\n\t\tfilter:alpha(opacity=100);\r\n\t\t-ms-filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=100);\r\n\t\topacity:1;\r\n\t\tletter-spacing:0em;\r\n\t\ttext-align:left;\r\n\t\tcolor:rgb(51,51,51);\r\n\t\ttext-transform:none;\r\n\t\tpadding-bottom:0;\r\n\t\tpadding-top:0;\r\n\t\tmix-blend-mode:normal;\r\n\t\tfont-style:normal;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3 .g-pstyle0 {\r\n\t\theight:18px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3 .g-pstyle1 {\r\n\t\tfont-weight:500;\r\n\t\theight:18px;\r\n\t\ttext-align:right;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3 .g-pstyle2 {\r\n\t\tfont-weight:500;\r\n\t\theight:18px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3 .g-pstyle3 {\r\n\t\tfont-weight:500;\r\n\t\tfont-size:11px;\r\n\t\theight:18px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3 .g-pstyle4 {\r\n\t\tfont-weight:500;\r\n\t\theight:18px;\r\n\t\ttext-align:center;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\u003C\u002Fstyle\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-box\" class=\"ai2html ai2html-box-v5\"\u003E\r\n\r\n\t\u003C!-- Artboard: Artboard_2 --\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_2\" class=\"g-artboard\" data-aspect-ratio=\"1.382\" data-min-width=\"600\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cimg id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_2-img\" class=\"g-aiImg\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2018\u002F09\u002F14\u002Fdebt-as-a-share-of-gdp\u002Fdad2c5186b9c0b968d766fa279d9ed6b76ce776b\u002F0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_2.png\" src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==\"\u002F\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-1\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.0838%;width:299px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle0\"\u003EPublic debt as a share of gross domestic product\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-2\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E100\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-3\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:5.4133%;width:33px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E%\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-4\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:16.8643%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:23.0468%;margin-left:-42.5px;width:85px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003ERECESSIONS\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-5\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:16.8643%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:78.0253%;width:79px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003EPROJECTED\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-6\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:24.7052%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E80\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-7\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:39.9089%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E60\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-8\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:55.3429%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E40\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-9\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:70.5466%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-10\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0669%;width:29px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E0\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-11\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:8.5381%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle5\"\u003E’78\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-12\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:12.2413%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle5\"\u003E’80\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-13\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:29.7156%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle5\"\u003E’90\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-14\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:47.1898%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle5\"\u003E’00\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-15\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:64.635%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle5\"\u003E’10\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-16\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:82.1384%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle5\"\u003E’20\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-17\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:96.0294%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle5\"\u003E’28\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\r\n\t\u003C!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3\" class=\"g-artboard\" data-aspect-ratio=\"0.691\" data-min-width=\"300\" data-max-width=\"599\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cimg id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3-img\" class=\"g-aiImg\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2018\u002F09\u002F14\u002Fdebt-as-a-share-of-gdp\u002Fdad2c5186b9c0b968d766fa279d9ed6b76ce776b\u002F0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-2-Artboard_3.png\" src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==\"\u002F\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-1\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:299px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle0\"\u003EPublic debt as a share of gross domestic product\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-2\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E100\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-3\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.2054%;width:33px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E%\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-4\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:24.7052%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E80\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-5\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:39.9089%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E60\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-6\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:55.3429%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E40\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-7\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:70.5465%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-8\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:80.4432%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:22.2287%;width:85px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003ERECESSIONS\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-9\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:80.4432%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:74.1042%;width:79px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003EPROJECTED\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-10\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E0\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-11\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:16.2259%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’80\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-12\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:31.6032%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’90\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-13\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:46.9805%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’00\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-14\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:62.2997%;margin-left:-19.5px;width:39px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’10\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-15\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:77.7354%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’20\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-16\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:89.9593%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’28\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cscript type=\"text\u002Fjavascript\"\u003E\r\n\t(function (scriptEnvironment, nameSpace) {\r\n\t\t\u002F\u002F Use a sentinel class to ensure that this version of the resizer only initializes once\r\n\t\tif (document.documentElement.className.indexOf(nameSpace + \"resizer-v5-init\") \u003E -1) return;\r\n\t\tdocument.documentElement.className += \" \" + nameSpace + \"resizer-v5-init\";\r\n\t\t\u002F\u002F requires IE9+\r\n\t\tif (!(\"querySelector\" in document)) return;\r\n\t\tvar observer = window.IntersectionObserver ? new IntersectionObserver(onIntersectionChange, {}) : null;\r\n\t\tvar visibilityIndex = {}; \u002F\u002F visibility of each graphic, indexed by container id (used with InteractionObserver)\r\n\r\n\t\tupdateAllGraphics();\r\n\t\twindow.addEventListener('nyt:embed:load', updateAllGraphics); \u002F\u002F for nyt vi compatibility\r\n\t\tdocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", updateAllGraphics);\r\n\t\twindow.addEventListener(\"resize\", throttle(updateAllGraphics, 200));\r\n\r\n\t\tfunction updateAllGraphics() {\r\n\t\t\tselectElements(\".ai2html-box-v5\").forEach(updateGraphic);\r\n\t\t\tif (scriptEnvironment == \"nyt-preview\") {\r\n\t\t\t\tnytOnResize();\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\tfunction updateGraphic(container) {\r\n\t\t\tvar artboards = selectElements(\".\" + nameSpace + \"artboard[data-min-width]\", container),\r\n\t\t\t\t\twidth = Math.round(container.getBoundingClientRect().width),\r\n\t\t\t\t\tid = container.id, \u002F\u002F assume container has an id\r\n\t\t\t\t\tshowImages = !observer || visibilityIndex[id] == 'visible';\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Set artboard visibility based on container width\r\n\t\t\tartboards.forEach(function(el) {\r\n\t\t\t\tvar minwidth = el.getAttribute(\"data-min-width\"),\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmaxwidth = el.getAttribute(\"data-max-width\");\r\n\t\t\t\tif (+minwidth \u003C= width && (+maxwidth \u003E= width || maxwidth === null)) {\r\n\t\t\t\t\tif (showImages) {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tselectElements(\".\" + nameSpace + \"aiImg\", el).forEach(updateImgSrc);\r\n\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t\tel.style.display = \"block\";\r\n\t\t\t\t} else {\r\n\t\t\t\t\tel.style.display = \"none\";\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t});\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Initialize lazy loading on first call, if IntersectionObserver is available\r\n\t\t\tif (observer && !visibilityIndex[id]) {\r\n\t\t\t\tif (containerIsVisible(container)) {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Skip IntersectionObserver if graphic is initially visible\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Note: We're doing this after artboard visibility is first calculated\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t (above) -- otherwise all artboard images are display:block and the\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t calculated height of the graphic is huge.\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F TODO: Consider making artboard images 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from wartime or a deep downturn like the 1930s or 2008-9, “this sort of aggressive fiscal stimulus is unprecedented in U.S. history,” said Jeffrey Frankel, an economist at Harvard.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.28.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Pouring gasoline on an already hot economy has resulted in faster growth — the economy expanded at an annualized rate of 4.2 percent in the second quarter. But Mr. Frankel warns that when the economy weakens, the government will find it more difficult to cut taxes or increase spending.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.30.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Lawmakers might, in fact, feel compelled to cut spending as tax revenue falls, further depressing the economy. “There will eventually be another recession, and this increases the chances we will have to slam on the brakes when the car is already going too slowly,” Mr. Frankel said.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.32.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Interest costs make it harder for the government to do other things","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.33.media":{"__typename":"EmbeddedInteractive","slug":"expenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget","html":"\n\u003C!-- Generated by ai2html v0.74.0 - 2018-09-14 14:03 --\u003E\n\u003C!-- ai file: 0916 biz web DEBT CHART 3.ai --\u003E\n\u003C!-- preview: 2018-09-14-expenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget --\u003E\n\u003C!-- scoop: expenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget --\u003E\n\u003Cstyle type='text\u002Fcss' media='screen,print'\u003E\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-box .g-artboard {\n\t\tmargin:0 auto;\n\t}\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-box .g-artboard p {\n\t\tmargin:0;\n\t}\n\t.g-aiAbs {\n\t\tposition:absolute;\n\t}\n\t.g-aiImg {\n\t\tdisplay:block;\n\t\twidth:100% !important;\n\t}\n\t.g-aiSymbol {\n\t\tposition: absolute;\n\t\tbox-sizing: border-box;\n\t}\n\t.g-aiPointText p { white-space: nowrap; 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data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2018\u002F09\u002F14\u002Fexpenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget\u002F3311a2358867f7423b4d30b424829c1ff1228a7a\u002F0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_2.png\" src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==\"\u002F\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-1\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.0838%;width:258px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle0\"\u003EExpenditures as a share of overall budget\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-2\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-3\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" 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g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:30.7793%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’20\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-16\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:39.0255%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’21\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-17\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:47.2716%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’22\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-18\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:55.5179%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’23\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-19\" 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id=\"g-ai0-23\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.9699%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:96.7487%;margin-left:-20px;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’28\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\t\u003C!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --\u003E\n\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_3\" class=\"g-artboard\" data-aspect-ratio=\"0.691\" data-min-width=\"300\" data-max-width=\"599\"\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cimg id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_3-img\" class=\"g-aiImg\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2018\u002F09\u002F14\u002Fexpenditures-as-a-share-of-national-budget\u002F3311a2358867f7423b4d30b424829c1ff1228a7a\u002F0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-3-Artboard_3.png\" src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==\"\u002F\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-1\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:258px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle0\"\u003EExpenditures as a share of overall budget\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-2\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-3\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.2054%;width:33px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E%\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-4\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:17.5566%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:13.9762%;width:90px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003ENet interest\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-5\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:17.5566%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:87.5494%;width:59px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle0\"\u003E13.0%\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-6\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:33.6892%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:14.1158%;width:67px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003EDefense\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-7\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:34.841%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-8\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:44.2857%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:14.0525%;width:72px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003EMedicaid\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-9\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" 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","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.48.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"But as the economy has strengthened, the Fed has gradually raised rates, starting in December 2015. The central bank is expected to push rates up again on Wednesday, and more increases are in store.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.50.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"“When rates went down to record lows, it allowed the government to take on more debt without paying more interest,” Mr. Goldwein said. “That party is ending.”","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.52.media":{"__typename":"EmbeddedInteractive","slug":"10-year-treasury-note","html":"\n\u003C!-- Generated by ai2html v0.74.0 - 2018-09-25 16:50 --\u003E\n\u003C!-- ai file: 0916 biz web DEBT CHART 5.ai --\u003E\n\u003C!-- preview: 2018-09-14-10-year-treasury-note --\u003E\n\u003C!-- scoop: 10-year-treasury-note --\u003E\n\u003Cstyle type='text\u002Fcss' 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class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E’18\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\t\u003C!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --\u003E\n\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-Artboard_3\" class=\"g-artboard\" data-aspect-ratio=\"0.691\" data-min-width=\"300\" data-max-width=\"599\"\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cimg id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-Artboard_3-img\" class=\"g-aiImg\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2018\u002F09\u002F14\u002F10-year-treasury-note\u002Fe6a342acf0db9b8a88e9ae36f0db5438e5e5124f\u002F0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-5-Artboard_3.png\" src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==\"\u002F\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-1\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:196px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle0\"\u003EYield on 10-year Treasury note\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-2\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-3\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:10.2054%;width:33px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E%\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-4\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.7232%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:6.6448%;width:70px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003EMONTHLY\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-5\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:21.2411%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:38.8379%;margin-left:-42.5px;width:85px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003ERECESSIONS\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-6\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:28.6214%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-7\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:47.5107%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-8\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:66.6305%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-9\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2934%;width:29px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E0\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-10\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:12.306%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E’98\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-11\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:27.6924%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E’02\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-12\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:43.0788%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E’06\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-13\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:58.4652%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E’10\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-14\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:73.8516%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E’14\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-15\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:89.238%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003E’18\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003Cscript type=\"text\u002Fjavascript\"\u003E\n\t(function (scriptEnvironment, nameSpace) {\n\t\t\u002F\u002F Use a sentinel class to ensure that this version of the resizer only initializes once\n\t\tif (document.documentElement.className.indexOf(nameSpace + \"resizer-v5-init\") \u003E -1) return;\n\t\tdocument.documentElement.className += \" \" + nameSpace + \"resizer-v5-init\";\n\t\t\u002F\u002F requires IE9+\n\t\tif (!(\"querySelector\" in document)) return;\n\t\tvar observer = window.IntersectionObserver ? new IntersectionObserver(onIntersectionChange, {}) : null;\n\t\tvar visibilityIndex = {}; \u002F\u002F visibility of each graphic, indexed by container id (used with InteractionObserver)\n\n\t\tupdateAllGraphics();\n\t\twindow.addEventListener('nyt:embed:load', updateAllGraphics); \u002F\u002F for nyt vi compatibility\n\t\tdocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", updateAllGraphics);\n\t\twindow.addEventListener(\"resize\", throttle(updateAllGraphics, 200));\n\n\t\tfunction updateAllGraphics() {\n\t\t\tselectElements(\".ai2html-box-v5\").forEach(updateGraphic);\n\t\t\tif (scriptEnvironment == \"nyt-preview\") {\n\t\t\t\tnytOnResize();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction updateGraphic(container) {\n\t\t\tvar artboards = selectElements(\".\" + nameSpace + \"artboard[data-min-width]\", container),\n\t\t\t\t\twidth = Math.round(container.getBoundingClientRect().width),\n\t\t\t\t\tid = container.id, \u002F\u002F assume container has an id\n\t\t\t\t\tshowImages = !observer || visibilityIndex[id] == 'visible';\n\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Set artboard visibility based on container width\n\t\t\tartboards.forEach(function(el) {\n\t\t\t\tvar minwidth = el.getAttribute(\"data-min-width\"),\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmaxwidth = el.getAttribute(\"data-max-width\");\n\t\t\t\tif (+minwidth \u003C= width && (+maxwidth \u003E= width || maxwidth === null)) {\n\t\t\t\t\tif (showImages) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tselectElements(\".\" + nameSpace + \"aiImg\", el).forEach(updateImgSrc);\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\tel.style.display = \"block\";\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tel.style.display = \"none\";\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t});\n\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Initialize lazy loading on first call, if IntersectionObserver is available\n\t\t\tif (observer && !visibilityIndex[id]) {\n\t\t\t\tif (containerIsVisible(container)) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Skip IntersectionObserver if graphic is initially visible\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Note: We're doing this after artboard visibility is first calculated\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t (above) -- otherwise all artboard images are display:block and the\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t calculated height of the graphic is huge.\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F TODO: Consider making artboard images position:absolute and setting\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t height as a padding % (calculated from the aspect ratio of the graphic).\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t This will correctly set the initial height of the graphic before\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t an image is loaded.\n\t\t\t\t\tvisibilityIndex[id] = 'visible';\n\t\t\t\t\tupdateGraphic(container); \u002F\u002F Call again to start loading right away\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tvisibilityIndex[id] = 'hidden';\n\t\t\t\t\tobserver.observe(container);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction containerIsVisible(container) {\n\t\t\tvar bounds = container.getBoundingClientRect();\n\t\t\treturn bounds.top \u003C window.innerHeight && bounds.bottom \u003E 0;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t\u002F\u002F Replace blank placeholder image with actual image\n\t\t\u002F\u002F (only relevant if use_lazy_loader option is true)\n\t\tfunction updateImgSrc(img) {\n\t\t\tvar src = img.getAttribute(\"data-src\");\n\t\t\tif (src && img.getAttribute(\"src\") != src) {\n\t\t\t\timg.setAttribute(\"src\", src);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction onIntersectionChange(entries) {\n\t\t\tentries.forEach(function(entry) {\n\t\t\t\tif (entry.isIntersecting) {\n\t\t\t\t\tvisibilityIndex[entry.target.id] = 'visible';\n\t\t\t\t\tobserver.unobserve(entry.target);\n\t\t\t\t\tupdateGraphic(entry.target);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t});\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction selectElements(selector, parent) {\n\t\t\tvar selection = (parent || document).querySelectorAll(selector);\n\t\t\treturn Array.prototype.slice.call(selection);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction nytOnResize() {\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F TODO: add comments\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\tif (window.parent && window.parent.$) {\n\t\t\t\t\twindow.parent.$(\"body\").trigger(\"resizedcontent\", [window]);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tdocument.documentElement.dispatchEvent(new Event(\"resizedcontent\"));\n\t\t\t\tif (window.require && document.querySelector(\"meta[name=sourceApp]\") && document.querySelector(\"meta[name=sourceApp]\").content == \"nyt-v5\") {\n\t\t\t\t\trequire([\"foundation\u002Fmain\"], function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\trequire([\"shared\u002Finteractive\u002Finstances\u002Fapp-communicator\"], function(AppCommunicator) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAppCommunicator.triggerResize();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t} catch(e) { console.log(e); }\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t\u002F\u002F based on underscore.js\n\t\tfunction throttle(func, wait) {\n\t\t\tvar _now = Date.now || function() { return +new Date(); },\n\t\t\t\t\ttimeout = null, previous = 0;\n\t\t\tvar run = function() {\n\t\t\t\t\tprevious = _now();\n\t\t\t\t\ttimeout = null;\n\t\t\t\t\tfunc();\n\t\t\t};\n\t\t\treturn function() {\n\t\t\t\tvar remaining = wait - (_now() - previous);\n\t\t\t\tif (remaining \u003C= 0 || remaining \u003E wait) {\n\t\t\t\t\tif (timeout) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclearTimeout(timeout);\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\trun();\n\t\t\t\t} else if (!timeout) {\n\t\t\t\t\ttimeout = setTimeout(run, remaining);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t};\n\t\t}\n\t})(\"nyt-preview\", \"g-\");\n\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- End ai2html - 2018-09-25 16:50 --\u003E\n\u003C!-- Pipeline: 2018-09-14-10-year-treasury-note | September 25, 2018, 04:51PM | e6a342acf0db9b8a88e9ae36f0db5438e5e5124f 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The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the yield will climb to 4.2 percent in 2021. Given that the total public debt of the United States stands at nearly $16 trillion, even a small uptick in rates can cost the government billions.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.55.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"There’s no guarantee that these forecasts will prove accurate. If the economy weakens, rates might fall or rise only slightly, reducing interest payments. But rates could also overshoot the budget office forecast.","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.57.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Some members of Congress want to set the stage for even more red ink. Republicans in the House want to make last year’s tax cuts permanent, instead of letting some of them expire at the end of 2025. 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{\n\t\theight:18px;\n\t\ttext-align:right;\n\t}\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_3 .g-pstyle2 {\n\t\tfont-size:11px;\n\t\theight:18px;\n\t\ttext-align:right;\n\t}\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_3 .g-pstyle3 {\n\t\tfont-size:11px;\n\t\theight:18px;\n\t\ttext-align:center;\n\t}\n\t#g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_3 .g-pstyle4 {\n\t\theight:18px;\n\t}\n\n\u003C\u002Fstyle\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-box\" class=\"ai2html ai2html-box-v5\"\u003E\n\n\t\u003C!-- Artboard: Artboard_2 --\u003E\n\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_2\" class=\"g-artboard\" data-aspect-ratio=\"1.382\" data-min-width=\"600\"\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cimg id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_2-img\" class=\"g-aiImg\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2018\u002F09\u002F14\u002Fdollar-index\u002F3753490c8fd0afa3e42df37d132f5c87da5e1c36\u002F0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_2.png\" src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==\"\u002F\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-1\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.0838%;width:117px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle0\"\u003EU.S. Dollar index\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-2\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E140\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-3\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.7232%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:0.1584%;width:70px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003EMONTHLY\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-4\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:21.2411%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:37.9228%;margin-left:-42.5px;width:85px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003ERECESSIONS\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-5\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:28.6213%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E120\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-6\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:47.5106%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:95.0369%;width:44px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E100\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-7\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:66.6304%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E80\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-8\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:94.9686%;width:37px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E60\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-9\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:7.6353%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’98\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-10\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:16.3776%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’00\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-11\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:25.1199%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’02\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-12\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:33.8621%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’04\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-13\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:42.6044%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’06\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-14\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:51.3468%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’08\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-15\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:60.0889%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’10\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-16\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:68.8313%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’12\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-17\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:77.5735%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’14\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-18\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:86.3158%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’16\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai0-19\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:95.058%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’18\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\t\u003C!-- Artboard: Artboard_3 --\u003E\n\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_3\" class=\"g-artboard\" data-aspect-ratio=\"0.691\" data-min-width=\"300\" data-max-width=\"599\"\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cimg id=\"g-0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_3-img\" class=\"g-aiImg\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2018\u002F09\u002F14\u002Fdollar-index\u002F3753490c8fd0afa3e42df37d132f5c87da5e1c36\u002F0916-biz-web-DEBT-CHART-4-Artboard_3.png\" src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==\"\u002F\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-1\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:4.4262%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:0.2844%;width:117px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle0\"\u003EU.S. Dollar index\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-2\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.5016%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E140\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-3\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:9.7232%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:6.6448%;width:70px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle2\"\u003EMONTHLY\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-4\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:21.2411%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:38.8379%;margin-left:-42.5px;width:85px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle3\"\u003ERECESSIONS\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-5\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:28.6214%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E120\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-6\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:47.5107%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.2334%;width:44px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E100\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-7\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:66.6305%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E80\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-8\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:85.7502%;margin-top:-9.2px;right:90.0968%;width:37px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle1\"\u003E60\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-9\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:12.306%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’98\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-10\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:27.6924%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’02\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-11\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:43.0788%;width:40px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’06\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-12\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:58.4652%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’10\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-13\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:73.8516%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’14\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"g-ai1-14\" class=\"g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText\" style=\"top:91.0485%;margin-top:-9.2px;left:89.238%;width:39px;\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp class=\"g-pstyle4\"\u003E’18\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003Cscript type=\"text\u002Fjavascript\"\u003E\n\t(function (scriptEnvironment, nameSpace) {\n\t\t\u002F\u002F Use a sentinel class to ensure that this version of the resizer only initializes once\n\t\tif (document.documentElement.className.indexOf(nameSpace + \"resizer-v5-init\") \u003E -1) return;\n\t\tdocument.documentElement.className += \" \" + nameSpace + \"resizer-v5-init\";\n\t\t\u002F\u002F requires IE9+\n\t\tif (!(\"querySelector\" in document)) return;\n\t\tvar observer = window.IntersectionObserver ? new IntersectionObserver(onIntersectionChange, {}) : null;\n\t\tvar visibilityIndex = {}; \u002F\u002F visibility of each graphic, indexed by container id (used with InteractionObserver)\n\n\t\tupdateAllGraphics();\n\t\twindow.addEventListener('nyt:embed:load', updateAllGraphics); \u002F\u002F for nyt vi compatibility\n\t\tdocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", updateAllGraphics);\n\t\twindow.addEventListener(\"resize\", throttle(updateAllGraphics, 200));\n\n\t\tfunction updateAllGraphics() {\n\t\t\tselectElements(\".ai2html-box-v5\").forEach(updateGraphic);\n\t\t\tif (scriptEnvironment == \"nyt-preview\") {\n\t\t\t\tnytOnResize();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction updateGraphic(container) {\n\t\t\tvar artboards = selectElements(\".\" + nameSpace + \"artboard[data-min-width]\", container),\n\t\t\t\t\twidth = Math.round(container.getBoundingClientRect().width),\n\t\t\t\t\tid = container.id, \u002F\u002F assume container has an id\n\t\t\t\t\tshowImages = !observer || visibilityIndex[id] == 'visible';\n\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Set artboard visibility based on container width\n\t\t\tartboards.forEach(function(el) {\n\t\t\t\tvar minwidth = el.getAttribute(\"data-min-width\"),\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmaxwidth = el.getAttribute(\"data-max-width\");\n\t\t\t\tif (+minwidth \u003C= width && (+maxwidth \u003E= width || maxwidth === null)) {\n\t\t\t\t\tif (showImages) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tselectElements(\".\" + nameSpace + \"aiImg\", el).forEach(updateImgSrc);\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\tel.style.display = \"block\";\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tel.style.display = \"none\";\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t});\n\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Initialize lazy loading on first call, if IntersectionObserver is available\n\t\t\tif (observer && !visibilityIndex[id]) {\n\t\t\t\tif (containerIsVisible(container)) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Skip IntersectionObserver if graphic is initially visible\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F Note: We're doing this after artboard visibility is first calculated\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t (above) -- otherwise all artboard images are display:block and the\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t calculated height of the graphic is huge.\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F TODO: Consider making artboard images position:absolute and setting\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t height as a padding % (calculated from the aspect ratio of the graphic).\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t This will correctly set the initial height of the graphic before\n\t\t\t\t\t\u002F\u002F\t an image is loaded.\n\t\t\t\t\tvisibilityIndex[id] = 'visible';\n\t\t\t\t\tupdateGraphic(container); \u002F\u002F Call again to start loading right away\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tvisibilityIndex[id] = 'hidden';\n\t\t\t\t\tobserver.observe(container);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction containerIsVisible(container) {\n\t\t\tvar bounds = container.getBoundingClientRect();\n\t\t\treturn bounds.top \u003C window.innerHeight && bounds.bottom \u003E 0;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t\u002F\u002F Replace blank placeholder image with actual image\n\t\t\u002F\u002F (only relevant if use_lazy_loader option is true)\n\t\tfunction updateImgSrc(img) {\n\t\t\tvar src = img.getAttribute(\"data-src\");\n\t\t\tif (src && img.getAttribute(\"src\") != src) {\n\t\t\t\timg.setAttribute(\"src\", src);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction onIntersectionChange(entries) {\n\t\t\tentries.forEach(function(entry) {\n\t\t\t\tif (entry.isIntersecting) {\n\t\t\t\t\tvisibilityIndex[entry.target.id] = 'visible';\n\t\t\t\t\tobserver.unobserve(entry.target);\n\t\t\t\t\tupdateGraphic(entry.target);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t});\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction selectElements(selector, parent) {\n\t\t\tvar selection = (parent || document).querySelectorAll(selector);\n\t\t\treturn Array.prototype.slice.call(selection);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction nytOnResize() {\n\t\t\t\u002F\u002F TODO: add comments\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\tif (window.parent && window.parent.$) {\n\t\t\t\t\twindow.parent.$(\"body\").trigger(\"resizedcontent\", [window]);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tdocument.documentElement.dispatchEvent(new Event(\"resizedcontent\"));\n\t\t\t\tif (window.require && document.querySelector(\"meta[name=sourceApp]\") && document.querySelector(\"meta[name=sourceApp]\").content == \"nyt-v5\") {\n\t\t\t\t\trequire([\"foundation\u002Fmain\"], function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\trequire([\"shared\u002Finteractive\u002Finstances\u002Fapp-communicator\"], function(AppCommunicator) 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","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.67.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"“We exported a financial crisis a decade ago, and the world responded by sending us money,” ","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.67.content.1":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"said","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.67.content.2":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":" William G. Gale, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. 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","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.73.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Charles Schultze, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers in the Carter administration, once summed up the danger of deficits with a metaphor. “It’s not so much a question of the wolf at the door, but termites in the woodwork.” ","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.75.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"But Washington doesn’t want to hear about the potential problems","formats":[]},"$Article:QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzU1NjNiODUxLTNhOGUtNThmNy04ZjY3LTA3MTY2OThjZWJhYQ==.sprinkledBody.content@filterEmpty.76.content.0":{"__typename":"TextInline","text":"Rather than simply splitting along party lines, lawmakers’ attitudes toward the deficit also depend on which party is in power. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/seattletimes-1/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/seattletimes-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eaff99a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/seattletimes-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "April 28, 2019 at 6:01 am Updated April 29, 2019 at 3:33 pm", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "The story of Whole Foods\u2019 halibut deal opens a window into Amazon\u2019s grocery strategy and draws a line from a Seattle industry with roots in the 19th century to the dominant economic force of the 21st.", + "Image": "https:\/\/static.seattletimes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/120028-1200x630.jpg", + "Title": "Alaskan halibut, caught by a century-old Seattle boat, provides a glimpse of Amazon\u2019s strategy with Whole Foods", + "SiteName": "The Seattle Times" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/seattletimes-1/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/seattletimes-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27397d835 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/seattletimes-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +<div itemprop="articleBody" id="article-content"> + <p> + From the deck of his 106-year-old halibut schooner, undergoing a seasonal overhaul at Fisherman’s Terminal in Seattle, skipper Wade Bassi has better insight than most into what’s happening at Amazon-owned Whole Foods Market, at least as pertains to the product he knows best. + </p> + <p> + While he doesn’t buy halibut much — he’s got a freezer full of it — Bassi, 43 years a fisherman, keeps an eye on how it’s handled and presented in the grocery stores and fish markets. + </p> + <p> + “When you look at nice halibut, I mean it is pure white,” he said. “And it is flaky-looking, and it is beautiful. It’s translucent. If you’ve got that in the fish market, people are going to buy it.” + </p> + <p> + A few days earlier, Whole Foods touted a rarely seen promotional price for halibut as part of its ongoing campaign to revise the grocery chain’s high-cost reputation while maintaining its image for quality and sustainability. + </p> + <p> + “Whole Foods is one of the better ones, to be honest with you,” Bassi said. “But you know, Whole Foods, whole paycheck. … They usually do charge way more for everything than anywhere else. Which really surprises me that they’re selling this for $16-something a pound, because they’re not making anything on it.” + </p> + <p> + Whole Foods’ halibut deal opens a window into Amazon’s grocery strategy as it seeks to combine the defining characteristics of each brand, leverage its juggernaut Prime membership program and take a larger share of the grocery business from competitors such as Walmart, Kroger and Costco. + </p> + + <p> + It also draws a long line from a major Seattle industry with roots in the 19<sup>th</sup> century to the dominant economic force of the 21<sup>st</sup>. + </p> + <p> + Amazon bought Whole Foods in August 2017 for $13.7 billion, its largest acquisition and an aggressive move into the grocery business. + </p> + <p> + The combination of the two has been steady, said Tom Forte, who follows Amazon as a managing director at the D.A. Davidson brokerage. In a few more years, he said, “You won’t recognize the original Whole Foods.” + </p> + <p> + Within months of the acquisition, Forte said, Whole Foods was selling cheaper cage-free eggs and organic ground beef, prices it said were a result of the deal. + </p> + <p> + Then came the integration of Prime, Amazon’s $119-a-year shipping and media-subscription program, which Amazon founder Jeff Bezos said last year had surpassed 100 million members. In Whole Foods, Prime operates as a hybrid of the customer-loyalty discount programs offered by most grocers — in which consumers trade details of their purchasing habits for lower prices — and a paid membership like at Costco or Sam’s Club. + </p> + <p> + Whole Foods stores have been festooned with yellow and blue signs pointing out Prime member benefits, one of which was fresh halibut fillets priced at $16.99 a pound, albeit only for a week earlier this month. + </p> + + <p> + “I was shocked to see that level,” said Tyler Besecker, president of Mercer Island-based Dana F. Besecker Company, the largest buyer of Pacific halibut. The price, which was matched at Kroger-owned QFC stores in the region last week, is “as low as I’ve ever seen.” (Besecker does not currently supply Whole Foods.) + </p> + <p> + Fresh halibut fillets routinely sell for $24 to $28 a pound, and often more. + </p> + <p> + He said there’s little if any room for a profit at the promotional price offered by Whole Foods and QFC. “They might be selling those at cost or as loss leaders just to get people into the stores,” Besecker said. + </p> + + <p> + In the competitive grocery business, promotions like this happen all the time. The thinking is that shoppers will be attracted by the discount on a staple or a prestige item, and then fill their carts with other groceries sold at a profit. + </p> + <p> + A Whole Foods spokeswoman declined to comment on pricing. The temporary halibut discount is one of more than 300 such Prime promotions Whole Foods plans in the next few months. The company also said it was lowering prices across the store, its third such announcement since the acquisition. + </p> + <p> + At the seafood counter in the Whole Foods store on Westlake, surrounded by Amazon headquarters buildings, a sign advertised “First of the Season Fresh Alaskan Halibut” and sported the blue Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Certified Sustainable Seafood label. + </p> + + <p> + Whole Foods has been a pioneer in sustainable-seafood marketing, beginning in 1999 when it began to stock fish with the MSC label. In the mid-2000s, Pacific halibut fishermen sought the certification — a system of third-party audits that tracks seafood from catch to market — and Whole Foods was there from the beginning. + </p> + <p> + “They were the first ones to market the MSC halibut,” said Bob Alverson, head of the Fishing Vessel Owners Association, representing boats that catch halibut and black cod and a driver of the certification effort. “It turned into quite a marketing advantage. Whole Foods saw that early. They were focusing on sustainable, high-quality food products. They had quite a bit of foresight, I think, in that direction.” + </p> + <p> + The certification comes with added costs borne by the fishermen and buyers, and passed on to consumers. But it’s also an assurance “that people are watching out for the resource,” he said. + </p> + + <p> + As it tries to convince people it has lower prices, Whole Foods has been very careful to maintain the reputation built on products like MSC-certified halibut. + </p> + <div> + <figure id="image-11519494"> + <img data-ratio="1.5" data-caption="Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" class alt="Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" src="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg" srcset="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-300x200.jpg 300w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-768x512.jpg 768w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-780x520.jpg 780w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1560x1040.jpg 1560w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-375x250.jpg 375w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px" data-sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px" data-old-src="https://www.seattletimes.com/wp-content/themes/st_refresh/img/lazy-loading-14x9.png" data-src="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg" data-srcset="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-300x200.jpg 300w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-768x512.jpg 768w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-780x520.jpg 780w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1560x1040.jpg 1560w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-375x250.jpg 375w"> + <figcaption> + <span>Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)</span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <p> + <strong>Whole Foods future</strong> + </p> + <p> + New signs in stores appeared this month, spelling out the value proposition it’s trying to strike: “New lower prices. Same high standards,” reads one, against a background image of carrots. + </p> + <p> + At the same time, the company claims its new prices and Prime deals have saved customers “hundreds of millions of dollars” since the Amazon acquisition. + </p> + + <p> + If prices are being lowered and the quality bar stays the same, something else has to give. + </p> + <p> + Analysts provided a few theories: + </p> + <p> + Amazon could be willing to accept losses or slimmer profits within Whole Foods, as it has done in other businesses, in an effort to expand its customer base. + </p> + <p> + “Do they take the profit from their non-retail efforts, which today is primarily cloud computing, and then reinvest those profits to take share in grocery?” Forte said. + </p> + + <p> + That could eventually open up an avenue to growth as the rate of expansion slows in Amazon’s broader U.S. retail sales. + </p> + <p> + “That’s why they need grocery to work,” Forte said. “Grocery’s a very big category.” + </p> + <p> + Whole Foods could also <span data-st-annotation-ref="1792ba">press suppliers to reduce their prices</span>, essentially cutting their profit. + </p> + + <p> + “The worry with that is that it puts the squeeze on the producer upstream,” said Ananth Iyer, a professor at Purdue University whose research includes sustainability in supply chains. If producers are squeezed too much, he noted, they may start to cut corners. + </p> + <p> + So far, there’s no evidence this is happening in halibut, where fishery practices have been carefully managed with a goal of sustainability for nearly a century. Also, Whole Foods does not yet have the scale as a buyer to dictate prices the way a company like Costco does. + </p> + <p> + Forte said that even if it did have such clout, this would be a risky strategy that would undermine the very attributes of the Whole Foods brand that make it most valuable. + </p> + <p> + Another theory is that Amazon could apply more of its technology and expertise in logistics to create supply-chain efficiencies that would maintain its profits while benefiting producers and consumers, particularly with perishable grocery products, Iyer said. This is part of the promise of the acquisition in the first place. + </p> + <p> + “That’s a powerful combination,” Forte said. “The sustainable, the organic, the healthier food — all those qualities of Whole Foods, with the supply-chain technology of Amazon. It plays to the strengths of both sides.” + </p> + <p> + Forte said he expects Amazon to continue its aggressive moves on grocery pricing at Whole Foods. But he wonders when the price cuts will be broader, particularly as Amazon competes with the likes of Walmart and Kroger for a bigger slice of U.S. food and beverage retail sales, which totaled $726 billion in 2017. Whole Foods said it has lowered prices on hundreds of items, with an emphasis on fresh produce. + </p> + + <p> + Forte described his attempt after the acquisition to get the ingredients for Rice Krispies Treats at Whole Foods. It was perhaps doomed from the start: Whole Foods doesn’t carry Rice Krispies. But he found an organic brown rice puff cereal and organic marshmallows. They were “so wildly expensive that we didn’t finish the exercise. I took the kids to Walmart and bought the ingredients for a pittance,” Forte said. + </p> + <p> + That points to the bigger question of how Amazon plans to position Whole Foods for the long term in its expanding array of physical retail-grocery formats. It now has 11 automated Go convenience stores and is rumored to be planning a new, low-priced grocery chain of its own that may deploy the same cashierless checkout technology. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile, Whole Foods is not opening any new 365 stores, a smaller, lower-priced version of the main brand highlighting the company’s private-label products. Whole Foods co-founder and CEO John Mackey said in an internal memo that the “price distinction between the two brands has become less relevant” as Whole Foods lowered its prices, Yahoo Finance <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/amazonowned-whole-foods-scraps-smaller-365-store-expansion-203543290.html" target="_blank">reported</a> earlier this year. + </p> + <p> + Amazon, too, is finding success with a growing stable of private-label brands — it had more than 100 as of last July, according to Coresight Research, double the number in 2017. One of these, Solimo, sells generic versions of everything from K-Cup coffee pods to Epsom salts to garbage bags and racked up more than $6 million in sales in January alone, according to data analysis firm 1010data. + </p> + <p> + Of course, there’s nothing generic about a “fresh, sustainable wild-caught halibut fillet.” + </p> + <p> + <strong>Back on the schooner</strong> + </p> + <p> + The day after Easter, Bassi and his crew — three family members and an unrelated father-and-son team — loaded up the Polaris, one of four century-old wooden schooners still chasing halibut out of Seattle. (The broader Washington-based halibut fleet numbers about 100 vessels.) Bassi’s father fished on the Polaris, which Bassi co-owns with Rolfe McCartney. Bassi’s grandfather fished halibut back when schooners carried small dories out to the fishing grounds, which made the landing of a fish that can grow to 500 pounds all the more exciting. + </p> + + <p> + The Polaris motored out of Fisherman’s Terminal and through the Ballard Locks to begin the three-day journey through the Inside Passage to Ketchikan, Alaska. There, they take on tons of ice and bait, herring for the black cod Bassi will target first, and later chum salmon, codfish or octopus for the halibut. + </p> + <p> + From a base in Kodiak, Alaska, the Polaris makes a series of trips, at sea for a week or longer at a time, to fish as far away as Attu Island at the far western edge of the Aleutian Islands chain. “It’s a big range that we fish,” Bassi said. + </p> + <p> + The Polaris will trail long lines of hooks, leaving them to soak for several hours before reeling them in. The fish are stunned, bled and dressed, and put on ice in the hold. It is this fishing method that contributes to the quality of the halibut and sustainability of the fishery, as it reduces by-catch — the inadvertent taking of other <span data-st-annotation-ref="53071e">species</span>. + </p> + <p> + They negotiate to sell the fish with four or five buyers, such as Besecker, at a price that fluctuates throughout the season. This is a peak time of year for halibut, with consumers seeking out fresh fish for Easter and Mother’s Day, Besecker said. Fishermen are typically paid between $5 and $6 a pound for halibut. + </p> + <p> + The Alaskan halibut fishery has its troubles — as nearly all fisheries do — but has been rationalized and managed successfully, particularly over the last quarter-century. Alverson, a commissioner on the Seattle-based International Pacific Halibut Commission, which has managed catch limits for U.S. and Canadian fishermen since 1924, described it as a stable but declining resource. + </p> + <p> + This year, the <a href="https://iphc.int/management/fisheries" target="_blank">halibut fishery</a> in the Northern Pacific and Bering Sea is <a href="https://iphc.int/data/landings-2019" target="_blank">capped at 29.4 million pounds</a>, with most of that allocated to commercial fishing and smaller amounts reserved for recreational and tribal fishing, as well as by-catch of other commercial fisheries. + </p> + + <p> + Alverson summed up the journey from a wooden fishing boat in the Bering Sea to the fish counter of a grocery store owned by a company that has redefined modern buying and selling: “It’s Seattle old school meets Seattle new school with Amazon.” + </p> + + + </div>
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h-entry"> + <header class="article-header"> + <ul class="article-slug"> + <li> + <a href="/business/amazon/" rel="tag">Amazon</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/business/" rel="tag">Business</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/seattle-news/environment/" rel="tag">Environment</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/business/local-business/" rel="tag">Local Business</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/nation-world/nation/" rel="tag">Nation</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/business/retail/" rel="tag">Retail</a> + </li> + </ul> + <h1 class="article-title p-name entry-title"> + Alaskan halibut, caught by a century-old Seattle boat, provides a glimpse of Amazon’s strategy with Whole Foods + </h1> + <div class="article-dateline"> + <time class="line published dt-published" datetime="2019-04-28 06:01:07">April 28, 2019 at 6:01 am</time> <time class="line update updated dt-updated" datetime="2019-04-29 15:33:39">Updated April 29, 2019 at 3:33 pm</time> + <div class="article-share m-0" data-utm="article_inset_1.1"> + <a class="social-share mt-0 mr-0 mb-0 pl-24" aria-label="Share this article via Facebook"></a> <a class="social-share mt-0 mr-0 mb-0 pl-24" aria-label="Share this article via email"></a> <a class="social-share mt-0 mr-0 mb-0 pl-24" aria-label="Share this article via Twitter"></a> + </div> + </div> + </header> + <div class="featured-media full-width"> + <div id="gallery-11519493-11519494-2062128799" class="gallery-wrapper layout-standard"> + <div class="gallery align-none"> + <div class="gallery-slider-wrapper"> + <div class="gallery-slides"> + <figure id="slide-11519493" class="slide image-slide"> + <div class="lazy-loading"></div><img data-count="1" data-ratio="1.59363" data-src-facebook="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120028-1200x630.jpg" data-caption="Wade Bassi, skipper and co-owner of the 106-year-old halibut fishing vessel Polaris, stands near his boat at Fisherman’s Terminal in Seattle. Bassi and his crew left the day after Easter for Alaska, where they will fish for halibut and black cod. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" class="" alt="Wade Bassi, skipper and co-owner of the 106-year-old halibut fishing vessel Polaris, stands near his boat at Fisherman’s Terminal in Seattle. Bassi and his crew left the day after Easter for Alaska, where they will fish for halibut and black cod. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" src="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120028-1020x640.jpg" srcset="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120028-300x188.jpg 300w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120028-768x482.jpg 768w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120028-1024x643.jpg 1024w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120028-780x489.jpg 780w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120028-1020x640.jpg 1020w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120028-1560x979.jpg 1560w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120028-375x235.jpg 375w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px" data-sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px" /> + </figure> + <figure id="slide-11519494" class="slide image-slide"> + <div class="lazy-loading"></div><img data-count="2" data-ratio="1.5" data-src-facebook="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1200x630.jpg" data-caption="Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" class="lazy wait" alt="Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" src="https://www.seattletimes.com/wp-content/themes/st_refresh/img/lazy-loading-14x9.png" data-src="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg" data-srcset="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-300x200.jpg 300w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-768x512.jpg 768w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-780x520.jpg 780w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1560x1040.jpg 1560w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-375x250.jpg 375w" data-sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px" /><noscript><img data-count="2" data-ratio="1.5" data-src-facebook='https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1200x630.jpg' data-caption="Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" class='wait' alt='Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)' src='https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg' srcset='https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-300x200.jpg 300w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-768x512.jpg 768w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-780x520.jpg 780w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1560x1040.jpg 1560w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-375x250.jpg 375w' sizes='(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px' data-sizes='(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px' /></noscript> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="gallery-navigation hide-nav"> + <div class="prev"></div> + <div class="next"></div> + <div class="button-contract contract"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="gallery-meta-panel"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="article-body e-content"> + <div class="article-byline"> + <a href="/author/cap-ben-romano" class="headshot article-columnist-headshot"><img src="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/BenRomano-copy-100x100.jpg" alt="Benjamin Romano" /></a> + <div class="byline-text single_author"> + <span class="byline-copy">By</span> + <div class="name vcard"> + <a href="/author/cap-ben-romano/" rel="author" class="p-author h-card hcard url fn">Benjamin Romano</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.twitter.com/bromano"></a> + </div> + <div class="title vcard"> + <span class="p-author fn">Seattle Times business reporter</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div itemprop="articleBody" id="article-content" class="article-content entry-content"> + <p> + From the deck of his 106-year-old halibut schooner, undergoing a seasonal overhaul at Fisherman’s Terminal in Seattle, skipper Wade Bassi has better insight than most into what’s happening at Amazon-owned Whole Foods Market, at least as pertains to the product he knows best. + </p> + <p> + While he doesn’t buy halibut much — he’s got a freezer full of it — Bassi, 43 years a fisherman, keeps an eye on how it’s handled and presented in the grocery stores and fish markets. + </p> + <p> + “When you look at nice halibut, I mean it is pure white,” he said. “And it is flaky-looking, and it is beautiful. It’s translucent. If you’ve got that in the fish market, people are going to buy it.” + </p> + <p> + A few days earlier, Whole Foods touted a rarely seen promotional price for halibut as part of its ongoing campaign to revise the grocery chain’s high-cost reputation while maintaining its image for quality and sustainability. + </p> + <p> + “Whole Foods is one of the better ones, to be honest with you,” Bassi said. “But you know, Whole Foods, whole paycheck. … They usually do charge way more for everything than anywhere else. Which really surprises me that they’re selling this for $16-something a pound, because they’re not making anything on it.” + </p> + <p> + Whole Foods’ halibut deal opens a window into Amazon’s grocery strategy as it seeks to combine the defining characteristics of each brand, leverage its juggernaut Prime membership program and take a larger share of the grocery business from competitors such as Walmart, Kroger and Costco. + </p> + <div class="ad-container u-bg-dark-off-white full-width-inset mb-4 mt-4 pt-0 ad-container-multiple body1"> + <div class="ad-label font-micro u-tc u-mid-light-gray u-sans pv-10 u-upper"> + Advertising + </div> + <div class="ad-container-inner mh-auto u-df justify-content-between flex-nowrap"> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body1a" class="dfp-ad ad ad-multiple"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body1b" class="dfp-ad ad ad-multiple"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body1c" class="dfp-ad ad ad-multiple"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + It also draws a long line from a major Seattle industry with roots in the 19<sup>th</sup> century to the dominant economic force of the 21<sup>st</sup>. + </p> + <p> + Amazon bought Whole Foods in August 2017 for $13.7 billion, its largest acquisition and an aggressive move into the grocery business. + </p> + <p> + The combination of the two has been steady, said Tom Forte, who follows Amazon as a managing director at the D.A. Davidson brokerage. In a few more years, he said, “You won’t recognize the original Whole Foods.” + </p> + <p> + Within months of the acquisition, Forte said, Whole Foods was selling cheaper cage-free eggs and organic ground beef, prices it said were a result of the deal. + </p> + <p> + Then came the integration of Prime, Amazon’s $119-a-year shipping and media-subscription program, which Amazon founder Jeff Bezos said last year had surpassed 100 million members. In Whole Foods, Prime operates as a hybrid of the customer-loyalty discount programs offered by most grocers — in which consumers trade details of their purchasing habits for lower prices — and a paid membership like at Costco or Sam’s Club. + </p> + <p> + Whole Foods stores have been festooned with yellow and blue signs pointing out Prime member benefits, one of which was fresh halibut fillets priced at $16.99 a pound, albeit only for a week earlier this month. + </p> + <div class="ad-container u-bg-dark-off-white full-width-inset mb-4 mt-4 pt-0 ad-container-single"> + <div class="ad-label font-micro u-tc u-mid-light-gray u-sans pv-10 u-upper"> + Advertising + </div> + <div class="ad-container-inner mh-auto u-df justify-content-between flex-nowrap"> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body2a" class="dfp-ad ad ad-single"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + “I was shocked to see that level,” said Tyler Besecker, president of Mercer Island-based Dana F. Besecker Company, the largest buyer of Pacific halibut. The price, which was matched at Kroger-owned QFC stores in the region last week, is “as low as I’ve ever seen.” (Besecker does not currently supply Whole Foods.) + </p> + <p> + Fresh halibut fillets routinely sell for $24 to $28 a pound, and often more. + </p> + <p> + He said there’s little if any room for a profit at the promotional price offered by Whole Foods and QFC. “They might be selling those at cost or as loss leaders just to get people into the stores,” Besecker said. + </p> + <div id="userMessagingInset" class="user-messaging animate"></div> + <p> + In the competitive grocery business, promotions like this happen all the time. The thinking is that shoppers will be attracted by the discount on a staple or a prestige item, and then fill their carts with other groceries sold at a profit. + </p> + <p> + A Whole Foods spokeswoman declined to comment on pricing. The temporary halibut discount is one of more than 300 such Prime promotions Whole Foods plans in the next few months. The company also said it was lowering prices across the store, its third such announcement since the acquisition. + </p> + <p> + At the seafood counter in the Whole Foods store on Westlake, surrounded by Amazon headquarters buildings, a sign advertised “First of the Season Fresh Alaskan Halibut” and sported the blue Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Certified Sustainable Seafood label. + </p> + <div class="ad-container u-bg-dark-off-white full-width-inset mb-4 mt-4 pv-2"> + <div class="teadsNative"></div> + </div> + <p> + Whole Foods has been a pioneer in sustainable-seafood marketing, beginning in 1999 when it began to stock fish with the MSC label. In the mid-2000s, Pacific halibut fishermen sought the certification — a system of third-party audits that tracks seafood from catch to market — and Whole Foods was there from the beginning. + </p> + <p> + “They were the first ones to market the MSC halibut,” said Bob Alverson, head of the Fishing Vessel Owners Association, representing boats that catch halibut and black cod and a driver of the certification effort. “It turned into quite a marketing advantage. Whole Foods saw that early. They were focusing on sustainable, high-quality food products. They had quite a bit of foresight, I think, in that direction.” + </p> + <p> + The certification comes with added costs borne by the fishermen and buyers, and passed on to consumers. But it’s also an assurance “that people are watching out for the resource,” he said. + </p> + <div data-section="business" class="most-read-container module most-shared truncate show u-border-t u-border-b u-border-light-gray embed-container mt-40 mb-40"> + <div class="most-read-wrapper mb-17"> + <h2 class="mrw-header pt-27"> + Most Read Business Stories + </h2> + <ul class="pl-20 mb-0"> + <li class="u-relative pv-1 pl-3 most-read-widget-item most-read-widget-item-1"> + <a class="no-image u-href font-list u-off-black" href="//www.seattletimes.com/business/real-estate/metro-seattle-home-prices-ease-in-expensive-areas-surge-in-lower-cost-cities/"><span>Seattle-area housing market splits into 2 dramatically different pieces</span></a> + </li> + <li class="u-relative pv-1 pl-3 most-read-widget-item most-read-widget-item-2"> + <a class="no-image u-href font-list u-off-black" href="//www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/alaskan-halibut-caught-by-a-century-old-seattle-boat-provides-a-glimpse-of-amazons-strategy-with-whole-foods/"><span>Alaskan halibut, caught by a century-old Seattle boat, provides a glimpse of Amazon’s strategy with Whole Foods</span></a> + </li> + <li class="u-relative pv-1 pl-3 most-read-widget-item most-read-widget-item-3"> + <a class="no-image u-href font-list u-off-black" href="//www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/facing-sharp-questions-boeing-ceo-refuses-to-admit-flaws-in-737-max-design/"><span>Facing sharp questions, Boeing CEO refuses to admit flaws in 737 MAX design</span></a> + </li> + <li class="u-relative pv-1 pl-3 most-read-widget-item most-read-widget-item-4"> + <a class="no-image u-href font-list u-off-black" href="//www.seattletimes.com/business/real-estate/amazon-again-expands-in-bellevue-with-another-big-lease/"><span>Amazon again expands in Bellevue with lease of two future towers</span></a> + </li> + <li class="u-relative pv-1 pl-3 most-read-widget-item most-read-widget-item-5"> + <a class="no-image u-href font-list u-off-black" href="//www.seattletimes.com/business/how-to-stop-robocall-spammers-and-exact-revenge/"><span>How to stop robocall spammers and exact revenge | Tech Review</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + <p> + As it tries to convince people it has lower prices, Whole Foods has been very careful to maintain the reputation built on products like MSC-certified halibut. + </p> + <div class="image-single-wrapper image-11519494-499029239 layout-column-width"> + <figure id="image-11519494" class="article-figure align-none"> + <img data-ratio="1.5" data-caption="Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" class="lazy" alt="Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" src="https://www.seattletimes.com/wp-content/themes/st_refresh/img/lazy-loading-14x9.png" data-src="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg" data-srcset="https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-300x200.jpg 300w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-768x512.jpg 768w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-780x520.jpg 780w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1560x1040.jpg 1560w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-375x250.jpg 375w" data-sizes="(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px" /><noscript><img data-ratio="1.5" data-caption="Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)" class='' alt='Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)' src='https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg' srcset='https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-300x200.jpg 300w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-768x512.jpg 768w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-780x520.jpg 780w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-1560x1040.jpg 1560w, https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/120109-375x250.jpg 375w' sizes='(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px' data-sizes='(max-width: 767px) calc(100vw - 20px), (max-width: 1019px) calc(100vw - 30px), (max-width: 1044px) calc(100vw - 60px), 970px' /></noscript> + <figcaption class="article-figure-caption"> + <span class="caption">Amazon-owned Whole Foods touted a price cut on halibut as part of an announcement recently about lower prices on hundreds of items. (Ellen M. Banner / The Seattle Times)</span> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <p> + <strong>Whole Foods future</strong> + </p> + <p> + New signs in stores appeared this month, spelling out the value proposition it’s trying to strike: “New lower prices. Same high standards,” reads one, against a background image of carrots. + </p> + <p> + At the same time, the company claims its new prices and Prime deals have saved customers “hundreds of millions of dollars” since the Amazon acquisition. + </p> + <div class="native-ad-article u-bg-dark-off-white full-width-inset mb-4 mt-4 pt-0"> + <div class="ad-label font-micro u-tc u-mid-light-gray u-sans pv-10 u-upper"> + Advertising + </div> + <div class="ad-container-inner mh-auto u-df justify-content-between flex-nowrap"></div> + </div> + <p> + If prices are being lowered and the quality bar stays the same, something else has to give. + </p> + <p> + Analysts provided a few theories: + </p> + <p> + Amazon could be willing to accept losses or slimmer profits within Whole Foods, as it has done in other businesses, in an effort to expand its customer base. + </p> + <p> + “Do they take the profit from their non-retail efforts, which today is primarily cloud computing, and then reinvest those profits to take share in grocery?” Forte said. + </p> + <div id="userMessagingPostscript" class="user-messaging animate"></div> + <p> + That could eventually open up an avenue to growth as the rate of expansion slows in Amazon’s broader U.S. retail sales. + </p> + <p> + “That’s why they need grocery to work,” Forte said. “Grocery’s a very big category.” + </p> + <p> + Whole Foods could also <span class="annotated" data-st-annotation-ref="1792ba">press suppliers to reduce their prices</span>, essentially cutting their profit. + </p> + <div class="ad-container u-bg-dark-off-white full-width-inset mb-4 mt-4 pt-0 ad-container-single"> + <div class="ad-label font-micro u-tc u-mid-light-gray u-sans pv-10 u-upper"> + Advertising + </div> + <div class="ad-container-inner mh-auto u-df justify-content-between flex-nowrap"> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body5a" class="dfp-ad ad ad-single"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + “The worry with that is that it puts the squeeze on the producer upstream,” said Ananth Iyer, a professor at Purdue University whose research includes sustainability in supply chains. If producers are squeezed too much, he noted, they may start to cut corners. + </p> + <p> + So far, there’s no evidence this is happening in halibut, where fishery practices have been carefully managed with a goal of sustainability for nearly a century. Also, Whole Foods does not yet have the scale as a buyer to dictate prices the way a company like Costco does. + </p> + <p> + Forte said that even if it did have such clout, this would be a risky strategy that would undermine the very attributes of the Whole Foods brand that make it most valuable. + </p> + <p> + Another theory is that Amazon could apply more of its technology and expertise in logistics to create supply-chain efficiencies that would maintain its profits while benefiting producers and consumers, particularly with perishable grocery products, Iyer said. This is part of the promise of the acquisition in the first place. + </p> + <p> + “That’s a powerful combination,” Forte said. “The sustainable, the organic, the healthier food — all those qualities of Whole Foods, with the supply-chain technology of Amazon. It plays to the strengths of both sides.” + </p> + <p> + Forte said he expects Amazon to continue its aggressive moves on grocery pricing at Whole Foods. But he wonders when the price cuts will be broader, particularly as Amazon competes with the likes of Walmart and Kroger for a bigger slice of U.S. food and beverage retail sales, which totaled $726 billion in 2017. Whole Foods said it has lowered prices on hundreds of items, with an emphasis on fresh produce. + </p> + <div class="ad-container u-bg-dark-off-white full-width-inset mb-4 mt-4 pt-0 ad-container-single"> + <div class="ad-label font-micro u-tc u-mid-light-gray u-sans pv-10 u-upper"> + Advertising + </div> + <div class="ad-container-inner mh-auto u-df justify-content-between flex-nowrap"> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body6a" class="dfp-ad ad ad-single"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Forte described his attempt after the acquisition to get the ingredients for Rice Krispies Treats at Whole Foods. It was perhaps doomed from the start: Whole Foods doesn’t carry Rice Krispies. But he found an organic brown rice puff cereal and organic marshmallows. They were “so wildly expensive that we didn’t finish the exercise. I took the kids to Walmart and bought the ingredients for a pittance,” Forte said. + </p> + <p> + That points to the bigger question of how Amazon plans to position Whole Foods for the long term in its expanding array of physical retail-grocery formats. It now has 11 automated Go convenience stores and is rumored to be planning a new, low-priced grocery chain of its own that may deploy the same cashierless checkout technology. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile, Whole Foods is not opening any new 365 stores, a smaller, lower-priced version of the main brand highlighting the company’s private-label products. Whole Foods co-founder and CEO John Mackey said in an internal memo that the “price distinction between the two brands has become less relevant” as Whole Foods lowered its prices, Yahoo Finance <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/amazonowned-whole-foods-scraps-smaller-365-store-expansion-203543290.html" target="_blank" class="content-link external">reported</a> earlier this year. + </p> + <p> + Amazon, too, is finding success with a growing stable of private-label brands — it had more than 100 as of last July, according to Coresight Research, double the number in 2017. One of these, Solimo, sells generic versions of everything from K-Cup coffee pods to Epsom salts to garbage bags and racked up more than $6 million in sales in January alone, according to data analysis firm 1010data. + </p> + <p> + Of course, there’s nothing generic about a “fresh, sustainable wild-caught halibut fillet.” + </p> + <p> + <strong>Back on the schooner</strong> + </p> + <p> + The day after Easter, Bassi and his crew — three family members and an unrelated father-and-son team — loaded up the Polaris, one of four century-old wooden schooners still chasing halibut out of Seattle. (The broader Washington-based halibut fleet numbers about 100 vessels.) Bassi’s father fished on the Polaris, which Bassi co-owns with Rolfe McCartney. Bassi’s grandfather fished halibut back when schooners carried small dories out to the fishing grounds, which made the landing of a fish that can grow to 500 pounds all the more exciting. + </p> + <div class="ad-container u-bg-dark-off-white full-width-inset mb-4 mt-4 pt-0 ad-container-multiple"> + <div class="ad-label font-micro u-tc u-mid-light-gray u-sans pv-10 u-upper"> + Advertising + </div> + <div class="ad-container-inner mh-auto u-df justify-content-between flex-nowrap"> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body7a" class="dfp-ad ad ad-multiple"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body7b" class="dfp-ad ad ad-multiple"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body7c" class="dfp-ad ad ad-multiple"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + The Polaris motored out of Fisherman’s Terminal and through the Ballard Locks to begin the three-day journey through the Inside Passage to Ketchikan, Alaska. There, they take on tons of ice and bait, herring for the black cod Bassi will target first, and later chum salmon, codfish or octopus for the halibut. + </p> + <p> + From a base in Kodiak, Alaska, the Polaris makes a series of trips, at sea for a week or longer at a time, to fish as far away as Attu Island at the far western edge of the Aleutian Islands chain. “It’s a big range that we fish,” Bassi said. + </p> + <p> + The Polaris will trail long lines of hooks, leaving them to soak for several hours before reeling them in. The fish are stunned, bled and dressed, and put on ice in the hold. It is this fishing method that contributes to the quality of the halibut and sustainability of the fishery, as it reduces by-catch — the inadvertent taking of other <span class="annotated" data-st-annotation-ref="53071e">species</span>. + </p> + <p> + They negotiate to sell the fish with four or five buyers, such as Besecker, at a price that fluctuates throughout the season. This is a peak time of year for halibut, with consumers seeking out fresh fish for Easter and Mother’s Day, Besecker said. Fishermen are typically paid between $5 and $6 a pound for halibut. + </p> + <p> + The Alaskan halibut fishery has its troubles — as nearly all fisheries do — but has been rationalized and managed successfully, particularly over the last quarter-century. Alverson, a commissioner on the Seattle-based International Pacific Halibut Commission, which has managed catch limits for U.S. and Canadian fishermen since 1924, described it as a stable but declining resource. + </p> + <p> + This year, the <a href="https://iphc.int/management/fisheries" target="_blank" class="content-link external">halibut fishery</a> in the Northern Pacific and Bering Sea is <a href="https://iphc.int/data/landings-2019" target="_blank" class="content-link external">capped at 29.4 million pounds</a>, with most of that allocated to commercial fishing and smaller amounts reserved for recreational and tribal fishing, as well as by-catch of other commercial fisheries. + </p> + <div class="ad-container u-bg-dark-off-white full-width-inset mb-4 mt-4 pt-0 ad-container-single"> + <div class="ad-label font-micro u-tc u-mid-light-gray u-sans pv-10 u-upper"> + Advertising + </div> + <div class="ad-container-inner mh-auto u-df justify-content-between flex-nowrap"> + <div id="div-gpt-ad-body8a" class="dfp-ad ad ad-single"> + <div class="ad-wrapper"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Alverson summed up the journey from a wooden fishing boat in the Bering Sea to the fish counter of a grocery store owned by a company that has redefined modern buying and selling: “It’s Seattle old school meets Seattle new school with Amazon.” + </p> + <div class="multi-related-article-links embed-container u-sans u-border-t u-border-b u-border-light-gray mv-40 pv-20"> + <div class="multi-related-article-links-wrapper u-dib"> + <h3 class="related-article-label u-middle-gray u-dib u-upper u-bold font-tiny pb-10 mb-0"> + Related + </h3><a class="related-article-link-label u-off-black u-upper u-bold font-tiny pb-10 u-sans u-blue-hfa:hover" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/">More on Amazon</a> + <ul class="related-article-links-list mb-0 ml-1 u-serif"> + <li class="list-item"> + <a class="related-article-headline font-list u-off-black u-blue-hfa:hover pb-10" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon-posts-first-jobs-for-new-virginia-headquarters-says-project-is-ahead-of-schedule/">Amazon posts first jobs for new Virginia headquarters, says project is ahead of schedule</a> + </li> + <li class="list-item"> + <a class="related-article-headline font-list u-off-black u-blue-hfa:hover pb-10" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-posts-3-6-billion-quarterly-profit-outrunning-expectations/">Amazon earns $3.6 billion profit, vows to shift to 1-day delivery for Prime members</a> + </li> + <li class="list-item"> + <a class="related-article-headline font-list u-off-black u-blue-hfa:hover pb-10" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-grabs-large-downtown-bellevue-property-next-to-transit-hub/">Amazon grabs large downtown Bellevue property next to transit hub</a> + </li> + </ul> + <ul class="related-article-links-list-more u-serif hide"></ul> + <div class="show-hide-btn u-middle-gray u-dif u-navy-hfa hide"> + <p class="icon-text font-list u-bold u-sans u-dib mb-0"> + More + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="extended-byline"> + <div class="single-byline"> + <span class="name">Benjamin Romano:</span> <span>206-652-6593</span> or <span><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>;</span> <span>on Twitter: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.twitter.com/bromano">@bromano</a>.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div><a id="comments" class="article-comments-bar" href="#comments"> View <span class="comment-count talk_comment_count">Comments</span></a> + <div class="comments-container"> + <div class="u-tc mb-4 mt-2 u-sans hide"> + You must be logged in to leave a comment. <a href="https://secure.seattletimes.com/accountcenter" class="coral-login-link">Log in</a> or <a href="https://secure.seattletimes.com/accountcenter/register" class="coral-create-account-link">create an account</a>. + </div> + <div id="coral_talk_stream"></div> + <p class="u-sans 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/topicseed-1/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/topicseed-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18cd12890 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/topicseed-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +<div> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="#assess-how-deep-is-your-content">Assess How Deep Is Your Content</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#rewrite-with-content-depth-in-mind">Rewrite With Content Depth In Mind</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#yes-content-depth-and-breadth-overlap">Yes, Content Depth and Breadth Overlap</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#depth-of-content--quality--frequency">Depth of Content = Quality + Frequency</a> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + <strong>Content depth</strong> is an arbitrary score or rating of how comprehensive the coverage of a specific topic is within a piece of content. <strong>Content breadth</strong> is an arbitrary grading of how many related subjects are you covering within your content. + </p> + <p> + And this distinction is important to make and establish from the beginning. Effective <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/what-is-topical-authority" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"><strong>topical authority</strong></a> can only be gained when you use both content depth and content breadth in your overall content strategy for rapid search engine optimization gains. However, because most content writers prefer to write a little bit about many things rather than write a lot about one thing, you end up with a too little substance spread very thin. + </p> + <p> + Content depth should be the urgent priority for your content marketing strategy, and clearly defined in your <a href="http://fakehost/blog/content-briefs">content briefs</a>. Start by dominating your own core topics, before venturing across the pond and write about linked subject matters. Otherwise, you are the opposite of an authority as the definition states that an authority is <em>“a person with extensive or specialized knowledge about a subject; an expert”.</em> Lastly, do not mistake article depth vs. article length: a blog post’s extreme wordcount has nothing to do with its content depth. + </p> + <h2 id="assess-how-deep-is-your-content"> + <a href="#assess-how-deep-is-your-content" aria-label="assess how deep is your content permalink"></a>Assess How Deep Is Your Content + </h2> + <p> + The first task on your list, right now, is to shortlist your core topics. What are you trying to be an expert on? Then, go through each one of your pieces of content and understand how well each blog post is covering its focus topic(s). Not how many times specific keywords appear, or how well the article is outlined and structured. + </p> + <p> + Put yourself in the shoes of an ignorant reader who seeks information. Read your article. <strong>And ask yourself how in-depth was the content you have written?</strong> I know the excuse you will come up with: this was written for beginners, therefore, it shouldn’t be too in-depth. And you are correct. Not every blog post is about absolute content depth otherwise we would only write one 10,000-word-long article, once and for all. But then, how well your beginner-level content pointing to your expert-level content? + </p> + <p> + In other words, each article should reach an incredible level of content depth for its expertise level. And then, provide further reading <em>(i.e. links)</em> to gain more knowledge, and depth. A lot of content editors write a beginner’s blog post and wait to see it perform well in order to write a more advanced sequel. Wrong. Give all the value so search engines can grade you highly on their authority scale for your core topics. Yes, it is a risk and you may write a dozen of articles on a specific topic that will never really rank at the top of SERPs, but <strong>reaching content depth is the first step towards SEO gains</strong>. + </p> + <p> + Remember that <strong>skyscraper content</strong> and <strong>10x content</strong> are not necessarily the answer. These content writing strategies state that in order to beat another piece of content, you need to write 10x more. Either in quantity with a 10x word count or in quality by putting times more information within your own piece of content. Such articles often become unreadable and discourage visitors from absorbing all the knowledge. The best alternative is the create <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/how-broad-should-topics-be-for-pillar-pages" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">pillar pages</a> centered around core topics, and several articles dealing with each specific section in depth. This is <strong>deep content powered by a <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/internal-linking-strategies-for-topic-clustering" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">smart internal linking strategy</a></strong> and search engines love that in this day and age where attention spans are short! <em>With that being said, avoid writing 600-word articles!</em> + </p> + <h2 id="rewrite-with-content-depth-in-mind"> + <a href="#rewrite-with-content-depth-in-mind" aria-label="rewrite with content depth in mind permalink"></a>Rewrite With Content Depth In Mind + </h2> + <p> + Once you know which articles are lacking depth of knowledge and information, it is time to rethink each one. For each article, make a list of what essential pieces of information or data are missing. Then decide where to fit them, and decide whether the article would benefit from a full rewrite or not. As a rule of thumb, if you need to change a third of your article, you may need to rewrite it entirely. Of course, this does not mean erasing all work done prior, but it means starting afresh! Trying to <strong>fit deep content into an existing blog</strong> post gives you constraints so doing it from scratch can actually be easier to fight thin content. + </p> + + <p> + As explained above, make sure you do not force yourself to write a much longer article to reach a <a href="https://moz.com/blog/blog-post-length-frequency" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">magic word count</a>. And if you do, it has to be natural. In many cases, articles written months or years ago may need some upkeeping: trimming the fat and removing parts that are not bringing much value. Replace these with your newer and deeper content. + </p> + <p> + All content writers know that when you open Google Docs, WordPress, or your text editor of choice, you will inevitably count your focus keywords’ frequency. Although I understand (yet question) the value of keywords in modern SEO, do not become obsessed with reaching a magic number for your keywords. No reader coming from Google is out there counting how often your keywords are appearing. And search engine algorithms will penalize you for writing for robots, rather than humans. + </p> + <p> + With the massive rise of voice searches, <a href="http://fakehost/blog/featured-snippets-using-questions">users tend to use full questions for their search queries</a>. What used to be <code>top bottled water brands</code> is now <code>OK google, what is the best bottled-water brand in Texas</code>? The point being, <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/keyword-search-volume-overrated" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"><strong>keywords are losing traction</strong></a> to leave space for a more natural language understanding of a blog post’s textual content, and meaning. + </p> + <h2 id="yes-content-depth-and-breadth-overlap"> + <a href="#yes-content-depth-and-breadth-overlap" aria-label="yes content depth and breadth overlap permalink"></a>Yes, Content Depth and Breadth Overlap + </h2> + <p> + <em>“A topic can be defined as the company it keeps.”</em> A very accurate saying loved by ontologists within the fields of computational linguistics, and information science. In simpler terms, a topic and all the terminology it is encompassing will inevitably overlap with related topics. Which, in turn, will form <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/topic-clusters-relationships" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"><strong>topic clusters</strong></a>. + </p> + <p> + For example, it is obvious that despite being two different topics, <code>digital advertising</code> and <code>content marketing</code> share some common phrases and terms. Inevitably, a website picking one as its core topic will use words in some blog posts that will identify the article as belonging to both topics, with a specific weight for each. + </p> + <p> + A keyword, phrase, or term, is not a prisoner to a single concept at all. This is how algorithms in natural language understanding can understand how two topics are related (e.g. read about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_model" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"><em>topic modeling</em></a>). Each topic has a specific <strong>vocabulary</strong>, a list of words and phrases commonly used in its context, and some of these terms are present in different vocabularies. + </p> + <p> + Therefore, content depth and content breadth are not to be opposed. Content marketers should use both strategies in order to reach ultimate <strong>topical authority</strong> over their choice of subject matters. + </p> + <h2 id="depth-of-content--quality--frequency"> + <a href="#depth-of-content--quality--frequency" aria-label="depth of content quality frequency permalink"></a>Depth of Content = Quality + Frequency + </h2> + <p> + Up until recently, long-form blog posts generally were <strong>evergreen articles</strong> that generated a constant stream of organic traffic for a website. This was a lead magnet generation strategy which worked well: hire a writer, include the right keywords, reach over a 5,000-word word count, and hit publish. Then, wait. + </p> + <p> + Nowadays, in-depth content requires more effort over time in order to pay off. Writing a big article, as good as it is, will not get your anywhere near the level of <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/topical-seo" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">topical breadth</a> required by Google to rank you first. Instead, your content marketing plan should be about having: + </p> + <ul> + <li>a <strong>comprehensive pillar page</strong> covering a unique topic, and + </li> + <li> + <strong>narrow-focused children articles</strong> to dig deeper. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Search engines also look at how often you publish about a specific topic, and when was the last time it was written about. Nobody likes a <a href="https://www.copypress.com/blog/avoiding-blog-graveyard/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">graveyard blog</a>, it just makes the reader lose trust; as if the writer was not good enough, therefore had no traffic, before entirely giving up. Deep content requires a sustained effort on your part to always new find ways to write about a specific subject. Sure, it will be easy at first. But what about five years later? Well, you will still need to hit publish, all about the very same topics you already covered years ago. + </p> + <p> + Tools and platforms such as topicseed are here to <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/how-to-find-new-blog-post-ideas" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">help you find new article ideas</a> pertaining to your core topics within a few clicks and a few minutes. The number of web pages, Wikipedia articles, and pieces of content, our machine-learning algorithms can analyze in seconds would take you months to digest. Our <em>topicgraph</em> finds closely related concepts in order for your domain to <strong>reach topical authority through content depth and content breadth</strong>. + </p> + </div>
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+ + /*! normalize.css v8.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */*{max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}html{font-size:20px;line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{font-family:Source Sans Pro,"sans-serif";font-weight:300;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}body,h1{margin:0}h1{font-size:2rem}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}pre{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1rem}a{background-color:transparent}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline 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1rem;display:block;color:#000;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;opacity:.6}.Navigation-module--navigation--2Ttnx .Navigation-module--navLink--3Ceps.Navigation-module--active--tC-lF{opacity:1;border-top-color:#40e0d0}.Navigation-module--navigation--2Ttnx .Navigation-module--navLink--3Ceps.Navigation-module--active--tC-lF:hover{border-top-color:#40e0d0}.Navigation-module--navigation--2Ttnx .Navigation-module--navLink--3Ceps:hover{opacity:1;color:#40e0d0;border-top-color:#f0f0f0}.Navigation-module--navigation--2Ttnx .Navigation-module--topMenu--2WS0K{flex-grow:1}.Navigation-module--navigation--2Ttnx .Navigation-module--topMenu--2WS0K ul{display:none;text-align:center;padding:5%;position:fixed;top:3rem;left:0;height:100%;width:100%;background-color:#fff;z-index:99999}.Navigation-module--navigation--2Ttnx .Navigation-module--topMenu--2WS0K li{display:block;letter-spacing:.5pt}.Navigation-module--navigation--2Ttnx .Navigation-module--topMenu--2WS0K 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ease;border-radius:5px}.SimpleOptinForm-module--container--3JpKE.SimpleOptinForm-module--fluid--1iPrt{width:100%}.SimpleOptinForm-module--container--3JpKE.SimpleOptinForm-module--maxed--1ICi6{max-width:1000px;margin:5% auto}.SimpleOptinForm-module--inner--1YsM0{padding:5%;background-color:#ff0;border-radius:5px}.SimpleOptinForm-module--inner--1YsM0 fieldset{border:0;padding:0;margin:0}.SimpleOptinForm-module--header--36bBg{text-align:center}.SimpleOptinForm-module--header--36bBg h1{display:block;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:700;font-family:Lato;letter-spacing:1pt;font-size:1.5rem;margin-bottom:5px}.SimpleOptinForm-module--header--36bBg h2{display:block;font-size:1rem;padding:0;margin:0 0 5px;line-height:1.5}.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p{padding:1em 0 0}.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p .SimpleOptinForm-module--field--jE8AR{padding:0 0 20px;margin:5px 0;order:5;height:100%}.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=color],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=date],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=datetime-local],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=datetime],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=email],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=month],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=number],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=password],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=range],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=search],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=tel],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=text],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=time],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=url],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p input[type=week],.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p textarea{color:#666;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:3px;height:100%;width:100%;padding:1rem;font-weight:700}.SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p select{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%;color:#666;background:#fff;line-height:1rem;border:1px solid #ccc;font-weight:700;min-height:3rem;padding-left:1rem}.SimpleOptinForm-module--btnWrapper--140rB .SimpleOptinForm-module--btn--2iMm_{width:100%;border:1px solid;border-color:#ccc #ccc #bbb;border-radius:3px;background:#e6e6e6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:12px;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1;cursor:pointer;outline:none;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;height:2.7rem;line-height:2.7rem;padding:0 1.25rem;box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(50,50,93,.11),0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.08);background:#fff;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05rem;color:#000;text-decoration:none;transition:all .15s ease;color:#fff;background-color:#40e0d0;text-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(36,180,126,.4)}.SimpleOptinForm-module--errors--1zBn2{background-color:#fff;color:red;padding:1rem;margin:5px}.SimpleOptinForm-module--successful--3chKn .SimpleOptinForm-module--inner--1YsM0{background:#008b8b;color:#fff;text-align:center}.SimpleOptinForm-module--successful--3chKn .SimpleOptinForm-module--icon--2twVV{max-width:30%;margin:5% auto}.SimpleOptinForm-module--successful--3chKn .SimpleOptinForm-module--icon--2twVV img{display:block}.SimpleOptinForm-module--successful--3chKn .SimpleOptinForm-module--big--2ofKD{font-weight:700;font-size:1.2rem;max-width:70%;margin:auto}.changelog-module--Timeline--2qo-C,.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q{list-style-type:none;padding:0;margin:0}.changelog-module--Timeline--2qo-C{position:relative;padding:5%;margin:auto;max-width:900px}.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q{border-left:2px solid #00ced1;padding-left:2rem;padding-bottom:4rem;position:relative}@media (min-width:768px){.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q{padding-bottom:3rem}}@media (min-width:1400px){.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q{padding-bottom:5rem}}.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q h2{margin-top:0;line-height:.5;color:#00ced1;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:400}.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q p{margin:0 0 1rem}.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q:before{content:" ";width:14px;height:14px;position:absolute;left:-8px;background-color:#00ced1;border-radius:50%}.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q:first-child:before{left:-8px}.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q:last-child:before{left:-6px}.changelog-module--TimelineItem--Lhj7q:last-of-type{padding-bottom:0;border:0}.changelog-module--TimelineEntry--4YMAW{padding-top:15px;display:block}.changelog-module--TimelineEntry--4YMAW+.changelog-module--TimelineEntry--4YMAW{margin-top:15px}.changelog-module--TimelineEntry--4YMAW 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p{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}.index-module--sectionSplash--Wjz_m .index-module--subheader--3gKPq{line-height:1.4}.index-module--sectionSplash--Wjz_m .index-module--splashScreenshot--2OaaW{max-width:100%;display:block;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 0 20px rgba(43,45,56,.08)!important;border:0 solid #eee}.index-module--sectionSplash--Wjz_m .index-module--btnList--K3Sjr>*{margin-bottom:.25rem}.index-module--sectionSplash--Wjz_m .index-module--btnList--K3Sjr>:last-child{opacity:.66}.index-module--sectionMentions--370ct{text-align:center;background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:2rem 1rem}.index-module--sectionMentions--370ct .index-module--mentionHeader--cYdR- p{display:block;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999;font-size:1.25em;text-align:center}.index-module--sectionMentions--370ct .index-module--mentionBox--1BzX5{padding:1rem 2rem}.index-module--sectionMentions--370ct .index-module--mentionBox--1BzX5 .index-module--imgMention--3R5vh{display:block;width:100%}@media screen and (min-width:900px){.index-module--sectionMentions--370ct{padding:2rem}.index-module--sectionMentions--370ct .index-module--mentionBox--1BzX5{padding:2rem 1rem}}.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif{padding:2rem 0}@media screen and (min-width:900px){.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif{padding:5% 0}}.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif h3{color:#000;margin:0 0 2rem;text-align:center;font-size:1rem}@media screen and (min-width:900px){.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif h3{font-size:1.7rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1200px){.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif{padding:10% 5% 5%}}.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif .index-module--box--2C1yX{border-radius:10px;box-shadow:0 0 3rem hsla(0,0%,39.2%,.1);background-color:hsla(0,0%,78.4%,.2);padding:2rem;margin-bottom:2rem;text-align:center}.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif .index-module--box--2C1yX .index-module--heading--2EiHG{white-space:nowrap;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:1rem}.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif .index-module--box--2C1yX .index-module--heading--2EiHG img{height:3rem;display:inline-block}.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif .index-module--box--2C1yX .index-module--heading--2EiHG h4{font-family:var(--sans-serif);font-size:1.5rem}.index-module--sectionPersonas--14yif .index-module--box--2C1yX p{font-family:var(--sans-serif);margin:0;padding:0;font-size:1rem}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n{padding:5% 0}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--container--2IQ43{margin:auto}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Description--3WXED li,.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Description--3WXED ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Description--3WXED li{line-height:1.5;font-size:.8em}@media screen and (min-width:800px){.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Description--3WXED li{font-size:1em}}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Description--3WXED .index-module--svgListItem--1SQhP{height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;margin-right:.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:800px){.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Description--3WXED{font-size:1.25rem}}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Head--IJzHL{text-align:left;padding-bottom:1rem}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Head--IJzHL img{width:1.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:900px){.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Head--IJzHL img{width:3rem}}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Head--IJzHL h2{line-height:1;font-size:1.5rem;margin:.5rem 0;padding:0}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Head--IJzHL h2 em,.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Head--IJzHL h2 strong{font-family:Lato;text-transform:uppercase;font-style:normal}.index-module--Feature--3DL7n .index-module--Head--IJzHL h2 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ul.Sections-module--SectionDetailsList--vmAzD{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap}.Sections-module--SectionList--2P5Kd ul.Sections-module--SectionDetailsList--vmAzD>li{flex:1 1}.Sections-module--SectionList--2P5Kd .Sections-module--SectionDetailsList--vmAzD>li em{font-style:normal;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;margin-right:1rem;opacity:.6}.Sections-module--SectionList--2P5Kd .Sections-module--SectionDetailsList--vmAzD>li .Sections-module--all--1bdeY,.Sections-module--SectionList--2P5Kd .Sections-module--SectionDetailsList--vmAzD>li .Sections-module--own--1YvPj{opacity:.5}.Sections-module--SectionList--2P5Kd .Sections-module--SectionDetailsList--vmAzD>li .Sections-module--own--1YvPj{margin-right:.5rem}.Sections-module--SectionList--2P5Kd .Sections-module--SectionDetailsList--vmAzD>li .Sections-module--all--1bdeY{opacity:.3}.Sections-module--SectionList--2P5Kd .Sections-module--SectionDetails--3aWNI li{display:block}.Sections-module--SectionList--2P5Kd 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li,.TableOfContents-module--ToC--2HVzo ol{list-style-type:none;padding:0;margin:0}.TableOfContents-module--ToC--2HVzo a{text-decoration:none}.TableOfContents-module--TableOfContentsList--2LCac{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;text-align:left}.TableOfContents-module--TableOfContentsList--2LCac:first-child{counter-reset:section!important;list-style-type:none!important}.TableOfContents-module--TableOfContentsList--2LCac .TableOfContents-module--Shadowed--2Iym6{background-color:#fff;border-radius:5px;box-shadow:0 0 20px rgba(43,45,56,.08)!important;border:0 solid #eee;transition:all .15s ease}.TableOfContents-module--TableOfContentsList--2LCac ol{counter-reset:section!important;list-style-type:none!important;background:hsla(0,0%,78.4%,.2);font-size:90%}.TableOfContents-module--TableOfContentsList--2LCac .TableOfContents-module--TocSectionTitle--kaY7f{margin:0;line-height:1.5;opacity:1;font-weight:300;font-size:90%}.TableOfContents-module--TableOfContentsList--2LCac 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They lose a lot of points on their content depth because they would rather focus on pushing thin content about plenty of topics. + </p> + <ul class="post-module--metaList--WV8cT"> + <li> + <small>On <!-- -->6/13/2018<!-- --> by <!-- -->@lazharichir</small> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="post-module--articleHero--yMBPa"> + <div class="gatsby-image-wrapper" style="position:relative;overflow:hidden"> + <div aria-hidden="true" style="width:100%;padding-bottom:50%"></div><img aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Content Depth — Write Comprehensively About Your Core Topics" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:center;opacity:1;transition-delay:500ms" /><noscript><picture><source srcset="/static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/d9446/content-depth-seo.png 158w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/2f6e7/content-depth-seo.png 315w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/57090/content-depth-seo.png 630w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/4ace0/content-depth-seo.png 945w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/fb0fe/content-depth-seo.png 1260w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/dc9f7/content-depth-seo.png 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px" /><img loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px" srcset="/static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/d9446/content-depth-seo.png 158w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/2f6e7/content-depth-seo.png 315w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/57090/content-depth-seo.png 630w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/4ace0/content-depth-seo.png 945w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/fb0fe/content-depth-seo.png 1260w, /static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/dc9f7/content-depth-seo.png 2000w" src="/static/9c97da26f6eeee98fc2e628ca3416226/57090/content-depth-seo.png" alt="Content Depth — Write Comprehensively About Your Core Topics" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;opacity:1;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:center" /></picture></noscript> + </div> + </div> + </header> + <main class="post-module--articleMain--2iunI"> + <div class="post-module--articleContents--iGVdC"> + <div> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="#assess-how-deep-is-your-content">Assess How Deep Is Your Content</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#rewrite-with-content-depth-in-mind">Rewrite With Content Depth In Mind</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#yes-content-depth-and-breadth-overlap">Yes, Content Depth and Breadth Overlap</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="#depth-of-content--quality--frequency">Depth of Content = Quality + Frequency</a> + </li> + </ul> + <p> + <strong>Content depth</strong> is an arbitrary score or rating of how comprehensive the coverage of a specific topic is within a piece of content. <strong>Content breadth</strong> is an arbitrary grading of how many related subjects are you covering within your content. + </p> + <p> + And this distinction is important to make and establish from the beginning. Effective <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/what-is-topical-authority" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"><strong>topical authority</strong></a> can only be gained when you use both content depth and content breadth in your overall content strategy for rapid search engine optimization gains. However, because most content writers prefer to write a little bit about many things rather than write a lot about one thing, you end up with a too little substance spread very thin. + </p> + <p> + Content depth should be the urgent priority for your content marketing strategy, and clearly defined in your <a href="/blog/content-briefs">content briefs</a>. Start by dominating your own core topics, before venturing across the pond and write about linked subject matters. Otherwise, you are the opposite of an authority as the definition states that an authority is <em>“a person with extensive or specialized knowledge about a subject; an expert”.</em> Lastly, do not mistake article depth vs. article length: a blog post’s extreme wordcount has nothing to do with its content depth. + </p> + <h2 id="assess-how-deep-is-your-content"> + <a href="#assess-how-deep-is-your-content" aria-label="assess how deep is your content permalink" class="anchor"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Assess How Deep Is Your Content + </h2> + <p> + The first task on your list, right now, is to shortlist your core topics. What are you trying to be an expert on? Then, go through each one of your pieces of content and understand how well each blog post is covering its focus topic(s). Not how many times specific keywords appear, or how well the article is outlined and structured. + </p> + <p> + Put yourself in the shoes of an ignorant reader who seeks information. Read your article. <strong>And ask yourself how in-depth was the content you have written?</strong> I know the excuse you will come up with: this was written for beginners, therefore, it shouldn’t be too in-depth. And you are correct. Not every blog post is about absolute content depth otherwise we would only write one 10,000-word-long article, once and for all. But then, how well your beginner-level content pointing to your expert-level content? + </p> + <p> + In other words, each article should reach an incredible level of content depth for its expertise level. And then, provide further reading <em>(i.e. links)</em> to gain more knowledge, and depth. A lot of content editors write a beginner’s blog post and wait to see it perform well in order to write a more advanced sequel. Wrong. Give all the value so search engines can grade you highly on their authority scale for your core topics. Yes, it is a risk and you may write a dozen of articles on a specific topic that will never really rank at the top of SERPs, but <strong>reaching content depth is the first step towards SEO gains</strong>. + </p> + <p> + Remember that <strong>skyscraper content</strong> and <strong>10x content</strong> are not necessarily the answer. These content writing strategies state that in order to beat another piece of content, you need to write 10x more. Either in quantity with a 10x word count or in quality by putting times more information within your own piece of content. Such articles often become unreadable and discourage visitors from absorbing all the knowledge. The best alternative is the create <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/how-broad-should-topics-be-for-pillar-pages" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">pillar pages</a> centered around core topics, and several articles dealing with each specific section in depth. This is <strong>deep content powered by a <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/internal-linking-strategies-for-topic-clustering" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">smart internal linking strategy</a></strong> and search engines love that in this day and age where attention spans are short! <em>With that being said, avoid writing 600-word articles!</em> + </p> + <h2 id="rewrite-with-content-depth-in-mind"> + <a href="#rewrite-with-content-depth-in-mind" aria-label="rewrite with content depth in mind permalink" class="anchor"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Rewrite With Content Depth In Mind + </h2> + <p> + Once you know which articles are lacking depth of knowledge and information, it is time to rethink each one. For each article, make a list of what essential pieces of information or data are missing. Then decide where to fit them, and decide whether the article would benefit from a full rewrite or not. As a rule of thumb, if you need to change a third of your article, you may need to rewrite it entirely. Of course, this does not mean erasing all work done prior, but it means starting afresh! Trying to <strong>fit deep content into an existing blog</strong> post gives you constraints so doing it from scratch can actually be easier to fight thin content. + </p> + <div> + <aside class="index-module--TeaserOptin--FVea1"> + <header> + Optimize one of your blog posts immediately – for FREE! + </header> + <div class="index-module--container--34rxR"> + <div class="index-module--inner--3kOD7"> + <form class="index-module--website--2It4m"> + <input type="url" placeholder="Blog Post URL" value="" required="" aria-label="Blog Post URL" /> + <div class="index-module--submitter--2CsUF"> + <button type="submit" class="index-module--btn--324SS">Next</button> + </div> + <div class="index-module--Steps--W963K"> + <div class="index-module--Done--3wzyP"></div> + <div class="index-module--NotDone--1xW0M"></div> + <div class="index-module--NotDone--1xW0M"></div> + </div> + </form> + </div> + </div> + </aside> + </div> + <p> + As explained above, make sure you do not force yourself to write a much longer article to reach a <a href="https://moz.com/blog/blog-post-length-frequency" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">magic word count</a>. And if you do, it has to be natural. In many cases, articles written months or years ago may need some upkeeping: trimming the fat and removing parts that are not bringing much value. Replace these with your newer and deeper content. + </p> + <p> + All content writers know that when you open Google Docs, WordPress, or your text editor of choice, you will inevitably count your focus keywords’ frequency. Although I understand (yet question) the value of keywords in modern SEO, do not become obsessed with reaching a magic number for your keywords. No reader coming from Google is out there counting how often your keywords are appearing. And search engine algorithms will penalize you for writing for robots, rather than humans. + </p> + <p> + With the massive rise of voice searches, <a href="/blog/featured-snippets-using-questions">users tend to use full questions for their search queries</a>. What used to be <code>top bottled water brands</code> is now <code>OK google, what is the best bottled-water brand in Texas</code>? The point being, <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/keyword-search-volume-overrated" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"><strong>keywords are losing traction</strong></a> to leave space for a more natural language understanding of a blog post’s textual content, and meaning. + </p> + <h2 id="yes-content-depth-and-breadth-overlap"> + <a href="#yes-content-depth-and-breadth-overlap" aria-label="yes content depth and breadth overlap permalink" class="anchor"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Yes, Content Depth and Breadth Overlap + </h2> + <p> + <em>“A topic can be defined as the company it keeps.”</em> A very accurate saying loved by ontologists within the fields of computational linguistics, and information science. In simpler terms, a topic and all the terminology it is encompassing will inevitably overlap with related topics. Which, in turn, will form <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/topic-clusters-relationships" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"><strong>topic clusters</strong></a>. + </p> + <p> + For example, it is obvious that despite being two different topics, <code>digital advertising</code> and <code>content marketing</code> share some common phrases and terms. Inevitably, a website picking one as its core topic will use words in some blog posts that will identify the article as belonging to both topics, with a specific weight for each. + </p> + <p> + A keyword, phrase, or term, is not a prisoner to a single concept at all. This is how algorithms in natural language understanding can understand how two topics are related (e.g. read about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_model" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"><em>topic modeling</em></a>). Each topic has a specific <strong>vocabulary</strong>, a list of words and phrases commonly used in its context, and some of these terms are present in different vocabularies. + </p> + <p> + Therefore, content depth and content breadth are not to be opposed. Content marketers should use both strategies in order to reach ultimate <strong>topical authority</strong> over their choice of subject matters. + </p> + <h2 id="depth-of-content--quality--frequency"> + <a href="#depth-of-content--quality--frequency" aria-label="depth of content quality frequency permalink" class="anchor"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"> + <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Depth of Content = Quality + Frequency + </h2> + <p> + Up until recently, long-form blog posts generally were <strong>evergreen articles</strong> that generated a constant stream of organic traffic for a website. This was a lead magnet generation strategy which worked well: hire a writer, include the right keywords, reach over a 5,000-word word count, and hit publish. Then, wait. + </p> + <p> + Nowadays, in-depth content requires more effort over time in order to pay off. Writing a big article, as good as it is, will not get your anywhere near the level of <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/topical-seo" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">topical breadth</a> required by Google to rank you first. Instead, your content marketing plan should be about having: + </p> + <ul> + <li>a <strong>comprehensive pillar page</strong> covering a unique topic, and + </li> + <li> + <strong>narrow-focused children articles</strong> to dig deeper. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + Search engines also look at how often you publish about a specific topic, and when was the last time it was written about. Nobody likes a <a href="https://www.copypress.com/blog/avoiding-blog-graveyard/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">graveyard blog</a>, it just makes the reader lose trust; as if the writer was not good enough, therefore had no traffic, before entirely giving up. Deep content requires a sustained effort on your part to always new find ways to write about a specific subject. Sure, it will be easy at first. But what about five years later? Well, you will still need to hit publish, all about the very same topics you already covered years ago. + </p> + <p> + Tools and platforms such as topicseed are here to <a href="https://topicseed.com/blog/how-to-find-new-blog-post-ideas" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">help you find new article ideas</a> pertaining to your core topics within a few clicks and a few minutes. The number of web pages, Wikipedia articles, and pieces of content, our machine-learning algorithms can analyze in seconds would take you months to digest. Our <em>topicgraph</em> finds closely related concepts in order for your domain to <strong>reach topical authority through content depth and content breadth</strong>. + </p> + </div> + </div> + </main> + </article> + </main> + <aside class="SimpleOptinForm-module--container--3JpKE SimpleOptinForm-module--fluid--1iPrt"> + <div class="SimpleOptinForm-module--inner--1YsM0"> + <header class="SimpleOptinForm-module--header--36bBg"> + <h1> + RECEIVE TOPICAL SEO TIPS + </h1> + <h2> + Learn about topical SEO, keyword clustering, and cool SEO content tools. + </h2> + </header> + <form> + <fieldset> + <div class="SimpleOptinForm-module--fields--3BB2p"> + <div class="row"> + <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6"> + <p class="SimpleOptinForm-module--field--jE8AR"> + <input type="text" placeholder="Full Name" value="" aria-label="Full Name" /> + </p> + </div> + <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6"> + <p class="SimpleOptinForm-module--field--jE8AR"> + <input type="email" placeholder="Work Email" value="" required="" aria-label="Work Email" /> + </p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="row"> + <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6"> + <p class="SimpleOptinForm-module--field--jE8AR"> + <input type="text" placeholder="Organization" value="" aria-label="Organization" /> + </p> + </div> + <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6"> + <p class="SimpleOptinForm-module--field--jE8AR"> + <select> + <option value="Founder"> + Founder + </option> + <option value="Director"> + Director + </option> + <option value="Marketing Manager"> + Marketing Manager + </option> + <option value="Marketing Executive"> + Marketing Executive + </option> + <option value="Content Writer"> + Content Writer + </option> + <option value="Content Editor"> + Content Editor + </option> + </select> + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="SimpleOptinForm-module--btnWrapper--140rB"> + <div class="row"> + <div class="col-xs-12"> + <button type="submit" class="SimpleOptinForm-module--btn--2iMm_">Let's go!</button> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </fieldset> + </form> + </div> + </aside> + <footer class="SiteFooter-module--siteFooter--2ZMf7"> + <div class="row row-valign-center"> + <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12"> + <div class="SiteFooter-module--LineOfLinks--17SUL"> + <a href="/blog">Blog</a><a href="/agency">Agency</a><a href="/changelog">Changelog</a><a href="/contact">Contact</a><a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="row SiteFooter-module--copyrightNotice--3uQ14"> + <p> + topicseed, 2018-2019 © All rights reserved. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/v8-blog/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/v8-blog/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76403c342 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/v8-blog/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": null, + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "Emscripten now supports standalone Wasm files, which do not need JavaScript.", + "Image": null, + "Title": "standalone WebAssembly binaries using Emscripten \u00b7 V8", + "SiteName": null +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/v8-blog/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/v8-blog/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba1132111 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/v8-blog/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +<div itemprop="articleBody"> + <p> + Emscripten has always focused first and foremost on compiling to the Web and other JavaScript environments like Node.js. But as WebAssembly starts to be used <em>without</em> JavaScript, new use cases are appearing, and so we've been working on support for emitting <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/wiki/WebAssembly-Standalone"><strong>standalone Wasm</strong></a> files from Emscripten, that do not depend on the Emscripten JS runtime! This post explains why that's interesting. + </p> + <h2 id="using-standalone-mode-in-emscripten"> + Using standalone mode in Emscripten <a href="#using-standalone-mode-in-emscripten">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + First, let's see what you can do with this new feature! Similar to <a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/01/shrinking-webassembly-and-javascript-code-sizes-in-emscripten/">this post</a> let's start with a "hello world" type program that exports a single function that adds two numbers: + </p> + <pre><code><span>// add.c</span><br><span><span>#</span><span>include</span> <span><emscripten.h></span></span><p>EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE<br><span>int</span> <span>add</span><span>(</span><span>int</span> x<span>,</span> <span>int</span> y<span>)</span> <span>{</span><br> <span>return</span> x <span>+</span> y<span>;</span><br><span>}</span></p></code></pre> + <p> + We'd normally build this with something like <code>emcc -O3 add.c -o add.js</code> which would emit <code>add.js</code> and <code>add.wasm</code>. Instead, let's ask <code>emcc</code> to only emit Wasm: + </p> + <pre><code>emcc -O3 add.c -o add.wasm +</code></pre> + <p> + When <code>emcc</code> sees we only want Wasm then it makes it "standalone" - a Wasm file that can run by itself as much as possible, without any JavaScript runtime code from Emscripten. + </p> + <p> + Disassembling it, it's very minimal - just 87 bytes! It contains the obvious <code>add</code> function + </p> + <pre><code><span>(</span><span>func</span> $add <span>(</span><span>param</span> $0 i32<span>)</span> <span>(</span><span>param</span> $1 i32<span>)</span> <span>(</span><span>result</span> i32<span>)</span><br> <span>(</span><span>i32</span>.add<br> <span>(</span><span>local</span>.get $0<span>)</span><br> <span>(</span><span>local</span>.get $1<span>)</span><br> <span>)</span><br><span>)</span></code></pre> + <p> + and one more function, <code>_start</code>, + </p> + <pre><code><span>(</span><span>func</span> $_start<br> <span>(</span><span>nop</span><span>)</span><br><span>)</span></code></pre> + <p> + <code>_start</code> is part of the <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI">WASI</a> spec, and Emscripten's standalone mode emits it so that we can run in WASI runtimes. (Normally <code>_start</code> would do global initialization, but here we just don't need any so it's empty.) + </p> + <h3 id="write-your-own-javascript-loader"> + Write your own JavaScript loader <a href="#write-your-own-javascript-loader">#</a> + </h3> + <p> + One nice thing about a standalone Wasm file like this is that you can write custom JavaScript to load and run it, which can be very minimal depending on your use case. For example, we can do this in Node.js: + </p> + <pre><code><span>// load-add.js</span><br><span>const</span> binary <span>=</span> <span>require</span><span>(</span><span>'fs'</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>readFileSync</span><span>(</span><span>'add.wasm'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><p>WebAssembly<span>.</span><span>instantiate</span><span>(</span>binary<span>)</span><span>.</span><span>then</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span><span>{</span> instance <span>}</span></span><span>)</span> <span>=></span> <span>{</span><br> console<span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span>instance<span>.</span>exports<span>.</span><span>add</span><span>(</span><span>40</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><br><span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></p></code></pre> + <p> + Just 4 lines! Running that prints <code>42</code> as expected. Note that while this example is very simplistic, there are cases where you simply don't need much JavaScript, and may be able to do better than Emscripten's default JavaScript runtime (which supports a bunch of environments and options). A real-world example of that is in <a href="https://github.com/zeux/meshoptimizer/blob/bdc3006532dd29b03d83dc819e5fa7683815b88e/js/meshopt_decoder.js">zeux's meshoptimizer</a> - just 57 lines, including memory management, growth, etc.! + </p> + <h3 id="running-in-wasm-runtimes"> + Running in Wasm runtimes <a href="#running-in-wasm-runtimes">#</a> + </h3> + <p> + Another nice thing about standalone Wasm files is that you can run them in Wasm runtimes like <a href="https://wasmer.io">wasmer</a>, <a href="https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasmtime">wasmtime</a>, or <a href="https://github.com/WAVM/WAVM">WAVM</a>. For example, consider this hello world: + </p> + <pre><code><span>// hello.cpp</span><br><span><span>#</span><span>include</span> <span><stdio.h></span></span><p><span>int</span> <span>main</span><span>(</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span><br> <span>printf</span><span>(</span><span>"hello, world!\n"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><br> <span>return</span> <span>0</span><span>;</span><br><span>}</span></p></code></pre> + <p> + We can build and run that in any of those runtimes: + </p> + <pre><code>$ emcc hello.cpp -O3 -o hello.wasm<br>$ wasmer run hello.wasm<br>hello, world<span>!</span><br>$ wasmtime hello.wasm<br>hello, world<span>!</span><br>$ wavm run hello.wasm<br>hello, world<span>!</span></code></pre> + <p> + Emscripten uses WASI APIs as much as possible, so programs like this end up using 100% WASI and can run in WASI-supporting runtimes (see notes later on what programs require more than WASI). + </p> + <h3 id="building-wasm-plugins"> + Building Wasm plugins <a href="#building-wasm-plugins">#</a> + </h3> + <p> + Aside from the Web and the server, an exciting area for Wasm is <strong>plugins</strong>. For example, an image editor might have Wasm plugins that can perform filters and other operations on the image. For that type of use case you want a standalone Wasm binary, just like in the examples so far, but where it also has a proper API for the embedding application. + </p> + <p> + Plugins are sometimes related to dynamic libraries, as dynamic libraries are one way to implement them. Emscripten has support for dynamic libraries with the <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/wiki/Linking#general-dynamic-linking">SIDE_MODULE</a> option, and this has been a way to build Wasm plugins. The new standalone Wasm option described here is an improvement on that in several ways: First, a dynamic library has relocatable memory, which adds overhead if you don’t need it (and you don’t if you aren’t linking the Wasm with another Wasm after loading it). Second, standalone output is designed to run in Wasm runtimes as well, as mentioned earlier. + </p> + <p> + Okay, so far so good: Emscripten can either emit JavaScript + WebAssembly as it always did, and now it can also emit just WebAssembly by itself, which lets you run it in places that don't have JavaScript like Wasm runtimes, or you can write your own custom JavaScript loader code, etc. Now let's talk about the background and the technical details! + </p> + <h2 id="webassembly's-two-standard-apis"> + WebAssembly's two standard APIs <a href="#webassembly's-two-standard-apis">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + WebAssembly can only access the APIs it receives as imports - the core Wasm spec has no concrete API details. Given the current trajectory of Wasm, it looks like there will be 3 main categories of APIs that people import and use: + </p> + <ul> + <li> + <strong>Web APIs</strong>: This is what Wasm programs use on the Web, which are the existing standardized APIs that JavaScript can use too. Currently these are called indirectly, through JS glue code, but in the future with <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/interface-types/blob/master/proposals/interface-types/Explainer.md">interface types</a> they will be called directly. + </li> + <li> + <strong>WASI APIs</strong>: WASI focuses on standardizing APIs for Wasm on the server. + </li> + <li> + <strong>Other APIs</strong>: Various custom embeddings will define their own application-specific APIs. For example, we gave the example earlier of an image editor with Wasm plugins that implement an API to do visual effects. Note that a plugin might also have access to “system” APIs, like a native dynamic library would, or it might be very sandboxed and have no imports at all (if the embedding just calls its methods). + </li> + </ul> + <p> + WebAssembly is in the interesting position of having <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/589703-the-good-thing-about-standards-is-that-there-are-so">two standardized sets of APIs</a>. This does makes sense in that one is for the Web and one for the server, and those environments do have different requirements; for similar reasons Node.js does not have identical APIs to JavaScript on the Web. + </p> + <p> + However, there is more than the Web and the server, in particular there are also Wasm plugins. For one thing, plugins can run inside an application that may be on the Web (just like <a href="https://www.figma.com/blog/an-update-on-plugin-security/#a-technology-change">JS plugins</a>) or off the Web; for another, regardless of where the embedding application is, a plugin environment is not a Web nor a server environment. So it's not immediately obvious which sets of APIs will be used - it may depend on the code being ported, the Wasm runtime being embedded, etc. + </p> + <h2 id="let's-unify-as-much-as-possible"> + Let's unify as much as possible <a href="#let's-unify-as-much-as-possible">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + One concrete way Emscripten hopes to help here is that by using WASI APIs as much as possible we can avoid <strong>unnecessary</strong> API differences. As mentioned earlier, on the Web Emscripten code accesses Web APIs indirectly, through JavaScript, so where that JavaScript API could look like WASI, we'd be removing an unnecessary API difference, and that same binary can also run on the server. In other words, if Wasm wants to log some info, it needs to call into JS, something like this: + </p> + <pre><code><span>wasm</span> <span>=></span> <span>function</span> <span>musl_writev</span><span>(</span><span><span>.</span><span>.</span></span><span>)</span> <span>{</span> <span>.</span><span>.</span> console<span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>.</span><span>.</span><span>)</span> <span>.</span><span>.</span> <span>}</span></code></pre> + <p> + <code>musl_writev</code> is an implementation of the Linux syscall interface that <a href="https://www.musl-libc.org">musl libc</a> uses to write data to a file descriptor, and that ends up calling <code>console.log</code> with the proper data. The Wasm module imports and calls that <code>musl_writev</code>, which defines an ABI between the JS and the Wasm. That ABI is arbitrary (and in fact Emscripten has changed its ABI over time to optimize it). If we replace that with an ABI that matches WASI, we can get this: + </p> + <pre><code><span>wasm</span> <span>=></span> <span>function</span> <span>__wasi_fd_write</span><span>(</span><span><span>.</span><span>.</span></span><span>)</span> <span>{</span> <span>.</span><span>.</span> console<span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>.</span><span>.</span><span>)</span> <span>.</span><span>.</span> <span>}</span></code></pre> + <p> + This isn't a big change, just requiring some refactoring of the ABI, and when running in a JS environment it doesn't matter much. But now the Wasm can run without the JS since that WASI API is recognized by WASI runtimes! That’s how the standalone Wasm examples from before work, just by refactoring Emscripten to use WASI APIs. + </p> + <p> + Another advantage of Emscripten using WASI APIs is that we can help the WASI spec by finding real-world issues. For example, we found that <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/pull/106">changing the WASI "whence" constants</a> would be useful, and we've started some discussions around <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/109">code size</a> and <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/122">POSIX compatibility</a>. + </p> + <p> + Emscripten using WASI as much as possible is also useful in that it lets users use a single SDK to target Web, server, and plugin environments. Emscripten isn't the only SDK allowing that, as the WASI SDK's output can be run on the Web using the <a href="https://wasi.dev/polyfill/">WASI Web Polyfill</a> or Wasmer's <a href="https://github.com/wasmerio/wasmer-js">wasmer-js</a>, but Emscripten’s Web output is more compact, so it lets a single SDK be used without compromising Web performance. + </p> + <p> + Speaking of which, you can emit a standalone Wasm file from Emscripten with optional JS in a single command: + </p> + <pre><code>emcc -O3 add.c -o add.js -s STANDALONE_WASM +</code></pre> + <p> + That emits <code>add.js</code> and <code>add.wasm</code>. The Wasm file is standalone just like earlier when we only emitted a Wasm file by itself (<code>STANDALONE_WASM</code> was set automatically when we said <code>-o add.wasm</code>), but now in addition there is a JS file that can load and run it. The JS is useful for running it on the Web if you don't want to write your own JS for that. + </p> + <h2 id="do-we-need-non-standalone-wasm%3F"> + Do we need <em>non</em>-standalone Wasm? <a href="#do-we-need-non-standalone-wasm%3F">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + Why does the <code>STANDALONE_WASM</code> flag exist? In theory Emscripten could always set <code>STANDALONE_WASM</code>, which would be simpler. But standalone Wasm files can't depend on JS, and that has some downsides: + </p> + <ul> + <li>We can't minify the Wasm import and export names, as the minification only works if both sides agree, the Wasm and what loads it. + </li> + <li>Normally we create the Wasm Memory in JS so that JS can start to use it during startup, which lets us do work in parallel. But in standalone Wasm we have to create the Memory in the Wasm. + </li> + <li>Some APIs are just easy to do in JS. For example <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/pull/9558"><code>__assert_fail</code></a>, which is called when a C assertion fails, is normally <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/blob/2b42a35f61f9a16600c78023391d8033740a019f/src/library.js#L1235">implemented in JS</a>. It takes just a single line, and even if you include the JS functions it calls, the total code size is quite small. On the other hand, in a standalone build we can't depend on JS, so we use <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/blob/b8896d18f2163dbf2fa173694eeac71f6c90b68c/system/lib/libc/musl/src/exit/assert.c#L4">musl's <code>assert.c</code></a>. That uses <code>fprintf</code>, which means it ends up pulling in a bunch of C <code>stdio</code> support, including things with indirect calls that make it hard to remove unused functions. Overall, there are many such details that end up making a difference in total code size. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + If you want to run both on the Web and elsewhere, and you want 100% optimal code size and startup times, you should make two separate builds, one with <code>-s STANDALONE</code> and one without. That's very easy as it's just flipping one flag! + </p> + <h2 id="necessary-api-differences"> + Necessary API differences <a href="#necessary-api-differences">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + We saw that Emscripten uses WASI APIs as much as possible to avoid <strong>unnecessary</strong> API differences. Are there any <strong>necessary</strong> ones? Sadly, yes - some WASI APIs require tradeoffs. For example: + </p> + <ul> + <li>WASI does not support various POSIX features, like <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/122">user/group/world file permissions</a>, as a result of which you can't fully implement a (Linux) system <code>ls</code> for example (see details in that link). Emscripten's existing filesystem layer does support some of those things, so if we switched to WASI APIs for all filesystem operations then we'd be <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/issues/9479#issuecomment-542815711">losing some POSIX support</a>. + </li> + <li>WASI's <code>path_open</code> <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/109">has a cost in code size</a> because it forces extra permissions handling in the Wasm itself. That code is unnecessary on the Web. + </li> + <li>WASI doesn't provide a <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/82">notification API for memory growth</a>, and as a result, JS runtimes must constantly check if memory grew and if so update their views, on every import and export. To avoid that overhead, Emscripten provides a notification API, <code>emscripten_notify_memory_growth</code>, which <a href="https://github.com/zeux/meshoptimizer/blob/bdc3006532dd29b03d83dc819e5fa7683815b88e/js/meshopt_decoder.js#L10">you can see implemented in a single line</a> in zeux's meshoptimizer that we mentioned earlier. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + In time WASI may add more POSIX support, a memory growth notification, etc. - WASI is still highly experimental and expected to change significantly. For now, to avoid regressions in Emscripten we do not emit 100% WASI binaries if you use certain features. In particular, opening files uses a POSIX method instead of WASI, which means that if you call <code>fopen</code> then the resulting Wasm file will not be 100% WASI - however, if all you do is use <code>printf</code>, which operates on the already-open <code>stdout</code>, then it will be 100% WASI, as in the "hello world" example we saw near the beginning, where Emscripten's output does run in WASI runtimes. + </p> + <p> + If it would be useful for users we can add a <code>PURE_WASI</code> option which would sacrifice code size in return for strict WASI compliance, but if that's not urgent (and most plugin use cases we’ve seen so far don’t need full file I/O) then maybe we can wait for WASI to improve to where Emscripten can remove these non-WASI APIs. That would be the best outcome, and we’re working towards that as you can see in the links above. + </p> + <p> + However, even if WASI does improve, there is no avoiding the fact that Wasm has two standardized APIs as mentioned earlier. In the future I expect Emscripten will call Web APIs directly using interface types, because that will be more compact than calling a WASI-looking JS API that then calls a Web API (as in the <code>musl_writev</code> example from before). We could have a polyfill or a translation layer of some sort to help here, but we wouldn't want to use it unnecessarily, so we will need separate builds for Web and WASI environments. (This is somewhat unfortunate; in theory this could have been avoided if WASI were a superset of Web APIs, but obviously that would have meant compromises on the server side.) + </p> + <h2 id="current-status"> + Current status <a href="#current-status">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + Quite a lot works already! The main limitations are: + </p> + <ul> + <li> + <strong>WebAssembly limitations</strong>: Various features, like C++ exceptions, setjmp, and pthreads, depend on JavaScript due to Wasm limitations, and there is no good non-JS replacement yet. (Emscripten may start to support some of them <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQOP6jqZqf8&list=PLqh1Mztq_-N2OnEXkdtF5yymcihwqG57y&index=2&t=0s">using Asyncify</a>, or maybe we'll just wait for <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/exception-handling/blob/master/proposals/Exceptions.md">native Wasm features</a> to arrive to VMs.) + </li> + <li> + <strong>WASI limitations</strong>: Libraries and APIs like OpenGL and SDL don't have corresponding WASI APIs yet. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + You <strong>can</strong> still use all those in Emscripten's standalone mode, but the output will contain calls to JS runtime support code. As a result, it will not be 100% WASI (for similar reasons those features also do not work in the WASI SDK). Those Wasm files won't run in WASI runtimes, but you can use them on the Web and you can write your own JS runtime for them. You can also use them as plugins; for example, a game engine could have plugins that render using OpenGL, and the developer would compile them in standalone mode and then implement the OpenGL imports in the engine's Wasm runtime. Standalone Wasm mode still helps here because it makes the output as standalone as Emscripten can make it. + </p> + <p> + You may also find APIs that <strong>do</strong> have a non-JS replacement that we haven’t converted yet, as work is still ongoing. Please <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/issues">file bugs</a>, and as always help is welcome! + </p> + </div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/v8-blog/source.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/v8-blog/source.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a23d093f --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/v8-blog/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8" /> + <title> + Outside the web: standalone WebAssembly binaries using Emscripten · V8 + </title> + <meta content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" name="viewport" /> + <meta content="dark light" name="color-scheme" /> + <link href="/_css/main.css" rel="stylesheet" /> + <link href="/.webmanifest" rel="manifest" /> + <meta content="#4285F4" name="theme-color" /> + <link href="/blog.atom" rel="alternate" title="V8 Atom feed" type="application/atom+xml" /> + <link href="/features.atom" rel="alternate" title="V8 JS/Wasm features Atom feed" type="application/atom+xml" /> + <script> + <![CDATA[ + document.documentElement.className+=' js' + ]]> + </script> + <meta content="Emscripten now supports standalone Wasm files, which do not need JavaScript." name="description" /> + </head> + <body> + <header id="header"> + <h1> + <a href="/">V8</a> + </h1><a href="#navigation-toggle" id="nav-toggle">Show navigation</a> + <nav> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/">Home</a> + </li> + <li class="current"> + <a href="/blog">Blog</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/docs">Docs</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/features" title="JavaScript and WebAssembly language features">JS/Wasm features</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/grant">Research</a> + </li> + </ul> + </nav> + </header> + <main id="main"> + <article itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting"> + <header> + <h1 itemprop="headline"> + Outside the web: standalone WebAssembly binaries using Emscripten + </h1> + <p class="meta"> + Published <time datetime="2019-11-21" itemprop="datePublished">21 November 2019</time> · Tagged with <a href="/blog/tags/webassembly" class="tag">WebAssembly</a> <a href="/blog/tags/tooling" class="tag">tooling</a> + </p> + </header> + <div itemprop="articleBody"> + <p> + Emscripten has always focused first and foremost on compiling to the Web and other JavaScript environments like Node.js. But as WebAssembly starts to be used <em>without</em> JavaScript, new use cases are appearing, and so we've been working on support for emitting <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/wiki/WebAssembly-Standalone"><strong>standalone Wasm</strong></a> files from Emscripten, that do not depend on the Emscripten JS runtime! This post explains why that's interesting. + </p> + <h2 id="using-standalone-mode-in-emscripten"> + Using standalone mode in Emscripten <a href="#using-standalone-mode-in-emscripten" class="bookmark">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + First, let's see what you can do with this new feature! Similar to <a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/01/shrinking-webassembly-and-javascript-code-sizes-in-emscripten/">this post</a> let's start with a "hello world" type program that exports a single function that adds two numbers: + </p> + <pre class="language-c"><code class="language-c"><span class="token comment">// add.c</span><br /><span class="token macro property"><span class="token directive-hash">#</span><span class="token keyword directive">include</span> <span class="token string"><emscripten.h></span></span><br /><br />EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE<br /><span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> y<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><br /> <span class="token keyword">return</span> x <span class="token operator">+</span> y<span class="token punctuation">;</span><br /><span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre> + <p> + We'd normally build this with something like <code>emcc -O3 add.c -o add.js</code> which would emit <code>add.js</code> and <code>add.wasm</code>. Instead, let's ask <code>emcc</code> to only emit Wasm: + </p> + <pre><code>emcc -O3 add.c -o add.wasm +</code></pre> + <p> + When <code>emcc</code> sees we only want Wasm then it makes it "standalone" - a Wasm file that can run by itself as much as possible, without any JavaScript runtime code from Emscripten. + </p> + <p> + Disassembling it, it's very minimal - just 87 bytes! It contains the obvious <code>add</code> function + </p> + <pre class="language-lisp"><code class="language-lisp"><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token car">func</span> $add <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token car">param</span> $0 i32<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token car">param</span> $1 i32<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token car">result</span> i32<span class="token punctuation">)</span><br /> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token car">i32</span>.add<br /> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token car">local</span>.get $0<span class="token punctuation">)</span><br /> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token car">local</span>.get $1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><br /> <span class="token punctuation">)</span><br /><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre> + <p> + and one more function, <code>_start</code>, + </p> + <pre class="language-lisp"><code class="language-lisp"><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token car">func</span> $_start<br /> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token car">nop</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><br /><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre> + <p> + <code>_start</code> is part of the <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI">WASI</a> spec, and Emscripten's standalone mode emits it so that we can run in WASI runtimes. (Normally <code>_start</code> would do global initialization, but here we just don't need any so it's empty.) + </p> + <h3 id="write-your-own-javascript-loader"> + Write your own JavaScript loader <a href="#write-your-own-javascript-loader" class="bookmark">#</a> + </h3> + <p> + One nice thing about a standalone Wasm file like this is that you can write custom JavaScript to load and run it, which can be very minimal depending on your use case. For example, we can do this in Node.js: + </p> + <pre class="language-js"><code class="language-js"><span class="token comment">// load-add.js</span><br /><span class="token keyword">const</span> binary <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">require</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'fs'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">readFileSync</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'add.wasm'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><br /><br />WebAssembly<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">instantiate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>binary<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">then</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter"><span class="token punctuation">{</span> instance <span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><br /> console<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">log</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>instance<span class="token punctuation">.</span>exports<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">40</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><br /><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span></code></pre> + <p> + Just 4 lines! Running that prints <code>42</code> as expected. Note that while this example is very simplistic, there are cases where you simply don't need much JavaScript, and may be able to do better than Emscripten's default JavaScript runtime (which supports a bunch of environments and options). A real-world example of that is in <a href="https://github.com/zeux/meshoptimizer/blob/bdc3006532dd29b03d83dc819e5fa7683815b88e/js/meshopt_decoder.js">zeux's meshoptimizer</a> - just 57 lines, including memory management, growth, etc.! + </p> + <h3 id="running-in-wasm-runtimes"> + Running in Wasm runtimes <a href="#running-in-wasm-runtimes" class="bookmark">#</a> + </h3> + <p> + Another nice thing about standalone Wasm files is that you can run them in Wasm runtimes like <a href="https://wasmer.io">wasmer</a>, <a href="https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasmtime">wasmtime</a>, or <a href="https://github.com/WAVM/WAVM">WAVM</a>. For example, consider this hello world: + </p> + <pre class="language-cpp"><code class="language-cpp"><span class="token comment">// hello.cpp</span><br /><span class="token macro property"><span class="token directive-hash">#</span><span class="token keyword directive">include</span> <span class="token string"><stdio.h></span></span><br /><br /><span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><br /> <span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"hello, world!\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><br /> <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><br /><span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre> + <p> + We can build and run that in any of those runtimes: + </p> + <pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">$ emcc hello.cpp -O3 -o hello.wasm<br />$ wasmer run hello.wasm<br />hello, world<span class="token operator">!</span><br />$ wasmtime hello.wasm<br />hello, world<span class="token operator">!</span><br />$ wavm run hello.wasm<br />hello, world<span class="token operator">!</span></code></pre> + <p> + Emscripten uses WASI APIs as much as possible, so programs like this end up using 100% WASI and can run in WASI-supporting runtimes (see notes later on what programs require more than WASI). + </p> + <h3 id="building-wasm-plugins"> + Building Wasm plugins <a href="#building-wasm-plugins" class="bookmark">#</a> + </h3> + <p> + Aside from the Web and the server, an exciting area for Wasm is <strong>plugins</strong>. For example, an image editor might have Wasm plugins that can perform filters and other operations on the image. For that type of use case you want a standalone Wasm binary, just like in the examples so far, but where it also has a proper API for the embedding application. + </p> + <p> + Plugins are sometimes related to dynamic libraries, as dynamic libraries are one way to implement them. Emscripten has support for dynamic libraries with the <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/wiki/Linking#general-dynamic-linking">SIDE_MODULE</a> option, and this has been a way to build Wasm plugins. The new standalone Wasm option described here is an improvement on that in several ways: First, a dynamic library has relocatable memory, which adds overhead if you don’t need it (and you don’t if you aren’t linking the Wasm with another Wasm after loading it). Second, standalone output is designed to run in Wasm runtimes as well, as mentioned earlier. + </p> + <p> + Okay, so far so good: Emscripten can either emit JavaScript + WebAssembly as it always did, and now it can also emit just WebAssembly by itself, which lets you run it in places that don't have JavaScript like Wasm runtimes, or you can write your own custom JavaScript loader code, etc. Now let's talk about the background and the technical details! + </p> + <h2 id="webassembly's-two-standard-apis"> + WebAssembly's two standard APIs <a href="#webassembly's-two-standard-apis" class="bookmark">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + WebAssembly can only access the APIs it receives as imports - the core Wasm spec has no concrete API details. Given the current trajectory of Wasm, it looks like there will be 3 main categories of APIs that people import and use: + </p> + <ul> + <li> + <strong>Web APIs</strong>: This is what Wasm programs use on the Web, which are the existing standardized APIs that JavaScript can use too. Currently these are called indirectly, through JS glue code, but in the future with <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/interface-types/blob/master/proposals/interface-types/Explainer.md">interface types</a> they will be called directly. + </li> + <li> + <strong>WASI APIs</strong>: WASI focuses on standardizing APIs for Wasm on the server. + </li> + <li> + <strong>Other APIs</strong>: Various custom embeddings will define their own application-specific APIs. For example, we gave the example earlier of an image editor with Wasm plugins that implement an API to do visual effects. Note that a plugin might also have access to “system” APIs, like a native dynamic library would, or it might be very sandboxed and have no imports at all (if the embedding just calls its methods). + </li> + </ul> + <p> + WebAssembly is in the interesting position of having <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/589703-the-good-thing-about-standards-is-that-there-are-so">two standardized sets of APIs</a>. This does makes sense in that one is for the Web and one for the server, and those environments do have different requirements; for similar reasons Node.js does not have identical APIs to JavaScript on the Web. + </p> + <p> + However, there is more than the Web and the server, in particular there are also Wasm plugins. For one thing, plugins can run inside an application that may be on the Web (just like <a href="https://www.figma.com/blog/an-update-on-plugin-security/#a-technology-change">JS plugins</a>) or off the Web; for another, regardless of where the embedding application is, a plugin environment is not a Web nor a server environment. So it's not immediately obvious which sets of APIs will be used - it may depend on the code being ported, the Wasm runtime being embedded, etc. + </p> + <h2 id="let's-unify-as-much-as-possible"> + Let's unify as much as possible <a href="#let's-unify-as-much-as-possible" class="bookmark">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + One concrete way Emscripten hopes to help here is that by using WASI APIs as much as possible we can avoid <strong>unnecessary</strong> API differences. As mentioned earlier, on the Web Emscripten code accesses Web APIs indirectly, through JavaScript, so where that JavaScript API could look like WASI, we'd be removing an unnecessary API difference, and that same binary can also run on the server. In other words, if Wasm wants to log some info, it needs to call into JS, something like this: + </p> + <pre class="language-js"><code class="language-js"><span class="token parameter">wasm</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">musl_writev</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter"><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span> console<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">log</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre> + <p> + <code>musl_writev</code> is an implementation of the Linux syscall interface that <a href="https://www.musl-libc.org">musl libc</a> uses to write data to a file descriptor, and that ends up calling <code>console.log</code> with the proper data. The Wasm module imports and calls that <code>musl_writev</code>, which defines an ABI between the JS and the Wasm. That ABI is arbitrary (and in fact Emscripten has changed its ABI over time to optimize it). If we replace that with an ABI that matches WASI, we can get this: + </p> + <pre class="language-js"><code class="language-js"><span class="token parameter">wasm</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">__wasi_fd_write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter"><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span> console<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">log</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre> + <p> + This isn't a big change, just requiring some refactoring of the ABI, and when running in a JS environment it doesn't matter much. But now the Wasm can run without the JS since that WASI API is recognized by WASI runtimes! That’s how the standalone Wasm examples from before work, just by refactoring Emscripten to use WASI APIs. + </p> + <p> + Another advantage of Emscripten using WASI APIs is that we can help the WASI spec by finding real-world issues. For example, we found that <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/pull/106">changing the WASI "whence" constants</a> would be useful, and we've started some discussions around <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/109">code size</a> and <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/122">POSIX compatibility</a>. + </p> + <p> + Emscripten using WASI as much as possible is also useful in that it lets users use a single SDK to target Web, server, and plugin environments. Emscripten isn't the only SDK allowing that, as the WASI SDK's output can be run on the Web using the <a href="https://wasi.dev/polyfill/">WASI Web Polyfill</a> or Wasmer's <a href="https://github.com/wasmerio/wasmer-js">wasmer-js</a>, but Emscripten’s Web output is more compact, so it lets a single SDK be used without compromising Web performance. + </p> + <p> + Speaking of which, you can emit a standalone Wasm file from Emscripten with optional JS in a single command: + </p> + <pre><code>emcc -O3 add.c -o add.js -s STANDALONE_WASM +</code></pre> + <p> + That emits <code>add.js</code> and <code>add.wasm</code>. The Wasm file is standalone just like earlier when we only emitted a Wasm file by itself (<code>STANDALONE_WASM</code> was set automatically when we said <code>-o add.wasm</code>), but now in addition there is a JS file that can load and run it. The JS is useful for running it on the Web if you don't want to write your own JS for that. + </p> + <h2 id="do-we-need-non-standalone-wasm%3F"> + Do we need <em>non</em>-standalone Wasm? <a href="#do-we-need-non-standalone-wasm%3F" class="bookmark">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + Why does the <code>STANDALONE_WASM</code> flag exist? In theory Emscripten could always set <code>STANDALONE_WASM</code>, which would be simpler. But standalone Wasm files can't depend on JS, and that has some downsides: + </p> + <ul> + <li>We can't minify the Wasm import and export names, as the minification only works if both sides agree, the Wasm and what loads it. + </li> + <li>Normally we create the Wasm Memory in JS so that JS can start to use it during startup, which lets us do work in parallel. But in standalone Wasm we have to create the Memory in the Wasm. + </li> + <li>Some APIs are just easy to do in JS. For example <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/pull/9558"><code>__assert_fail</code></a>, which is called when a C assertion fails, is normally <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/blob/2b42a35f61f9a16600c78023391d8033740a019f/src/library.js#L1235">implemented in JS</a>. It takes just a single line, and even if you include the JS functions it calls, the total code size is quite small. On the other hand, in a standalone build we can't depend on JS, so we use <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/blob/b8896d18f2163dbf2fa173694eeac71f6c90b68c/system/lib/libc/musl/src/exit/assert.c#L4">musl's <code>assert.c</code></a>. That uses <code>fprintf</code>, which means it ends up pulling in a bunch of C <code>stdio</code> support, including things with indirect calls that make it hard to remove unused functions. Overall, there are many such details that end up making a difference in total code size. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + If you want to run both on the Web and elsewhere, and you want 100% optimal code size and startup times, you should make two separate builds, one with <code>-s STANDALONE</code> and one without. That's very easy as it's just flipping one flag! + </p> + <h2 id="necessary-api-differences"> + Necessary API differences <a href="#necessary-api-differences" class="bookmark">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + We saw that Emscripten uses WASI APIs as much as possible to avoid <strong>unnecessary</strong> API differences. Are there any <strong>necessary</strong> ones? Sadly, yes - some WASI APIs require tradeoffs. For example: + </p> + <ul> + <li>WASI does not support various POSIX features, like <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/122">user/group/world file permissions</a>, as a result of which you can't fully implement a (Linux) system <code>ls</code> for example (see details in that link). Emscripten's existing filesystem layer does support some of those things, so if we switched to WASI APIs for all filesystem operations then we'd be <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/issues/9479#issuecomment-542815711">losing some POSIX support</a>. + </li> + <li>WASI's <code>path_open</code> <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/109">has a cost in code size</a> because it forces extra permissions handling in the Wasm itself. That code is unnecessary on the Web. + </li> + <li>WASI doesn't provide a <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/issues/82">notification API for memory growth</a>, and as a result, JS runtimes must constantly check if memory grew and if so update their views, on every import and export. To avoid that overhead, Emscripten provides a notification API, <code>emscripten_notify_memory_growth</code>, which <a href="https://github.com/zeux/meshoptimizer/blob/bdc3006532dd29b03d83dc819e5fa7683815b88e/js/meshopt_decoder.js#L10">you can see implemented in a single line</a> in zeux's meshoptimizer that we mentioned earlier. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + In time WASI may add more POSIX support, a memory growth notification, etc. - WASI is still highly experimental and expected to change significantly. For now, to avoid regressions in Emscripten we do not emit 100% WASI binaries if you use certain features. In particular, opening files uses a POSIX method instead of WASI, which means that if you call <code>fopen</code> then the resulting Wasm file will not be 100% WASI - however, if all you do is use <code>printf</code>, which operates on the already-open <code>stdout</code>, then it will be 100% WASI, as in the "hello world" example we saw near the beginning, where Emscripten's output does run in WASI runtimes. + </p> + <p> + If it would be useful for users we can add a <code>PURE_WASI</code> option which would sacrifice code size in return for strict WASI compliance, but if that's not urgent (and most plugin use cases we’ve seen so far don’t need full file I/O) then maybe we can wait for WASI to improve to where Emscripten can remove these non-WASI APIs. That would be the best outcome, and we’re working towards that as you can see in the links above. + </p> + <p> + However, even if WASI does improve, there is no avoiding the fact that Wasm has two standardized APIs as mentioned earlier. In the future I expect Emscripten will call Web APIs directly using interface types, because that will be more compact than calling a WASI-looking JS API that then calls a Web API (as in the <code>musl_writev</code> example from before). We could have a polyfill or a translation layer of some sort to help here, but we wouldn't want to use it unnecessarily, so we will need separate builds for Web and WASI environments. (This is somewhat unfortunate; in theory this could have been avoided if WASI were a superset of Web APIs, but obviously that would have meant compromises on the server side.) + </p> + <h2 id="current-status"> + Current status <a href="#current-status" class="bookmark">#</a> + </h2> + <p> + Quite a lot works already! The main limitations are: + </p> + <ul> + <li> + <strong>WebAssembly limitations</strong>: Various features, like C++ exceptions, setjmp, and pthreads, depend on JavaScript due to Wasm limitations, and there is no good non-JS replacement yet. (Emscripten may start to support some of them <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQOP6jqZqf8&list=PLqh1Mztq_-N2OnEXkdtF5yymcihwqG57y&index=2&t=0s">using Asyncify</a>, or maybe we'll just wait for <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/exception-handling/blob/master/proposals/Exceptions.md">native Wasm features</a> to arrive to VMs.) + </li> + <li> + <strong>WASI limitations</strong>: Libraries and APIs like OpenGL and SDL don't have corresponding WASI APIs yet. + </li> + </ul> + <p> + You <strong>can</strong> still use all those in Emscripten's standalone mode, but the output will contain calls to JS runtime support code. As a result, it will not be 100% WASI (for similar reasons those features also do not work in the WASI SDK). Those Wasm files won't run in WASI runtimes, but you can use them on the Web and you can write your own JS runtime for them. You can also use them as plugins; for example, a game engine could have plugins that render using OpenGL, and the developer would compile them in standalone mode and then implement the OpenGL imports in the engine's Wasm runtime. Standalone Wasm mode still helps here because it makes the output as standalone as Emscripten can make it. + </p> + <p> + You may also find APIs that <strong>do</strong> have a non-JS replacement that we haven’t converted yet, as work is still ongoing. Please <a href="https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/issues">file bugs</a>, and as always help is welcome! + </p> + </div> + <footer> + <div> + <picture><source srcset="/_img/avatars/alon-zakai.avif, /_img/avatars/[email protected] 2x" type="image/avif" /><img alt="" height="96" loading="lazy" src="/_img/avatars/alon-zakai.jpg" srcset="/_img/avatars/[email protected] 2x" width="96" /></picture> + <p> + Posted by Alon Zakai. + </p> + </div><a href="https://twitter.com/v8js/status/1197547645729988608" class="retweet">Retweet this article!</a> + </footer> + </article> + </main> + <footer id="footer"> + <div> + <nav> + <a href="/logo">Branding</a> · <a href="/terms">Terms</a> · <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy">Privacy</a> · <a href="https://twitter.com/v8js" rel="me nofollow">Twitter</a> · <a href="https://github.com/v8/v8.dev/tree/main/./src/blog/emscripten-standalone-wasm.md" rel="nofollow">Edit this page on GitHub</a> + </nav> + </div> + <p> + <small>Except as otherwise noted, any code samples from the V8 project are licensed under <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/v8/v8.git/+/master/LICENSE">V8’s BSD-style license</a>. 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For details, see <a href="/terms#site-policies">our site policies</a>.</small> + </p> + </footer> + <script src="/_js/dark-mode-toggle.mjs" type="module"></script> + <script src="/_js/main.mjs" type="module"></script> + <script src="/_js/legacy.js" nomodule=""></script> + </body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-1/expected-images.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-1/expected-images.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9012bd01 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-1/expected-images.json @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +[ + "https:\/\/cdn.vox-cdn.com\/thumbor\/7WyjCLC7n6i1IG2eJB06qi1o7kQ=\/0x148:2300x1352\/fit-in\/1200x630\/cdn.vox-cdn.com\/uploads\/chorus_asset\/file\/9871033\/Movies_end_of_year_2017.jpg" +]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-1/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d61d3bd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Alissa Wilkinson", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "It was an extraordinary year for movies.", + "Image": "https:\/\/cdn.vox-cdn.com\/thumbor\/7WyjCLC7n6i1IG2eJB06qi1o7kQ=\/0x148:2300x1352\/fit-in\/1200x630\/cdn.vox-cdn.com\/uploads\/chorus_asset\/file\/9871033\/Movies_end_of_year_2017.jpg", + "Title": "How to watch the 21 best films of 2017", + "SiteName": "Vox" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-1/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82740b180 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,309 @@ +<div> + <p id="oFNvY2"> + In the introduction to her review anthology <em>For Keeps: 30 Years at the Movies</em>, the legendary film critic Pauline Kael wrote, “I’m frequently asked why I don’t write my memoirs. I think I have.” She meant what most movie critics realize at some point: that reading your past reviews and revisiting the lists of films you liked most during the year reveals not just something about a particular year in cinema, but something about you as well. + </p> + <p id="49aoQQ"> + That’s the feeling I get constructing my list of the best films of 2017, a year that overflowed with great films in every genre, from horror and romantic comedy to documentary and arthouse drama. Some of the films on my list have commonalities — ghosts, meditations on memory and interpersonal connection, and women who refuse to behave — but mostly they underscore just how vibrant cinema remains as an art form, even in the midst of massive cultural shifts in the industry and beyond. And it is a keen reminder to me of all the 2017 conversations I’ve had around and at the movies — and the ways I will never be the same. + </p> + <p id="dC0oTJ"> + Here are my top 21 films of 2017 and how to watch them at home, with 14 honorable mentions. + </p> + <h3 id="jDDW9T"> + 21) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/12/12/16765308/last-jedi-star-wars-review-rey-carrie-fisher-poe-finn-kylo-ren"><em>Star Wars: The Last Jedi</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="x5htN5"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Q0CbN8sfihY?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="WdtoaT"> + I am as shocked as anyone that a <em>Star Wars</em> movie found its way onto my list — but I was bowled over by <em>The Last Jedi</em>, which may be one of the series’ best. In the hands of writer-director <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/12/13/16761916/rian-johnson-star-wars-last-jedi-looper-brick-brothers-bloom-fly-breaking-bad">Rian Johnson</a> (who will also oversee <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16630902/star-wars-new-trilogy-rian-johnson-disney-lucasfilm">a new <em>Star Wars</em> trilogy</a>), <em>The Last Jedi</em> is beautiful to look at and keeps its eye on the relationships between characters and how they communicate with one another, in addition to the bigger galactic story. The same characters are back, but they seem infused with new life, and the galaxy with a new kind of hope. The movie’s best details are in the strong bonds that develop between characters, and I left the film with the realization that for the first time in my life, I loved a <em>Star Wars</em> movie. Now I understand the magic. + </p> + <p id="m6vJQd"> + Star Wars: The Last Jedi <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://www.netflix.com/watch/80192018?source=35"><em>streaming on Netflix</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=fgPqJgZepxM"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgPqJgZepxM"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="3XHosO"> + 20) <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/10/6/16434046/faces-places-review-agnes-varda-jr"><em>Faces Places</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="FZOPyv"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KKbjnLpxv70?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="zP5jCd"> + The unusual documentary <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/10/6/16434046/faces-places-review-agnes-varda-jr"><em>Faces Places</em></a> (in French, <em>Visages Villages</em>) turns on the friendship between the accomplished street artist JR and legendary film director Agnès Varda, whose work was central to the development of the French New Wave movement. The pair (whose difference in age is 55 years) met after years of admiring each other’s work and decided to create a documentary portrait of France — by making a number of actual portraits. The film chronicles a leg of the "Inside Outside Project," a roving art initiative in which JR makes enormous portraits of people he meets and pastes them onto buildings and walls. In the film, Varda joins him, and as they talk to people around the country, they grow in their understanding of themselves and of each other. The development of their friendship, which is both affectionate and mutually sharpening, forms <em>Faces Places</em>’ emotional center. + </p> + <p id="yIfUci"> + Faces Places <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://www.netflix.com/watch/80194288?source=35"><em>streaming on Netflix</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=WuB9Fl8nrzM"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuB9Fl8nrzM"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + + <h3 id="R0KXNO"> + 19) <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/8/8/16107088/ingrid-goes-west-review-aubrey-plaza-elizabeth-olsen"><em>Ingrid Goes West</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="94aRXv"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xP4vD1tWbPU?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="d2ZAUw"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/8/8/16107088/ingrid-goes-west-review-aubrey-plaza-elizabeth-olsen"><em>Ingrid Goes West</em></a> is a twisted and <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/8/9/16107140/matt-spicer-interview-ingrid-goes-west-dark-comedy-aubrey-plaza-sundance?utm_campaign=vox&utm_content=chorus&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter">dark comedy</a> — part addiction narrative, part stalker story — and yet it’s set in a world that’s almost pathologically cheery: the glossy, sunny, nourishing, superfood- and superlative-loving universe of Instagram celebrity. But despite <em>Ingrid Goes West</em>’s spot-on take on that world, the best thing about the film is that it refuses to traffic in lazy buzzwords and easy skewering, particularly at the expense of young women. Instead, the movie conveys that behind every Instagram image and meltdown is a real person, with real insecurities, real feelings, and real problems. And it recognizes that living a life performed in public can be its own kind of self-deluding prison. + </p> + <p id="oGMXK4"> + Ingrid Goes West <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hulu.com%2Fwatch%2F1205749" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>streaming on Hulu</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2O7KouP5CM"><em>YouTube</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=c2O7KouP5CM"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="qfZ4Iv"> + 18) <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/7/14/15955888/review-lady-macbeth-florence-pugh"><em>Lady Macbeth</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="0ZWzkX"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2Z0N8ULhuUA?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="Ii1QS5"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/7/14/15955888/review-lady-macbeth-florence-pugh"><em>Lady Macbeth</em></a> is no placid costume drama. Adapted from an 1865 Russian novella by Nikolai Leskov, the movie follows Katherine (the astounding Florence Pugh), a woman in the Lady Macbeth line characterized by a potent cocktail of very few scruples and a lot of determination. She's a chilling avatar for the ways that class and privilege — both obvious and hidden — insulate some people from the consequences of their actions while damning others. <em>Lady Macbeth</em> is also a dazzling directorial debut from William Oldroyd, a thrilling combination of sex, murder, intrigue, and power plays. It’s visually stunning, each frame composed so carefully and deliberately that the wildness and danger roiling just below the surface feels even more frightening. Each scene ratchets up the tension to an explosive, chilling end. + </p> + <p id="e2nBAO"> + Lady Macbeth <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://play.hbogo.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWrEd3wdB_LiWwwEAAAIk?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Go</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.hbonow.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWrEd3wdB_LiWwwEAAAIk?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Now</em></a><em>, and it is available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB074HJGH3F%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F891310" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8vAACgcUCo"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=l8vAACgcUCo"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=l8vAACgcUCo"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="JhEBod"> + 17) <em>BPM (Beats Per Minute)</em> + </h3> + <div id="t3derk"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2fhO2A4SL24?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="DEyp0A"> + <em>BPM (Beats Per Minute)</em> is a remarkably tender and stirring story of the Paris chapter of ACT UP, an AIDS activism group, and the young people who found themselves caught in the crosshairs of the AIDS crisis in the early 1990s. The film follows both the group's actions and the individual members’ shifting relationships to one another — enemies becoming friends, friends becoming lovers, lovers becoming caretakers — as well as their struggles with the disease wracking their community. As an account of the period, it’s riveting; as an exploration of life and love set at the urgent intersection of the political and the personal, it’s devastating. + </p> + <p id="8vBdkS"> + BPM (Beats Per Minute) <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hulu.com%2Fwatch%2F1258801" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>streaming on Hulu</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=xrjoEWj6gLg"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrjoEWj6gLg"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="jocryI"> + 16) <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/6/21/15837678/big-sick-review-kumail-nanjiani-emily-gordon-zoe-kazan-islam"><em>The Big Sick</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="ZRFycn"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PJmpSMRQhhs?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="DqZc5Q"> + Few 2017 movies could top the charm and tenderness of <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/6/21/15837678/big-sick-review-kumail-nanjiani-emily-gordon-zoe-kazan-islam"><em>The Big Sick</em></a>, which hits all the right romantic comedy notes with one unusual distinction: It feels like real life. That’s probably because <em>The Big Sick</em> is written by <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/11/22/16687092/the-big-sick-kumail-nanjiani-emily-gordon-real-story">real-life married couple</a> Emily V. Gordon and <em>Silicon Valley</em>'s Kumail Nanjiani, and based on their real-life romance. <em>The Big Sick</em> — which stars Nanjiani as a version of himself, alongside Zoe Kazan as Emily — is funny and sweet while not backing away from matters that romantic comedies don’t usually touch on, like serious illness, struggles in long-term marriages, and religion. As it tells the couple’s story, which takes a serious turn when Emily falls ill with a mysterious infection and her parents (played by Holly Hunter and Ray Romano) come to town, it becomes a funny and wise story about real love. + </p> + <p id="Wgpjgu"> + The Big Sick <em>is currently</em> <em>streaming on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FBig-Sick-Kumail-Nanjiani%2Fdp%2FB07193L7RD%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532454848" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fthe-big-sick%2Fid1246483301" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F865258" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB071HFCYDH%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUX0wW2OMkA"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=WUX0wW2OMkA"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="dFyVjw"> + 15) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/9/10/16277234/mother-review-aronofsky-lawrence-bardem-tiff"><em>Mother!</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="kUMpyj"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XpICoc65uh0?rel=0&amp;start=17" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="LA1s4n"> + There’s so much pulsing beneath <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/9/10/16277234/mother-review-aronofsky-lawrence-bardem-tiff">the surface of <em>Mother!</em></a> that it’s hard to grab on to just one theme as what it “means.” It’s full-on apocalyptic fiction, and like all stories of apocalypse, it’s intended to draw back the veil on reality and show us what’s really beneath. And this movie gets wild: If its gleeful cracking apart of traditional theologies doesn’t get you (there’s a lot of Catholic folk imagery here, complete with an Ash Wednesday-like mud smearing on the foreheads of the faithful), its bonkers scenes of chaos probably will. <em>Mother!</em> is a movie designed to provoke fury, ecstasy, madness, catharsis, and more than a little awe. Watching it, and then participating in the flurry of arguments and discussions unpacking it, was among my best moviegoing experiences of 2017. + </p> + <p id="mxI0Kb"> + Mother! <em>is available to digitally purchase on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=F9p9HlSbIuU"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9p9HlSbIuU"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="PL5PTS"> + 14) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/7/7/15925272/ghost-story-review-rooney-mara-casey-affleck"><em>A Ghost Story</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="76I1cH"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0Vb0F_CN83E?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="JWA6Pb"> + Director <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/7/13/15960236/david-lowery-ghost-story-interview">David Lowery</a> filmed <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/7/7/15925272/ghost-story-review-rooney-mara-casey-affleck"><em>A Ghost Story</em></a> in secret, then premiered it at the Sundance Film Festival to critical acclaim. The movie starts out being about a grieving widow (Rooney Mara) trying to live through the pain of losing her beloved husband, but it soon shifts focus to the ghost of her husband (Casey Affleck, covered in a sheet), evolving into a compelling rumination on the nature of time, memory, history, and the universe. Bathed in warm humor and wistful longing, it's a film that stays with you long after it’s over, a lingering reminder of the inextricable link between love and place. + </p> + <p id="9CatN2"> + A Ghost Story <em>is available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fa-ghost-story%2Fid1252853654%3Fat%3D1001l6hu%26ct%3Dgca_organic_movie-title_1252853654" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F875682" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB075K4YG8P%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=cGUoTWQIcP0"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGUoTWQIcP0"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="rRIM9r"> + 13) <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/10/24/16523642/square-review-ruben-ostlund-claes-bang-elisabeth-moss"><em>The Square</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="z1g0Cs"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EUzRjRv0Ib0?rel=0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="NavzzU"> + Winner of the Palme d’Or at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/10/24/16523642/square-review-ruben-ostlund-claes-bang-elisabeth-moss"><em>The Square</em></a> is a hilariously needling comedy about the contemporary art world, as well as the kind of idealistic liberalism that is tough to maintain in the face of real problems. The outstanding Claes Bang stars as Christian, a curator whose cluelessness leads him into some outlandishly rough spots, with Elisabeth Moss in a too-short but brilliant part as an American journalist who won’t let him get away with his shenanigans. It’s a heady film with a lot of ideas ricocheting around — and a <em>lot</em> of uncomfortable satire — but if you (like me) are the sort of viewer who loves that stuff, its sly jabs at the veneer of civilization that keeps the social contract intact are intoxicating. + </p> + <p id="2iTOd5"> + The Square <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hulu.com%2Fwatch%2F1228556" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>streaming on Hulu</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=OaD-B0aK9aw"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaD-B0aK9aw"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="Px2hT6"> + 12) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/7/17/15984026/dunkirk-review-nolan-rylance-hardy-styles-spoilers"><em>Dunkirk</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="TDSYe7"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/F-eMt3SrfFU?rel=0&amp;start=24" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="MLatLf"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/7/17/15984026/dunkirk-review-nolan-rylance-hardy-styles-spoilers"><em>Dunkirk</em></a>, a true cinematic achievement from acclaimed director Christopher Nolan, backs off conventional notions of narrative and chronology as much as possible, while leaning headfirst into everything else that makes a movie a visceral work of art aimed at the senses: the images, the sounds, the scale, the swelling vibrations of it all. You can’t smell the sea spray, but your brain may trick you into thinking you can. Nolan’s camera pushes the edges of the screen as far as it can as <em>Dunkirk</em> engulfs the audience in something that feels like a lot more than a war movie. It’s a symphony for the brave and broken, and it resolves in a major key — but one with an undercurrent of sorrow, and of sober warning. Courage in the face of danger is not just for characters in movies. + </p> + <p id="cmMBuS"> + Dunkirk <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://play.hbogo.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWqvX7wxdtyl0YAEAAAFv?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Go</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.hbonow.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWqvX7wxdtyl0YAEAAAFv?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Now</em></a><em>, and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=yOJhvgczBNk"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOJhvgczBNk"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="CPlXz5"> + 11) <em>Rat Film</em> + </h3> + <div id="s6q4gj"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/f-kpMAKc0l4?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="GFFO6D"> + <em>Rat Film</em> is about rats, yes — and rat poison experts and rat hunters and people who keep rats as pets. But it’s also about the history of eugenics, dubious science, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining">“redlining,”</a> and segregated housing in Baltimore. All these pieces come together to form one big essay, where the meaning of each vignette only becomes clearer in light of the whole. It’s a fast-paced, no-holds-barred exploration of a damning history, and it accrues meaning as the images, sounds, and text pile up. + </p> + <p id="HkeUxt"> + Rat Film <em>is available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZlweN7XXJ4"><em>YouTube</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=ZZlweN7XXJ4"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="Qgio0l"> + 10) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/13/15243556/quiet-passion-review-emily-dickinson-passover-easter"><em>A Quiet Passion</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="Ya6IEK"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/T3SyPbUTEeU?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="EO0XbC"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/13/15243556/quiet-passion-review-emily-dickinson-passover-easter"><em>A Quiet Passion</em></a> is technically a biographical film about Emily Dickinson, but it transcends its genre to become something more like poetry. It’s a perplexing and challenging film, crafted without the traditional guardrails that guide most biographical movies — dates, times, major accomplishments, and so on. Time slips away in the film almost imperceptibly, and the narrative arc doesn’t yield easily to the viewer. Cynthia Nixon plays Emily Dickinson, whose poetry and life is a perfect match for the signature style of director Terence Davies: rich in detail, deeply enigmatic, and weighed down with a kind of sparkling, joy-tinged sorrow. <em>A Quiet Passion</em> is a portrait, both visual and narrative, of the kind of saint most modern people can understand: one who is certain of her uncertainty, and yearning to walk the path on which her passion and longing meet. + </p> + <p id="YuHQ0h"> + A Quiet Passion <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB072FP21C5%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent or purchase on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fa-quiet-passion%2Fid1238938795" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F859491" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB072FP21C5%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=de0ELdfPGik"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=de0ELdfPGik"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="7dz2o3"> + 9) <em>Columbus</em> + </h3> + <div id="ZfQfEI"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r3dcnV6Z9Zs?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="pM0BdD"> + <em>Columbus</em> is a stunner of a debut from video essayist turned director Kogonada. Haley Lu Richardson stars as Casey, a young woman living in Columbus, Indiana, who cares for her mother, works at a library, and harbors a passion for architecture. (Columbus is a mecca for modernist architecture scholars and enthusiasts.) When a visiting architecture scholar falls into a coma in Columbus, his estranged son Jin (John Cho) arrives to wait for him and strikes up a friendship with Casey, who starts to show him her favorite buildings. The two begin to unlock something in each other that’s hard to define but life-changing for both. <em>Columbus</em> is beautiful and subtle, letting us feel how the places we build and the people we let near us move and mold us. + </p> + <p id="P7j9oY"> + Columbus <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hulu.com%2Fwatch%2F1185842" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>streaming on Hulu</em></a> <em>and available to rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=I-j0IqPQaYU"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-j0IqPQaYU"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="wkyPUl"> + 8) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/5/31/15706424/florida-project-review-cannes-sean-baker"><em>The Florida Project</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="RLHf4Z"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WwQ-NH1rRT4?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="J6kOkz"> + Sean Baker’s <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/5/31/15706424/florida-project-review-cannes-sean-baker"><em>The Florida Project</em></a> unfolds at first like a series of sketches about the characters who live in a purple-painted, $35-a-night motel called the Magic Castle down the street from Disney World. The film is held together by the hysterical antics of a kid named Moonee and her pack of young friends, as well as long-suffering hotel manager Bobby (a splendid, warm Willem Dafoe), who tries to put up with it all while keeping some kind of order. But as <em>The Florida Project</em> goes on, a narrative starts to form, one that chronicles with heartbreaking attention the sort of dilemmas that face poor parents and their children in America, and the broken systems that try to cope with impossible situations. + </p> + <p id="xG8Q8C"> + The Florida Project <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FFlorida-Project-Willem-Dafoe%2Fdp%2FB0764MS7GQ%2Fref%3Dsr_1_2%3Fs%3Dinstant-video%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532455499%26sr%3D1-2%26keywords%3Dthe%2Bflorida%2Bproject" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLsXQdPAlws"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2Fdetails%2Ftitle%2F922802" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=MLsXQdPAlws"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="rLGNAf"> + 7) <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/11/21/16552862/call-me-by-your-name-review-timothee-chalamet-armie-hammer"><em>Call Me</em> <em>b</em><em>y Your Name</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="xGksjG"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z9AYPxH5NTM?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="KyeOGQ"> + Luca Guadagnino’s gorgeous film <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/11/21/16552862/call-me-by-your-name-review-timothee-chalamet-armie-hammer"><em>Call Me</em> <em>b</em><em>y Your Name</em></a> adapts André Aciman’s <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FCall-Me-Your-Name-Novel%2Fdp%2F031242678X" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">2007 novel</a> about a precocious 17-year-old named Elio (Timothée Chalamet), who falls in lust and love with his father’s 24-year-old graduate student Oliver (Armie Hammer). It’s remarkable for how it turns literature into pure cinema, all emotion and image and heady sensation. Set in 1983 in Northern Italy, <em>Call Me</em> <em>b</em><em>y Your Name</em> is less about coming out than coming of age, but it also captures a particular sort of love that’s equal parts passion and torment, a kind of irrational heart fire that opens a gate into something longer-lasting. The film is a lush, heady experience for the body, but it’s also an arousal for the soul. + </p> + <p id="VA1se2"> + <em>Call Me By Your Name</em> is available to digitally purchase on <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FCall-Your-Name-Armie-Hammer%2Fdp%2FB0791VJLVB%2Fref%3Dsr_1_2%3Fs%3Dinstant-video%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532455686%26sr%3D1-2%26keywords%3Dcall%2Bme%2Bby%2Byour%2Bname" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Amazon,</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48o3YYnEUQ4">YouTube</a>, and <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=48o3YYnEUQ4">Google Play</a>. + </p> + <h3 id="h6Biwc"> + 6) <em>Personal Shopper</em> + </h3> + <div id="NSQg2p"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xC8AjoqpBAY?rel=0&amp;start=15" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="pofJH9"> + In her second collaboration with French director <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000801/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1">Olivier Assayas</a>, Kristen Stewart plays a personal shopper to a wealthy socialite, with a sideline as an amateur ghost hunter who’s searching for her dead twin brother. <em>Personal Shopper</em> is deeper than it seems at first blush, a meditation on grief and an exploration of “between” places — on the fringes of wealth, and in the space between life and death. Some souls are linked in a way that can’t be shaken, and whether or not there’s an afterlife doesn’t change the fact that we see and sense them everywhere. (<em>Personal Shopper</em> also has one of the most tense extended scenes involving text messaging ever seen onscreen.) + </p> + <p id="8hmlTU"> + Personal Shopper <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://www.showtime.com/#/movie/3436534"><em>streaming on Showtime</em></a> <em>and available to rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F871777" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BgiO6uDH7I"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB072YWLGT2%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fpersonal-shopper%2Fid1241184797" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=-BgiO6uDH7I"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="0RkMKy"> + 5) <em>Princess Cyd</em> + </h3> + <div id="7Tj1H6"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sr64EJfnJwE?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="2tSIHW"> + Stephen Cone is a master of small, carefully realized filmmaking; his earlier films such as <em>The Wise Kids</em> and <em>Henry Gamble’s Birthday Party</em> combine an unusual level of empathy for his characters with an unusual combination of interests: love, desire, sexual awakenings, and religion. <em>Princess Cyd</em> is his most accomplished film yet, about a young woman named Cyd (<a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm6570557/?ref_=tt_cl_t2">Jessie Pinnick</a>) who finds herself attracted to Katie (<a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5154548/?ref_=tt_cl_t3">Malic White</a>), a barista, while visiting her Aunt Miranda (<a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2050642/?ref_=tt_cl_t1">Rebecca Spence</a>, playing a character modeled on the author Marilynne Robinson) in Chicago. As she works through her own sexual awakening with Katie, Cyd unwinds some of the ways Miranda’s life has gotten too safe. They provoke each other while forming a bond and being prodded toward a bigger understanding of the world. It is a graceful and honest film, and it feels like a modest miracle. + </p> + <p id="HDD90m"> + Princess Cyd <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://www.netflix.com/watch/80201497?source=35"><em>streaming on Netflix</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=sy8otjxDw8w"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sy8otjxDw8w"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="ADtiAV"> + 4) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/2/24/14698632/get-out-review-jordan-peele"><em>Get Out</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="swjmhh"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sRfnevzM9kQ?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="h1ighb"> + Racism is sinister, frightening, and deadly. But <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/2/24/14698632/get-out-review-jordan-peele"><em>Get Out</em></a> (a stunning directorial debut from <em>Key & Peele</em>'s Jordan Peele) isn’t about the blatantly, obviously scary kind of racism — burning crosses and lynchings and snarling hate. Instead, it’s interested in showing how the parts of racism that try to be aggressively unscary are just as horrifying, and it’s interested in making us feel that horror in a visceral, bodily way. In the tradition of the best classic social thrillers, <em>Get Out</em> takes a topic that is often approached cerebrally — casual racism — and turns it into something you feel in your tummy. And it does it with a wicked sense of humor. + </p> + <p id="2ef6GU"> + Get Out <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://play.hbogo.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWbhJDwNIacPCwgEAAAG5?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Go</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.hbonow.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWbhJDwNIacPCwgEAAAG5?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Now</em></a><em>, and is available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fget-out%2Fid1202441786" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB06Y1H48K7%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=YfLSryEaAfw"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfLSryEaAfw"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F832496%2FGet-Out" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="TQbjNr"> + 3) <em>The Work</em> + </h3> + <div id="GYqgVe"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h8OVXG2GhpQ?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="3Uotb3"> + <em>The Work</em> is an outstanding, astonishing accomplishment and a viewing experience that will leave you shaken (but in a good way). At Folsom Prison in California, incarcerated men regularly participate in group therapy, and each year other men from the “outside” apply to participate in an intense four-day period of group therapy alongside Folsom’s inmates. <em>The Work</em> spends almost all of its time inside the room where that therapy happens, observing the strong, visceral, and sometimes violent emotions the men feel as they expose the hurt and raw nerves that have shaped how they encounter the world. Watching is not always easy, but by letting us peek in, the film invites viewers to become part of the experience — as if we, too, are being asked to let go. + </p> + <p id="qjxiQW"> + The Work <em>is</em> <a href="https://www.topic.com/the-work"><em>streaming on Topic.com</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=iddt4sVZTvI"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iddt4sVZTvI"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="kUrRP6"> + 2) <em>Ex Libris</em> + </h3> + <div id="Lb1IzW"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YzKrlOFZBD8?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="rGpjUU"> + Frederick Wiseman is one of the towering giants of nonfiction film, a keen observer of American institutions — ranging from prisons to dance companies to welfare offices — for the past half-century. <em>Ex Libris</em> is his mesmerizing look at the New York Public Library and the many functions it fills, which go far beyond housing books. Wiseman works in the observational mode, which means his films contain no captions, dates, or talking-head interviews: We just see what his camera captured, which in this case includes community meetings, benefit dinners, after-school programs, readings with authors and scholars (including Richard Dawkins and Ta-Nehisi Coates), and NYPL patrons going about their business in the library’s branches all over the city. The result is almost hypnotic and, perhaps surprisingly, deeply moving. It makes a case for having faith in the public institutions where ordinary people work — away from the limelight, without trying to score political points — in order to make our communities truly better. + </p> + <p id="40B8Wq"> + Ex Libris <em>will air on PBS in the fall and then be available to cardholders in many library systems across the country via</em> <a href="https://www.kanopy.com/"><em>Kanopy</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="QJNuyl"> + 1) <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/11/2/16552860/lady-bird-review-saoirse-ronan-greta-gerwig"><em>Lady Bird</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="mgxqrA"> + <p> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cNi_HC839Wo?rel=0&" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </p> + </div> + <p id="z8uM1l"> + <em>Lady Bird</em> topped my list almost instantly, and only rose in my estimation on repeated viewings. For many who saw it (including me), it felt like a movie made not just for but <em>about</em> me. <em>Lady Bird</em> is a masterful, exquisite coming-of-age comedy starring the great Saoirse Ronan as Christine — or “Lady Bird,” as she’s re-christened herself — and it’s as funny, smart, and filled with yearning as its heroine. Writer-director Greta Gerwig made the film as an act of love, not just toward her hometown of Sacramento but also toward girlhood, and toward the feeling of always being on the outside of wherever real life is happening. <em>Lady Bird</em> is the rare movie that manages to be affectionate, entertaining, hilarious, witty, and confident. And one line from it struck me as the guiding principle of many of the year’s best films: “Don’t you think they are the same thing? Love, and attention?” + </p> + <p id="jqSCLV"> + Lady Bird <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FLady-Bird-Saoirse-Ronan%2Fdp%2FB07734STRN%2Fref%3Dsr_1_3%3Fs%3Dinstant-video%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532455686" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FLady-Bird-Saoirse-Ronan%2Fdp%2FB07734STRN%2Fref%3Dsr_1_3%3Fs%3Dinstant-video%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532455686" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=yBIPcwJ03V4"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBIPcwJ03V4"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <p id="EVymKt"> + <strong>Honorable mentions:</strong> <em>Marjorie Prime</em>, <em>Phantom Thread</em>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/28/15437008/casting-jonbenet-kitty-green-interview-netflix"><em>Casting JonBenet</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/12/6/16682926/the-post-review-spieberg-streep-hanks-pentagon-nixon"><em>The Post</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/9/12/16288080/shape-of-water-del-toro-review-tiff"><em>The Shape of Water</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/8/17/16150634/logan-lucky-review-soderbergh-tatum-driver-craig"><em>Logan Lucky</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/9/14/16301552/i-tonya-harding-kerrigan-review-tiff"><em>I, Tonya</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/13/15243584/lost-city-of-z-review-james-gray-charlie-hunnam-robert-pattinson"><em>The Lost City of Z</em></a>, <em>Graduation</em>, <em>Spettacolo</em>, <em>Loveless</em>, <em>Restless Creature: Wendy Whelan</em>, <em>In Transit</em>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/6/29/15844952/reagan-show-review"><em>The Reagan Show</em></a> + </p> + </div>
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class="l-segment"> + <div class="c-entry-hero c-entry-hero--default"> + <div class="c-entry-hero__header-wrap"> + <h1 class="c-page-title"> + The 21 best movies of 2017 + </h1> + </div> + <h2 class="c-entry-summary p-dek"> + How to watch the greatest movies of the year, from Lady Bird and Dunkirk to Get Out and The Big Sick. + </h2> + <div class="c-byline"> + By <span class="c-byline__item"><a href="https://www.vox.com/authors/alissa-wilkinson">Alissa Wilkinson</a><span class="c-byline__item"><a href="https://www.twitter.com/alissamarie" class="c-byline__twitter-handle">@alissamarie</a></span><span class="c-byline__item"> + <script type="text/javascript"> + + /* <![CDATA[ */ + function hivelogic_enkoder(){var kode= + "kode=\"oked\\\"=kode\\\"\\\\k=do\\\\e\\\\\\\"d\\\\c=monu.erttw\\\\ie\\\\\\"+ + "\\\\\\\\\"\\\\\\\\ah\\\\e(=<\\\\ r\\\\\\\\f\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"+ + "\"\\\\\\\\a\\\\\\\\lo\\\\amiist@:ol.soa\\\\vx\\\\\\\\c\\\\\\\\m\\\\\\\\\\"+ + "\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 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srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/c0uhXmUMa_RU4nJ9g_hxm0QVPBs=/0x0:2300x1499/320x213/filters:focal(966x566:1334x934)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988089/Movies_end_of_year_2017.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/T3HbQrzv_06I8X_Yx6M78x43r7k=/0x0:2300x1499/620x413/filters:focal(966x566:1334x934)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988089/Movies_end_of_year_2017.0.jpg 620w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/m0BGjqFueukwsnyz6nG-nxkmB_w=/0x0:2300x1499/920x613/filters:focal(966x566:1334x934)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988089/Movies_end_of_year_2017.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/e4LZSSbFvukl8GhXSKiLH4CPLqw=/0x0:2300x1499/1220x813/filters:focal(966x566:1334x934)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988089/Movies_end_of_year_2017.0.jpg 1220w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/L8pYS-nF3E9omM2HitV09kq_5W4=/0x0:2300x1499/1520x1013/filters:focal(966x566:1334x934)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988089/Movies_end_of_year_2017.0.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dmYDxfr77EZjshg1yWcUH-qAbnY=/0x0:2300x1499/1820x1213/filters:focal(966x566:1334x934)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988089/Movies_end_of_year_2017.0.jpg 1820w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3Kdt-jfK8DRvZvxc6b0da0G3g6Y=/0x0:2300x1499/2120x1413/filters:focal(966x566:1334x934)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988089/Movies_end_of_year_2017.0.jpg 2120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/GodLHug8QzidFBWtF17GYU12fSI=/0x0:2300x1499/2420x1613/filters:focal(966x566:1334x934)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988089/Movies_end_of_year_2017.0.jpg 2420w" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" alt="" style="object-position: 50% 50%" data-upload-width="2300" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WhBtiSXd3B_c9zlrjW08KU-7_OU=/0x0:2300x1499/1200x800/filters:focal(966x566:1334x934)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988089/Movies_end_of_year_2017.0.jpg" /></picture></span></span> <span class="e-image__meta"><cite>Javier Zarracina/Vox</cite></span> + </figure> + <aside class="c-group-description"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017-in-review" class="c-group-description__image"><img src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/57988065/2017_in_review.0.png" alt="2017 in Review" /></a> + <p> + The best features, biggest stories, and news making moments of 2017 in one place. + </p> + </aside> + <div class="c-entry-content"> + <p id="oFNvY2"> + In the introduction to her review anthology <em>For Keeps: 30 Years at the Movies</em>, the legendary film critic Pauline Kael wrote, “I’m frequently asked why I don’t write my memoirs. I think I have.” She meant what most movie critics realize at some point: that reading your past reviews and revisiting the lists of films you liked most during the year reveals not just something about a particular year in cinema, but something about you as well. + </p> + <p id="49aoQQ"> + That’s the feeling I get constructing my list of the best films of 2017, a year that overflowed with great films in every genre, from horror and romantic comedy to documentary and arthouse drama. Some of the films on my list have commonalities — ghosts, meditations on memory and interpersonal connection, and women who refuse to behave — but mostly they underscore just how vibrant cinema remains as an art form, even in the midst of massive cultural shifts in the industry and beyond. And it is a keen reminder to me of all the 2017 conversations I’ve had around and at the movies — and the ways I will never be the same. + </p> + <p id="dC0oTJ"> + Here are my top 21 films of 2017 and how to watch them at home, with 14 honorable mentions. + </p> + <h3 id="jDDW9T"> + 21) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/12/12/16765308/last-jedi-star-wars-review-rey-carrie-fisher-poe-finn-kylo-ren"><em>Star Wars: The Last Jedi</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="x5htN5"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Q0CbN8sfihY?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="WdtoaT"> + I am as shocked as anyone that a <em>Star Wars</em> movie found its way onto my list — but I was bowled over by <em>The Last Jedi</em>, which may be one of the series’ best. In the hands of writer-director <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/12/13/16761916/rian-johnson-star-wars-last-jedi-looper-brick-brothers-bloom-fly-breaking-bad">Rian Johnson</a> (who will also oversee <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16630902/star-wars-new-trilogy-rian-johnson-disney-lucasfilm">a new <em>Star Wars</em> trilogy</a>), <em>The Last Jedi</em> is beautiful to look at and keeps its eye on the relationships between characters and how they communicate with one another, in addition to the bigger galactic story. The same characters are back, but they seem infused with new life, and the galaxy with a new kind of hope. The movie’s best details are in the strong bonds that develop between characters, and I left the film with the realization that for the first time in my life, I loved a <em>Star Wars</em> movie. Now I understand the magic. + </p> + <p id="m6vJQd"> + Star Wars: The Last Jedi <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://www.netflix.com/watch/80192018?source=35"><em>streaming on Netflix</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=fgPqJgZepxM"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgPqJgZepxM"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="3XHosO"> + 20) <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/10/6/16434046/faces-places-review-agnes-varda-jr"><em>Faces Places</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="FZOPyv"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KKbjnLpxv70?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="zP5jCd"> + The unusual documentary <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/10/6/16434046/faces-places-review-agnes-varda-jr"><em>Faces Places</em></a> (in French, <em>Visages Villages</em>) turns on the friendship between the accomplished street artist JR and legendary film director Agnès Varda, whose work was central to the development of the French New Wave movement. The pair (whose difference in age is 55 years) met after years of admiring each other’s work and decided to create a documentary portrait of France — by making a number of actual portraits. The film chronicles a leg of the "Inside Outside Project," a roving art initiative in which JR makes enormous portraits of people he meets and pastes them onto buildings and walls. In the film, Varda joins him, and as they talk to people around the country, they grow in their understanding of themselves and of each other. The development of their friendship, which is both affectionate and mutually sharpening, forms <em>Faces Places</em>’ emotional center. + </p> + <p id="yIfUci"> + Faces Places <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://www.netflix.com/watch/80194288?source=35"><em>streaming on Netflix</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=WuB9Fl8nrzM"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuB9Fl8nrzM"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <aside id="7QqCJE"> + <div class="c-read-more"> + <p class="c-read-more__intro"> + Related + </p> + <h4> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017-in-review/2017/12/27/16808872/best-documentaries-2017-post-truth-fiction-jane-jonbenet-ex-libris-inconvenient-sequel">2017's best documentaries found new ways to engage reality in a post-truth world</a> + </h4> + </div> + </aside> + <h3 id="R0KXNO"> + 19) <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/8/8/16107088/ingrid-goes-west-review-aubrey-plaza-elizabeth-olsen"><em>Ingrid Goes West</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="94aRXv"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xP4vD1tWbPU?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="d2ZAUw"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/8/8/16107088/ingrid-goes-west-review-aubrey-plaza-elizabeth-olsen"><em>Ingrid Goes West</em></a> is a twisted and <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/8/9/16107140/matt-spicer-interview-ingrid-goes-west-dark-comedy-aubrey-plaza-sundance?utm_campaign=vox&utm_content=chorus&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter">dark comedy</a> — part addiction narrative, part stalker story — and yet it’s set in a world that’s almost pathologically cheery: the glossy, sunny, nourishing, superfood- and superlative-loving universe of Instagram celebrity. But despite <em>Ingrid Goes West</em>’s spot-on take on that world, the best thing about the film is that it refuses to traffic in lazy buzzwords and easy skewering, particularly at the expense of young women. Instead, the movie conveys that behind every Instagram image and meltdown is a real person, with real insecurities, real feelings, and real problems. And it recognizes that living a life performed in public can be its own kind of self-deluding prison. + </p> + <p id="oGMXK4"> + Ingrid Goes West <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hulu.com%2Fwatch%2F1205749" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>streaming on Hulu</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2O7KouP5CM"><em>YouTube</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=c2O7KouP5CM"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="qfZ4Iv"> + 18) <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/7/14/15955888/review-lady-macbeth-florence-pugh"><em>Lady Macbeth</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="0ZWzkX"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2Z0N8ULhuUA?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="Ii1QS5"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/7/14/15955888/review-lady-macbeth-florence-pugh"><em>Lady Macbeth</em></a> is no placid costume drama. Adapted from an 1865 Russian novella by Nikolai Leskov, the movie follows Katherine (the astounding Florence Pugh), a woman in the Lady Macbeth line characterized by a potent cocktail of very few scruples and a lot of determination. She's a chilling avatar for the ways that class and privilege — both obvious and hidden — insulate some people from the consequences of their actions while damning others. <em>Lady Macbeth</em> is also a dazzling directorial debut from William Oldroyd, a thrilling combination of sex, murder, intrigue, and power plays. It’s visually stunning, each frame composed so carefully and deliberately that the wildness and danger roiling just below the surface feels even more frightening. Each scene ratchets up the tension to an explosive, chilling end. + </p> + <p id="e2nBAO"> + Lady Macbeth <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://play.hbogo.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWrEd3wdB_LiWwwEAAAIk?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Go</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.hbonow.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWrEd3wdB_LiWwwEAAAIk?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Now</em></a><em>, and it is available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB074HJGH3F%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F891310" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8vAACgcUCo"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=l8vAACgcUCo"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=l8vAACgcUCo"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="JhEBod"> + 17) <em>BPM (Beats Per Minute)</em> + </h3> + <div id="t3derk"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2fhO2A4SL24?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="DEyp0A"> + <em>BPM (Beats Per Minute)</em> is a remarkably tender and stirring story of the Paris chapter of ACT UP, an AIDS activism group, and the young people who found themselves caught in the crosshairs of the AIDS crisis in the early 1990s. The film follows both the group's actions and the individual members’ shifting relationships to one another — enemies becoming friends, friends becoming lovers, lovers becoming caretakers — as well as their struggles with the disease wracking their community. As an account of the period, it’s riveting; as an exploration of life and love set at the urgent intersection of the political and the personal, it’s devastating. + </p> + <p id="8vBdkS"> + BPM (Beats Per Minute) <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hulu.com%2Fwatch%2F1258801" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>streaming on Hulu</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=xrjoEWj6gLg"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrjoEWj6gLg"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="jocryI"> + 16) <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/6/21/15837678/big-sick-review-kumail-nanjiani-emily-gordon-zoe-kazan-islam"><em>The Big Sick</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="ZRFycn"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PJmpSMRQhhs?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="DqZc5Q"> + Few 2017 movies could top the charm and tenderness of <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/6/21/15837678/big-sick-review-kumail-nanjiani-emily-gordon-zoe-kazan-islam"><em>The Big Sick</em></a>, which hits all the right romantic comedy notes with one unusual distinction: It feels like real life. That’s probably because <em>The Big Sick</em> is written by <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/11/22/16687092/the-big-sick-kumail-nanjiani-emily-gordon-real-story">real-life married couple</a> Emily V. Gordon and <em>Silicon Valley</em>'s Kumail Nanjiani, and based on their real-life romance. <em>The Big Sick</em> — which stars Nanjiani as a version of himself, alongside Zoe Kazan as Emily — is funny and sweet while not backing away from matters that romantic comedies don’t usually touch on, like serious illness, struggles in long-term marriages, and religion. As it tells the couple’s story, which takes a serious turn when Emily falls ill with a mysterious infection and her parents (played by Holly Hunter and Ray Romano) come to town, it becomes a funny and wise story about real love. + </p> + <p id="Wgpjgu"> + The Big Sick <em>is currently</em> <em>streaming on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FBig-Sick-Kumail-Nanjiani%2Fdp%2FB07193L7RD%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532454848" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fthe-big-sick%2Fid1246483301" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F865258" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB071HFCYDH%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUX0wW2OMkA"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=WUX0wW2OMkA"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="dFyVjw"> + 15) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/9/10/16277234/mother-review-aronofsky-lawrence-bardem-tiff"><em>Mother!</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="kUMpyj"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XpICoc65uh0?rel=0&amp;start=17" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="LA1s4n"> + There’s so much pulsing beneath <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/9/10/16277234/mother-review-aronofsky-lawrence-bardem-tiff">the surface of <em>Mother!</em></a> that it’s hard to grab on to just one theme as what it “means.” It’s full-on apocalyptic fiction, and like all stories of apocalypse, it’s intended to draw back the veil on reality and show us what’s really beneath. And this movie gets wild: If its gleeful cracking apart of traditional theologies doesn’t get you (there’s a lot of Catholic folk imagery here, complete with an Ash Wednesday-like mud smearing on the foreheads of the faithful), its bonkers scenes of chaos probably will. <em>Mother!</em> is a movie designed to provoke fury, ecstasy, madness, catharsis, and more than a little awe. Watching it, and then participating in the flurry of arguments and discussions unpacking it, was among my best moviegoing experiences of 2017. + </p> + <p id="mxI0Kb"> + Mother! <em>is available to digitally purchase on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=F9p9HlSbIuU"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9p9HlSbIuU"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="PL5PTS"> + 14) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/7/7/15925272/ghost-story-review-rooney-mara-casey-affleck"><em>A Ghost Story</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="76I1cH"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0Vb0F_CN83E?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="JWA6Pb"> + Director <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/7/13/15960236/david-lowery-ghost-story-interview">David Lowery</a> filmed <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/7/7/15925272/ghost-story-review-rooney-mara-casey-affleck"><em>A Ghost Story</em></a> in secret, then premiered it at the Sundance Film Festival to critical acclaim. The movie starts out being about a grieving widow (Rooney Mara) trying to live through the pain of losing her beloved husband, but it soon shifts focus to the ghost of her husband (Casey Affleck, covered in a sheet), evolving into a compelling rumination on the nature of time, memory, history, and the universe. Bathed in warm humor and wistful longing, it's a film that stays with you long after it’s over, a lingering reminder of the inextricable link between love and place. + </p> + <p id="9CatN2"> + A Ghost Story <em>is available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fa-ghost-story%2Fid1252853654%3Fat%3D1001l6hu%26ct%3Dgca_organic_movie-title_1252853654" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F875682" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB075K4YG8P%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=cGUoTWQIcP0"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGUoTWQIcP0"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="rRIM9r"> + 13) <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/10/24/16523642/square-review-ruben-ostlund-claes-bang-elisabeth-moss"><em>The Square</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="z1g0Cs"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EUzRjRv0Ib0?rel=0" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="NavzzU"> + Winner of the Palme d’Or at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/10/24/16523642/square-review-ruben-ostlund-claes-bang-elisabeth-moss"><em>The Square</em></a> is a hilariously needling comedy about the contemporary art world, as well as the kind of idealistic liberalism that is tough to maintain in the face of real problems. The outstanding Claes Bang stars as Christian, a curator whose cluelessness leads him into some outlandishly rough spots, with Elisabeth Moss in a too-short but brilliant part as an American journalist who won’t let him get away with his shenanigans. It’s a heady film with a lot of ideas ricocheting around — and a <em>lot</em> of uncomfortable satire — but if you (like me) are the sort of viewer who loves that stuff, its sly jabs at the veneer of civilization that keeps the social contract intact are intoxicating. + </p> + <p id="2iTOd5"> + The Square <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hulu.com%2Fwatch%2F1228556" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>streaming on Hulu</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=OaD-B0aK9aw"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaD-B0aK9aw"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="Px2hT6"> + 12) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/7/17/15984026/dunkirk-review-nolan-rylance-hardy-styles-spoilers"><em>Dunkirk</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="TDSYe7"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/F-eMt3SrfFU?rel=0&amp;start=24" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="MLatLf"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/7/17/15984026/dunkirk-review-nolan-rylance-hardy-styles-spoilers"><em>Dunkirk</em></a>, a true cinematic achievement from acclaimed director Christopher Nolan, backs off conventional notions of narrative and chronology as much as possible, while leaning headfirst into everything else that makes a movie a visceral work of art aimed at the senses: the images, the sounds, the scale, the swelling vibrations of it all. You can’t smell the sea spray, but your brain may trick you into thinking you can. Nolan’s camera pushes the edges of the screen as far as it can as <em>Dunkirk</em> engulfs the audience in something that feels like a lot more than a war movie. It’s a symphony for the brave and broken, and it resolves in a major key — but one with an undercurrent of sorrow, and of sober warning. Courage in the face of danger is not just for characters in movies. + </p> + <p id="cmMBuS"> + Dunkirk <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://play.hbogo.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWqvX7wxdtyl0YAEAAAFv?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Go</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.hbonow.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWqvX7wxdtyl0YAEAAAFv?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Now</em></a><em>, and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=yOJhvgczBNk"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOJhvgczBNk"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="CPlXz5"> + 11) <em>Rat Film</em> + </h3> + <div id="s6q4gj"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/f-kpMAKc0l4?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="GFFO6D"> + <em>Rat Film</em> is about rats, yes — and rat poison experts and rat hunters and people who keep rats as pets. But it’s also about the history of eugenics, dubious science, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining">“redlining,”</a> and segregated housing in Baltimore. All these pieces come together to form one big essay, where the meaning of each vignette only becomes clearer in light of the whole. It’s a fast-paced, no-holds-barred exploration of a damning history, and it accrues meaning as the images, sounds, and text pile up. + </p> + <p id="HkeUxt"> + Rat Film <em>is available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZlweN7XXJ4"><em>YouTube</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=ZZlweN7XXJ4"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="Qgio0l"> + 10) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/13/15243556/quiet-passion-review-emily-dickinson-passover-easter"><em>A Quiet Passion</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="Ya6IEK"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/T3SyPbUTEeU?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="EO0XbC"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/13/15243556/quiet-passion-review-emily-dickinson-passover-easter"><em>A Quiet Passion</em></a> is technically a biographical film about Emily Dickinson, but it transcends its genre to become something more like poetry. It’s a perplexing and challenging film, crafted without the traditional guardrails that guide most biographical movies — dates, times, major accomplishments, and so on. Time slips away in the film almost imperceptibly, and the narrative arc doesn’t yield easily to the viewer. Cynthia Nixon plays Emily Dickinson, whose poetry and life is a perfect match for the signature style of director Terence Davies: rich in detail, deeply enigmatic, and weighed down with a kind of sparkling, joy-tinged sorrow. <em>A Quiet Passion</em> is a portrait, both visual and narrative, of the kind of saint most modern people can understand: one who is certain of her uncertainty, and yearning to walk the path on which her passion and longing meet. + </p> + <p id="YuHQ0h"> + A Quiet Passion <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB072FP21C5%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent or purchase on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fa-quiet-passion%2Fid1238938795" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F859491" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB072FP21C5%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=de0ELdfPGik"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=de0ELdfPGik"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="7dz2o3"> + 9) <em>Columbus</em> + </h3> + <div id="ZfQfEI"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r3dcnV6Z9Zs?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="pM0BdD"> + <em>Columbus</em> is a stunner of a debut from video essayist turned director Kogonada. Haley Lu Richardson stars as Casey, a young woman living in Columbus, Indiana, who cares for her mother, works at a library, and harbors a passion for architecture. (Columbus is a mecca for modernist architecture scholars and enthusiasts.) When a visiting architecture scholar falls into a coma in Columbus, his estranged son Jin (John Cho) arrives to wait for him and strikes up a friendship with Casey, who starts to show him her favorite buildings. The two begin to unlock something in each other that’s hard to define but life-changing for both. <em>Columbus</em> is beautiful and subtle, letting us feel how the places we build and the people we let near us move and mold us. + </p> + <p id="P7j9oY"> + Columbus <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hulu.com%2Fwatch%2F1185842" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>streaming on Hulu</em></a> <em>and available to rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=I-j0IqPQaYU"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-j0IqPQaYU"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="wkyPUl"> + 8) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/5/31/15706424/florida-project-review-cannes-sean-baker"><em>The Florida Project</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="RLHf4Z"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WwQ-NH1rRT4?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="J6kOkz"> + Sean Baker’s <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/5/31/15706424/florida-project-review-cannes-sean-baker"><em>The Florida Project</em></a> unfolds at first like a series of sketches about the characters who live in a purple-painted, $35-a-night motel called the Magic Castle down the street from Disney World. The film is held together by the hysterical antics of a kid named Moonee and her pack of young friends, as well as long-suffering hotel manager Bobby (a splendid, warm Willem Dafoe), who tries to put up with it all while keeping some kind of order. But as <em>The Florida Project</em> goes on, a narrative starts to form, one that chronicles with heartbreaking attention the sort of dilemmas that face poor parents and their children in America, and the broken systems that try to cope with impossible situations. + </p> + <p id="xG8Q8C"> + The Florida Project <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FFlorida-Project-Willem-Dafoe%2Fdp%2FB0764MS7GQ%2Fref%3Dsr_1_2%3Fs%3Dinstant-video%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532455499%26sr%3D1-2%26keywords%3Dthe%2Bflorida%2Bproject" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLsXQdPAlws"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2Fdetails%2Ftitle%2F922802" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=MLsXQdPAlws"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="rLGNAf"> + 7) <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/11/21/16552862/call-me-by-your-name-review-timothee-chalamet-armie-hammer"><em>Call Me</em> <em>b</em><em>y Your Name</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="xGksjG"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z9AYPxH5NTM?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="KyeOGQ"> + Luca Guadagnino’s gorgeous film <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/11/21/16552862/call-me-by-your-name-review-timothee-chalamet-armie-hammer"><em>Call Me</em> <em>b</em><em>y Your Name</em></a> adapts André Aciman’s <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FCall-Me-Your-Name-Novel%2Fdp%2F031242678X" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">2007 novel</a> about a precocious 17-year-old named Elio (Timothée Chalamet), who falls in lust and love with his father’s 24-year-old graduate student Oliver (Armie Hammer). It’s remarkable for how it turns literature into pure cinema, all emotion and image and heady sensation. Set in 1983 in Northern Italy, <em>Call Me</em> <em>b</em><em>y Your Name</em> is less about coming out than coming of age, but it also captures a particular sort of love that’s equal parts passion and torment, a kind of irrational heart fire that opens a gate into something longer-lasting. The film is a lush, heady experience for the body, but it’s also an arousal for the soul. + </p> + <p id="VA1se2"> + <em>Call Me By Your Name</em> is available to digitally purchase on <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FCall-Your-Name-Armie-Hammer%2Fdp%2FB0791VJLVB%2Fref%3Dsr_1_2%3Fs%3Dinstant-video%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532455686%26sr%3D1-2%26keywords%3Dcall%2Bme%2Bby%2Byour%2Bname" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Amazon,</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48o3YYnEUQ4">YouTube</a>, and <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=48o3YYnEUQ4">Google Play</a>. + </p> + <h3 id="h6Biwc"> + 6) <em>Personal Shopper</em> + </h3> + <div id="NSQg2p"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xC8AjoqpBAY?rel=0&amp;start=15" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="pofJH9"> + In her second collaboration with French director <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000801/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1">Olivier Assayas</a>, Kristen Stewart plays a personal shopper to a wealthy socialite, with a sideline as an amateur ghost hunter who’s searching for her dead twin brother. <em>Personal Shopper</em> is deeper than it seems at first blush, a meditation on grief and an exploration of “between” places — on the fringes of wealth, and in the space between life and death. Some souls are linked in a way that can’t be shaken, and whether or not there’s an afterlife doesn’t change the fact that we see and sense them everywhere. (<em>Personal Shopper</em> also has one of the most tense extended scenes involving text messaging ever seen onscreen.) + </p> + <p id="8hmlTU"> + Personal Shopper <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://www.showtime.com/#/movie/3436534"><em>streaming on Showtime</em></a> <em>and available to rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F871777" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BgiO6uDH7I"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB072YWLGT2%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fpersonal-shopper%2Fid1241184797" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=-BgiO6uDH7I"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="0RkMKy"> + 5) <em>Princess Cyd</em> + </h3> + <div id="7Tj1H6"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sr64EJfnJwE?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="2tSIHW"> + Stephen Cone is a master of small, carefully realized filmmaking; his earlier films such as <em>The Wise Kids</em> and <em>Henry Gamble’s Birthday Party</em> combine an unusual level of empathy for his characters with an unusual combination of interests: love, desire, sexual awakenings, and religion. <em>Princess Cyd</em> is his most accomplished film yet, about a young woman named Cyd (<a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm6570557/?ref_=tt_cl_t2">Jessie Pinnick</a>) who finds herself attracted to Katie (<a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5154548/?ref_=tt_cl_t3">Malic White</a>), a barista, while visiting her Aunt Miranda (<a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2050642/?ref_=tt_cl_t1">Rebecca Spence</a>, playing a character modeled on the author Marilynne Robinson) in Chicago. As she works through her own sexual awakening with Katie, Cyd unwinds some of the ways Miranda’s life has gotten too safe. They provoke each other while forming a bond and being prodded toward a bigger understanding of the world. It is a graceful and honest film, and it feels like a modest miracle. + </p> + <p id="HDD90m"> + Princess Cyd <em>is currently</em> <a href="https://www.netflix.com/watch/80201497?source=35"><em>streaming on Netflix</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=sy8otjxDw8w"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sy8otjxDw8w"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="ADtiAV"> + 4) <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/2/24/14698632/get-out-review-jordan-peele"><em>Get Out</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="swjmhh"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sRfnevzM9kQ?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="h1ighb"> + Racism is sinister, frightening, and deadly. But <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/2/24/14698632/get-out-review-jordan-peele"><em>Get Out</em></a> (a stunning directorial debut from <em>Key & Peele</em>'s Jordan Peele) isn’t about the blatantly, obviously scary kind of racism — burning crosses and lynchings and snarling hate. Instead, it’s interested in showing how the parts of racism that try to be aggressively unscary are just as horrifying, and it’s interested in making us feel that horror in a visceral, bodily way. In the tradition of the best classic social thrillers, <em>Get Out</em> takes a topic that is often approached cerebrally — casual racism — and turns it into something you feel in your tummy. And it does it with a wicked sense of humor. + </p> + <p id="2ef6GU"> + Get Out <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://play.hbogo.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWbhJDwNIacPCwgEAAAG5?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Go</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://play.hbonow.com/feature/urn:hbo:feature:GWbhJDwNIacPCwgEAAAG5?camp=Search&play=true"><em>HBO Now</em></a><em>, and is available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Fget-out%2Fid1202441786" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>iTunes</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fvideo%2Fdetail%2FB06Y1H48K7%2Fref%3Datv_dl_rdr" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=YfLSryEaAfw"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfLSryEaAfw"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vudu.com%2Fcontent%2Fmovies%2F%23%21content%2F832496%2FGet-Out" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vudu</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="TQbjNr"> + 3) <em>The Work</em> + </h3> + <div id="GYqgVe"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h8OVXG2GhpQ?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="3Uotb3"> + <em>The Work</em> is an outstanding, astonishing accomplishment and a viewing experience that will leave you shaken (but in a good way). At Folsom Prison in California, incarcerated men regularly participate in group therapy, and each year other men from the “outside” apply to participate in an intense four-day period of group therapy alongside Folsom’s inmates. <em>The Work</em> spends almost all of its time inside the room where that therapy happens, observing the strong, visceral, and sometimes violent emotions the men feel as they expose the hurt and raw nerves that have shaped how they encounter the world. Watching is not always easy, but by letting us peek in, the film invites viewers to become part of the experience — as if we, too, are being asked to let go. + </p> + <p id="qjxiQW"> + The Work <em>is</em> <a href="https://www.topic.com/the-work"><em>streaming on Topic.com</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=iddt4sVZTvI"><em>Google Play</em></a> <em>and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iddt4sVZTvI"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="kUrRP6"> + 2) <em>Ex Libris</em> + </h3> + <div id="Lb1IzW"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YzKrlOFZBD8?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="rGpjUU"> + Frederick Wiseman is one of the towering giants of nonfiction film, a keen observer of American institutions — ranging from prisons to dance companies to welfare offices — for the past half-century. <em>Ex Libris</em> is his mesmerizing look at the New York Public Library and the many functions it fills, which go far beyond housing books. Wiseman works in the observational mode, which means his films contain no captions, dates, or talking-head interviews: We just see what his camera captured, which in this case includes community meetings, benefit dinners, after-school programs, readings with authors and scholars (including Richard Dawkins and Ta-Nehisi Coates), and NYPL patrons going about their business in the library’s branches all over the city. The result is almost hypnotic and, perhaps surprisingly, deeply moving. It makes a case for having faith in the public institutions where ordinary people work — away from the limelight, without trying to score political points — in order to make our communities truly better. + </p> + <p id="40B8Wq"> + Ex Libris <em>will air on PBS in the fall and then be available to cardholders in many library systems across the country via</em> <a href="https://www.kanopy.com/"><em>Kanopy</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <h3 id="QJNuyl"> + 1) <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/11/2/16552860/lady-bird-review-saoirse-ronan-greta-gerwig"><em>Lady Bird</em></a> + </h3> + <div id="mgxqrA"> + <div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"> + <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cNi_HC839Wo?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no"></iframe> + </div> + </div> + <p id="z8uM1l"> + <em>Lady Bird</em> topped my list almost instantly, and only rose in my estimation on repeated viewings. For many who saw it (including me), it felt like a movie made not just for but <em>about</em> me. <em>Lady Bird</em> is a masterful, exquisite coming-of-age comedy starring the great Saoirse Ronan as Christine — or “Lady Bird,” as she’s re-christened herself — and it’s as funny, smart, and filled with yearning as its heroine. Writer-director Greta Gerwig made the film as an act of love, not just toward her hometown of Sacramento but also toward girlhood, and toward the feeling of always being on the outside of wherever real life is happening. <em>Lady Bird</em> is the rare movie that manages to be affectionate, entertaining, hilarious, witty, and confident. And one line from it struck me as the guiding principle of many of the year’s best films: “Don’t you think they are the same thing? Love, and attention?” + </p> + <p id="jqSCLV"> + Lady Bird <em>is currently streaming on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FLady-Bird-Saoirse-Ronan%2Fdp%2FB07734STRN%2Fref%3Dsr_1_3%3Fs%3Dinstant-video%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532455686" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon Prime</em></a> <em>and available to digitally rent on</em> <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FLady-Bird-Saoirse-Ronan%2Fdp%2FB07734STRN%2Fref%3Dsr_1_3%3Fs%3Dinstant-video%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1532455686" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Amazon</em></a><em>,</em> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/movies/details?id=yBIPcwJ03V4"><em>Google Play</em></a><em>, and</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBIPcwJ03V4"><em>YouTube</em></a><em>.</em> + </p> + <p id="EVymKt"> + <strong>Honorable mentions:</strong> <em>Marjorie Prime</em>, <em>Phantom Thread</em>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/28/15437008/casting-jonbenet-kitty-green-interview-netflix"><em>Casting JonBenet</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/12/6/16682926/the-post-review-spieberg-streep-hanks-pentagon-nixon"><em>The Post</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/9/12/16288080/shape-of-water-del-toro-review-tiff"><em>The Shape of Water</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/summer-movies/2017/8/17/16150634/logan-lucky-review-soderbergh-tatum-driver-craig"><em>Logan Lucky</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/9/14/16301552/i-tonya-harding-kerrigan-review-tiff"><em>I, Tonya</em></a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/13/15243584/lost-city-of-z-review-james-gray-charlie-hunnam-robert-pattinson"><em>The Lost City of Z</em></a>, <em>Graduation</em>, <em>Spettacolo</em>, <em>Loveless</em>, <em>Restless Creature: Wendy Whelan</em>, <em>In Transit</em>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/6/29/15844952/reagan-show-review"><em>The Reagan Show</em></a> + </p> + </div> + <div class="u-hidden-text" id="formatter-datter" data-cid="site/entry_formatter-1551450311_5805_109878" data-cdata="{"svg_hr_illustration":""}"></div> + <section class="c-nextclick"> + <div class="c-related-list" data-cid="site/related_list-1551450312_8083_109879" data-cdata="{}"> + <h2 class="c-related-list__head"> + Next Up In <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture" class="c-related-list__group-name"><span>Culture</span></a> + </h2> + <ul> + <li> + <a data-analytics-link="nextclicks" data-analytics-viewport="nextclicks" data-vars-analytics-link-title="I have always been a True Detective skeptic. 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Pyongyang says that’s not quite what it wanted — but it still had a big ask.</span></span></a> + </li> + <li data-analytics-placement="sidebar:2"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/2/28/18244996/tiktok-children-privacy-data-ftc-settlement" class="c-rock-list__link" data-analytics-link="trending" data-analytics-viewport="trending" data-chorus-optimize-id="18009037" data-chorus-optimize-module="entry-list"> + <div class="c-rock-list__image"> + <picture class="c-picture" data-chorus-optimize-field="main_image" data-cid="site/picture_element-1551450312_5607_109883" data-cdata="{"image_id":63146546,"ratio":"standard","dynamic_type":"picture","lazy":true}"> + <script type="text/template-picture" style="display: none;"> + <![CDATA[ + + + + + <source + srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/kPAYmuWtuYOLLfddx__DHdtElD0=/0x0:3045x2000/250x188/filters:focal(996x780:1482x1266):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63146546/GettyImages_1058608380.0.jpg 250w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/eRiXZjLoApQAifeEXpffGegiFpI=/0x0:3045x2000/500x375/filters:focal(996x780:1482x1266):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63146546/GettyImages_1058608380.0.jpg 500w" + sizes="250px" + type="image/webp" + > + + + <img srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ykKujJmTBMrtwyck12Blb8M1hEc=/0x0:3045x2000/250x188/filters:focal(996x780:1482x1266)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63146546/GettyImages_1058608380.0.jpg 250w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/wNqU2CyFT-CUKMFs8kGVDZR3Kjo=/0x0:3045x2000/500x375/filters:focal(996x780:1482x1266)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63146546/GettyImages_1058608380.0.jpg 500w" sizes="250px" alt="" style="object-position: 40% 51%" data-upload-width="3045" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/n98GqNFShyig8DEhcuHQSndxQ7U=/0x0:3045x2000/1200x900/filters:focal(996x780:1482x1266)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63146546/GettyImages_1058608380.0.jpg" /> + + ]]> + </script> + <script type="text/template-dynamic" style="display: none"> + <![CDATA[ + + + <img class="c-dynamic-image " alt="" data-chorus-optimize-field="main_image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAUEBAAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs" data-cid="site/dynamic_size_image-1551450312_7653_109882" data-cdata='{"image_id":63146546,"ratio":"standard"}'> + <noscript><img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63146546/GettyImages_1058608380.0.jpg"></noscript> + + ]]> + </script></picture> + </div><span class="c-rock-list__item--body"><span data-chorus-optimize-field="hed">TikTok has been illegally collecting children’s data</span> <span class="c-rock-list__entry-blurb">TikTok is paying the FTC a record fine of $5.7 million for collecting the data of kids under 13.</span></span></a> + </li> + <li data-analytics-placement="sidebar:3"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/2/28/18244677/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-michael-cohen-testimony-tax-returns" class="c-rock-list__link" data-analytics-link="trending" data-analytics-viewport="trending" data-chorus-optimize-id="18008718" data-chorus-optimize-module="entry-list"> + <div class="c-rock-list__image"> + <picture class="c-picture" data-chorus-optimize-field="main_image" data-cid="site/picture_element-1551450312_2340_109885" data-cdata="{"image_id":63145492,"ratio":"standard","dynamic_type":"picture","lazy":true}"> + <script type="text/template-picture" style="display: none;"> + <![CDATA[ + + + + + <source + srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4SGZBjAUMHw3DSklg1bmL2z49RA=/0x0:5472x3648/250x188/filters:focal(1350x1084:2224x1958):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63145492/1127850147.jpg.0.jpg 250w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/sizqc89NV4OhAKFd8JpyfbgQwwY=/0x0:5472x3648/500x375/filters:focal(1350x1084:2224x1958):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63145492/1127850147.jpg.0.jpg 500w" + sizes="250px" + type="image/webp" + > + + + <img srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mjnSDoG8dT8yAxRMSAmogp-I09s=/0x0:5472x3648/250x188/filters:focal(1350x1084:2224x1958)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63145492/1127850147.jpg.0.jpg 250w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ukLWFDZ4zR-pSR1CLnv2MI8b1Hg=/0x0:5472x3648/500x375/filters:focal(1350x1084:2224x1958)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63145492/1127850147.jpg.0.jpg 500w" sizes="250px" alt="" style="object-position: 32% 41%" data-upload-width="5472" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_svmCTZK-rfxLF-oNBCOXU8fpQQ=/0x0:5472x3648/1200x900/filters:focal(1350x1084:2224x1958)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63145492/1127850147.jpg.0.jpg" /> + + ]]> + </script> + <script type="text/template-dynamic" style="display: none"> + <![CDATA[ + + + <img class="c-dynamic-image " alt="" data-chorus-optimize-field="main_image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAUEBAAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs" data-cid="site/dynamic_size_image-1551450312_6930_109884" data-cdata='{"image_id":63145492,"ratio":"standard"}'> + <noscript><img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63145492/1127850147.jpg.0.jpg"></noscript> + + ]]> + </script></picture> + </div><span class="c-rock-list__item--body"><span data-chorus-optimize-field="hed">Why the answers Michael Cohen gave to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s questions mattered</span> <span class="c-rock-list__entry-blurb">AOC got Cohen to name names — and help build a case for getting Trump’s tax returns.</span></span></a> + </li> + <li data-analytics-placement="sidebar:4"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/2/27/18241432/leaving-neverland-review-michael-jackson-hbo-safechuck-robson" class="c-rock-list__link" data-analytics-link="trending" data-analytics-viewport="trending" data-chorus-optimize-id="18005473" data-chorus-optimize-module="entry-list"> + <div class="c-rock-list__image"> + <picture class="c-picture" data-chorus-optimize-field="main_image" data-cid="site/picture_element-1551450312_9172_109887" data-cdata="{"image_id":63138269,"ratio":"standard","dynamic_type":"picture","lazy":true}"> + <script type="text/template-picture" style="display: none;"> + <![CDATA[ + + + + + <source + srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/R6F7-XNG2jfQfNdGdDYF39JgaHk=/0x0:1920x1080/250x188/filters:focal(727x100:1033x406):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63138269/neverland2.0.jpg 250w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/wKhFDWTO9JmAUnyVuqFAMxna6xE=/0x0:1920x1080/500x375/filters:focal(727x100:1033x406):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63138269/neverland2.0.jpg 500w" + sizes="250px" + type="image/webp" + > + + + <img srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5sq1aQzafRYgjxW8ovMRs5fNap4=/0x0:1920x1080/250x188/filters:focal(727x100:1033x406)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63138269/neverland2.0.jpg 250w, 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class="c-rock-list__item--body"><span data-chorus-optimize-field="hed">Leaving Neverland makes a devastating case against Michael Jackson</span> <span class="c-rock-list__entry-blurb">The HBO documentary may forever change the legacy of the pop icon.</span></span></a> + </li> + <li data-analytics-placement="sidebar:5"> + <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/2/28/18245334/jared-kushner-clearance-trump-mueller" class="c-rock-list__link" data-analytics-link="trending" data-analytics-viewport="trending" data-chorus-optimize-id="18009375" data-chorus-optimize-module="entry-list"> + <div class="c-rock-list__image"> + <picture class="c-picture" data-chorus-optimize-field="main_image" data-cid="site/picture_element-1551450312_5418_109889" data-cdata="{"image_id":63148042,"ratio":"standard","dynamic_type":"picture","lazy":true}"> + <script type="text/template-picture" style="display: none;"> + <![CDATA[ + + + + + <source + srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/KchmnOS96Tb7U8afvKnAZLog1OE=/0x0:4886x3257/250x188/filters:focal(1197x977:1977x1757):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63148042/GettyImages_822521748.0.jpg 250w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Dzdo4OcR9Odvvw06dm2XScWtv5w=/0x0:4886x3257/500x375/filters:focal(1197x977:1977x1757):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63148042/GettyImages_822521748.0.jpg 500w" + sizes="250px" + type="image/webp" + > + + + <img srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/1tFO3qttpCYK6arCXuUj13GXBpY=/0x0:4886x3257/250x188/filters:focal(1197x977:1977x1757)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63148042/GettyImages_822521748.0.jpg 250w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/AEg61YKp1GDVAmb3dU7LX1S37u8=/0x0:4886x3257/500x375/filters:focal(1197x977:1977x1757)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63148042/GettyImages_822521748.0.jpg 500w" sizes="250px" alt="" style="object-position: 32% 41%" data-upload-width="4886" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/p-AobimwHqY_T2GWGO81mLOZvXQ=/0x0:4886x3257/1200x900/filters:focal(1197x977:1977x1757)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63148042/GettyImages_822521748.0.jpg" /> + + ]]> + </script> + <script type="text/template-dynamic" style="display: none"> + <![CDATA[ + + + <img class="c-dynamic-image " alt="" data-chorus-optimize-field="main_image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAUEBAAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs" data-cid="site/dynamic_size_image-1551450312_8533_109888" data-cdata='{"image_id":63148042,"ratio":"standard"}'> + <noscript><img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63148042/GettyImages_822521748.0.jpg"></noscript> + + ]]> + </script></picture> + </div><span class="c-rock-list__item--body"><span data-chorus-optimize-field="hed">Trump reportedly ordered Jared Kushner get a security clearance over multiple objections</span> <span class="c-rock-list__entry-blurb">The New York Times reports that John Kelly and Don McGahn both documented their concerns in memos.</span></span></a> + </li> + </ol> + <div data-cid="site/entry_sponsorship/native_ad-96FwghPeMAxXH35ohlVtFQ=="> + <div class="m-native_ad_unit dynamic-native-ad-native_ad_latest"></div> + </div> + </div> + </aside> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + concertAdsQueue.push(function() {ConcertAds.addVariable("trending_sidebar", ["true"])}); + //]]> + </script> + </div> + <div class="u-desktop-only"> + <div class="c-newsletter_signup_box" id="newsletter-signup-short-form" data-newsletter-slug="vox_sentences"> + <div class="c-newsletter_signup_box__main"> + <span class="c-newsletter_signup_box__icon"><svg width="386px" height="385px" viewbox="0 0 386 385" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> + <title> + vox-mark + </title> + <defs></defs> + <g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> + <path d="M239.811,0 L238.424,6 L259.374,6 C278.011,6 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-2/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-2/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00c0019ac --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-2/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Alexandre Hervaud, J\u00e9r\u00e9my Piette", + "Direction": null, + "Excerpt": "S\u00e9ries, documentaires, programmes jeunesse\u2026 Retrouvez les recommandations de\u00a0Lib\u00e9ration\u00a0pour savoir quoi regarder sur vos \u00e9crans cette semaine.\nPour d\u00e9passer...", + "Image": "https:\/\/medias.liberation.fr\/photo\/1075029-screenshot-alphonse-vape-wave-6-days.jpg?modified_at=1511536242&picto=fb&ratio_x=191&ratio_y=100&width=600", + "Title": "Screenshot\u00a0: \u00abVape Wave\u00bb, \u00ab6\u00a0Days\u00bb, \u00abAlphonse Pr\u00e9sident\u00bb\u2026", + "SiteName": "Lib\u00e9ration" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-2/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-2/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77e6011d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/videos-2/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +<div> + <p> + Séries, documentaires, programmes jeunesse… Retrouvez les recommandations de <em>Libération</em> pour savoir quoi regarder sur vos écrans cette semaine. + </p> + <h3> + Pour dépasser le tabac + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>Vape Wave</em> (documentaire, 1h28, Planète+)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lGL7RgHn5f0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Pendant quelques jours, le doute a plané : l’Etat comptait-il vraiment légiférer contre la cigarette dans les films français, que ce soit via une interdiction pure et simple ou via un système de «punition» (coupe des aides CNC, par exemple) pour les longs-métrages qui sentent le mégot ? Si <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/agnes-buzyn-assure-quelle-na-jamais-envisage-linterdiction-de-la-cigarette-au-cinema_73855/" target="_blank">le rétropédalage de la ministre Buzyn</a> n’en est pas vraiment un (elle n’avait jamais clairement menacé le septième art), la polémique a le mérite de pointer la (sur)représentation clopesque sur écran. Et si, comme c’est le cas dans la vie quotidienne, on voyait progressivement les cigarettes électroniques remplacer les tiges nicotinées authentiques ? Que ceux qui mettraient en doute le potentiel cinématographique des vapoteuses se ruent sur <a href="http://www.vapewave.net/" target="_blank"><em>Vape Wave</em></a>, documentaire militant signé Jan Kounen, ex-fumeur reconverti à la vape dont les images magnifient les volutes de vapeur recrachée. + </p> + <p> + Si le film du réalisateur de <em>Dobermann</em> et <em>99 Francs</em> part un peu dans tous les sens, il a le mérite de défendre avec une passion contagieuse ce qui semble, de loin, être <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/08/20/une-e-cigarette-tres-frequentable_1366687" target="_blank">le meilleur et plus sain substitut à la clope</a>, n’en déplaise aux mesures restrictives imposées en France <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/france/2017/10/03/la-cigarette-electronique-bannie-de-certains-lieux-publics_1600601" target="_blank">à son égard</a>. Financé en partie via crowdfunding, le documentaire a été présenté par Kounen à travers toute la France lors de projection tenant quasiment de l’évangélisation. Disponible en VOD/DVD, il a été diffusé cette semaine sur la chaîne Planète+, qui le rediffusera les 25/11, 30/11 et 02/12 prochains. <strong>(Alexandre Hervaud)</strong> + </p> + <h3> + Pour écouter parler un génie + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>Dans la tête d’Alan Moore</em> (websérie documentaire, 8x5min, Arte Creative)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/s_rw5fPHz2g" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Le week-end dernier, <em>Libération</em> publiait <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/livres/2017/11/17/alan-moore-dernier-barde-avant-la-fin-du-monde_1610854" target="_blank">un portrait de der consacré à l’auteur britannique Alan Moore</a>, connu pour ses BD cultes (<em>V pour Vendetta, Watchmen, From Hell</em>), à l’occasion de la sortie de son deuxième roman, le pavé <em>Jérusalem</em>. En attendant l’imminente sortie d’une version longue de son entretien avec <em>Libé</em>, on pourra se replonger dans les épisodes d’une websérie documentaire d’Arte Creative en 8 épisodes consacré au maître. Brexit, magie, Anonymous font partie des sujets discutés avec le maître au fil de ce programme sobrement intitulé <a href="https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/RC-014342/dans-la-tete-d-alan-moore/" target="_blank"><em>Dans la tête d’Alan Moore</em></a>. <strong>(A.H.)</strong> + </p> + <h3> + Pour honorer la mémoire d’une icône queer + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson</em> (docu, 1h45, Netflix)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pADsuuPd79E" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Marsha, la <em>«Rosa Parks du mouvement LGBTQ»</em>. Marsha <em>«la prostituée, l’actrice et la sainte, modèle d’Andy Warhol»</em> ou encore Marsha l’élaborée, la radicale, <em>«avec ses plumes et ce maquillage qu’elle ne mettait jamais bien»</em>. «Queen Marsha» a été retrouvée morte dans l’Hudson en juillet 1992, alors qu’on la voyait encore parader dans les rues de Greenwich Village quelques jours auparavant. Un choc glaçant. Là où son corps a été repêché puis ingratement déposé, les sans-abri ont constitué le lendemain un mémorial de bouteilles et de plantes qui délimitent les contours de l’absente. + </p> + <p> + Marsha P. Johnson de son nom complet, icône queer, femme transgenre noire américaine et emblème de la lutte pour les droits des LGBTQ avait été l’une des premières à s’engager lors des émeutes de Stonewall à New York, en 1969 : <em>«C’est la révolution. Dieu merci.»</em> Marsha était une fleur souriante au parfum d’espoir. Le documentaire <em>The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson</em> du cinéaste David France relate l’enquête de l’activiste Victoria Cruz, membre de l’organisation Anti-Violence Project à New York qui, avant de prendre sa retraite, réclame que lumière soit faite sur la disparition de l’icône […] <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/cinema/2017/11/17/docu-marsha-p-johnson-unique-en-son-genre_1610846" target="_blank">Lire la suite de la critique de Jérémy Piette sur Libération.fr</a> + </p> + <h3> + Pour Michel Vuilermoz (et rien d’autre) + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>Alphonse President</em> (série, 10x26, OCS Max)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" frameborder="0" src="https://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/x67iqc9" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Un temps baptisée <em>French Touch</em>, la série <em>Alphonse Président</em> est le dernier né des programmes originaux made in OCS. On savait les budgets de la chaîne bien moins généreux que ceux de Canal+ (voire que ceux de France 3 Limousin), et cette série le prouve à nouveau régulièrement, notamment lors d’une scène de conférence de presse alternant plans larges d’une authentique conf' à l’Elysée période François Hollande et plans serrés d’acteurs filmés dans un château des Pays de la Loire où a eu lieu le tournage. Le principal atout (et quel atout) de cette série écrite et réalisée par Nicolas Castro (<em>Des lendemains qui chantent</em>, 2014) réside dans son interprète principal, Michel Vuillermoz. + </p> + <p> + Dans le rôle d’un sénateur ringard devenu par un concours de circonstances président de la République, ce pensionnaire de la Comédie-Française et complice d’Albert Dupontel fait des merveilles, notamment lorsque le scénario lui prête des répliques enflammées typiques de la langue de bois politicienne – pas étonnant qu’il brasse du vent, son personnage de prof d’histoire retraité s’appelle Alphonse Dumoulin. C’est lorsqu’il n’est plus à l’écran que les choses se gâtent : si Jean-Michel Lahmi (de la bande d’Edouard Baer) fait le job en grand patron des flics, difficile de croire une seconde à Nabiha Akkari dans le rôle de la Première ministre – et pas uniquement parce que l’idée d’avoir une femme trentenaire issue de la diversité à Matignon sonne hélas comme un doux rêve en 2017. Si, en matière de fiction politique sérieuse, un <em>Baron Noir</em> n’a pas grand-chose à envier à un <em>House of Cards</em>, côté comique la France est encore loin d’avoir son <em>Veep</em>. Gageons que la génération LREM saura largement inspirer des scénaristes moqueurs. <strong>(A.H.)</strong> + </p> + <h3> + Pour les coulisses d’un tournage dément + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>Jim & Andy</em> (documentaire, 1h33, Netflix) </strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kB15UFO5ebA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + A la sortie de <em>Man on the Moon</em> (2000), le magnifique film de Milos Forman consacré à Andy Kaufman – comique et génie de la performance absurde mort en 1984 –, le cinéaste et les acteurs insistaient dans chaque interview sur l’incroyable comportement de Jim Carrey pendant le tournage : il aurait été comme possédé par Kaufman, se prenant pour lui 24 heures sur 24. Certains affirmaient même ne jamais avoir eu l’impression que l’acteur était présent, tant son modèle avait littéralement pris sa place. Nous en avons aujourd’hui la preuve en images car tout cela avait été filmé par Bob Zmuda et Lynne Margulies, l’ancien complice et la veuve de Kaufman. + </p> + <p> + Dans le passionnant <em>Jim & Andy : the Great Beyond</em>, disponible sur Netflix, Chris Smith a monté ces documents inédits parallèlement à un entretien dans lequel Jim Carrey revient sur cette expérience unique. <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/cinema,58" target="_blank">Lire la suite de la critique de Marcos Uzal sur Liberation.fr</a> + </p> + <h3> + Pour un trip sibérien en totale autarcie + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>Braguino</em> (documentaire, 50min, Arte)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OIS-P-0-cRk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + La querelle peut se trouver derrière toutes les portes, y compris celle de l’exil. On a beau croire avoir tourné le dos à tout, à cette inclination humaine à nourrir sa propre haine, l’allergie peut regermer fissa sur une peau qui frissonne à l’approche de ce voisin que l’on ne comprend pas. Issu d’une lignée de vieux-croyants orthodoxes russes, Sacha Braguine a pris sa famille sous le bras, loin de toute autre présence humaine en taïga sibérienne. Un autre groupe, les Kiline, a décidé d’en faire de même et de s’installer de l’autre côté de la rivière. Qui est arrivé en premier ? Qui menace l’autre ? L’histoire de l’impossible communauté peut commencer. + </p> + <p> + La lecture d’<em>Ermites dans la taïga</em> (1992) de Vassili Peskov, authentique récit sur la famille Lykov opérant une migration similaire en 1938, a poussé l’artiste <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/images/2017/09/29/clement-cogitore-j-essaye-de-raconter-les-terreurs-profondes-de-l-etre-humain_1599854">Clément Cogitore</a> à rencontrer les Braguine, puis à se faire témoin de la bisbille de voisinage en 2016. Il en est revenu avec un nouveau film d’une cinquantaine de minutes : <em>Braguino,</em> soutenu par le prix Le Bal de la jeune création avec l’ADAGP.<em> </em>Le documentaire y frôle son déguisement fictionnel, tant ce qui s’y déroule convoque une dramaturgie comme invoquée par on ne sait quel rituel vaudou […] <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/cinema/2017/10/30/braguino-prises-de-bec-dans-la-taiga_1606859" target="_blank">Lire la suite de la critique de Jérémy Piette sur Liberation.fr</a>, le film diffusé cette semaine sur Arte est visible en intégralité ci-dessus. + </p> + <h3> + Pour un thriller tiré de faits réels + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>6 Days</em> (film, 1h34, Netflix)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7HthiTi_IcI" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Fin avril 1980, l’ambassade d’Iran à Londres a été le théâtre d’une prise d’otages largement médiatisée : une trentaine de personnes ont ainsi été retenues pendant six jours par des soldats iraniens dissidents exigeant la libération de 91 prisonniers. Avec Margaret Thatcher au 10 Downing Street à l’époque, pas question pour l’Angleterre d’avoir l’air mou du genou sur la réponse à apporter à cette crise scrutée par les caméras du monde entier. Le SAS (Special Air Service) est sur le coup : l’opération Nimrod se met en place pour prendre d’assaut l’ambassade. + </p> + <p> + Inspiré par cet épisode, <em>6 Days</em> de Toa Fraser (<em>The Dead Lands</em>, 2014) est un thriller carré pouvant compter sur l'autorité naturelle de Mark Strong (<em>Kingsman</em>) ici recyclé en flic londonien et sur la néo-badass attitude de Jamie Bell, bien loin du freluquet danseur de <em>Billy Elliot</em> puisqu'on le retrouve ici en soldat chargé d’organiser l’opération de secours. Attention, la bande-annonce ci-dessus dévoile à peu près l’intégralité des scènes d’action du film. <strong>(A.H.)</strong> + </p><p><span><span><a href="https://www.liberation.fr/auteur/5631-alexandre-hervaud">Alexandre Hervaud</a></span> , <span><a href="https://www.liberation.fr/auteur/17350-jeremy-piette">Jérémy Piette</a></span></span> + </p></div>
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class="article-subhead"> + Sur vos écrans cette semaine + </div> + <h1 class="article-headline"> + Screenshot : «Vape Wave», «6 Days», «Alphonse Président»… + </h1> + <div class="article-head-metas"> + <span class="authors">Par <span class="author"><a href="https://www.liberation.fr/auteur/5631-alexandre-hervaud">Alexandre Hervaud</a></span> et <span class="author"><a href="https://www.liberation.fr/auteur/17350-jeremy-piette">Jérémy Piette</a></span></span> — <span class="date"><time datetime="2017-11-24T18:42:20">24 novembre 2017 à 18:42</time></span> + </div> + </div> + </header> + </div> + <div class="container-column clearfix"> + <div class="wide-column width-padded-left"> + <figure class="article-image article-header-image"> + <a role="button" class="figure-zoom js-figure-zoom"><img src="https://medias.liberation.fr/photo/1075029-screenshot-alphonse-vape-wave-6-days.jpg?modified_at=1511536242&width=975" alt="«Vape Wave», «6 Days», «Alphonse président» et «Braguino»" data-src="https://medias.liberation.fr/photo/1075029-screenshot-alphonse-vape-wave-6-days.jpg?modified_at=1511536242&width=975" data-src-retina="https://medias.liberation.fr/photo/1075029-screenshot-alphonse-vape-wave-6-days.jpg?modified_at=1511536242&width=975" data-lazy-load="false" width="975" /> <i class="zoom-icon"><svg class="icon" role="img" width="22" height="22"> + <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-zoom"></use></svg></i></a> + <figcaption class="read-left-padding caption"> + <span class="desc">«Vape Wave», «6 Days», «Alphonse président» et «Braguino»</span> <span class="copy">DR</span> + <div class="share-link"> + <span class="share"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fnext.liberation.fr%2Fculture%2F2017%2F11%2F24%2Fscreenshot-vape-wave-6-days-alphonse-president_1612047&t=Screenshot%C2%A0%3A+%C2%ABVape+Wave%C2%BB%2C+%C2%AB6%C2%A0Days%C2%BB%2C+%C2%ABAlphonse+Pr%C3%A9sident%C2%BB%E2%80%A6" class="js-share-facebook" 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+ <p> + <strong><em>Vape Wave</em> (documentaire, 1h28, Planète+)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lGL7RgHn5f0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Pendant quelques jours, le doute a plané : l’Etat comptait-il vraiment légiférer contre la cigarette dans les films français, que ce soit via une interdiction pure et simple ou via un système de «punition» (coupe des aides CNC, par exemple) pour les longs-métrages qui sentent le mégot ? Si <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/agnes-buzyn-assure-quelle-na-jamais-envisage-linterdiction-de-la-cigarette-au-cinema_73855/" target="_blank">le rétropédalage de la ministre Buzyn</a> n’en est pas vraiment un (elle n’avait jamais clairement menacé le septième art), la polémique a le mérite de pointer la (sur)représentation clopesque sur écran. Et si, comme c’est le cas dans la vie quotidienne, on voyait progressivement les cigarettes électroniques remplacer les tiges nicotinées authentiques ? Que ceux qui mettraient en doute le potentiel cinématographique des vapoteuses se ruent sur <a href="http://www.vapewave.net/" target="_blank"><em>Vape Wave</em></a>, documentaire militant signé Jan Kounen, ex-fumeur reconverti à la vape dont les images magnifient les volutes de vapeur recrachée. + </p> + <p> + Si le film du réalisateur de <em>Dobermann</em> et <em>99 Francs</em> part un peu dans tous les sens, il a le mérite de défendre avec une passion contagieuse ce qui semble, de loin, être <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/08/20/une-e-cigarette-tres-frequentable_1366687" target="_blank">le meilleur et plus sain substitut à la clope</a>, n’en déplaise aux mesures restrictives imposées en France <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/france/2017/10/03/la-cigarette-electronique-bannie-de-certains-lieux-publics_1600601" target="_blank">à son égard</a>. Financé en partie via crowdfunding, le documentaire a été présenté par Kounen à travers toute la France lors de projection tenant quasiment de l’évangélisation. Disponible en VOD/DVD, il a été diffusé cette semaine sur la chaîne Planète+, qui le rediffusera les 25/11, 30/11 et 02/12 prochains. <strong>(Alexandre Hervaud)</strong> + </p> + <h3> + Pour écouter parler un génie + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>Dans la tête d’Alan Moore</em> (websérie documentaire, 8x5min, Arte Creative)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/s_rw5fPHz2g" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Le week-end dernier, <em>Libération</em> publiait <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/livres/2017/11/17/alan-moore-dernier-barde-avant-la-fin-du-monde_1610854" target="_blank">un portrait de der consacré à l’auteur britannique Alan Moore</a>, connu pour ses BD cultes (<em>V pour Vendetta, Watchmen, From Hell</em>), à l’occasion de la sortie de son deuxième roman, le pavé <em>Jérusalem</em>. En attendant l’imminente sortie d’une version longue de son entretien avec <em>Libé</em>, on pourra se replonger dans les épisodes d’une websérie documentaire d’Arte Creative en 8 épisodes consacré au maître. Brexit, magie, Anonymous font partie des sujets discutés avec le maître au fil de ce programme sobrement intitulé <a href="https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/RC-014342/dans-la-tete-d-alan-moore/" target="_blank"><em>Dans la tête d’Alan Moore</em></a>. <strong>(A.H.)</strong> + </p> + <h3> + Pour honorer la mémoire d’une icône queer + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson</em> (docu, 1h45, Netflix)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pADsuuPd79E" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Marsha, la <em>«Rosa Parks du mouvement LGBTQ»</em>. Marsha <em>«la prostituée, l’actrice et la sainte, modèle d’Andy Warhol»</em> ou encore Marsha l’élaborée, la radicale, <em>«avec ses plumes et ce maquillage qu’elle ne mettait jamais bien»</em>. «Queen Marsha» a été retrouvée morte dans l’Hudson en juillet 1992, alors qu’on la voyait encore parader dans les rues de Greenwich Village quelques jours auparavant. Un choc glaçant. Là où son corps a été repêché puis ingratement déposé, les sans-abri ont constitué le lendemain un mémorial de bouteilles et de plantes qui délimitent les contours de l’absente. + </p> + <p> + Marsha P. Johnson de son nom complet, icône queer, femme transgenre noire américaine et emblème de la lutte pour les droits des LGBTQ avait été l’une des premières à s’engager lors des émeutes de Stonewall à New York, en 1969 : <em>«C’est la révolution. Dieu merci.»</em> Marsha était une fleur souriante au parfum d’espoir. Le documentaire <em>The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson</em> du cinéaste David France relate l’enquête de l’activiste Victoria Cruz, membre de l’organisation Anti-Violence Project à New York qui, avant de prendre sa retraite, réclame que lumière soit faite sur la disparition de l’icône […] <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/cinema/2017/11/17/docu-marsha-p-johnson-unique-en-son-genre_1610846" target="_blank">Lire la suite de la critique de Jérémy Piette sur Libération.fr</a> + </p> + <h3> + Pour Michel Vuilermoz (et rien d’autre) + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>Alphonse President</em> (série, 10x26, OCS Max)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" frameborder="0" src="https://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/x67iqc9" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Un temps baptisée <em>French Touch</em>, la série <em>Alphonse Président</em> est le dernier né des programmes originaux made in OCS. On savait les budgets de la chaîne bien moins généreux que ceux de Canal+ (voire que ceux de France 3 Limousin), et cette série le prouve à nouveau régulièrement, notamment lors d’une scène de conférence de presse alternant plans larges d’une authentique conf' à l’Elysée période François Hollande et plans serrés d’acteurs filmés dans un château des Pays de la Loire où a eu lieu le tournage. Le principal atout (et quel atout) de cette série écrite et réalisée par Nicolas Castro (<em>Des lendemains qui chantent</em>, 2014) réside dans son interprète principal, Michel Vuillermoz. + </p> + <p> + Dans le rôle d’un sénateur ringard devenu par un concours de circonstances président de la République, ce pensionnaire de la Comédie-Française et complice d’Albert Dupontel fait des merveilles, notamment lorsque le scénario lui prête des répliques enflammées typiques de la langue de bois politicienne – pas étonnant qu’il brasse du vent, son personnage de prof d’histoire retraité s’appelle Alphonse Dumoulin. C’est lorsqu’il n’est plus à l’écran que les choses se gâtent : si Jean-Michel Lahmi (de la bande d’Edouard Baer) fait le job en grand patron des flics, difficile de croire une seconde à Nabiha Akkari dans le rôle de la Première ministre – et pas uniquement parce que l’idée d’avoir une femme trentenaire issue de la diversité à Matignon sonne hélas comme un doux rêve en 2017. Si, en matière de fiction politique sérieuse, un <em>Baron Noir</em> n’a pas grand-chose à envier à un <em>House of Cards</em>, côté comique la France est encore loin d’avoir son <em>Veep</em>. Gageons que la génération LREM saura largement inspirer des scénaristes moqueurs. <strong>(A.H.)</strong> + </p> + <h3> + Pour les coulisses d’un tournage dément + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>Jim & Andy</em> (documentaire, 1h33, Netflix) </strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kB15UFO5ebA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + A la sortie de <em>Man on the Moon</em> (2000), le magnifique film de Milos Forman consacré à Andy Kaufman – comique et génie de la performance absurde mort en 1984 –, le cinéaste et les acteurs insistaient dans chaque interview sur l’incroyable comportement de Jim Carrey pendant le tournage : il aurait été comme possédé par Kaufman, se prenant pour lui 24 heures sur 24. Certains affirmaient même ne jamais avoir eu l’impression que l’acteur était présent, tant son modèle avait littéralement pris sa place. Nous en avons aujourd’hui la preuve en images car tout cela avait été filmé par Bob Zmuda et Lynne Margulies, l’ancien complice et la veuve de Kaufman. + </p> + <p> + Dans le passionnant <em>Jim & Andy : the Great Beyond</em>, disponible sur Netflix, Chris Smith a monté ces documents inédits parallèlement à un entretien dans lequel Jim Carrey revient sur cette expérience unique. <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/cinema,58" target="_blank">Lire la suite de la critique de Marcos Uzal sur Liberation.fr</a> + </p> + <h3> + Pour un trip sibérien en totale autarcie + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>Braguino</em> (documentaire, 50min, Arte)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OIS-P-0-cRk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + La querelle peut se trouver derrière toutes les portes, y compris celle de l’exil. On a beau croire avoir tourné le dos à tout, à cette inclination humaine à nourrir sa propre haine, l’allergie peut regermer fissa sur une peau qui frissonne à l’approche de ce voisin que l’on ne comprend pas. Issu d’une lignée de vieux-croyants orthodoxes russes, Sacha Braguine a pris sa famille sous le bras, loin de toute autre présence humaine en taïga sibérienne. Un autre groupe, les Kiline, a décidé d’en faire de même et de s’installer de l’autre côté de la rivière. Qui est arrivé en premier ? Qui menace l’autre ? L’histoire de l’impossible communauté peut commencer. + </p> + <p> + La lecture d’<em>Ermites dans la taïga</em> (1992) de Vassili Peskov, authentique récit sur la famille Lykov opérant une migration similaire en 1938, a poussé l’artiste <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/images/2017/09/29/clement-cogitore-j-essaye-de-raconter-les-terreurs-profondes-de-l-etre-humain_1599854">Clément Cogitore</a> à rencontrer les Braguine, puis à se faire témoin de la bisbille de voisinage en 2016. Il en est revenu avec un nouveau film d’une cinquantaine de minutes : <em>Braguino,</em> soutenu par le prix Le Bal de la jeune création avec l’ADAGP.<em> </em>Le documentaire y frôle son déguisement fictionnel, tant ce qui s’y déroule convoque une dramaturgie comme invoquée par on ne sait quel rituel vaudou […] <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/cinema/2017/10/30/braguino-prises-de-bec-dans-la-taiga_1606859" target="_blank">Lire la suite de la critique de Jérémy Piette sur Liberation.fr</a>, le film diffusé cette semaine sur Arte est visible en intégralité ci-dessus. + </p> + <h3> + Pour un thriller tiré de faits réels + </h3> + <p> + <strong><em>6 Days</em> (film, 1h34, Netflix)</strong> + </p> + <p> + <iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7HthiTi_IcI" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + </p> + <p> + Fin avril 1980, l’ambassade d’Iran à Londres a été le théâtre d’une prise d’otages largement médiatisée : une trentaine de personnes ont ainsi été retenues pendant six jours par des soldats iraniens dissidents exigeant la libération de 91 prisonniers. Avec Margaret Thatcher au 10 Downing Street à l’époque, pas question pour l’Angleterre d’avoir l’air mou du genou sur la réponse à apporter à cette crise scrutée par les caméras du monde entier. Le SAS (Special Air Service) est sur le coup : l’opération Nimrod se met en place pour prendre d’assaut l’ambassade. + </p> + <p> + Inspiré par cet épisode, <em>6 Days</em> de Toa Fraser (<em>The Dead Lands</em>, 2014) est un thriller carré pouvant compter sur l'autorité naturelle de Mark Strong (<em>Kingsman</em>) ici recyclé en flic londonien et sur la néo-badass attitude de Jamie Bell, bien loin du freluquet danseur de <em>Billy Elliot</em> puisqu'on le retrouve ici en soldat chargé d’organiser l’opération de secours. Attention, la bande-annonce ci-dessus dévoile à peu près l’intégralité des scènes d’action du film. <strong>(A.H.)</strong> + </p><span class="authors"><span class="author"><a href="https://www.liberation.fr/auteur/5631-alexandre-hervaud">Alexandre Hervaud</a></span> , <span class="author"><a href="https://www.liberation.fr/auteur/17350-jeremy-piette">Jérémy Piette</a></span></span> + </div> + </div> + <aside class="aside-column side-flow-bloc width-padded"> + <div class="bloc-share clearfix"> + <div class="bloc-share-button"> + <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fnext.liberation.fr%2Fculture%2F2017%2F11%2F24%2Fscreenshot-vape-wave-6-days-alphonse-president_1612047&t=Screenshot%C2%A0%3A+%C2%ABVape+Wave%C2%BB%2C+%C2%AB6%C2%A0Days%C2%BB%2C+%C2%ABAlphonse+Pr%C3%A9sident%C2%BB%E2%80%A6" class="js-share-facebook bloc-share-social fb" rel="nofollow"><i class="button-icon fb"><svg class="icon" role="img" width="20" height="20"> + <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook"></use></svg></i> + <p> + partager + </p></a> + </div> + <div class="bloc-share-button"> + <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fnext.liberation.fr%2Fculture%2F2017%2F11%2F24%2Fscreenshot-vape-wave-6-days-alphonse-president_1612047&text=Screenshot%C2%A0%3A+%C2%ABVape+Wave%C2%BB%2C+%C2%AB6%C2%A0Days%C2%BB%2C+%C2%ABAlphonse+Pr%C3%A9sident%C2%BB%E2%80%A6&via=libe&related=libe" class="js-share-twitter bloc-share-social tw" rel="nofollow"><i class="button-icon tw"><svg class="icon" role="img" width="20" height="20"> + <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-twitter"></use></svg></i> + <p> + tweeter + </p></a> + </div> + <div class="bloc-share-tools"> + <a data-libe-tooltip="Imprimer" class="bloc-share-action js-share-print" href="javascript:;" onclick="window.print();"><svg class="icon" role="img" width="27" height="22"> + <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-print"></use></svg></a> <a data-libe-tooltip="Envoyer par mail" class="bloc-share-action" href="mailto:?subject=Lu%20sur%20liberation.fr%20&body=Screenshot%C2%A0%3A%20%C2%ABVape%20Wave%C2%BB%2C%20%C2%AB6%C2%A0Days%C2%BB%2C%20%C2%ABAlphonse%20Pr%C3%A9sident%C2%BB%E2%80%A6%0D%0A%0D%0A%0D%0ARetrouvez%20cet%20article%20sur%20le%20site%20de%20Lib%C3%A9ration%20:%20https%3A//next.liberation.fr/culture/2017/11/24/screenshot-vape-wave-6-days-alphonse-president_1612047"><svg class="icon" role="img" width="23" height="24"> + <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-mail"></use></svg></a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sticky-element-container sideblocks-container js-sideblocks-container"> + <div class="unsubs-content sticky-element"> + <div class="bloc-yellow-header unsubs-content"> + <a href="http://token.liberation.fr/accounts/personal-data/"><svg class="icon" role="img" width="15" height="24"> + <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-abo-ribbon"></use></svg> + <div class="header-title js-nav-user-button-name"></div><span class="header-text">Vous êtes abonné à Libération</span></a> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + (function() { + buttons = document.getElementsByClassName('header-title js-nav-user-button-name') + for( pos = 0 ; 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..115048eec --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Contributors to Wikimedia projects", + "Direction": "ltr", + "Excerpt": "Coordinates: 42\u00b0S 174\u00b0E\ufeff \/ \ufeff42\u00b0S 174\u00b0E", + "Image": "https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3e\/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg\/1200px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png", + "Title": "New Zealand", + "SiteName": "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc." +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fed8d184 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,3107 @@ +<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr"> + + + + + <p> + <span><span id="coordinates"><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&params=42_S_174_E_scale:5000000_source:GNS"><span><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span>42°S</span> <span>174°E</span></span></span><span> / </span><span><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42°S 174°E</span></span></a></span></span></span> + </p> + <table readabilityDataTable="1"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="2"> + <p> + New Zealand + </p><br> + <div> + <p><i lang="mi" title="Māori language text" xml:lang="mi">Aotearoa</i> <span>(<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>)</span> + </p></div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> + <div> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg" title="Flag of New Zealand"><img alt="Blue field with the Union Flag in the top right corner, and four red stars with white borders to the right." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/125px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/188px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/250px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" title="Flag of New Zealand">Flag</a> + </p></div> + </div> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand"><img alt="A quartered shield, flanked by two figures, topped with a crown." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="82" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699"></a> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand">Coat of arms</a> + </p></div> + </div> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> + <div> + <p><b><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_anthems_of_New_Zealand" title="National anthems of New Zealand">Anthems</a>:</b></p><div> + <ul> + <li>"<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/God_Defend_New_Zealand" title="God Defend New Zealand">God Defend New Zealand</a>"<br> + + </li> + <li> + <span>"<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2"><a href="#cite_note-2">[n 1]</a></sup></span> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg" title="Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, its territorial claim in the Antarctic, and Tokelau"><img alt="A map of the hemisphere centred on New Zealand, using an orthographic projection." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/250px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/375px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/500px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> + <div><p> + Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">territorial claim in the Antarctic</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> + </p></div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Capital + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a><br> + <span><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&params=41_17_S_174_27_E_type:city"><span><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span>41°17′S</span> <span>174°27′E</span></span></span><span> / </span><span><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.283°S 174.450°E</span></span></a></span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Largest city + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Official languages + </th> + <td> + <div> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-4"><a href="#cite_note-4">[n 2]</a></sup> + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/NZ_Sign_Language" title="NZ Sign Language">NZ Sign Language</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> + <div><p> + (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018</a>) + </p></div> + </th> + <td> + <div> + <ul> + <li>70.2% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European</a> + </li> + <li>16.5% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> + </li> + <li>15.1% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a> + </li> + <li>8.1% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific peoples</a> + </li> + <li>1.6% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Middle_Eastern_people" title="Middle Eastern people">ME</a>/<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">LA</a>/<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">African</a> + </li> + <li>1.9% Other<sup id="cite_ref-Census2018_pdc_5-0"><a href="#cite_note-Census2018_pdc-5">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnicity_6-0"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-6">[n 3]</a></sup> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealander</a><br> + <span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi_(people)" title="Kiwi (people)">Kiwi</a> (informal)</span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Government</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <div><p> + • <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> + </p></div> + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <div><p> + • <span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a></span> + </p></div> + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Patsy_Reddy" title="Patsy Reddy">Patsy Reddy</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <div><p> + • <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> + </p></div> + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Legislature + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a><br> + (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="2"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">Stages of independence</a> + <div><p> + from the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> + </p></div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <div><p> + • <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1856_Sewell_Ministry" title="1856 Sewell Ministry">Responsible government</a> + </p></div> + </th> + <td> + 7 May 1856 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <div><p> + • <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a> + </p></div> + </th> + <td> + 26 September 1907 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <div><p> + • <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">Statute of Westminster adopted</a> + </p></div> + </th> + <td> + <br> + 25 November 1947 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <th colspan="2"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Area</a> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <p> + • Total + </p> + </th> + <td> + 268,021 km<sup>2</sup> (103,483 sq mi) (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">75th</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <p> + • Water (%) + </p> + </th> + <td> + 1.6<sup id="cite_ref-8"><a href="#cite_note-8">[n 4]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="2"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Population</a> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <p> + • September 2019 estimate + </p> + </th> + <td> + 4,933,210<sup id="cite_ref-populationestimate_9-0"><a href="#cite_note-populationestimate-9">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">120th</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <div><p> + • <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018</a> census + </p></div> + </th> + <td> + 4,699,755 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <p> + • Density + </p> + </th> + <td> + 18.2/km<sup>2</sup> (47.1/sq mi) (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">203rd</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span>(<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span> + </th> + <td> + 2018 estimate + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <p> + • Total + </p> + </th> + <td> + $199 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-0"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <p> + • Per capita + </p> + </th> + <td> + $40,266<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-1"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span>(nominal)</span> + </th> + <td> + 2018 estimate + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <p> + • Total + </p> + </th> + <td> + $206 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-2"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <p> + • Per capita + </p> + </th> + <td> + $41,616<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-3"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <span>(2014)</span> + </th> + <td> + 33.0<sup id="cite_ref-11"><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a></sup><br> + <span><span>medium</span></span> · <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" title="List of countries by income equality">22nd</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <span>(2017)</span> + </th> + <td> + <img alt="Increase" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.917<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_12-0"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[8]</a></sup><br> + <span><span>very high</span></span> · <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">16th</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Currency + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a> ($) (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">NZD</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Time zone + </th> + <td> + <span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+12</span> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" title="Time in New Zealand">NZST</a><sup id="cite_ref-13"><a href="#cite_note-13">[n 5]</a></sup>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <p> + • Summer (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>) + </p> + </th> + <td> + <span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+13</span> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" title="Time in New Zealand">NZDT</a><sup id="cite_ref-15"><a href="#cite_note-15">[n 6]</a></sup>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Date format + </th> + <td> + <abbr title="day">dd</abbr>/<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>/<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr><br> + <abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr>-<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>-<abbr title="day">dd</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-16"><a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic#New_Zealand" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_New_Zealand" title="Telephone numbers in New Zealand">Calling code</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/%2B64" title="+64">+64</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NZ" title="ISO 3166-2:NZ">NZ</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/.nz" title=".nz">.nz</a> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + <b>New Zealand</b> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: <i lang="mi" xml:lang="mi"><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a></i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">[aɔˈtɛaɾɔa]</a></span>) is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in the southwestern <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> (<i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i>), and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> (<i>Te Waipounamu</i>)—and around 600 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi). New Zealand is situated some 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) east of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> across the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a> and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific island areas</a> of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">biodiversity</a> of animal, fungal, and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>, owe much to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital city</a> is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, while its most populous city is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>. + </p> + <p> + Sometime between 1250 and 1300, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a>. In 1642, Dutch explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> became the first European to sight New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the United Kingdom and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> chiefs signed the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a>, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">became a colony</a> within the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and in 1907 it <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">became a dominion</a>; it gained <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">full statutory independence</a> in 1947 and the British monarch remained the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Today, the majority of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_population" title="New Zealand's population">New Zealand's population</a> of 4.9 million is of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European descent</a>; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asians</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a>. Reflecting this, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_culture" title="New Zealand's culture">New Zealand's culture</a> is mainly derived from Māori and early British settlers, with recent broadening arising from increased <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">immigration</a>. The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">official languages</a> are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>, with English being very dominant. + </p> + <p> + A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, New Zealand <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" title="International rankings of New Zealand">ranks highly</a> in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, protection of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>. New Zealand underwent <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">major economic changes</a> during the 1980s, which transformed it from a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Protectionist" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> to a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalised</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Free-trade" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> economy. The service sector dominates the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">national economy</a>, followed by the industrial sector, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agriculture</a>; international <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">tourism</a> is a significant source of revenue. Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Unicameral" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a>, while executive political power is exercised by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, led by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>, currently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> is the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">country's monarch</a> and is represented by a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, currently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dame_Patsy_Reddy" title="Dame Patsy Reddy">Dame Patsy Reddy</a>. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and 67 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">territorial authorities</a> for local government purposes. The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> also includes <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> (a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a>); the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> (self-governing states in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand); and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, which is New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_claim_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claim in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>. New Zealand is a member of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations#ASEAN_Plus_Three_and_Six" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN Plus Six</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>. + </p> + + <h2> + <span id="Etymology">Etymology</span> + </h2> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius,_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png"><img alt="Brown square paper with Dutch writing and a thick red, curved line" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/220px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/330px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/440px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="532"></a></p><div> + <p>Detail from a 1657 map showing the western coastline of "Nova Zeelandia". (In this map, north is at the bottom.) + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and named it <i>Staten Land</i> "in honour of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>" (Dutch parliament). He wrote, "it is possible that this land joins to the Staten Land but it is uncertain",<sup id="cite_ref-17"><a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a></sup> referring to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">a landmass of the same name</a> at the southern tip of South America, discovered by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a> in 1616.<sup id="cite_ref-18"><a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19"><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a></sup> In 1645, Dutch <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cartographers" title="Cartographers">cartographers</a> renamed the land <i>Nova Zeelandia</i> after the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Dutch province</a> of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20"><a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21"><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a></sup> British explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> subsequently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> the name to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_name_22-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_name-22">[16]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a></i> (pronounced <span></span>; often translated as "land of the long white cloud")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200341_23-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200341-23">[17]</a></sup> is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole country before the arrival of Europeans, with <i>Aotearoa</i> originally referring to just the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872_24-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872-24">[18]</a></sup> Māori had several traditional names for the two main islands, including <i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i> (the fish of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">Māui</a>) for the North Island and <i>Te Waipounamu</i> (the waters of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">greenstone</a>) or <i>Te Waka o Aoraki</i> (the canoe of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Aoraki" title="Aoraki">Aoraki</a>) for the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056_25-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-25">[19]</a></sup> Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island) and South (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26"><a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a></sup> In 1830, mapmakers began to use "North" and "South" on their maps to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907 this was the accepted norm.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_name_22-1"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_name-22">[16]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board" title="New Zealand Geographic Board">New Zealand Geographic Board</a> discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson2013_27-0"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-27">[21]</a></sup> For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson2013_27-1"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-27">[21]</a></sup> + </p> + + <h2> + <span id="History">History</span> + </h2> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg"><img alt="One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to Hawai'i. A second set start in southern Asia and end in Melanesia." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/290px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/435px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/580px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"></a></p><div> + <p>The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> are most likely descended from people who emigrated from <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and then travelled east through to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>. After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-28"><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a></sup> + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand was one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a>, evidence of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a><sup id="cite_ref-29"><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> variability within <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> populations<sup id="cite_ref-30"><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a></sup> suggest New Zealand was first settled by Eastern <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> between 1250 and 1300,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056_25-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-25">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31"><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a></sup> concluding a long series of voyages through the southern Pacific islands.<sup id="cite_ref-32"><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a></sup> Over the centuries that followed, these settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a></i> (tribes) and <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a></i> (subtribes) who would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and sometimes fight against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-33"><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a></sup> At some point a group of Māori migrated to <i>Rēkohu</i>, now known as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, where they developed their distinct <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-34"><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35"><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a></sup> The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862, largely because of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taranaki_(iwi)" title="Taranaki (iwi)">Taranaki</a> Māori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-36"><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg"><img alt="An engraving of a sketched coastline on white background" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/170px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/255px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/340px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1508"></a></p><div> + <p>Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">first visit</a> in 1769–70. The track of the <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> is also shown. + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + The first <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> and his crew in 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37">[31]</a></sup> In a hostile encounter, four crew members were killed and at least one Māori was hit by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister shot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38"><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a></sup> Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> mapped almost the entire coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37">[31]</a></sup> Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">whaling</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons and other goods for timber, Māori food, artefacts and water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2003122_39-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003122-39">[33]</a></sup> The introduction of the potato and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-40"><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a></sup> The resulting intertribal <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a> encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-41"><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a></sup> From the early 19th century, Christian <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> began to settle New Zealand, eventually <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converting</a> most of the Māori population.<sup id="cite_ref-42"><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a></sup> The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.<sup id="cite_ref-43"><a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Treatyofwaitangi.jpg"><img alt="A torn sheet of paper" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/170px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/255px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/340px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3091" data-file-height="5788"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + In 1788 Captain <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> assumed the position of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor</a> of the new British colony of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> which according to his commission included New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-44"><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a></sup> The British Government appointed <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832 following a petition from northern Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_45-0"><a href="#cite_note-Busby-45">[39]</a></sup> In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Charles_de_Thierry" title="Charles de Thierry">Charles de Thierry</a>, the nebulous <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a> sent a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of Independence</a> to King <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV of the United Kingdom</a> asking for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_45-1"><a href="#cite_note-Busby-45">[39]</a></sup> Ongoing unrest, the proposed settlement of New Zealand by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> (which had already sent its first ship of surveyors to buy land from Māori) and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to send Captain <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> to claim sovereignty for the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-46"><a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> was first signed in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> on 6 February 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2009_47-0"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-47">[41]</a></sup> In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a><sup id="cite_ref-48"><a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a></sup> and French settlers purchasing land in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Akaroa" title="Akaroa">Akaroa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49"><a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a></sup> Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating throughout the country for Māori to sign.<sup id="cite_ref-50"><a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a></sup> With the signing of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-51"><a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay,_New_Zealand.jpg"><img alt="Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/290px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="208" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/435px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/580px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4300"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand, still part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Colony</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">of New Zealand</a> on 1 July 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-52"><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a></sup> Armed conflict began between the Colonial government and Māori in 1843 with the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wairau_Affray" title="Wairau Affray">Wairau Affray</a> over land and disagreements over sovereignty. These conflicts, mainly in the North Island, saw thousands of Imperial troops and the Royal Navy come to New Zealand and became known as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a>. Following these armed conflicts, large amounts of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">Māori land was confiscated by the government</a> to meet settler demands.<sup id="cite_ref-53"><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The colony gained a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">representative government in 1852</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="1st New Zealand Parliament">first Parliament</a> met in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-0"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup> In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters other than <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">native</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-1"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup> (Control over native policy was granted in the mid-1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-2"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup>) Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Alfred_Domett" title="Alfred Domett">Alfred Domett</a> moved a resolution to transfer the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a> from Auckland to a locality near <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55"><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a></sup> Wellington was chosen for its central location, with Parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-56"><a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + In 1891 the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> came to power as the first organised political party.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberal_57-0"><a href="#cite_note-Liberal-57">[51]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Liberal_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Liberal Government of New Zealand">Liberal Government</a>, led by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Richard_Seddon" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a> for most of its period in office,<sup id="cite_ref-58"><a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a></sup> passed many important social and economic measures. In 1893 New Zealand was the first nation in the world to grant all <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">women the right to vote</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liberal_57-1"><a href="#cite_note-Liberal-57">[51]</a></sup> and in 1894 pioneered the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Industrial_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Act_1894" title="Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894">adoption of compulsory arbitration between employers and unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59"><a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> proclaimed New Zealand a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a> within the British Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-60"><a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a></sup> reflecting its self-governing status.<sup id="cite_ref-61"><a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a></sup> In 1947 the country <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">adopted</a> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, confirming that the British Parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-3"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Early in the 20th century, New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_World_War_I" title="Military history of New Zealand in World War I">First</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">Second World Wars</a><sup id="cite_ref-62"><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a></sup> and suffering through the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63"><a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a></sup> The depression led to the election of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">First Labour Government</a> and the establishment of a comprehensive <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Protectionist" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-64"><a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a></sup> New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following the Second World War<sup id="cite_ref-65"><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a></sup> and Māori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work.<sup id="cite_ref-66"><a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a></sup> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a> developed, which criticised <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> and worked for greater recognition of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a> and of the Treaty of Waitangi.<sup id="cite_ref-67"><a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a></sup> In 1975, a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a> was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2009_47-1"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-47">[41]</a></sup> The government has negotiated <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">settlements of these grievances</a> with many iwi,<sup id="cite_ref-68"><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a></sup> although <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">Māori claims to the foreshore and seabed</a> have proved controversial in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-69"><a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70"><a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a></sup> + </p> + <h2> + <span id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span> + </h2> + + <div> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II"><img alt="The Queen wearing her New Zealand insignia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/152px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="190" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/228px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/304px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1478"></a> + </p> + + </div> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern"><img alt="A smiling woman wearing a black dress" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/152px-Ardern_Cropped.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="191" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/228px-Ardern_Cropped.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/304px-Ardern_Cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="627"></a> + </p> + + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GG_constitution_71-0"><a href="#cite_note-GG_constitution-71">[65]</a></sup> although <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">its constitution</a> is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">not codified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-0"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> is the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Queen_of_New_Zealand" title="Queen of New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-73"><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a></sup> and thus the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74"><a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a></sup> The Queen is represented by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, whom she appoints on the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75"><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a></sup> The governor-general can exercise the Crown's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prerogative_powers" title="Prerogative powers">prerogative powers</a>, such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ministers_of_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers of the New Zealand Government">ministers</a>, ambassadors and other key public officials,<sup id="cite_ref-76"><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a></sup> and in rare situations, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> (e.g. the power to dissolve parliament or refuse the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> of a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> into law).<sup id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-0"><a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77">[71]</a></sup> The powers of the monarch and the governor-general are limited by constitutional constraints and they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-1"><a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77">[71]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> holds <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Legislative_power" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> and consists of the Queen and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-0"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> It also included an upper house, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>, until this was abolished in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-1"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Supremacy_of_parliament" title="Supremacy of parliament">supremacy of parliament</a> over the Crown and other government institutions was established in England by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-2"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> The House of Representatives is democratically elected and a government is formed from the party or <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> with the majority of seats. If no majority is formed, a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> can be formed if support from other parties during <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> votes is assured.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-3"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> The governor-general appoints ministers under advice from the prime minister, who is by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">parliamentary leader</a> of the governing party or coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-79"><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, formed by ministers and led by the prime minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions.<sup id="cite_ref-80"><a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a></sup> Members of Cabinet make major decisions collectively, and are therefore <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">collectively responsible</a> for the consequences of these decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-81"><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">parliamentary general election</a> must be called no later than three years after the previous election.<sup id="cite_ref-82"><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a></sup> Almost all general elections between <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">1853</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a> were held under the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-road_83-0"><a href="#cite_note-road-83">[77]</a></sup> Since the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a>, a form of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> called <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) has been used.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-1"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> Under the MMP system, each person has two votes; one is for a candidate standing in the voter's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a> and the other is for a party. Since the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014 election</a>, there have been 71 electorates (which include seven <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a> in which only Māori can optionally vote),<sup id="cite_ref-84"><a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a></sup> and the remaining 49 of the 120 seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, with the threshold that a party must win at least one electorate or 5% of the total party vote before it is eligible for a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-85"><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg"><img alt="A block of buildings fronted by a large statue." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/220px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/330px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/440px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3297" data-file-height="2557"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + Elections since the 1930s have been dominated by two political parties, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-road_83-1"><a href="#cite_note-road-83">[77]</a></sup> Between March 2005 and August 2006, New Zealand became the first country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land—head of state, governor-general, prime minister, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">speaker</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">chief justice</a>—were occupied simultaneously by women.<sup id="cite_ref-86"><a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a></sup> The current prime minister is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>, who has been in office since 26 October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-87"><a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a></sup> She is the country's third female prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-88"><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">New Zealand's judiciary</a>, headed by the chief justice,<sup id="cite_ref-89"><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a></sup> includes the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a>, and subordinate courts.<sup id="cite_ref-90"><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a></sup> Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure to help maintain <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-2"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-91"><a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed states.<sup id="cite_ref-92"><a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a></sup> As at 2017, the country was ranked fourth in the strength of its democratic institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-93"><a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a></sup> and first in government transparency and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Corruption_in_New_Zealand" title="Corruption in New Zealand">lack of corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94"><a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a></sup> A 2017 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Human Rights Report</a> by the U.S. Department of State noted that the government generally <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">respected the rights</a> of individuals, but voiced concerns regarding the social status of the Māori population.<sup id="cite_ref-95"><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a></sup> New Zealand ranks highly for civic participation in the political process, with 77% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> during recent elections, compared to an <abbr title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</abbr> average of 69%.<sup id="cite_ref-96"><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a></sup> + </p> + + <h3> + <span id="Foreign_relations_and_military">Foreign relations and military</span> + </h3> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg"><img alt="A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/220px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/330px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/440px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2999"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + Early colonial New Zealand allowed the British Government to determine external trade and be responsible for foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-97"><a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a></sup> The 1923 and 1926 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conferences</a> decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate its own political <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. On 3 September 1939 New Zealand allied itself with Britain and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declared war</a> on Germany with Prime Minister <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand."<sup id="cite_ref-98"><a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + In 1951 the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests,<sup id="cite_ref-99"><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a></sup> while New Zealand joined <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">Australia</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">United States</a> in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> security treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-100"><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a></sup> The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101"><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a></sup> the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102"><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a></sup> disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand's nuclear-free policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103"><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104"><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a></sup> Despite the United States' suspension of ANZUS obligations the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.<sup id="cite_ref-105"><a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a></sup> Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">free trade agreements</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">travel arrangements</a> that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106">[100]</a></sup> In 2013 there were about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is equivalent to 15% of the resident population of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-107"><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(20).jpg"><img alt="A soldier in a green army uniform faces forwards" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/220px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/330px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/440px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></a></p><div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> service at the National War Memorial + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand has a strong presence among the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Island" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> countries. A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment.<sup id="cite_ref-108"><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a></sup> Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007 and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.<sup id="cite_ref-109"><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a></sup> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110"><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a></sup> New Zealand is involved in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> Regional Forum (including the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-1"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106">[100]</a></sup> New Zealand is a member of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">United Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111"><a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a></sup> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-112"><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a></sup> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD),<sup id="cite_ref-113"><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a></sup> and participates in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114"><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand's military services—the Defence Force—comprise the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115"><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a></sup> New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national defence</a> needs are modest, since a direct attack is unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-116"><a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a></sup> However, its military has <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">had a global presence</a>. The country fought in both world wars, with notable campaigns in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-117"><a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a><sup id="cite_ref-118"><a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119"><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a></sup> The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a><sup id="cite_ref-120"><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121"><a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a></sup> and strengthened the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">ANZAC</a> tradition it shares with Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-122"><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123"><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a></sup> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Korean_War" title="New Zealand in the Korean War">Korean War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124"><a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a></sup> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125"><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a></sup> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan War</a>. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somalia</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Sinai</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angola</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodia</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq</a> border, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bougainville_Campaign" title="Bougainville Campaign">Bougainville</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Operation_Astute" title="Operation Astute">East Timor</a>, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Solomon_Islands#Civil_war" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126"><a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Local_government_and_external_territories">Local government and external territories</span> + </h3> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg"><img alt="Map with the North, South, Stewart/Rakiura, Tokelau, Cook, Niue, Kermadec, Chatham, Bounty, Antipodes, Snare, Auckland and Campbell Islands highlighted. New Zealand's segment of Antarctica (the Ross Dependency) is also highlighted." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/400px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/600px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/800px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + The early European settlers divided New Zealand into <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">provinces</a>, which had a degree of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_provinces_127-0"><a href="#cite_note-nine_provinces-127">[121]</a></sup> Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales and other policies, government was centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-128"><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a></sup> The provinces are remembered in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">regional public holidays</a><sup id="cite_ref-129"><a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a></sup> and sporting rivalries.<sup id="cite_ref-130"><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Since 1876, various councils have administered local areas under legislation determined by the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_provinces_127-1"><a href="#cite_note-nine_provinces-127">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131"><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a></sup> In 1989, the government reorganised local government into the current two-tier structure of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_authorities" title="Territorial authorities">territorial authorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_132-0"><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-132">[126]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_former_territorial_authorities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of former territorial authorities in New Zealand">249 municipalities</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_132-1"><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-132">[126]</a></sup> that existed in 1975 have now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils.<sup id="cite_ref-133"><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a></sup> The regional councils' role is to regulate "the natural environment with particular emphasis on <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991" title="Resource Management Act 1991">resource management</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_132-2"><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-132">[126]</a></sup> while territorial authorities are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents and other local matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmeltJui_Lin200933_134-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmeltJui_Lin200933-134">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glossary_135-0"><a href="#cite_note-glossary-135">[129]</a></sup> Five of the territorial councils are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a> and also act as regional councils.<sup id="cite_ref-glossary_135-1"><a href="#cite_note-glossary-135">[129]</a></sup> The territorial authorities consist of 13 city councils, 53 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Districts_of_New_Zealand" title="Districts of New Zealand">district</a> councils, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> Council. While officially the Chatham Islands Council is not a unitary authority, it undertakes many functions of a regional council.<sup id="cite_ref-136"><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The Realm of New Zealand, one of 16 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-137"><a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a></sup> is the entire area over which the Queen of New Zealand is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a>, and comprises New Zealand, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GG_constitution_71-1"><a href="#cite_note-GG_constitution-71">[65]</a></sup> The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-138"><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139"><a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a></sup> The New Zealand Parliament cannot pass legislation for these countries, but with their consent can act on behalf of them in foreign affairs and defence. Tokelau is classified as a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_Non-Self-Governing_Territories" title="United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories">non-self-governing territory</a>, but is administered by a council of three elders (one from each Tokelauan <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-140"><a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a></sup> The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>, where it operates the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a> research facility.<sup id="cite_ref-141"><a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand nationality law</a> treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency are New Zealand citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-142"><a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144"><a href="#cite_note-144">[n 7]</a></sup> + </p> + <table readabilityDataTable="1"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="12"> + <div> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Administrative divisions of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Zealand&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <p> + Administrative divisions of the Realm of New Zealand + </p> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th> + Countries + </th> + <td colspan="7"> + <span><img alt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </span><a>New Zealand</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="4"> + + </td> + <td rowspan="4"> + + </td> + <td rowspan="1"> + <span><span><img alt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></span> + </td> + <td rowspan="1"> + <span><span><img alt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"> </span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a> + </th> + <td> + 11 non-unitary regions + </td> + <td rowspan="2"> + 5 unitary regions + </td> + <td rowspan="2"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="3"> + + </td> + <td rowspan="2"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_outlying_islands" title="New Zealand outlying islands">Outlying islands</a> outside any regional authority<br> + (the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Three_Kings_Islands" title="Three Kings Islands">Three Kings Islands</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">Subantarctic Islands</a>) + </td> + <td rowspan="2"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="2"> + <span><img alt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900"> </span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="2"> + <span>15 islands</span> + </td> + <td rowspan="2"> + <span>14 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Niue" title="List of villages in Niue">villages</a></span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a> + </th> + <td> + 13 cities and 53 districts + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th> + Notes + </th> + <td> + Some districts lie in more than one region + </td> + <td> + These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one + </td> + <td> + Special territorial authority + </td> + <td colspan="1"> + The outlying <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Solander_Islands" title="Solander Islands">Solander Islands</a> form part of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Southland_Region" title="Southland Region">Southland Region</a> + </td> + <td> + New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Antarctic territory</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_Non-Self-Governing_Territories" title="United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories">Non-self-governing territory</a> of New Zealand + </td> + <td colspan="2"> + States in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <h2> + <span id="Environment">Environment</span> + </h2> + + <h3> + <span id="Geography">Geography</span> + </h3> + + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg"><img alt="Islands of New Zealand as seen from satellite" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/170px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/255px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/340px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="5600"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand is located near the centre of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Water_hemisphere" title="Water hemisphere">water hemisphere</a> and is made up of two main islands and a number of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. The two main islands (the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, or <i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i>, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, or <i>Te Waipounamu</i>) are separated by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point.<sup id="cite_ref-145"><a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a></sup> Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> (across the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Foveaux_Strait" title="Foveaux Strait">Foveaux Strait</a>), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Island" title="Chatham Island">Chatham Island</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Great_Barrier_Island" title="Great Barrier Island">Great Barrier Island</a> (in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hauraki_Gulf" title="Hauraki Gulf">Hauraki Gulf</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-146"><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/D%27Urville_Island_(New_Zealand)" title="D'Urville Island (New Zealand)">D'Urville Island</a> (in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-147"><a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waiheke_Island" title="Waiheke Island">Waiheke Island</a> (about 22 km (14 mi) from central Auckland).<sup id="cite_ref-148"><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a></sup> + </p> + + <div> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Mt_Cook,_NZ.jpg"><img alt="A large mountain with a lake in the foreground" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/220px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/330px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/440px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></a> + </p> + + </div> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg"><img alt="Snow-capped mountain range" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/220px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/330px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/440px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></a> + </p> + <p> + The Southern Alps stretch for 500 kilometres down the South Island + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand is long and narrow (over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-north-east axis with a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)),<sup id="cite_ref-149"><a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a></sup> with about 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of coastline<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-0"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> and a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-151"><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a></sup> Because of its far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_New_Zealand" title="Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand">exclusive economic zone</a> is one of the largest in the world, covering more than 15 times its land area.<sup id="cite_ref-152"><a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The South Island is the largest landmass of New Zealand. It is divided along its length by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153"><a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a></sup> There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the highest of which is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarden200552_154-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarden200552-154">[147]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>'s steep mountains and deep <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fiord" title="Fiord">fiords</a> record the extensive ice age glaciation of this southwestern corner of the South Island.<sup id="cite_ref-155"><a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a></sup> The North Island is less mountainous but is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Volcanology_of_New_Zealand" title="Volcanology of New Zealand">marked by volcanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156"><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a></sup> The highly active <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taupo_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupo Volcanic Zone">Taupo Volcanic Zone</a> has formed a large <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/North_Island_Volcanic_Plateau" title="North Island Volcanic Plateau">volcanic plateau</a>, punctuated by the North Island's highest mountain, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a> (2,797 metres (9,177 ft)). The plateau also hosts the country's largest lake, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Lake_Taupo" title="Lake Taupo">Lake Taupo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-157"><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a></sup> nestled in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> of one of the world's most active <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">supervolcanoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158"><a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Plate" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_2009_159-0"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_2009-159">[152]</a></sup> New Zealand is part of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a>, a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Microcontinent" title="Microcontinent">microcontinent</a> nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> supercontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-160"><a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a></sup> About 25 million years ago, a shift in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Plate_tectonic" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonic</a> movements began to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kaikoura_Orogeny" title="Kaikoura Orogeny">contort and crumple</a> the region. This is now most evident in the Southern Alps, formed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">compression of the crust</a> beside the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a>. Elsewhere the plate boundary involves the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of one plate under the other, producing the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Puysegur_Trench" title="Puysegur Trench">Puysegur Trench</a> to the south, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hikurangi_Trench" title="Hikurangi Trench">Hikurangi Trench</a> east of the North Island, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kermadec_Trench" title="Kermadec Trench">Kermadec</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tonga_Trench" title="Tonga Trench">Tonga Trenches</a><sup id="cite_ref-161"><a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a></sup> further north.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_2009_159-1"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_2009-159">[152]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand is part of a region known as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, together with Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-NZOD_162-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZOD-162">[155]</a></sup> It also forms the southwestern extremity of the geographic and ethnographic region called <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163"><a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a></sup> The term <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> is often used to denote the wider region encompassing the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>, New Zealand and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">seven-continent</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-164"><a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a></sup> + </p> + + <ul> + <li>Landscapes of New Zealand + </li> + <li> + + </li> + <li> + + </li> + <li> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Lake_Gunn.jpg"><img alt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/269px-Lake_Gunn.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/404px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/538px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="669"></a> + </p> + </div> + </li> + <li> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Pencarrow_Head,_Wellington,_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina,_24_Feb._2007.jpg"><img alt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/269px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/404px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/538px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></a> + </p> + </div> + </li> + </ul> + <h3> + <span id="Climate">Climate</span> + </h3> + + <p> + New Zealand's climate is predominantly temperate <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime</a> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb), with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 °C (50 °F) in the south to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullan2009_165-0"><a href="#cite_note-Mullan2009-165">[158]</a></sup> Historical <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Maxima_and_minima" title="Maxima and minima">maxima and minima</a> are 42.4 °C (108.32 °F) in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rangiora" title="Rangiora">Rangiora</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> and −25.6 °C (−14.08 °F) in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ranfurly,_New_Zealand" title="Ranfurly, New Zealand">Ranfurly</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-niwa_166-0"><a href="#cite_note-niwa-166">[159]</a></sup> Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> of the South Island to almost <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mackenzie_Basin" title="Mackenzie Basin">Mackenzie Basin</a> of inland Canterbury and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Subtropical" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Northland_Peninsula" title="Northland Peninsula">Northland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167"><a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a></sup> Of the seven largest cities, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> is the driest, receiving on average only 640 millimetres (25 in) of rain per year and Wellington the wettest, receiving almost twice that amount.<sup id="cite_ref-168"><a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a></sup> Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average of more than 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern and southwestern parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400–1,600 hours; the northern and northeastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive about 2,400–2,500 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-169"><a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a></sup> The general snow season is early June until early October, though <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cold_snap" title="Cold snap">cold snaps</a> can occur outside this season.<sup id="cite_ref-170"><a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a></sup> Snowfall is common in the eastern and southern parts of the South Island and mountain areas across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullan2009_165-1"><a href="#cite_note-Mullan2009-165">[158]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The table below lists climate normals for the warmest and coldest months in New Zealand's six largest cities. North Island cities are generally warmest in February. South Island cities are warmest in January. + </p> + <table readabilityDataTable="1"> + <caption> + Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the six largest cities of New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-171"><a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a></sup> + </caption> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th> + Location + </th> + <th> + Jan/Feb (°C) + </th> + <th> + Jan/Feb (°F) + </th> + <th> + July (°C) + </th> + <th> + July (°F) + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> + </td> + <td> + 23/16 + </td> + <td> + 74/60 + </td> + <td> + 14/7 + </td> + <td> + 58/45 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td> + 20/13 + </td> + <td> + 68/56 + </td> + <td> + 11/6 + </td> + <td> + 52/42 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> + </td> + <td> + 22/12 + </td> + <td> + 72/53 + </td> + <td> + 10/0 + </td> + <td> + 51/33 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> + </td> + <td> + 24/13 + </td> + <td> + 75/56 + </td> + <td> + 14/4 + </td> + <td> + 57/39 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a> + </td> + <td> + 24/15 + </td> + <td> + 75/59 + </td> + <td> + 14/6 + </td> + <td> + 58/42 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> + </td> + <td> + 19/11 + </td> + <td> + 66/53 + </td> + <td> + 10/3 + </td> + <td> + 50/37 + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <h3> + <span id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</span> + </h3> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:TeTuatahianui.jpg"><img alt="Kiwi amongst sticks" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/170px-TeTuatahianui.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/255px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/340px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1325"></a></p><div> + <p>The endemic flightless <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a> is a national icon. + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geographic_isolation" title="Geographic isolation">geographic isolation</a> for 80 million years<sup id="cite_ref-172"><a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a></sup> and island <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> has influenced evolution of the country's species of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">animals</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">plants</a>. Physical isolation has caused biological isolation, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of very distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species.<sup id="cite_ref-173"><a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174"><a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a></sup> About 82% of New Zealand's indigenous <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>, covering 1,944 species across 65 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_175-0"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-175">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NZPCN_2006_176-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZPCN_2006-176">[169]</a></sup> The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen-forming species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, but one estimate suggests there are about 2,300 species of lichen-forming fungi in New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_175-1"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-175">[168]</a></sup> and 40% of these are endemic.<sup id="cite_ref-177"><a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a></sup> The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Podocarp" title="Podocarp">podocarps</a>, or by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">southern beech</a> in cooler climates.<sup id="cite_ref-178"><a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a></sup> The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tussock_grasslands_of_New_Zealand" title="Tussock grasslands of New Zealand">tussock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179"><a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Before the arrival of humans, an estimated 80% of the land was covered in forest, with only <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">high alpine</a>, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees.<sup id="cite_ref-180"><a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a></sup> Massive <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">deforestation</a> occurred after humans arrived, with around half the forest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-181"><a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a></sup> Much of the remaining forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23% of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-182"><a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg"><img alt="An artist's rendition of a Haast's eagle attacking two moa" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/220px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/330px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/440px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1101"></a></p><div> + <p>The giant <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> died out when humans hunted its main prey, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>, to extinction. + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + The forests were dominated by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">birds</a>, and the lack of mammalian predators led to some like the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo">kakapo</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Weka" title="Weka">weka</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Takah%C4%93" title="Takahē">takahē</a> evolving <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightlessness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183"><a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a></sup> The arrival of humans, associated changes to habitat, and the introduction of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">rats</a>, ferrets and other mammals led to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene">extinction</a> of many bird species, including <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">large birds</a> like the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holdaway2009_184-0"><a href="#cite_note-Holdaway2009-184">[177]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185"><a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Other indigenous animals are represented by reptiles (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">skinks</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_geckos_of_New_Zealand" title="List of geckos of New Zealand">geckos</a>), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Leiopelmatidae" title="Leiopelmatidae">frogs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-186"><a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Spiders_of_New_Zealand" title="Spiders of New Zealand">spiders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-187"><a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a></sup> insects (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Weta" title="Weta">weta</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-188"><a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a></sup> and snails.<sup id="cite_ref-189"><a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a></sup> Some, such as the tuatara, are so unique that they have been called <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">living fossils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190"><a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a></sup> Three species of bats (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_greater_short-tailed_bat" title="New Zealand greater short-tailed bat">one</a> since extinct) were the only sign of native land mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Saint_Bathans_mammal" title="Saint Bathans mammal">a unique, mouse-sized land mammal</a> at least 16 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-191"><a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192"><a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a></sup> Marine mammals however are abundant, with almost half the world's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> (whales, dolphins, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>) and large numbers of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a> reported in New Zealand waters.<sup id="cite_ref-193"><a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a></sup> Many seabirds breed in New Zealand, a third of them unique to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-194"><a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a></sup> More <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_birds_of_New_Zealand#Penguins" title="List of birds of New Zealand">penguin</a> species are found in New Zealand than in any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-195"><a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Since human arrival, almost half of the country's vertebrate species have become extinct, including at least fifty-one birds, three frogs, three lizards, one freshwater fish, and one bat. Others are endangered or have had their range severely reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Holdaway2009_184-1"><a href="#cite_note-Holdaway2009-184">[177]</a></sup> However, New Zealand conservationists have pioneered several methods to help threatened wildlife recover, including island sanctuaries, pest control, wildlife translocation, fostering, and ecological <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">restoration of islands</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ecological_island" title="Ecological island">other selected areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196"><a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197"><a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198"><a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199"><a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a></sup> + </p> + + <h2> + <span id="Economy">Economy</span> + </h2> + + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg"><img alt="Boats docked in blue-green water. Plate glass skyscrapers rising up in the background." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/220px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/330px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/440px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="3019"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand has an <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Advanced_economy" title="Advanced economy">advanced</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-200"><a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a></sup> ranked 16th in the 2018 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-HDI_12-1"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[8]</a></sup> and third in the 2018 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201"><a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a></sup> It is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/High-income_economy" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a> with a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nominal_value" title="Nominal value">nominal</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) per capita of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>36,254.<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-4"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> The currency is the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a>, informally known as the "Kiwi dollar"; it also circulates in the Cook Islands (see <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Islands_dollar" title="Cook Islands dollar">Cook Islands dollar</a>), Niue, Tokelau, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202"><a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Historically, extractive industries have contributed strongly to New Zealand's economy, focussing at different times on sealing, whaling, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Phormium" title="Phormium">flax</a>, gold, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">kauri gum</a>, and native timber.<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-0"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> The first shipment of refrigerated meat on the <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dunedin_(ship)" title="Dunedin (ship)">Dunedin</a></i> in 1882 led to the establishment of meat and dairy exports to Britain, a trade which provided the basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-204"><a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a></sup> High demand for agricultural products from the United Kingdom and the United States helped New Zealanders achieve higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-205"><a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a></sup> In 1973, New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a><sup id="cite_ref-206"><a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a></sup> and other compounding factors, such as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 energy</a> crises, led to a severe <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Depression_(economics)" title="Depression (economics)">economic depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207"><a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a></sup> Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">the World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208"><a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a></sup> In the mid-1980s New Zealand deregulated its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agricultural sector</a> by phasing out <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">subsidies</a> over a three-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-209"><a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210"><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a></sup> Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Macroeconomic" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> restructuring (known first as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> and then <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ruthanasia" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia</a>), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protected</a> and highly regulated economy to a liberalised <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Free-trade" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberalisation_211-0"><a href="#cite_note-Liberalisation-211">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212"><a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:MilfordSound.jpg"><img alt="Blue water against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/220px-MilfordSound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/330px-MilfordSound.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/440px-MilfordSound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364"></a></p><div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Milford_Sound" title="Milford Sound">Milford Sound</a> is one of New Zealand's most famous tourist destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-213"><a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a></sup> + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + Unemployment peaked above 10% in 1991 and 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-0"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> following the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">1987 share market crash</a>, but eventually fell to a record low (since 1986) of 3.7% in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-1"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> However, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global financial crisis</a> that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years,<sup id="cite_ref-215"><a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216"><a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a></sup> and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-217"><a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a></sup> Unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends, but are consistently higher among youth. In the December 2014 quarter, the general unemployment rate was around 5.8%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 15.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-2"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> New Zealand has experienced a series of "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Brain_drain" title="Brain drain">brain drains</a>" since the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-218"><a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a></sup> that still continue today.<sup id="cite_ref-219"><a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a></sup> Nearly one quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation.<sup id="cite_ref-220"><a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a></sup> In recent decades, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-221"><a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200644_222-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200644-222">[215]</a></sup> Today New Zealand's economy benefits from a high level of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223"><a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Trade">Trade</span> + </h3> + <p> + New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade,<sup id="cite_ref-224"><a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a></sup> particularly in agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-225"><a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a></sup> Exports account for 24% of its output,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-1"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">economic slowdowns</a>. Food products made up 55% of the value of all the country's exports in 2014; wood was the second largest earner (7%).<sup id="cite_ref-226"><a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a></sup> New Zealand's main trading partners, as at June 2018, are China (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/NZ$" title="NZ$">NZ$</a>27.8b), Australia ($26.2b), the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> ($22.9b), the United States ($17.6b), and Japan ($8.4b).<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-0"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement</a>, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.<sup id="cite_ref-228"><a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a></sup> The service sector is the largest sector in the economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-2"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a> plays a significant role in the economy, contributing $12.9 billion (or 5.6%) to New Zealand's total GDP and supporting 7.5% of the total workforce in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-TourismStats_229-0"><a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-229">[222]</a></sup> International visitor arrivals are expected to increase at a rate of 5.4% annually up to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-TourismStats_229-1"><a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-229">[222]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG"><img alt="A Romney ewe with her two lambs" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/220px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/330px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/440px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></a></p><div> + <p>Wool has historically been one of New Zealand's major exports. + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + Wool was New Zealand's major agricultural export during the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-1"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues,<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-2"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities<sup id="cite_ref-230"><a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a></sup> and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-231"><a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a></sup> In contrast <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">dairy farming</a> increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-232"><a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a></sup> to become New Zealand's largest export earner.<sup id="cite_ref-233"><a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a></sup> In the year to June 2018, dairy products accounted for 17.7% ($14.1 billion) of total exports,<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-1"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> and the country's largest company, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fonterra" title="Fonterra">Fonterra</a>, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.<sup id="cite_ref-234"><a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a></sup> Other exports in 2017-18 were meat (8.8%), wood and wood products (6.2%), fruit (3.6%), machinery (2.2%) and wine (2.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-2"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand's wine</a> industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period,<sup id="cite_ref-235"><a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a></sup> overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-236"><a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237"><a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span> + </h3> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Air_New_Zealand,_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_(27091961041).jpg"><img alt="A mid-size jet airliner in flight. The plane livery is all-black and features a New Zealand silver fern mark." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/220px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/330px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/440px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5625" data-file-height="3750"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + In 2015, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">renewable energy</a>, primarily <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">geothermal</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Hydroelectric power in New Zealand">hydroelectric power</a>, generated 40.1% of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">New Zealand's gross energy</a> supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy2015_238-0"><a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-238">[231]</a></sup> Geothermal power alone accounted for 22% of New Zealand's energy in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy2015_238-1"><a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-238">[231]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The provision of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_New_Zealand" title="Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand">water supply and sanitation</a> is generally of good quality. Regional authorities provide water abstraction, treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-239"><a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240"><a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">New Zealand's transport</a> network comprises 94,000 kilometres (58,410 mi) of roads, including 199 kilometres (124 mi) of motorways,<sup id="cite_ref-241"><a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a></sup> and 4,128 kilometres (2,565 mi) of railway lines.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-3"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> Most major cities and towns are linked by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport.<sup id="cite_ref-242"><a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">railways</a> were privatised in 1993, but were re-nationalised by the government in stages between 2004 and 2008. The state-owned enterprise <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/KiwiRail" title="KiwiRail">KiwiRail</a> now operates the railways, with the exception of commuter services in Auckland and Wellington which are operated by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Transdev_Auckland" title="Transdev Auckland">Transdev</a><sup id="cite_ref-243"><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region" title="Public transport in the Wellington Region">Metlink</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-244"><a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a></sup> respectively. Railways run the length of the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-245"><a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a></sup> Most international visitors arrive via air<sup id="cite_ref-246"><a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a></sup> and New Zealand has <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_Zealand" title="List of airports in New Zealand">six international airports</a>, but currently only the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_Airport" title="Auckland Airport">Auckland</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch_International_Airport" title="Christchurch International Airport">Christchurch airports</a> connect directly with countries other than Australia or Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-247"><a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Post_Office" title="New Zealand Post Office">New Zealand Post Office</a> had a monopoly over <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">telecommunications in New Zealand</a> until 1987 when <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Spark_New_Zealand" title="Spark New Zealand">Telecom New Zealand</a> was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2010_248-0"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-248">[241]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chorus_Limited" title="Chorus Limited">Chorus</a>, which was split from Telecom (now Spark) in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-249"><a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a></sup> still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2010_248-1"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-248">[241]</a></sup> A large-scale rollout of gigabit-capable <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fibre_to_the_premises" title="Fibre to the premises">fibre to the premises</a>, branded as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ultra-Fast_Broadband" title="Ultra-Fast Broadband">Ultra-Fast Broadband</a>, began in 2009 with a target of being available to 87% of the population by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-250"><a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a></sup> As of 2017, the United Nations <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> ranks New Zealand 13th in the development of information and communications infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-251"><a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a></sup> + </p> + <h2> + <span id="Demography">Demography</span> + </h2> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:New_Zealandpop.svg"><img alt="Stationary population pyramid broken down into 21 age ranges." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/280px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/420px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/560px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 New Zealand census</a> enumerated a resident population of 4,242,048, an increase of 5.3% over the 2006 figure.<sup id="cite_ref-252"><a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254"><a href="#cite_note-254">[n 8]</a></sup> As of September 2019, the total population has risen to an estimated 4,933,210.<sup id="cite_ref-populationestimate_9-1"><a href="#cite_note-populationestimate-9">[5]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 73.0% of the population living in the seventeen main <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> (i.e. population 30,000 or greater) and 55.1% living in the four largest cities of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_255-0"><a href="#cite_note-Urban-255">[247]</a></sup> New Zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures. For instance, in 2016 Auckland was ranked the world's third <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Most_liveable_city" title="Most liveable city">most liveable city</a> and Wellington the twelfth by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mercer_Quality_of_Living_Survey" title="Mercer Quality of Living Survey">Mercer Quality of Living Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256"><a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Life expectancy for New Zealanders in 2012 was 84 years for females, and 80.2 years for males.<sup id="cite_ref-257"><a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a></sup> Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-UNtwspop_258-0"><a href="#cite_note-UNtwspop-258">[250]</a></sup> New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fertility_rate" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> of 2.1 is relatively high for a developed country, and natural births account for a significant proportion of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Replacement_fertility_rate" title="Replacement fertility rate">population growth</a>. Consequently, the country has a young population compared to most industrialised nations, with 20% of New Zealanders being 14 years old or younger.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-4"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> In 2018 the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Median_age" title="Median age">median age</a> of the New Zealand population was 38.1 years.<sup id="cite_ref-259"><a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a></sup> By 2050 the median age is projected to rise to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18% to 29%.<sup id="cite_ref-UNtwspop_258-1"><a href="#cite_note-UNtwspop-258">[250]</a></sup> In 2008 the leading cause of premature death was <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, at 29.8%, followed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease" title="Ischaemic heart disease">ischaemic heart disease</a>, 19.7%, and then <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, 9.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-260"><a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a></sup> As of 2016, total expenditure on <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Health_care_in_New_Zealand" title="Health care in New Zealand">health care</a> (including private sector spending) is 9.2% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-261"><a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a></sup><br> + </p> + <table readabilityDataTable="1"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="10"> + + <div> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="Template:Largest cities in New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Largest cities in New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_in_New_Zealand&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div> + <p><span>Largest urban areas in New Zealand</span></p><div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a> June 2018 estimate (<abbr title="New Zealand Standard Areas Classification 1992">NZSAC92</abbr> boundaries)<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_population_data_262-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data-262">[254]</a></sup> + </p></div> + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Pop.</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Pop.</a> + </th> + <th></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="11"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Auckland_Cbd_(217403753).jpeg" title="Auckland"><img alt="Auckland" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/120px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/180px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/240px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362"></a><br> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a><br> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Wellington_at_dawn.jpg" title="Wellington"><img alt="Wellington" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/120px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/180px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/240px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="2479"></a><br> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td> + 1 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a> + </td> + <td> + 1,628,900 + </td> + <td> + 11 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whangarei" title="Whangarei">Whangarei</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a> + </td> + <td> + 58,800 + </td> + <td rowspan="11"> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(2).jpg" title="Christchurch"><img alt="Christchurch" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/180px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/240px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></a><br> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a><br> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" title="Hamilton"><img alt="Hamilton" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/120px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/180px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/240px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="2528"></a><br> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + 2 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td> + 418,500 + </td> + <td> + 12 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a> + </td> + <td> + 58,300 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + 3 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> + </td> + <td> + 404,500 + </td> + <td> + 13 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> + </td> + <td> + 51,200 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + 4 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a> + </td> + <td> + 241,200 + </td> + <td> + 14 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kapiti_Urban_Area" title="Kapiti Urban Area">Kapiti</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td> + 42,700 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + 5 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a> + </td> + <td> + 141,600 + </td> + <td> + 15 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Manawatu-Wanganui" title="Manawatu-Wanganui">Manawatu-Wanganui</a> + </td> + <td> + 40,900 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + 6 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Napier-Hastings_Urban_Area" title="Napier-Hastings Urban Area">Napier-Hastings</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a> + </td> + <td> + 134,500 + </td> + <td> + 16 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand" title="Gisborne, New Zealand">Gisborne</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gisborne_Region" title="Gisborne Region">Gisborne</a> + </td> + <td> + 37,200 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + 7 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> + </td> + <td> + 122,000 + </td> + <td> + 17 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand" title="Blenheim, New Zealand">Blenheim</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Marlborough_Region" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a> + </td> + <td> + 31,600 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + 8 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Manawatu-Wanganui" title="Manawatu-Wanganui">Manawatu-Wanganui</a> + </td> + <td> + 86,600 + </td> + <td> + 18 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pukekohe" title="Pukekohe">Pukekohe</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a> + </td> + <td> + 31,400 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + 9 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nelson_Region" title="Nelson Region">Nelson</a> + </td> + <td> + 67,500 + </td> + <td> + 19 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> + </td> + <td> + 29,100 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + 10 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a> + </td> + <td> + 59,500 + </td> + <td> + 20 + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taupo" title="Taupo">Taupo</a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a> + </td> + <td> + 24,700 + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <h3> + <span id="Ethnicity_and_immigration">Ethnicity and immigration</span> + </h3> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg"><img alt="Pedestrians crossing a wide street which is flanked by storefronts" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/220px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/330px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/440px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="604"></a></p><div> + <p>Pedestrians on <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Queen_Street,_Auckland" title="Queen Street, Auckland">Queen Street</a> in Auckland, an ethnically diverse city + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + In the 2013 census, 74.0% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 14.9% as Māori. Other major ethnic groups include <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a> (11.8%) and Pacific peoples (7.4%), two-thirds of whom live in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QuickStats_ethnicity_263-0"><a href="#cite_note-QuickStats_ethnicity-263">[255]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnicity_6-1"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-6">[n 3]</a></sup> The population has become more diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-264"><a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + While the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi_(people)" title="Kiwi (people)">Kiwi</a>" is commonly used both internationally<sup id="cite_ref-265"><a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a></sup> and by locals.<sup id="cite_ref-266"><a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a></sup> The Māori loanword <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> has been used to refer to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealanders of European descent</a>, although others reject this appellation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200631_267-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200631-267">[259]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268"><a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a></sup> The word Pākehā today is increasingly used to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakeha_269-0"><a href="#cite_note-Pakeha-269">[261]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81_settlers" title="Pākehā settlers">European settlers</a>. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia because of restrictive policies similar to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-270"><a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a></sup> There was also significant Dutch, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-271"><a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a></sup> German, and Italian immigration, together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-272"><a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Immigration_history_273-0"><a href="#cite_note-Immigration_history-273">[265]</a></sup> Net migration increased after the Second World War; in the 1970s and 1980s policies were relaxed and immigration from Asia was promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-Immigration_history_273-1"><a href="#cite_note-Immigration_history-273">[265]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274"><a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a></sup> In 2009–10, an annual target of 45,000–50,000 permanent residence approvals was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service—more than one new migrant for every 100 New Zealand residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Recent_immigration_275-0"><a href="#cite_note-Recent_immigration-275">[267]</a></sup> Just over 25% of New Zealand's population was born overseas, with the majority (52%) living in the Auckland Region. The United Kingdom remains the largest source of New Zealand's overseas population, with a quarter of all overseas-born New Zealanders born there; other major sources of New Zealand's overseas-born population are China, India, Australia, South Africa, Fiji and Samoa.<sup id="cite_ref-276"><a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a></sup> The number of fee-paying <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a> increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary institutions</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-277"><a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Language">Language</span> + </h3> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:TeReoMaori2013.png"><img alt="Map of New Zealand showing the percentage of people in each census area unit who speak Māori. Areas of the North Island exhibit the highest Māori proficiency." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/220px-TeReoMaori2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/330px-TeReoMaori2013.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/440px-TeReoMaori2013.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3759"></a></p><div> + <p>Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census<sup id="cite_ref-278"><a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a></sup></p><p><span> </span> Less than 5% + </p> + <p><span> </span> More than 5% + </p> + <p><span> </span> More than 10% + </p> + <p><span> </span> More than 20% + </p> + <p><span> </span> More than 30% + </p> + <p><span> </span> More than 40% + </p> + <p><span> </span> More than 50% + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 96.1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-0"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> is similar to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accents</a> apart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814_280-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814-280">[272]</a></sup> The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-"i" sound (as in "kit") has centralised towards the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Schwa" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound (the "a" in "comma" and "about"); the short-"e" sound (as in "dress") has moved towards the short-"i" sound; and the short-"a" sound (as in "trap") has moved to the short-"e" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-281"><a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Te_reo_M%C4%81ori" title="Te reo Māori">te reo Māori</a></i>) in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Maori_language_282-0"><a href="#cite_note-Maori_language-282">[274]</a></sup> It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,<sup id="cite_ref-283"><a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a></sup> being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-284"><a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a></sup> and is spoken by 3.7% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-1"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286"><a href="#cite_note-286">[n 9]</a></sup> There are now Māori language immersion schools and two television channels that broadcast predominantly in Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-287"><a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_dual_place_names_in_New_Zealand" title="List of dual place names in New Zealand">Many places</a> have both their Māori and English names officially recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-288"><a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + As recorded in the 2013 census,<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-2"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%),<sup id="cite_ref-289"><a href="#cite_note-289">[n 10]</a></sup> followed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (1.7%), "Northern Chinese" (including <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, 1.3%) and French (1.2%). 20,235 people (0.5%) reported the ability to use <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>. It was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-290"><a href="#cite_note-290">[280]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Religion">Religion</span> + </h3> + + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg"><img alt="Simple white building with two red domed towers" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/170px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/255px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/340px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2164"></a></p><div> + <p>A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> church on a hill near <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Raetihi" title="Raetihi">Raetihi</a>. The two-tower construction is characteristic of Rātana buildings. + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">Christianity</a> is the predominant religion in New Zealand, although its society is among the most <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Secular" title="Secular">secular</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-291"><a href="#cite_note-291">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-292"><a href="#cite_note-292">[282]</a></sup> In the 2018 census, 51.4% of the population identified with one or more religions, including 38.6% identifying as Christians. Another 48.6% indicated that they had no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-293"><a href="#cite_note-293">[n 11]</a></sup> The main Christian denominations are, by number of adherents, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_New_Zealand" title="Catholic Church in New Zealand">Roman Catholicism</a> (10.1%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Aotearoa,_New_Zealand_and_Polynesia" title="Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia">Anglicanism</a> (6.8%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand">Presbyterianism</a> (5.5%) and "Christian not further defined" (i.e. people identifying as Christian but not stating the denomination, 6.6%). The Māori-based <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ringat%C5%AB" title="Ringatū">Ringatū</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> religions (1.3%) are also Christian in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-0"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296"><a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a></sup> Immigration and demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,<sup id="cite_ref-297"><a href="#cite_note-297">[286]</a></sup> such as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" title="Hinduism in New Zealand">Hinduism</a> (2.6%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">Buddhism</a> (1.1%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">Islam</a> (1.3%) and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">Sikhism</a> (0.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-1"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup> The Auckland Region exhibited the greatest religious diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-2"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Education">Education</span> + </h3> + + <p> + Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Education_Stats_298-0"><a href="#cite_note-Education_Stats-298">[287]</a></sup> There are 13 school years and attending <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state (public) schools</a> is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-299"><a href="#cite_note-299">[288]</a></sup> New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-5"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-Education_Stats_298-1"><a href="#cite_note-Education_Stats-298">[287]</a></sup> There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Institute_of_technology#New_Zealand" title="Institute of technology">polytechnics</a>, specialist colleges, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/W%C4%81nanga" title="Wānanga">wānanga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EducationAct1989_300-0"><a href="#cite_note-EducationAct1989-300">[289]</a></sup> in addition to private training establishments.<sup id="cite_ref-NZQA_301-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZQA-301">[290]</a></sup> In the adult population 14.2% have a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4% have no formal qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-TertiaryEdStats_302-0"><a href="#cite_note-TertiaryEdStats-302">[291]</a></sup> The OECD's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science.<sup id="cite_ref-303"><a href="#cite_note-303">[292]</a></sup> + </p> + + <h2> + <span id="Culture">Culture</span> + </h2> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:KupeWheke.jpg" title="Use the scrollbar to see the full image."><img alt="Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/150px-KupeWheke.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="605" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/225px-KupeWheke.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/300px-KupeWheke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="1570"></a> + </p> + <div> + <p>Late 20th-century house-post depicting the navigator <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kupe" title="Kupe">Kupe</a> fighting two sea creatures + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + Early Māori adapted the tropically based east <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a> in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" title="Whānau">whānau</a></i>), subtribes (<i>hapū</i>) and tribes (<i>iwi</i>) ruled by a chief (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a></i>), whose position was subject to the community's approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398_304-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398-304">[293]</a></sup> The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,<sup id="cite_ref-305"><a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-306"><a href="#cite_note-306">[295]</a></sup> particularly with the introduction of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-307"><a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a></sup> However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">their identity</a>, and Māori kinship roles resemble <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">those of other Polynesian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-308"><a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a></sup> More recently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Australian</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian</a> and other <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European cultures</a> have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika</a>, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.<sup id="cite_ref-309"><a href="#cite_note-309">[298]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400_310-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400-310">[299]</a></sup> Modesty was expected and enforced through the "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tall_poppy_syndrome" title="Tall poppy syndrome">tall poppy syndrome</a>", where high achievers received harsh criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007399_311-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007399-311">[300]</a></sup> At the time New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country.<sup id="cite_ref-312"><a href="#cite_note-312">[301]</a></sup> From the early 20th century until the late 1960s, Māori culture was suppressed by the attempted <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">assimilation</a> of Māori into British New Zealanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Maori_language_282-1"><a href="#cite_note-Maori_language-282">[274]</a></sup> In the 1960s, as tertiary education became more available and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">cities expanded</a><sup id="cite_ref-313"><a href="#cite_note-313">[302]</a></sup> urban culture began to dominate.<sup id="cite_ref-314"><a href="#cite_note-314">[303]</a></sup> However, rural imagery and themes are common in New Zealand's art, literature and media.<sup id="cite_ref-315"><a href="#cite_note-315">[304]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">New Zealand's national symbols</a> are influenced by natural, historical, and Māori sources. The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Silver_fern" title="Silver fern">silver fern</a> is an emblem appearing on army insignia and sporting team uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2016_316-0"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2016-316">[305]</a></sup> Certain items of popular culture thought to be unique to New Zealand are called "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwiana" title="Kiwiana">Kiwiana</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2016_316-1"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2016-316">[305]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Art">Art</span> + </h3> + + <p> + As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_317-0"><a href="#cite_note-Creative-317">[306]</a></sup> Most Māori carvings feature human figures, generally with three fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a grotesque head.<sup id="cite_ref-318"><a href="#cite_note-318">[307]</a></sup> Surface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate most carvings.<sup id="cite_ref-319"><a href="#cite_note-319">[308]</a></sup> The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wharenui" title="Wharenui">wharenui</a></i>) decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different whims or needs.<sup id="cite_ref-320"><a href="#cite_note-320">[309]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.<sup id="cite_ref-321"><a href="#cite_note-321">[310]</a></sup> Māori tattoos (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">moko</a></i>) consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel.<sup id="cite_ref-322"><a href="#cite_note-322">[311]</a></sup> Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-beginnings_323-0"><a href="#cite_note-beginnings-323">[312]</a></sup> Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">noble savages</a>", exotic beauties or friendly natives.<sup id="cite_ref-beginnings_323-1"><a href="#cite_note-beginnings-323">[312]</a></sup> The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">regionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-324"><a href="#cite_note-324">[313]</a></sup> During the 1960s and 1970s many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms.<sup id="cite_ref-325"><a href="#cite_note-325">[314]</a></sup> New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_317-1"><a href="#cite_note-Creative-317">[306]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326"><a href="#cite_note-326">[315]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Hinepare.jpg"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/170px-Hinepare.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/255px-Hinepare.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/340px-Hinepare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="700"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-327"><a href="#cite_note-327">[316]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">Greenstone</a> was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a>, a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.<sup id="cite_ref-328"><a href="#cite_note-328">[317]</a></sup> Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-329"><a href="#cite_note-329">[318]</a></sup> Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre.<sup id="cite_ref-330"><a href="#cite_note-330">[319]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_331-0"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-331">[320]</a></sup> However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_331-1"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-331">[320]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Literature">Literature</span> + </h3> + + <p> + Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form.<sup id="cite_ref-332"><a href="#cite_note-332">[321]</a></sup> Most early English literature was obtained from Britain and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that New Zealand literature started to become widely known.<sup id="cite_ref-333"><a href="#cite_note-333">[322]</a></sup> Although still largely influenced by global trends (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernism</a>) and events (the Great Depression), writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in New Zealand. During this period literature changed from a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalistic</a> activity to a more academic pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-334"><a href="#cite_note-334">[323]</a></sup> Participation in the world wars gave some New Zealand writers a new perspective on New Zealand culture and with the post-war expansion of universities local literature flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-335"><a href="#cite_note-335">[324]</a></sup> Dunedin is a UNESCO <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-336"><a href="#cite_note-336">[325]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</span> + </h3> + + <p> + New Zealand music has been influenced by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-music_337-0"><a href="#cite_note-music-337">[326]</a></sup> Māori developed traditional chants and songs from their ancient Southeast Asian origins, and after centuries of isolation created a unique "monotonous" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doleful" title="wikt:doleful">doleful</a>" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-338"><a href="#cite_note-338">[327]</a></sup> Flutes and trumpets were used as musical instruments<sup id="cite_ref-339"><a href="#cite_note-339">[328]</a></sup> or as signalling devices during war or special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-340"><a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a></sup> Early settlers brought over their ethnic music, with <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral music</a> being popular, and musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-341"><a href="#cite_note-341">[330]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-342"><a href="#cite_note-342">[331]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">Pipe bands</a> became widespread during the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-343"><a href="#cite_note-343">[332]</a></sup> The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-music_337-1"><a href="#cite_note-music-337">[326]</a></sup> Some artists release Māori language songs and the Māori tradition-based art of <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></i> (song and dance) has made a resurgence.<sup id="cite_ref-344"><a href="#cite_note-344">[333]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Music_Awards" title="New Zealand Music Awards">New Zealand Music Awards</a> are held annually by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>; the awards were first held in 1965 by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Reckitt_%26_Colman" title="Reckitt & Colman">Reckitt & Colman</a> as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Loxene_Golden_Disc" title="Loxene Golden Disc">Loxene Golden Disc</a> awards.<sup id="cite_ref-345"><a href="#cite_note-345">[334]</a></sup> Recorded Music NZ also publishes the country's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">official weekly record charts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-346"><a href="#cite_note-346">[335]</a></sup> + </p> + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg"><img alt="Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/220px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/330px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/440px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + Public <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">radio</a> was introduced in New Zealand in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-348"><a href="#cite_note-348">[337]</a></sup> A state-owned <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">television service</a> began in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-349"><a href="#cite_note-349">[338]</a></sup> Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-350">[339]</a></sup> New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with a large number of Australian and local shows.<sup id="cite_ref-351"><a href="#cite_note-351">[340]</a></sup> The number of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_films" title="List of New Zealand films">New Zealand films</a> significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Film_Commission" title="New Zealand Film Commission">New Zealand Film Commission</a> started assisting local film-makers and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-1"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-350">[339]</a></sup> The highest-grossing New Zealand films are <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hunt_for_the_Wilderpeople" title="Hunt for the Wilderpeople">Hunt for the Wilderpeople</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Boy_(2010_film)" title="Boy (2010 film)">Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_World%27s_Fastest_Indian" title="The World's Fastest Indian">The World's Fastest Indian</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a></i> and <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whale_Rider" title="Whale Rider">Whale Rider</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-352"><a href="#cite_note-352">[341]</a></sup> The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,<sup id="cite_ref-353"><a href="#cite_note-353">[342]</a></sup> have encouraged some <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">producers</a> to shoot big-budget productions in New Zealand, including <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a></i> and <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-354"><a href="#cite_note-354">[343]</a></sup> The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Crown_entity" title="Crown entity">state retains ownership</a> of some television and radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-355"><a href="#cite_note-355">[344]</a></sup> Since 1994, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-356"><a href="#cite_note-356">[345]</a></sup> + </p> + + <h3> + <span id="Sports">Sports</span> + </h3> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Haka_2006.jpg"><img alt="Rugby team wearing all black, facing the camera, knees bent, and facing toward a team wearing white" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/220px-Haka_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/330px-Haka_2006.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/440px-Haka_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></a></p> + </div> + <p> + Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have British origins.<sup id="cite_ref-357"><a href="#cite_note-357">[346]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is considered the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a><sup id="cite_ref-358"><a href="#cite_note-358">[347]</a></sup> and attracts the most spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-0"><a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-359">[348]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> have the highest rates of adult participation, while netball, rugby union and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football (soccer)</a> are particularly popular among young people.<sup id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-1"><a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-359">[348]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nzsssc_360-0"><a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-360">[349]</a></sup> Around 54% of New Zealand adolescents participate in sports for their school.<sup id="cite_ref-nzsssc_360-1"><a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-360">[349]</a></sup> Victorious rugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" title="1888–89 New Zealand Native football team">late 1880s</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Original_All_Blacks" title="The Original All Blacks">early 1900s</a> played an early role in instilling a national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-361"><a href="#cite_note-361">[350]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Horseracing_in_New_Zealand" title="Horseracing in New Zealand">Horseracing</a> was also a popular <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a> and became part of the "Rugby, Racing and Beer" culture during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-362"><a href="#cite_note-362">[351]</a></sup> Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby and the country's team performs a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haka_(sports)" title="Haka (sports)">haka</a>, a traditional Māori challenge, before international matches.<sup id="cite_ref-363"><a href="#cite_note-363">[352]</a></sup> New Zealand is known for its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">extreme sports</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">adventure tourism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200669_364-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200669-364">[353]</a></sup> and strong <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-365"><a href="#cite_note-365">[354]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366"><a href="#cite_note-366">[355]</a></sup> Other outdoor pursuits such as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cycling_in_New_Zealand" title="Cycling in New Zealand">cycling</a>, fishing, swimming, running, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tramping_in_New_Zealand" title="Tramping in New Zealand">tramping</a>, canoeing, hunting, snowsports, surfing and sailing are also popular.<sup id="cite_ref-SportsParticipation_367-0"><a href="#cite_note-SportsParticipation-367">[356]</a></sup> The Polynesian sport of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waka_ama" title="Waka ama">waka ama</a> racing has experienced a resurgence of interest in New Zealand since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-368"><a href="#cite_note-368">[357]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand has competitive international teams in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">rugby union</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">rugby league</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_national_netball_team" title="New Zealand national netball team">netball</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team" title="New Zealand national cricket team">cricket</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_softball_team" title="New Zealand men's national softball team">softball</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Team_New_Zealand" title="Team New Zealand">sailing</a>. New Zealand participated at the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Summer_Olympics" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> in 1908 and 1912 as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australasia_at_the_Olympics" title="Australasia at the Olympics">a joint team with Australia</a>, before first participating <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Olympics" title="New Zealand at the Olympics">on its own</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-369"><a href="#cite_note-369">[358]</a></sup> The country has ranked highly on a medals-to-population ratio at recent Games.<sup id="cite_ref-370"><a href="#cite_note-370">[359]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-371"><a href="#cite_note-371">[360]</a></sup> The "All Blacks", the national rugby union team, are the most successful in the history of international rugby<sup id="cite_ref-372"><a href="#cite_note-372">[361]</a></sup> and the reigning <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">World Cup</a> champions.<sup id="cite_ref-373"><a href="#cite_note-373">[362]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span> + </h3> + + <div> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg"><img alt="Raw meat and vegetables" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/220px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/330px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/440px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832"></a></p><div> + <p>Ingredients to be prepared for a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a> + </p></div> + </div> + <p> + The national cuisine has been described as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>, incorporating the native <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_cuisine" title="Māori cuisine">Māori cuisine</a> and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-cuisine_374-0"><a href="#cite_note-cuisine-374">[363]</a></sup> New Zealand yields produce from land and sea—most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-375"><a href="#cite_note-375">[364]</a></sup> Distinctive ingredients or dishes include <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, salmon, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/K%C5%8Dura" title="Kōura">kōura</a> (crayfish),<sup id="cite_ref-376"><a href="#cite_note-376">[365]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dredge_oyster" title="Dredge oyster">dredge oysters</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">whitebait</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">pāua</a> (abalone), mussels, scallops, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Paphies_australis" title="Paphies australis">pipis</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">tuatua</a> (both are types of New Zealand shellfish),<sup id="cite_ref-377"><a href="#cite_note-377">[366]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/K%C5%ABmara" title="Kūmara">kūmara</a> (sweet potato), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tamarillo" title="Tamarillo">tamarillo</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" title="Pavlova (food)">pavlova</a> (considered a national dish).<sup id="cite_ref-378"><a href="#cite_note-378">[367]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cuisine_374-1"><a href="#cite_note-cuisine-374">[363]</a></sup> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a> is a traditional Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven. After European colonisation, Māori began cooking with pots and ovens and the hāngi was used less frequently, although it is still used for formal occasions such as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tangihanga" title="Tangihanga">tangihanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-379"><a href="#cite_note-379">[368]</a></sup> + </p> + + <h2> + <span id="See_also">See also</span> + </h2> + + <ul> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Outline_of_New_Zealand" title="Outline of New Zealand">Outline of New Zealand</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand-related_topics" title="List of New Zealand-related topics">List of New Zealand-related topics</a> + </li> + </ul> + + <h2> + <span id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span> + </h2> + <div> + <ol> + <li id="cite_note-2"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span>"God Save the Queen" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-1"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-4"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span>English is a <i>de facto</i> official language due to its widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-3"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-ethnicity-6"> + <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicity_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicity_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span>Ethnicity figures add to more than 100% as people could choose more than one ethnic group.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-8"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span>The proportion of New Zealand's area (excluding estuaries) covered by rivers, lakes and ponds, based on figures from the New Zealand Land Cover Database,<sup id="cite_ref-7"><a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a></sup> is (357526 + 81936) / (26821559 – 92499–26033 – 19216) = 1.6%. If estuarine open water, mangroves, and herbaceous saline vegetation are included, the figure is 2.2%.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-13"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span>The Chatham Islands have a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Standard_Time_Zone" title="Chatham Standard Time Zone">separate time zone</a>, 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-15"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span>Clocks are advanced by an hour from the last Sunday in September until the first Sunday in April.<sup id="cite_ref-14"><a href="#cite_note-14">[9]</a></sup> Daylight saving time is also observed in the Chatham Islands, 45 minutes ahead of NZDT.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-144"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span>A person born on or after 1 January 2006 acquires New Zealand citizenship at birth only if at least one parent is a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident. People born on or before 31 December 2005 acquired citizenship at birth (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-143"><a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-254"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span>The population is increasing at a rate of 1.4–2.0% per year and is projected to rise to 5.01–5.51 million in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-253"><a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-286"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span>In 2015, 55% of Māori adults (aged 15 years and over) reported knowledge of <i>te reo Māori</i>. Of these speakers, 64% use Māori at home and 50,000 can speak the language "very well" or "well".<sup id="cite_ref-tereoMaori_285-0"><a href="#cite_note-tereoMaori-285">[277]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-289"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span>Of the 86,403 people that replied they spoke Samoan, 51,336 lived in the Auckland Region.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-293"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span>Religion percentages may not add to 100% as people could claim multiple religions or object to answering the question.</span> + </li> + </ol> + </div> + <h2> + <span id="Citations">Citations</span> + </h2> + <div> + <ol> + <li id="cite_note-1"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage/national-anthems/protocols">"Protocol for using New Zealand's National Anthems"</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a><span>. Retrieved <span>17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-3"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>New Zealand Government (21 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124193521/http://mfat.govt.nz/downloads/humanrights/5th-ICCPR-report.pdf">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Fifth Periodic Report of the Government of New Zealand</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). p. 89. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mfat.govt.nz/downloads/humanrights/5th-ICCPR-report.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2015<span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>In addition to the Māori language, New Zealand Sign Language is also an official language of New Zealand. The New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 permits the use of NZSL in legal proceedings, facilitates competency standards for its interpretation and guides government departments in its promotion and use. English, the medium for teaching and learning in most schools, is a de facto official language by virtue of its widespread use. For these reasons, these three languages have special mention in the New Zealand Curriculum.</q></cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-Census2018_pdc-5"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2018_pdc_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-population-and-dwelling-counts">"2018 Census population and dwelling counts"</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a><span>. Retrieved <span>26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-7"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/land/land-cover-dbase/index.html">"The New Zealand Land Cover Database"</a>. <i>New Zealand Land Cover Database 2</i>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)">Ministry for the Environment</a>. 1 July 2009<span>. Retrieved <span>26 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-populationestimate-9"> + <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-populationestimate_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-populationestimate_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/population_clock.aspx">"Population clock"</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a><span>. Retrieved <span>14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span> + The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation. + </li> + <li id="cite_note-imf2-10"> + <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=45&pr1.y=1&c=196&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"New Zealand"</a>. International Monetary Fund<span>. Retrieved <span>9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-11"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/snapshots-of-nz/nz-social-indicators/Home/Standard%20of%20living/income-inequality.aspx#anchor26">"Income inequality"</a>. Statistics New Zealand<span>. Retrieved <span>14 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-HDI-12"> + <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDI_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDI_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf">"Human Development Report 2018"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">HDRO (Human Development Report Office)</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. p. 22<span>. Retrieved <span>14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-14"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2007/0185/latest/whole.html">"New Zealand Daylight Time Order 2007 (SR 2007/185)"</a>. New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. 6 July 2007<span>. Retrieved <span>6 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-16"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span>There is no official all-numeric date format for New Zealand, but government recommendations generally follow <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Australia" title="Date and time notation in Australia">Australian date and time notation</a>. See <cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.govt.nz/about/about-this-website/style-and-design/the-govt-nz-style-guide/">"The Govt.nz style guide"</a>, <i>New Zealand Government</i>, 9 December 2016<span>, retrieved <span>7 March</span> 2019</span></cite> </span> + . + </li> + <li id="cite_note-17"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Tasman, Abel. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600611.txt">"JOURNAL or DESCRIPTION By me <i>Abel Jansz Tasman</i>, Of a Voyage from <i>Batavia</i> for making Discoveries of the <i>Unknown South Land</i> in the year 1642"</a>. Project Gutenberg Australia<span>. Retrieved <span>26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-18"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Wilson, John (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3">"European discovery of New Zealand – Tasman's achievement"</a>. <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-19"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>John Bathgate. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t2-body-d1-d1.html">"The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout:Volume 44. Chapter 1, Discovery and Settlement"</a>. NZETC<span>. Retrieved <span>17 August</span> 2018</span>. <q>He named the country Staaten Land, in honour of the States-General of Holland, in the belief that it was part of the great southern continent.</q></cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-20"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Wilson, John (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3">"Tasman's achievement"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>16 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-21"> + <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Mackay, Duncan (1986). "The Search For The Southern Land". In Fraser, B (ed.). <i>The New Zealand Book Of Events</i>. Auckland: <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Reed Methuen</a>. pp. 52–54.</cite></span> + + </li> + <li id="cite_note-NZ_name-22"> + <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZ_name_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZ_name_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Malcolm_McKinnon" title="Malcolm McKinnon">McKinnon, Malcolm</a> (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/1">"Place names – Naming the country and the main islands"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. 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Retrieved <span>1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span> + + </li> + </ol> + </div> + <h2> + <span id="References">References</span> + </h2> + <div> + <ul> + <li> + <cite>Alley, Roderic (2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEa-0PKh__oC"><i>New Zealand in World Affairs IV 1990–2005</i></a>. New Zealand: Victoria University Press. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-864-73548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-864-73548-5"><bdi>978-0-864-73548-5</bdi></a>.</cite> + + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFBain2006">Bain, Carolyn (2006). <i>New Zealand</i>. Lonely Planet. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-535-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-535-5"><bdi>1-74104-535-5</bdi></a>.</cite> + + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFGarden2005">Garden, Donald (2005). Stoll, Mark (ed.). <i>Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific: An Environmental History</i>. Nature and Human Societies. ABC-CLIO/Greenwood. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-868-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-868-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-868-6</bdi></a>.</cite> + + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFHayMaclaganGordon2008">Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). <i>Dialects of English: New Zealand English</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-2529-1</bdi></a>.</cite> + + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007">Kennedy, Jeffrey (2007). "Leadership and Culture in New Zealand". In Chhokar, Jagdeep; Brodbeck, Felix; House, Robert (eds.). <i>Culture and Leadership Across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies</i>. United States: Psychology Press. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5997-3"><bdi>978-0-8058-5997-3</bdi></a>.</cite> + + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFKing2003"><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Michael_King" title="Michael King">King, Michael</a> (2003). <i>The Penguin History of New Zealand</i>. New Zealand: Penguin Books. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4"><bdi>978-0-14-301867-4</bdi></a>.</cite> + + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFMein_Smith2005">Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). <i>A Concise History of New Zealand</i>. Australia: Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54228-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54228-6"><bdi>0-521-54228-6</bdi></a>.</cite> + + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFSmeltJui_Lin2009">Smelt, Roselynn; Jui Lin, Yong (2009). <i>New Zealand</i>. Cultures of the World (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3415-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-3415-3</bdi></a>.</cite> + + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <h2> + <span id="Further_reading">Further reading</span> + </h2> + + + <h2> + <span id="External_links">External links</span> + </h2> + + <dl> + <dt> + Government + </dt> + </dl> + <ul> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.govt.nz/">New Zealand Government portal</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mch.govt.nz/">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a> – includes information on flag, anthems and coat of arms + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/">Statistics New Zealand</a> + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dt> + Travel + </dt> + </dl> + <ul> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newzealand.com/int/">Official site of New Zealand Tourism</a> + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dt> + General Information + </dt> + </dl> + <ul> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html">New Zealand</a> entry from <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Oceania/New_Zealand">New Zealand</a> at <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Curlie" title="Curlie">Curlie</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15357770">New Zealand</a> from <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oecd.org/newzealand/">New Zealand</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085330/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/newzealand.htm">New Zealand</a>, directory from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412636/New-Zealand">New Zealand</a> at <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.metservice.co.nz/">New Zealand weather</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NZ">Key Development Forecasts for New Zealand</a> from <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a> + </li> + <li> + <img alt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_New_Zealand" title="commons:Atlas of New Zealand">Wikimedia Atlas of New Zealand</a> + </li> + </ul> + + + + + + </div>
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<![CDATA[ + .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} + ]]> + </style> + </head> + <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-New_Zealand rootpage-New_Zealand skin-vector action-view"> + <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> + <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> + <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> + <a id="top"></a> + <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"> + <!-- CentralNotice --> + </div> + <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> + <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"> + <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="This is a good article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="New Zealand (disambiguation)">New Zealand (disambiguation)</a>. + </div> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + "NZ" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NZ_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NZ (disambiguation)">NZ (disambiguation)</a>. + </div> + <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> + <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> + Country in Oceania + </div> + <p> + <span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&params=42_S_174_E_scale:5000000_source:GNS"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°S</span> <span class="longitude">174°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42°S 174°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-42; 174</span></span></span></a></span></span></span> + </p> + <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;font-size:88%;"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="2" class="adr" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"> + <div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name"> + New Zealand + </div><br /> + <div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"> + <i lang="mi" title="Māori language text" xml:lang="mi">Aotearoa</i>  <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:85%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>)</span> + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"> + <div style="display:table; width:100%;"> + <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> + <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="image" title="Flag of New Zealand"><img alt="Blue field with the Union Flag in the top right corner, and four red stars with white borders to the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/125px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/188px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/250px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> + </div> + <div style="font-size:90%;"> + <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" title="Flag of New Zealand">Flag</a> + </div> + </div> + <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> + <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand"><img alt="A quartered shield, flanked by two figures, topped with a crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="82" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a> + </div> + <div style="font-size:90%;"> + <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand">Coat of arms</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> + <div style="line-height:1.2em;"> + <b><a href="/wiki/National_anthems_of_New_Zealand" title="National anthems of New Zealand">Anthems</a>:</b><br /> + <div class="plainlist"> + <ul> + <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Defend_New_Zealand" title="God Defend New Zealand">God Defend New Zealand</a>"<br /> + <div class="center"> + <div class="floatnone"> + <div class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"> + <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" style="width:220px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="62.772244897959" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="New_Zealand_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Ogg Vorbis" data-shorttitle="Ogg Vorbis" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="106160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="195360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/New_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav" type="audio/wav" data-title="Original WAV file (2.82 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WAV source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="2822400" /></span> + <track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=en&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-dir="ltr" /> + <track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=ko&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 (ko) subtitles" data-dir="ltr" /> + <track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANew_Zealand_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=mi&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="mi" label="Māori (mi) subtitles" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li> + <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;">"<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[n 1]</a></sup></span> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> + <a href="/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg" class="image" title="Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, its territorial claim in the Antarctic, and Tokelau"><img alt="A map of the hemisphere centred on New Zealand, using an orthographic projection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/250px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/375px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/500px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> + <div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;"> + Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, its <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">territorial claim in the Antarctic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Capital + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a><br /> + <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&params=41_17_S_174_27_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°17′S</span> <span class="longitude">174°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.283°S 174.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-41.283; 174.450</span></span></span></a></span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> + <th scope="row"> + Largest city + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedtoprow"> + <th scope="row"> + Official languages + </th> + <td> + <div class="plainlist"> + <ul> + <li style="white-space:nowrap;"> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[n 2]</a></sup> + </li> + <li style="white-space:nowrap;"> + <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> + </li> + <li style="white-space:nowrap;"> + <a href="/wiki/NZ_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="NZ Sign Language">NZ Sign Language</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> + <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> + (<a href="/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018</a>) + </div> + </th> + <td> + <div class="plainlist"> + <ul> + <li style="white-space:nowrap;">70.2% <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European</a> + </li> + <li style="white-space:nowrap;">16.5% <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> + </li> + <li style="white-space:nowrap;">15.1% <a href="/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a> + </li> + <li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.1% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific peoples</a> + </li> + <li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.6% <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern people">ME</a>/<a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">LA</a>/<a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">African</a> + </li> + <li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.9% Other<sup id="cite_ref-Census2018_pdc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2018_pdc-5">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnicity_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-6">[n 3]</a></sup> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealander</a><br /> + <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(people)" title="Kiwi (people)">Kiwi</a> (informal)</span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Government</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> + </div> + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a></span> + </div> + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Reddy" title="Patsy Reddy">Patsy Reddy</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> + </div> + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr style="display:none"> + <td colspan="2"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Legislature + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a><br /> + (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedtoprow"> + <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">Stages of independence</a>  + <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> + from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • <a href="/wiki/1856_Sewell_Ministry" title="1856 Sewell Ministry">Responsible government</a> + </div> + </th> + <td> + 7 May 1856 + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a> + </div> + </th> + <td> + 26 September 1907 + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">Statute of Westminster adopted</a> + </div> + </th> + <td> + <br /> + 25 November 1947 + </td> + </tr> + <tr style="display:none"> + <td colspan="2"></td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedtoprow"> + <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Area</a> + </th> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • Total + </div> + </th> + <td> + 268,021 km<sup>2</sup> (103,483 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">75th</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • Water (%) + </div> + </th> + <td> + 1.6<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[n 4]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedtoprow"> + <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Population</a> + </th> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • September 2019 estimate + </div> + </th> + <td> + 4,933,210<sup id="cite_ref-populationestimate_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-populationestimate-9">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">120th</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • <a href="/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018</a> census + </div> + </th> + <td> + 4,699,755 + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • Density + </div> + </th> + <td> + 18.2/km<sup>2</sup> (47.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">203rd</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedtoprow"> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span> + </th> + <td> + 2018 estimate + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • Total + </div> + </th> + <td> + $199 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • Per capita + </div> + </th> + <td> + $40,266<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedtoprow"> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span> + </th> + <td> + 2018 estimate + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • Total + </div> + </th> + <td> + $206 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • Per capita + </div> + </th> + <td> + $41,616<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2014)</span> + </th> + <td> + 33.0<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a></sup><br /> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:orange">medium</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" title="List of countries by income equality">22nd</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2017)</span> + </th> + <td> + <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.917<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[8]</a></sup><br /> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">16th</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Currency + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a> ($) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">NZD</a>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedtoprow"> + <th scope="row"> + Time zone + </th> + <td> + <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+12</span> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" title="Time in New Zealand">NZST</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[n 5]</a></sup>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> + <th scope="row"> + <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> + • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>) + </div> + </th> + <td> + <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+13</span> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" title="Time in New Zealand">NZDT</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[n 6]</a></sup>) + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + Date format + </th> + <td> + <abbr title="day">dd</abbr>/<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>/<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr><br /> + <abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr>-<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>-<abbr title="day">dd</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a></sup> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic#New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_New_Zealand" title="Telephone numbers in New Zealand">Calling code</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/%2B64" class="mw-redirect" title="+64">+64</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NZ" title="ISO 3166-2:NZ">NZ</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row"> + <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a> + </th> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/.nz" title=".nz">.nz</a> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + <b>New Zealand</b> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: <i lang="mi" xml:lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a></i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">[aɔˈtɛaɾɔa]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> (<i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> (<i>Te Waipounamu</i>)—and around 600 <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi). New Zealand is situated some 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a> and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific island areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">biodiversity</a> of animal, fungal, and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>, owe much to the <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, while its most populous city is <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>. + </p> + <p> + Sometime between 1250 and 1300, <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a>. In 1642, Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> became the first European to sight New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> chiefs signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a>, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">became a colony</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and in 1907 it <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">became a dominion</a>; it gained <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">full statutory independence</a> in 1947 and the British monarch remained the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Today, the majority of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_population" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand's population">New Zealand's population</a> of 4.9 million is of <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European descent</a>; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by <a href="/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a>. Reflecting this, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand's culture">New Zealand's culture</a> is mainly derived from Māori and early British settlers, with recent broadening arising from increased <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">immigration</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">official languages</a> are <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>, with English being very dominant. + </p> + <p> + A <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, New Zealand <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" title="International rankings of New Zealand">ranks highly</a> in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, protection of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>. New Zealand underwent <a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">major economic changes</a> during the 1980s, which transformed it from a <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalised</a> <a href="/wiki/Free-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> economy. The service sector dominates the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">national economy</a>, followed by the industrial sector, and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agriculture</a>; international <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">tourism</a> is a significant source of revenue. Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a>, while executive political power is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">country's monarch</a> and is represented by a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Dame_Patsy_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Patsy Reddy">Dame Patsy Reddy</a>. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and 67 <a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">territorial authorities</a> for local government purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> also includes <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> (self-governing states in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand); and the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, which is New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claim_in_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial claim in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>. New Zealand is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations#ASEAN_Plus_Three_and_Six" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN Plus Six</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>. + </p> + <div class="toclimit-3"> + <div id="toc" class="toc"> + <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /> + <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en"> + <h2> + Contents + </h2> + </div> + <ul> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"> + <a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"> + <a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"> + <a href="#Government_and_politics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Government and politics</span></a> + <ul> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"> + <a href="#Foreign_relations_and_military"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations and military</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"> + <a href="#Local_government_and_external_territories"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Local government and external territories</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"> + <a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a> + <ul> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"> + <a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"> + <a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"> + <a href="#Biodiversity"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Biodiversity</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"> + <a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> + <ul> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"> + <a href="#Trade"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Trade</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"> + <a href="#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"> + <a href="#Demography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Demography</span></a> + <ul> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"> + <a href="#Ethnicity_and_immigration"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnicity and immigration</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"> + <a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"> + <a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"> + <a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"> + <a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> + <ul> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"> + <a href="#Art"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"> + <a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"> + <a href="#Media_and_entertainment"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Media and entertainment</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"> + <a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"> + <a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"> + <a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"> + <a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"> + <a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"> + <a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"> + <a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"> + <a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span> + </h2> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_place_names" title="New Zealand place names">New Zealand place names</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius,_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" class="image"><img alt="Brown square paper with Dutch writing and a thick red, curved line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/220px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/330px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/440px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="532" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius,_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>Detail from a 1657 map showing the western coastline of "Nova Zeelandia". (In this map, north is at the bottom.) + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and named it <i>Staten Land</i> "in honour of the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>" (Dutch parliament). He wrote, "it is possible that this land joins to the Staten Land but it is uncertain",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a></sup> referring to <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">a landmass of the same name</a> at the southern tip of South America, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a> in 1616.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a></sup> In 1645, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Cartographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographers">cartographers</a> renamed the land <i>Nova Zeelandia</i> after the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Dutch province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a></sup> British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> subsequently <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> the name to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_name_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_name-22">[16]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + <i><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a></i> (pronounced <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛəˈr/: 'ere' in 'thereof'">ɛəˈr</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; often translated as "land of the long white cloud")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200341_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200341-23">[17]</a></sup> is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole country before the arrival of Europeans, with <i>Aotearoa</i> originally referring to just the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872-24">[18]</a></sup> Māori had several traditional names for the two main islands, including <i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i> (the fish of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">Māui</a>) for the North Island and <i>Te Waipounamu</i> (the waters of <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">greenstone</a>) or <i>Te Waka o Aoraki</i> (the canoe of <a href="/wiki/Aoraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoraki">Aoraki</a>) for the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-25">[19]</a></sup> Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island) and South (<a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a></sup> In 1830, mapmakers began to use "North" and "South" on their maps to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907 this was the accepted norm.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_name_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_name-22">[16]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board" title="New Zealand Geographic Board">New Zealand Geographic Board</a> discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-27">[21]</a></sup> For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson2013_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-27">[21]</a></sup> + </p> + <div style="clear:left;"></div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span> + </h2> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg" class="image"><img alt="One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to Hawai'i. A second set start in southern Asia and end in Melanesia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/290px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/435px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/580px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> are most likely descended from people who emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and then travelled east through to the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>. After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a></sup> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand was one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a>, evidence of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> variability within <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> populations<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a></sup> suggest New Zealand was first settled by Eastern <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> between 1250 and 1300,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-25">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a></sup> concluding a long series of voyages through the southern Pacific islands.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a></sup> Over the centuries that followed, these settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a></i> (tribes) and <i><a href="/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a></i> (subtribes) who would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and sometimes fight against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a></sup> At some point a group of Māori migrated to <i>Rēkohu</i>, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, where they developed their distinct <a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a></sup> The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862, largely because of <a href="/wiki/Taranaki_(iwi)" title="Taranaki (iwi)">Taranaki</a> Māori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" class="image"><img alt="An engraving of a sketched coastline on white background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/170px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/255px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/340px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1508" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">first visit</a> in 1769–70. The track of the <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> is also shown. + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + The first <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> and his crew in 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37">[31]</a></sup> In a hostile encounter, four crew members were killed and at least one Māori was hit by <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister shot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a></sup> Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> mapped almost the entire coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37">[31]</a></sup> Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American <a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">whaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons and other goods for timber, Māori food, artefacts and water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2003122_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003122-39">[33]</a></sup> The introduction of the potato and the <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a></sup> The resulting intertribal <a href="/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a> encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a></sup> From the early 19th century, Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> began to settle New Zealand, eventually <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converting</a> most of the Māori population.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a></sup> The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A torn sheet of paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/170px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/255px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/340px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3091" data-file-height="5788" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>The Waitangi sheet from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + In 1788 Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> assumed the position of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor</a> of the new British colony of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> which according to his commission included New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a></sup> The British Government appointed <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832 following a petition from northern Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby-45">[39]</a></sup> In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Thierry" title="Charles de Thierry">Charles de Thierry</a>, the nebulous <a href="/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a> sent a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of Independence</a> to King <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV of the United Kingdom</a> asking for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby-45">[39]</a></sup> Ongoing unrest, the proposed settlement of New Zealand by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> (which had already sent its first ship of surveyors to buy land from Māori) and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to send Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> to claim sovereignty for the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> was first signed in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> on 6 February 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2009_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-47">[41]</a></sup> In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a></sup> and French settlers purchasing land in <a href="/wiki/Akaroa" title="Akaroa">Akaroa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a></sup> Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating throughout the country for Māori to sign.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a></sup> With the signing of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay,_New_Zealand.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/290px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="208" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/435px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/580px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4300" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay,_New_Zealand.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>A meeting of European and Māori inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Province" title="Hawke's Bay Province">Hawke's Bay Province</a>. Engraving, 1863. + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand, still part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Colony</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">of New Zealand</a> on 1 July 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a></sup> Armed conflict began between the Colonial government and Māori in 1843 with the <a href="/wiki/Wairau_Affray" title="Wairau Affray">Wairau Affray</a> over land and disagreements over sovereignty. These conflicts, mainly in the North Island, saw thousands of Imperial troops and the Royal Navy come to New Zealand and became known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a>. Following these armed conflicts, large amounts of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand land confiscations">Māori land was confiscated by the government</a> to meet settler demands.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The colony gained a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">representative government in 1852</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="1st New Zealand Parliament">first Parliament</a> met in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup> In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters other than <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">native</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup> (Control over native policy was granted in the mid-1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup>) Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Domett" title="Alfred Domett">Alfred Domett</a> moved a resolution to transfer the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a> from Auckland to a locality near <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a></sup> Wellington was chosen for its central location, with Parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + In 1891 the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> came to power as the first organised political party.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberal_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberal-57">[51]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Liberal Government of New Zealand">Liberal Government</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Seddon" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a> for most of its period in office,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a></sup> passed many important social and economic measures. In 1893 New Zealand was the first nation in the world to grant all <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">women the right to vote</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liberal_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberal-57">[51]</a></sup> and in 1894 pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Act_1894" title="Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894">adoption of compulsory arbitration between employers and unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> proclaimed New Zealand a <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a> within the British Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a></sup> reflecting its self-governing status.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a></sup> In 1947 the country <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">adopted</a> the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, confirming that the British Parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Early in the 20th century, New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of New Zealand in World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">Second World Wars</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a></sup> and suffering through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a></sup> The depression led to the election of the <a href="/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">First Labour Government</a> and the establishment of a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a></sup> New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following the Second World War<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a></sup> and Māori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a> developed, which criticised <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> and worked for greater recognition of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a> and of the Treaty of Waitangi.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a></sup> In 1975, a <a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a> was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2009_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-47">[41]</a></sup> The government has negotiated <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">settlements of these grievances</a> with many iwi,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">Māori claims to the foreshore and seabed</a> have proved controversial in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a></sup> + </p> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span> + </h2> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Government of New Zealand">Government of New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"> + <div class="trow"> + <div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"> + <div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"> + <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II"><img alt="The Queen wearing her New Zealand insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/152px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="190" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/228px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/304px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1478" /></a> + </div> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, Queen of New Zealand + </div> + </div> + <div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"> + <div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"> + <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern"><img alt="A smiling woman wearing a black dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/152px-Ardern_Cropped.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="191" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/228px-Ardern_Cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/304px-Ardern_Cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="627" /></a> + </div> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>, Prime Minister of New Zealand + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GG_constitution_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG_constitution-71">[65]</a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">its constitution</a> is <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">not codified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a></sup> and thus the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a></sup> The Queen is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, whom she appoints on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a></sup> The governor-general can exercise the Crown's <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prerogative powers">prerogative powers</a>, such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers of the New Zealand Government">ministers</a>, ambassadors and other key public officials,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a></sup> and in rare situations, the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> (e.g. the power to dissolve parliament or refuse the <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> into law).<sup id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77">[71]</a></sup> The powers of the monarch and the governor-general are limited by constitutional constraints and they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77">[71]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> holds <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> and consists of the Queen and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> It also included an upper house, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>, until this was abolished in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_of_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacy of parliament">supremacy of parliament</a> over the Crown and other government institutions was established in England by the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> The House of Representatives is democratically elected and a government is formed from the party or <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> with the majority of seats. If no majority is formed, a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> can be formed if support from other parties during <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> votes is assured.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> The governor-general appoints ministers under advice from the prime minister, who is by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a> the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">parliamentary leader</a> of the governing party or coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, formed by ministers and led by the prime minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a></sup> Members of Cabinet make major decisions collectively, and are therefore <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">collectively responsible</a> for the consequences of these decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + A <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">parliamentary general election</a> must be called no later than three years after the previous election.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a></sup> Almost all general elections between <a href="/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">1853</a> and <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a> were held under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-road_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-83">[77]</a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> called <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) has been used.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> Under the MMP system, each person has two votes; one is for a candidate standing in the voter's <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a> and the other is for a party. Since the <a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014 election</a>, there have been 71 electorates (which include seven <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a> in which only Māori can optionally vote),<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a></sup> and the remaining 49 of the 120 seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, with the threshold that a party must win at least one electorate or 5% of the total party vote before it is eligible for a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A block of buildings fronted by a large statue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/220px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/330px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/440px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3297" data-file-height="2557" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Seddon" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Beehive_(New_Zealand)" title="Beehive (New Zealand)">Beehive</a>" (Executive Wing), and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Wellington" title="Parliament House, Wellington">Parliament House</a> (right), in Parliament Grounds, <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>. + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Elections since the 1930s have been dominated by two political parties, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-road_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-83">[77]</a></sup> Between March 2005 and August 2006, New Zealand became the first country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land—head of state, governor-general, prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">speaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">chief justice</a>—were occupied simultaneously by women.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a></sup> The current prime minister is <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>, who has been in office since 26 October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a></sup> She is the country's third female prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">New Zealand's judiciary</a>, headed by the chief justice,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a></sup> includes the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a>, and subordinate courts.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a></sup> Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure to help maintain <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed states.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a></sup> As at 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the country was ranked fourth in the strength of its democratic institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a></sup> and first in government transparency and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_New_Zealand" title="Corruption in New Zealand">lack of corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a></sup> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Human Rights Report</a> by the U.S. Department of State noted that the government generally <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">respected the rights</a> of individuals, but voiced concerns regarding the social status of the Māori population.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a></sup> New Zealand ranks highly for civic participation in the political process, with 77% <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> during recent elections, compared to an <abbr title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</abbr> average of 69%.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a></sup> + </p> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + See also: <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" title="International rankings of New Zealand">International rankings of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations_and_military">Foreign relations and military</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations of New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand Defence Force</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/220px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/330px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/440px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2999" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Battalion" title="Māori Battalion">Māori Battalion</a> <a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a> in Egypt, 1941 + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Early colonial New Zealand allowed the British Government to determine external trade and be responsible for foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a></sup> The 1923 and 1926 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conferences</a> decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate its own political <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. On 3 September 1939 New Zealand allied itself with Britain and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declared war</a> on Germany with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + In 1951 the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a></sup> while New Zealand joined <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> security treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a></sup> The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a></sup> the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a></sup> disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand's nuclear-free policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a></sup> Despite the United States' suspension of ANZUS obligations the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a></sup> Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with <a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">free trade agreements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">travel arrangements</a> that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106">[100]</a></sup> In 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is equivalent to 15% of the resident population of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(20).jpg" class="image"><img alt="A soldier in a green army uniform faces forwards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/220px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/330px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/440px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(20).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> service at the National War Memorial + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand has a strong presence among the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> countries. A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a></sup> Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007 and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a></sup> New Zealand is involved in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> Regional Forum (including the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106">[100]</a></sup> New Zealand is a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">United Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD),<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a></sup> and participates in the <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand's military services—the Defence Force—comprise the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a></sup> New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national defence</a> needs are modest, since a direct attack is unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a></sup> However, its military has <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">had a global presence</a>. The country fought in both world wars, with notable campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a></sup> The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a></sup> and strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">ANZAC</a> tradition it shares with Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Korean_War" title="New Zealand in the Korean War">Korean War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan War</a>. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq</a> border, <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Campaign">Bougainville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Astute" title="Operation Astute">East Timor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands#Civil_war" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Local_government_and_external_territories">Local government and external territories</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Local government in New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg" class="image"><img alt="Map with the North, South, Stewart/Rakiura, Tokelau, Cook, Niue, Kermadec, Chatham, Bounty, Antipodes, Snare, Auckland and Campbell Islands highlighted. New Zealand's segment of Antarctica (the Ross Dependency) is also highlighted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/400px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/600px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/800px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>Locations of the countries and territories within the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + The early European settlers divided New Zealand into <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">provinces</a>, which had a degree of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_provinces_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine_provinces-127">[121]</a></sup> Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales and other policies, government was centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a></sup> The provinces are remembered in <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">regional public holidays</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a></sup> and sporting rivalries.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Since 1876, various councils have administered local areas under legislation determined by the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_provinces_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine_provinces-127">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a></sup> In 1989, the government reorganised local government into the current two-tier structure of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial authorities">territorial authorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-132">[126]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_territorial_authorities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of former territorial authorities in New Zealand">249 municipalities</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-132">[126]</a></sup> that existed in 1975 have now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a></sup> The regional councils' role is to regulate "the natural environment with particular emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991" title="Resource Management Act 1991">resource management</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-132">[126]</a></sup> while territorial authorities are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents and other local matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmeltJui_Lin200933_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmeltJui_Lin200933-134">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glossary_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glossary-135">[129]</a></sup> Five of the territorial councils are <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a> and also act as regional councils.<sup id="cite_ref-glossary_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glossary-135">[129]</a></sup> The territorial authorities consist of 13 city councils, 53 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_New_Zealand" title="Districts of New Zealand">district</a> councils, and the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> Council. While officially the Chatham Islands Council is not a unitary authority, it undertakes many functions of a regional council.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The Realm of New Zealand, one of 16 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a></sup> is the entire area over which the Queen of New Zealand is <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a>, and comprises New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GG_constitution_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG_constitution-71">[65]</a></sup> The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a></sup> The New Zealand Parliament cannot pass legislation for these countries, but with their consent can act on behalf of them in foreign affairs and defence. Tokelau is classified as a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_Non-Self-Governing_Territories" title="United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories">non-self-governing territory</a>, but is administered by a council of three elders (one from each Tokelauan <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a></sup> The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>, where it operates the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a> research facility.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand nationality law</a> treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency are New Zealand citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[n 7]</a></sup> + </p> + <table class="navbox collapsible"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="12" class="navbox-title"> + <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:left; text-align:left"> + <ul> + <li class="nv-view"> + <a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Administrative divisions of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-talk"> + <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-edit"> + <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Zealand&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> + Administrative divisions of the Realm of New Zealand + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class="navbox-title"> + Countries + </th> + <td colspan="7" style="background:#ddf;"> + <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="4"> +   + </td> + <td rowspan="4"> +   + </td> + <td rowspan="1" style="background:#e2e2ff;"> + <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></span> + </td> + <td rowspan="1" style="background:#e2e2ff;"> + <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class="navbox-title"> + <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a> + </th> + <td style="background:#e7e7ff;"> + 11 non-unitary regions + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + 5 unitary regions + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="3"> +   + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_outlying_islands" title="New Zealand outlying islands">Outlying islands</a> outside any regional authority<br /> + (the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Kings_Islands" title="Three Kings Islands">Three Kings Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">Subantarctic Islands</a>) + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <span class="nowrap">15 islands</span> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <span class="nowrap">14 <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Niue" title="List of villages in Niue">villages</a></span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class="navbox-title"> + <a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a> + </th> + <td style="background:#f4f4ff;"> + 13 cities and 53 districts + </td> + </tr> + <tr style="line-height:12px;font-size:90%;"> + <th style="background:#fcfcff;"> + Notes + </th> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + Some districts lie in more than one region + </td> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one + </td> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + Special territorial authority + </td> + <td colspan="1" style="background:#fcfcff;"> + The outlying <a href="/wiki/Solander_Islands" title="Solander Islands">Solander Islands</a> form part of the <a href="/wiki/Southland_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland Region">Southland Region</a> + </td> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Antarctic territory</a> + </td> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_Non-Self-Governing_Territories" title="United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories">Non-self-governing territory</a> of New Zealand + </td> + <td colspan="2" style="background:#fcfcff;"> + States in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span> + </h2> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment of New Zealand">Environment of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Geography of New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_New_Zealand" title="Geology of New Zealand">Geology of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> See also: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of New Zealand">Atlas of New Zealand</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Islands of New Zealand as seen from satellite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/170px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/255px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/340px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="5600" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>The snow-capped <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> dominate the South Island, while the North Island's <a href="/wiki/Northland_Peninsula" title="Northland Peninsula">Northland Peninsula</a> stretches towards the subtropics + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand is located near the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Water_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hemisphere">water hemisphere</a> and is made up of two main islands and a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. The two main islands (the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, or <i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, or <i>Te Waipounamu</i>) are separated by <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a></sup> Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> (across the <a href="/wiki/Foveaux_Strait" title="Foveaux Strait">Foveaux Strait</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Island" title="Chatham Island">Chatham Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Island" title="Great Barrier Island">Great Barrier Island</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Hauraki_Gulf" title="Hauraki Gulf">Hauraki Gulf</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Island_(New_Zealand)" title="D'Urville Island (New Zealand)">D'Urville Island</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Waiheke_Island" title="Waiheke Island">Waiheke Island</a> (about 22 km (14 mi) from central Auckland).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a></sup> + </p> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r889293853/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /> + <div class="thumb tmulti tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"> + <div class="trow"> + <div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"> + <div class="thumbimage"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Cook,_NZ.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A large mountain with a lake in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/220px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/330px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/440px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a> + </div> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> is the highest point of New Zealand, at 3,754 metres + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="trow"> + <div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"> + <div class="thumbimage"> + <a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Snow-capped mountain range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/220px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/330px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/440px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a> + </div> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + The Southern Alps stretch for 500 kilometres down the South Island + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand is long and narrow (over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-north-east axis with a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)),<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a></sup> with about 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of coastline<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> and a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a></sup> Because of its far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_New_Zealand" title="Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand">exclusive economic zone</a> is one of the largest in the world, covering more than 15 times its land area.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The South Island is the largest landmass of New Zealand. It is divided along its length by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a></sup> There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the highest of which is <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarden200552_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarden200552-154">[147]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>'s steep mountains and deep <a href="/wiki/Fiord" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiord">fiords</a> record the extensive ice age glaciation of this southwestern corner of the South Island.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a></sup> The North Island is less mountainous but is <a href="/wiki/Volcanology_of_New_Zealand" title="Volcanology of New Zealand">marked by volcanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a></sup> The highly active <a href="/wiki/Taupo_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupo Volcanic Zone">Taupo Volcanic Zone</a> has formed a large <a href="/wiki/North_Island_Volcanic_Plateau" title="North Island Volcanic Plateau">volcanic plateau</a>, punctuated by the North Island's highest mountain, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a> (2,797 metres (9,177 ft)). The plateau also hosts the country's largest lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Taupo" title="Lake Taupo">Lake Taupo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a></sup> nestled in the <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> of one of the world's most active <a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">supervolcanoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_2009_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_2009-159">[152]</a></sup> New Zealand is part of <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontinent">microcontinent</a> nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> supercontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a></sup> About 25 million years ago, a shift in <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonic</a> movements began to <a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaikoura Orogeny">contort and crumple</a> the region. This is now most evident in the Southern Alps, formed by <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">compression of the crust</a> beside the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a>. Elsewhere the plate boundary involves the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of one plate under the other, producing the <a href="/wiki/Puysegur_Trench" title="Puysegur Trench">Puysegur Trench</a> to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Hikurangi_Trench" title="Hikurangi Trench">Hikurangi Trench</a> east of the North Island, and the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Trench" title="Kermadec Trench">Kermadec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga_Trench" title="Tonga Trench">Tonga Trenches</a><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a></sup> further north.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_2009_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_2009-159">[152]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand is part of a region known as <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, together with Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-NZOD_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZOD-162">[155]</a></sup> It also forms the southwestern extremity of the geographic and ethnographic region called <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> is often used to denote the wider region encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>, New Zealand and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">seven-continent</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a></sup> + </p> + <div style="clear:both;"></div> + <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> + <li class="gallerycaption">Landscapes of New Zealand + </li> + <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> + <div style="width: 182px"> + <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> + <div style="margin:0px auto;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:NZ_Landscape.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NZ_Landscape.jpg/270px-NZ_Landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NZ_Landscape.jpg/405px-NZ_Landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NZ_Landscape.jpg/540px-NZ_Landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5963" data-file-height="3975" /></a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="gallerytext"> + <p> + Rural scene near <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> + </p> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> + <div style="width: 182px"> + <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> + <div style="margin:0px auto;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Emerald_Lakes,_New_Zealand.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/270px-Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/405px-Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/540px-Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="gallerytext"> + <p> + The Emerald Lakes, <a href="/wiki/Mt_Tongariro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt Tongariro">Mt Tongariro</a> + </p> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> + <div style="width: 181.33333333333px"> + <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"> + <div style="margin:0px auto;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Gunn.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/269px-Lake_Gunn.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/404px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/538px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="669" /></a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="gallerytext"> + <p> + <a href="/wiki/Lake_Gunn" title="Lake Gunn">Lake Gunn</a> + </p> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> + <div style="width: 181.33333333333px"> + <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"> + <div style="margin:0px auto;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Pencarrow_Head,_Wellington,_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina,_24_Feb._2007.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/269px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/404px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/538px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="gallerytext"> + <p> + <a href="/wiki/Pencarrow_Head" title="Pencarrow Head">Pencarrow Head</a>, Wellington + </p> + </div> + </div> + </li> + </ul> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand" title="Climate of New Zealand">Climate of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand's climate is predominantly temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb), with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 °C (50 °F) in the south to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullan2009_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullan2009-165">[158]</a></sup> Historical <a href="/wiki/Maxima_and_minima" title="Maxima and minima">maxima and minima</a> are 42.4 °C (108.32 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Rangiora" title="Rangiora">Rangiora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> and −25.6 °C (−14.08 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Ranfurly,_New_Zealand" title="Ranfurly, New Zealand">Ranfurly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-niwa_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niwa-166">[159]</a></sup> Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> of the South Island to almost <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Basin" title="Mackenzie Basin">Mackenzie Basin</a> of inland Canterbury and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northland_Peninsula" title="Northland Peninsula">Northland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a></sup> Of the seven largest cities, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> is the driest, receiving on average only 640 millimetres (25 in) of rain per year and Wellington the wettest, receiving almost twice that amount.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a></sup> Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average of more than 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern and southwestern parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400–1,600 hours; the northern and northeastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive about 2,400–2,500 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a></sup> The general snow season is early June until early October, though <a href="/wiki/Cold_snap" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold snap">cold snaps</a> can occur outside this season.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a></sup> Snowfall is common in the eastern and southern parts of the South Island and mountain areas across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullan2009_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullan2009-165">[158]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The table below lists climate normals for the warmest and coldest months in New Zealand's six largest cities. North Island cities are generally warmest in February. South Island cities are warmest in January. + </p> + <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="margin:auto; width:25%;"> + <caption> + Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the six largest cities of New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a></sup> + </caption> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th> + Location + </th> + <th> + Jan/Feb (°C) + </th> + <th> + Jan/Feb (°F) + </th> + <th> + July (°C) + </th> + <th> + July (°F) + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> + </td> + <td> + 23/16 + </td> + <td> + 74/60 + </td> + <td> + 14/7 + </td> + <td> + 58/45 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td> + 20/13 + </td> + <td> + 68/56 + </td> + <td> + 11/6 + </td> + <td> + 52/42 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> + </td> + <td> + 22/12 + </td> + <td> + 72/53 + </td> + <td> + 10/0 + </td> + <td> + 51/33 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> + </td> + <td> + 24/13 + </td> + <td> + 75/56 + </td> + <td> + 14/4 + </td> + <td> + 57/39 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a> + </td> + <td> + 24/15 + </td> + <td> + 75/59 + </td> + <td> + 14/6 + </td> + <td> + 58/42 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> + </td> + <td> + 19/11 + </td> + <td> + 66/53 + </td> + <td> + 10/3 + </td> + <td> + 50/37 + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">Biodiversity of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:TeTuatahianui.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Kiwi amongst sticks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/170px-TeTuatahianui.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/255px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/340px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1325" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:TeTuatahianui.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>The endemic flightless <a href="/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a> is a national icon. + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Geographic_isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic isolation">geographic isolation</a> for 80 million years<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a></sup> and island <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> has influenced evolution of the country's species of <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">plants</a>. Physical isolation has caused biological isolation, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of very distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a></sup> About 82% of New Zealand's indigenous <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>, covering 1,944 species across 65 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-175">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NZPCN_2006_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZPCN_2006-176">[169]</a></sup> The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen-forming species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, but one estimate suggests there are about 2,300 species of lichen-forming fungi in New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-175">[168]</a></sup> and 40% of these are endemic.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a></sup> The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent <a href="/wiki/Podocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Podocarp">podocarps</a>, or by <a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">southern beech</a> in cooler climates.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a></sup> The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are <a href="/wiki/Tussock_grasslands_of_New_Zealand" title="Tussock grasslands of New Zealand">tussock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Before the arrival of humans, an estimated 80% of the land was covered in forest, with only <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">high alpine</a>, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a></sup> Massive <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">deforestation</a> occurred after humans arrived, with around half the forest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a></sup> Much of the remaining forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23% of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="An artist's rendition of a Haast's eagle attacking two moa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/220px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/330px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/440px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1101" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>The giant <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> died out when humans hunted its main prey, the <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>, to extinction. + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + The forests were dominated by <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">birds</a>, and the lack of mammalian predators led to some like the <a href="/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo">kakapo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weka" title="Weka">weka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takah%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Takahē">takahē</a> evolving <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightlessness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a></sup> The arrival of humans, associated changes to habitat, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">rats</a>, ferrets and other mammals led to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene">extinction</a> of many bird species, including <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">large birds</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holdaway2009_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdaway2009-184">[177]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Other indigenous animals are represented by reptiles (<a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">skinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_geckos_of_New_Zealand" title="List of geckos of New Zealand">geckos</a>), <a href="/wiki/Leiopelmatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiopelmatidae">frogs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spiders_of_New_Zealand" title="Spiders of New Zealand">spiders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a></sup> insects (<a href="/wiki/Weta" title="Weta">weta</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a></sup> and snails.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a></sup> Some, such as the tuatara, are so unique that they have been called <a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">living fossils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a></sup> Three species of bats (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_greater_short-tailed_bat" title="New Zealand greater short-tailed bat">one</a> since extinct) were the only sign of native land mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bathans_mammal" title="Saint Bathans mammal">a unique, mouse-sized land mammal</a> at least 16 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a></sup> Marine mammals however are abundant, with almost half the world's <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> (whales, dolphins, and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>) and large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a> reported in New Zealand waters.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a></sup> Many seabirds breed in New Zealand, a third of them unique to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a></sup> More <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_New_Zealand#Penguins" title="List of birds of New Zealand">penguin</a> species are found in New Zealand than in any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Since human arrival, almost half of the country's vertebrate species have become extinct, including at least fifty-one birds, three frogs, three lizards, one freshwater fish, and one bat. Others are endangered or have had their range severely reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Holdaway2009_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdaway2009-184">[177]</a></sup> However, New Zealand conservationists have pioneered several methods to help threatened wildlife recover, including island sanctuaries, pest control, wildlife translocation, fostering, and ecological <a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">restoration of islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_island" title="Ecological island">other selected areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a></sup> + </p> + <div style="clear:both;"></div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span> + </h2> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_New_Zealand" title="List of companies of New Zealand">List of companies of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Boats docked in blue-green water. Plate glass skyscrapers rising up in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/220px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/330px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/440px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="3019" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div><a href="/wiki/Auckland_waterfront" title="Auckland waterfront">Waterfront</a> along <a href="/wiki/Auckland_CBD" title="Auckland CBD">Auckland CBD</a>, a major hub of economic activity + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand has an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced economy">advanced</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a></sup> ranked 16th in the 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-HDI_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[8]</a></sup> and third in the 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/High-income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Nominal_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal value">nominal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) per capita of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>36,254.<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> The currency is the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a>, informally known as the "Kiwi dollar"; it also circulates in the Cook Islands (see <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_dollar" title="Cook Islands dollar">Cook Islands dollar</a>), Niue, Tokelau, and the <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Historically, extractive industries have contributed strongly to New Zealand's economy, focussing at different times on sealing, whaling, <a href="/wiki/Phormium" title="Phormium">flax</a>, gold, <a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">kauri gum</a>, and native timber.<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> The first shipment of refrigerated meat on the <i><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_(ship)" title="Dunedin (ship)">Dunedin</a></i> in 1882 led to the establishment of meat and dairy exports to Britain, a trade which provided the basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a></sup> High demand for agricultural products from the United Kingdom and the United States helped New Zealanders achieve higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a></sup> In 1973, New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a></sup> and other compounding factors, such as the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 energy</a> crises, led to a severe <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" title="Depression (economics)">economic depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a></sup> Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">the World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a></sup> In the mid-1980s New Zealand deregulated its <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agricultural sector</a> by phasing out <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">subsidies</a> over a three-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a></sup> Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> restructuring (known first as <a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Ruthanasia" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia</a>), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protected</a> and highly regulated economy to a liberalised <a href="/wiki/Free-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberalisation_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberalisation-211">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:MilfordSound.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Blue water against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/220px-MilfordSound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/330px-MilfordSound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/440px-MilfordSound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:MilfordSound.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div><a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound" title="Milford Sound">Milford Sound</a> is one of New Zealand's most famous tourist destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a></sup> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Unemployment peaked above 10% in 1991 and 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">1987 share market crash</a>, but eventually fell to a record low (since 1986) of 3.7% in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global financial crisis</a> that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a></sup> and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a></sup> Unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends, but are consistently higher among youth. In the December 2014 quarter, the general unemployment rate was around 5.8%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 15.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> New Zealand has experienced a series of "<a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drains</a>" since the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a></sup> that still continue today.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a></sup> Nearly one quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a></sup> In recent decades, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200644_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200644-222">[215]</a></sup> Today New Zealand's economy benefits from a high level of <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Trade">Trade</span> + </h3> + <p> + New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade,<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a></sup> particularly in agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a></sup> Exports account for 24% of its output,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">economic slowdowns</a>. Food products made up 55% of the value of all the country's exports in 2014; wood was the second largest earner (7%).<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a></sup> New Zealand's main trading partners, as at June 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, are China (<a href="/wiki/NZ$" class="mw-redirect" title="NZ$">NZ$</a>27.8b), Australia ($26.2b), the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> ($22.9b), the United States ($17.6b), and Japan ($8.4b).<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement</a>, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a></sup> The service sector is the largest sector in the economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a> plays a significant role in the economy, contributing $12.9 billion (or 5.6%) to New Zealand's total GDP and supporting 7.5% of the total workforce in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-TourismStats_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-229">[222]</a></sup> International visitor arrivals are expected to increase at a rate of 5.4% annually up to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-TourismStats_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-229">[222]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG" class="image"><img alt="A Romney ewe with her two lambs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/220px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/330px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/440px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>Wool has historically been one of New Zealand's major exports. + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Wool was New Zealand's major agricultural export during the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues,<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a></sup> and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a></sup> In contrast <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">dairy farming</a> increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a></sup> to become New Zealand's largest export earner.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a></sup> In the year to June 2018, dairy products accounted for 17.7% ($14.1 billion) of total exports,<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> and the country's largest company, <a href="/wiki/Fonterra" title="Fonterra">Fonterra</a>, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a></sup> Other exports in 2017-18 were meat (8.8%), wood and wood products (6.2%), fruit (3.6%), machinery (2.2%) and wine (2.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand's wine</a> industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a></sup> overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span> + </h3> + <div class="thumb tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Air_New_Zealand,_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_(27091961041).jpg" class="image"><img alt="A mid-size jet airliner in flight. The plane livery is all-black and features a New Zealand silver fern mark." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/220px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/330px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/440px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5625" data-file-height="3750" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Air_New_Zealand,_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_(27091961041).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>A <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a>, the flag carrier of New Zealand + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">renewable energy</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">geothermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Hydroelectric power in New Zealand">hydroelectric power</a>, generated 40.1% of <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">New Zealand's gross energy</a> supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy2015_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-238">[231]</a></sup> Geothermal power alone accounted for 22% of New Zealand's energy in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy2015_238-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-238">[231]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The provision of <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_New_Zealand" title="Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand">water supply and sanitation</a> is generally of good quality. Regional authorities provide water abstraction, treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">New Zealand's transport</a> network comprises 94,000 kilometres (58,410 mi) of roads, including 199 kilometres (124 mi) of motorways,<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a></sup> and 4,128 kilometres (2,565 mi) of railway lines.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> Most major cities and towns are linked by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">railways</a> were privatised in 1993, but were re-nationalised by the government in stages between 2004 and 2008. The state-owned enterprise <a href="/wiki/KiwiRail" title="KiwiRail">KiwiRail</a> now operates the railways, with the exception of commuter services in Auckland and Wellington which are operated by <a href="/wiki/Transdev_Auckland" title="Transdev Auckland">Transdev</a><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region" title="Public transport in the Wellington Region">Metlink</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a></sup> respectively. Railways run the length of the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a></sup> Most international visitors arrive via air<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a></sup> and New Zealand has <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_Zealand" title="List of airports in New Zealand">six international airports</a>, but currently<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> only the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Airport" title="Auckland Airport">Auckland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_International_Airport" title="Christchurch International Airport">Christchurch airports</a> connect directly with countries other than Australia or Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Post_Office" title="New Zealand Post Office">New Zealand Post Office</a> had a monopoly over <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">telecommunications in New Zealand</a> until 1987 when <a href="/wiki/Spark_New_Zealand" title="Spark New Zealand">Telecom New Zealand</a> was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2010_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-248">[241]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chorus_Limited" title="Chorus Limited">Chorus</a>, which was split from Telecom (now Spark) in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a></sup> still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2010_248-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-248">[241]</a></sup> A large-scale rollout of gigabit-capable <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_premises" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the premises">fibre to the premises</a>, branded as <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Fast_Broadband" title="Ultra-Fast Broadband">Ultra-Fast Broadband</a>, began in 2009 with a target of being available to 87% of the population by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a></sup> As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> ranks New Zealand 13th in the development of information and communications infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a></sup> + </p> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Demography">Demography</span> + </h2> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Demographics of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealandpop.svg" class="image"><img alt="Stationary population pyramid broken down into 21 age ranges." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/280px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/420px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/560px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealandpop.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a> (2017) + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + The <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 New Zealand census</a> enumerated a resident population of 4,242,048, an increase of 5.3% over the 2006 figure.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[n 8]</a></sup> As of September 2019, the total population has risen to an estimated 4,933,210.<sup id="cite_ref-populationestimate_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-populationestimate-9">[5]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 73.0% of the population living in the seventeen main <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> (i.e. population 30,000 or greater) and 55.1% living in the four largest cities of <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban-255">[247]</a></sup> New Zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures. For instance, in 2016 Auckland was ranked the world's third <a href="/wiki/Most_liveable_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Most liveable city">most liveable city</a> and Wellington the twelfth by the <a href="/wiki/Mercer_Quality_of_Living_Survey" title="Mercer Quality of Living Survey">Mercer Quality of Living Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Life expectancy for New Zealanders in 2012 was 84 years for females, and 80.2 years for males.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a></sup> Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-UNtwspop_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNtwspop-258">[250]</a></sup> New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> of 2.1 is relatively high for a developed country, and natural births account for a significant proportion of <a href="/wiki/Replacement_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement fertility rate">population growth</a>. Consequently, the country has a young population compared to most industrialised nations, with 20% of New Zealanders being 14 years old or younger.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> In 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> of the New Zealand population was 38.1 years.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a></sup> By 2050 the median age is projected to rise to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18% to 29%.<sup id="cite_ref-UNtwspop_258-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNtwspop-258">[250]</a></sup> In 2008 the leading cause of premature death was <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, at 29.8%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemic heart disease">ischaemic heart disease</a>, 19.7%, and then <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, 9.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a></sup> As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, total expenditure on <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_New_Zealand" title="Health care in New Zealand">health care</a> (including private sector spending) is 9.2% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a></sup><br /> + </p> + <table class="navbox"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="10" class="navbox-title"> + <div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> +   + </div> + <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"> + <ul> + <li class="nv-view"> + <a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="Template:Largest cities in New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-talk"> + <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Largest cities in New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-edit"> + <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_in_New_Zealand&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"> + <span style="font-size:110%;">Largest urban areas in New Zealand</span><br /> + <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"> + <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a> June 2018 estimate (<abbr title="New Zealand Standard Areas Classification 1992">NZSAC92</abbr> boundaries)<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_population_data_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data-262">[254]</a></sup> + </div> + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Pop.</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a> + </th> + <th> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Pop.</a> + </th> + <th></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Auckland_Cbd_(217403753).jpeg" class="image" title="Auckland"><img alt="Auckland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/120px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/180px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/240px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><br /> + <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a><br /> + <a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_at_dawn.jpg" class="image" title="Wellington"><img alt="Wellington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/120px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/180px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/240px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="2479" /></a><br /> + <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 1 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 1,628,900 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 11 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Whangarei" title="Whangarei">Whangarei</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 58,800 + </td> + <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(2).jpg" class="image" title="Christchurch"><img alt="Christchurch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/180px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/240px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><br /> + <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a><br /> + <a href="/wiki/File:HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" class="image" title="Hamilton"><img alt="Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/120px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/180px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/240px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="2528" /></a><br /> + <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 2 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 418,500 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 12 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 58,300 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 3 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 404,500 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 13 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 51,200 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 4 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 241,200 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 14 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Kapiti_Urban_Area" title="Kapiti Urban Area">Kapiti</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 42,700 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 5 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 141,600 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 15 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Manawatu-Wanganui" title="Manawatu-Wanganui">Manawatu-Wanganui</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 40,900 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 6 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Napier-Hastings_Urban_Area" title="Napier-Hastings Urban Area">Napier-Hastings</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 134,500 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 16 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand" title="Gisborne, New Zealand">Gisborne</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Gisborne_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisborne Region">Gisborne</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 37,200 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 7 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 122,000 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 17 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand" title="Blenheim, New Zealand">Blenheim</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 31,600 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 8 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Manawatu-Wanganui" title="Manawatu-Wanganui">Manawatu-Wanganui</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 86,600 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 18 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Pukekohe" title="Pukekohe">Pukekohe</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 31,400 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 9 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Region">Nelson</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 67,500 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 19 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 29,100 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 10 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 59,500 + </td> + <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"> + 20 + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Taupo" title="Taupo">Taupo</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left;"> + <a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right;"> + 24,700 + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnicity_and_immigration">Ethnicity and immigration</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">Immigration to New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Pedestrians crossing a wide street which is flanked by storefronts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/220px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/330px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/440px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="604" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>Pedestrians on <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_Auckland" title="Queen Street, Auckland">Queen Street</a> in Auckland, an ethnically diverse city + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + In the 2013 census, 74.0% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 14.9% as Māori. Other major ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a> (11.8%) and Pacific peoples (7.4%), two-thirds of whom live in the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QuickStats_ethnicity_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuickStats_ethnicity-263">[255]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnicity_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-6">[n 3]</a></sup> The population has become more diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + While the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "<a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(people)" title="Kiwi (people)">Kiwi</a>" is commonly used both internationally<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a></sup> and by locals.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a></sup> The Māori loanword <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> has been used to refer to <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealanders of European descent</a>, although others reject this appellation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200631_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200631-267">[259]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a></sup> The word Pākehā today is increasingly used to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakeha_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakeha-269">[261]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81_settlers" title="Pākehā settlers">European settlers</a>. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia because of restrictive policies similar to the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a></sup> There was also significant Dutch, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a></sup> German, and Italian immigration, together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Immigration_history_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigration_history-273">[265]</a></sup> Net migration increased after the Second World War; in the 1970s and 1980s policies were relaxed and immigration from Asia was promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-Immigration_history_273-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigration_history-273">[265]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a></sup> In 2009–10, an annual target of 45,000–50,000 permanent residence approvals was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service—more than one new migrant for every 100 New Zealand residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Recent_immigration_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recent_immigration-275">[267]</a></sup> Just over 25% of New Zealand's population was born overseas, with the majority (52%) living in the Auckland Region. The United Kingdom remains the largest source of New Zealand's overseas population, with a quarter of all overseas-born New Zealanders born there; other major sources of New Zealand's overseas-born population are China, India, Australia, South Africa, Fiji and Samoa.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a></sup> The number of fee-paying <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a> increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary institutions</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:TeReoMaori2013.png" class="image"><img alt="Map of New Zealand showing the percentage of people in each census area unit who speak Māori. Areas of the North Island exhibit the highest Māori proficiency." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/220px-TeReoMaori2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/330px-TeReoMaori2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/440px-TeReoMaori2013.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3759" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:TeReoMaori2013.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a></sup> + <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> + <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fef0d9; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Less than 5% + </div> + <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> + <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fdd8a4; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> More than 5% + </div> + <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> + <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fcb779; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> More than 10% + </div> + <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> + <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fc8d59; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> More than 20% + </div> + <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> + <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #eb603f; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> More than 30% + </div> + <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> + <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #d33121; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> More than 40% + </div> + <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> + <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #a50c0c; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> More than 50% + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 96.1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> is similar to <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accents</a> apart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814-280">[272]</a></sup> The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-"i" sound (as in "kit") has centralised towards the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound (the "a" in "comma" and "about"); the short-"e" sound (as in "dress") has moved towards the short-"i" sound; and the short-"a" sound (as in "trap") has moved to the short-"e" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language (<i><a href="/wiki/Te_reo_M%C4%81ori" class="mw-redirect" title="Te reo Māori">te reo Māori</a></i>) in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Maori_language_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maori_language-282">[274]</a></sup> It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a></sup> being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a></sup> and is spoken by 3.7% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286">[n 9]</a></sup> There are now Māori language immersion schools and two television channels that broadcast predominantly in Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_dual_place_names_in_New_Zealand" title="List of dual place names in New Zealand">Many places</a> have both their Māori and English names officially recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + As recorded in the 2013 census,<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%),<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[n 10]</a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (1.7%), "Northern Chinese" (including <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, 1.3%) and French (1.2%). 20,235 people (0.5%) reported the ability to use <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>. It was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[280]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion in New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + See also: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_New_Zealand" title="Irreligion in New Zealand">Irreligion in New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Simple white building with two red domed towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/170px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/255px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/340px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2164" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>A <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> church on a hill near <a href="/wiki/Raetihi" title="Raetihi">Raetihi</a>. The two-tower construction is characteristic of Rātana buildings. + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">Christianity</a> is the predominant religion in New Zealand, although its society is among the most <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[282]</a></sup> In the 2018 census, 51.4% of the population identified with one or more religions, including 38.6% identifying as Christians. Another 48.6% indicated that they had no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[n 11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2013religiouscommentary_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013religiouscommentary-294">[283]</a></sup> The main Christian denominations are, by number of adherents, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_New_Zealand" title="Catholic Church in New Zealand">Roman Catholicism</a> (10.1%), <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Aotearoa,_New_Zealand_and_Polynesia" title="Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia">Anglicanism</a> (6.8%), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand">Presbyterianism</a> (5.5%) and "Christian not further defined" (i.e. people identifying as Christian but not stating the denomination, 6.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-2013religiouscommentary_294-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013religiouscommentary-294">[283]</a></sup> The Māori-based <a href="/wiki/Ringat%C5%AB" title="Ringatū">Ringatū</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> religions (1.3%) are also Christian in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a></sup> Immigration and demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[286]</a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" title="Hinduism in New Zealand">Hinduism</a> (2.6%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">Buddhism</a> (1.1%), <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">Islam</a> (1.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">Sikhism</a> (0.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup> The Auckland Region exhibited the greatest religious diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">Education in New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_in_New_Zealand" title="Tertiary education in New Zealand">Tertiary education in New Zealand</a> + </div> + <p> + Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Education_Stats_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Education_Stats-298">[287]</a></sup> There are 13 school years and attending <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state (public) schools</a> is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[288]</a></sup> New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-Education_Stats_298-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Education_Stats-298">[287]</a></sup> There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology#New_Zealand" title="Institute of technology">polytechnics</a>, specialist colleges, and <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81nanga" title="Wānanga">wānanga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EducationAct1989_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EducationAct1989-300">[289]</a></sup> in addition to private training establishments.<sup id="cite_ref-NZQA_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZQA-301">[290]</a></sup> In the adult population 14.2% have a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4% have no formal qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-TertiaryEdStats_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TertiaryEdStats-302">[291]</a></sup> The OECD's <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[292]</a></sup> + </p> + <div style="clear:both;"></div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span> + </h2> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright" style="width:180px;"> + <div class="thumbinner"> + <div class="overflowbugy" style="height:350px;overflow:auto;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:KupeWheke.jpg" class="image" title="Use the scrollbar to see the full image."><img alt="Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/150px-KupeWheke.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="605" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/225px-KupeWheke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/300px-KupeWheke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="1570" /></a> + </div> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:KupeWheke.jpg" title="File:KupeWheke.jpg"></a> + </div>Late 20th-century house-post depicting the navigator <a href="/wiki/Kupe" title="Kupe">Kupe</a> fighting two sea creatures + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Early Māori adapted the tropically based east <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a> in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (<i><a href="/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" title="Whānau">whānau</a></i>), subtribes (<i>hapū</i>) and tribes (<i>iwi</i>) ruled by a chief (<i><a href="/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a></i>), whose position was subject to the community's approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398-304">[293]</a></sup> The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">[295]</a></sup> particularly with the introduction of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a></sup> However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">their identity</a>, and Māori kinship roles resemble <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">those of other Polynesian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a></sup> More recently <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European cultures</a> have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika</a>, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309">[298]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400-310">[299]</a></sup> Modesty was expected and enforced through the "<a href="/wiki/Tall_poppy_syndrome" title="Tall poppy syndrome">tall poppy syndrome</a>", where high achievers received harsh criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007399_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007399-311">[300]</a></sup> At the time New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[301]</a></sup> From the early 20th century until the late 1960s, Māori culture was suppressed by the attempted <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">assimilation</a> of Māori into British New Zealanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Maori_language_282-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maori_language-282">[274]</a></sup> In the 1960s, as tertiary education became more available and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">cities expanded</a><sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313">[302]</a></sup> urban culture began to dominate.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314">[303]</a></sup> However, rural imagery and themes are common in New Zealand's art, literature and media.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315">[304]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">New Zealand's national symbols</a> are influenced by natural, historical, and Māori sources. The <a href="/wiki/Silver_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver fern">silver fern</a> is an emblem appearing on army insignia and sporting team uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2016_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2016-316">[305]</a></sup> Certain items of popular culture thought to be unique to New Zealand are called "<a href="/wiki/Kiwiana" title="Kiwiana">Kiwiana</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2016_316-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2016-316">[305]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand art</a> + </div> + <p> + As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creative-317">[306]</a></sup> Most Māori carvings feature human figures, generally with three fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a grotesque head.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[307]</a></sup> Surface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate most carvings.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319">[308]</a></sup> The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (<i><a href="/wiki/Wharenui" title="Wharenui">wharenui</a></i>) decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different whims or needs.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320">[309]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[310]</a></sup> Māori tattoos (<i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">moko</a></i>) consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322">[311]</a></sup> Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-beginnings_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beginnings-323">[312]</a></sup> Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as "<a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">noble savages</a>", exotic beauties or friendly natives.<sup id="cite_ref-beginnings_323-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beginnings-323">[312]</a></sup> The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">regionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324">[313]</a></sup> During the 1960s and 1970s many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325">[314]</a></sup> New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_317-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creative-317">[306]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326">[315]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Hinepare.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/170px-Hinepare.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/255px-Hinepare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/340px-Hinepare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="700" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Hinepare.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>Portrait of Hinepare of <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kahungunu" title="Ngāti Kahungunu">Ngāti Kahungunu</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Lindauer" title="Gottfried Lindauer">Gottfried Lindauer</a>, showing chin <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">moko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">pounamu</a> <a href="/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a> and woven cloak + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327">[316]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">Greenstone</a> was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the <a href="/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a>, a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328">[317]</a></sup> Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[318]</a></sup> Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330">[319]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-331">[320]</a></sup> However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_331-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-331">[320]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand literature</a> + </div> + <p> + Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332">[321]</a></sup> Most early English literature was obtained from Britain and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that New Zealand literature started to become widely known.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[322]</a></sup> Although still largely influenced by global trends (<a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernism</a>) and events (the Great Depression), writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in New Zealand. During this period literature changed from a <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalistic</a> activity to a more academic pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334">[323]</a></sup> Participation in the world wars gave some New Zealand writers a new perspective on New Zealand culture and with the post-war expansion of universities local literature flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335">[324]</a></sup> Dunedin is a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336">[325]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">Music of New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">Cinema of New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_of_New_Zealand" title="Media of New Zealand">Media of New Zealand</a> + </div> + <p> + New Zealand music has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-music_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-337">[326]</a></sup> Māori developed traditional chants and songs from their ancient Southeast Asian origins, and after centuries of isolation created a unique "monotonous" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doleful" class="extiw" title="wikt:doleful">doleful</a>" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338">[327]</a></sup> Flutes and trumpets were used as musical instruments<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339">[328]</a></sup> or as signalling devices during war or special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a></sup> Early settlers brought over their ethnic music, with <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral music</a> being popular, and musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341">[330]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[331]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">Pipe bands</a> became widespread during the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343">[332]</a></sup> The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-music_337-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-337">[326]</a></sup> Some artists release Māori language songs and the Māori tradition-based art of <i><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></i> (song and dance) has made a resurgence.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344">[333]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Music_Awards" title="New Zealand Music Awards">New Zealand Music Awards</a> are held annually by <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>; the awards were first held in 1965 by <a href="/wiki/Reckitt_%26_Colman" class="mw-redirect" title="Reckitt & Colman">Reckitt & Colman</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Loxene_Golden_Disc" title="Loxene Golden Disc">Loxene Golden Disc</a> awards.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345">[334]</a></sup> Recorded Music NZ also publishes the country's <a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">official weekly record charts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[335]</a></sup> + </p> + <div class="thumb tleft"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/220px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/330px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/440px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>The <a href="/wiki/Hobbiton_Movie_Set" title="Hobbiton Movie Set">Hobbiton Movie Set</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Matamata" title="Matamata">Matamata</a>, was used for <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film trilogy.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[336]</a></sup> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Public <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">radio</a> was introduced in New Zealand in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348">[337]</a></sup> A state-owned <a href="/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">television service</a> began in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349">[338]</a></sup> Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-350">[339]</a></sup> New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with a large number of Australian and local shows.<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351">[340]</a></sup> The number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_films" title="List of New Zealand films">New Zealand films</a> significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Film_Commission" title="New Zealand Film Commission">New Zealand Film Commission</a> started assisting local film-makers and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-350">[339]</a></sup> The highest-grossing New Zealand films are <i><a href="/wiki/Hunt_for_the_Wilderpeople" title="Hunt for the Wilderpeople">Hunt for the Wilderpeople</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boy_(2010_film)" title="Boy (2010 film)">Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Fastest_Indian" title="The World's Fastest Indian">The World's Fastest Indian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Whale_Rider" title="Whale Rider">Whale Rider</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352">[341]</a></sup> The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353">[342]</a></sup> have encouraged some <a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">producers</a> to shoot big-budget productions in New Zealand, including <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354">[343]</a></sup> The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the <a href="/wiki/Crown_entity" title="Crown entity">state retains ownership</a> of some television and radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355">[344]</a></sup> Since 1994, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media in 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356">[345]</a></sup> + </p> + <div style="clear:both;"></div> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport in New Zealand</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Haka_2006.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Rugby team wearing all black, facing the camera, knees bent, and facing toward a team wearing white" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/220px-Haka_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/330px-Haka_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/440px-Haka_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Haka_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>A <a href="/wiki/Haka_(sports)" title="Haka (sports)">haka</a> performed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">national rugby union team</a> before a game. The haka is a challenge with vigorous movements and stamping of the feet. + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have British origins.<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357">[346]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is considered the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a><sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358">[347]</a></sup> and attracts the most spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-359">[348]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> have the highest rates of adult participation, while netball, rugby union and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football (soccer)</a> are particularly popular among young people.<sup id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-359">[348]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nzsssc_360-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-360">[349]</a></sup> Around 54% of New Zealand adolescents participate in sports for their school.<sup id="cite_ref-nzsssc_360-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-360">[349]</a></sup> Victorious rugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" title="1888–89 New Zealand Native football team">late 1880s</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Original_All_Blacks" title="The Original All Blacks">early 1900s</a> played an early role in instilling a national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361">[350]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horseracing_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseracing in New Zealand">Horseracing</a> was also a popular <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a> and became part of the "Rugby, Racing and Beer" culture during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362">[351]</a></sup> Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby and the country's team performs a <a href="/wiki/Haka_(sports)" title="Haka (sports)">haka</a>, a traditional Māori challenge, before international matches.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363">[352]</a></sup> New Zealand is known for its <a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">extreme sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">adventure tourism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200669_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200669-364">[353]</a></sup> and strong <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365">[354]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366">[355]</a></sup> Other outdoor pursuits such as <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_New_Zealand" title="Cycling in New Zealand">cycling</a>, fishing, swimming, running, <a href="/wiki/Tramping_in_New_Zealand" title="Tramping in New Zealand">tramping</a>, canoeing, hunting, snowsports, surfing and sailing are also popular.<sup id="cite_ref-SportsParticipation_367-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SportsParticipation-367">[356]</a></sup> The Polynesian sport of <a href="/wiki/Waka_ama" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka ama">waka ama</a> racing has experienced a resurgence of interest in New Zealand since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368">[357]</a></sup> + </p> + <p> + New Zealand has competitive international teams in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_netball_team" title="New Zealand national netball team">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team" title="New Zealand national cricket team">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_softball_team" title="New Zealand men's national softball team">softball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Team_New_Zealand" title="Team New Zealand">sailing</a>. New Zealand participated at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> in 1908 and 1912 as <a href="/wiki/Australasia_at_the_Olympics" title="Australasia at the Olympics">a joint team with Australia</a>, before first participating <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Olympics" title="New Zealand at the Olympics">on its own</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369">[358]</a></sup> The country has ranked highly on a medals-to-population ratio at recent Games.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370">[359]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371">[360]</a></sup> The "All Blacks", the national rugby union team, are the most successful in the history of international rugby<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372">[361]</a></sup> and the reigning <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">World Cup</a> champions.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373">[362]</a></sup> + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span> + </h3> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand cuisine</a> + </div> + <div class="thumb tright"> + <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Raw meat and vegetables" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/220px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/330px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/440px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832" /></a> + <div class="thumbcaption"> + <div class="magnify"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> + </div>Ingredients to be prepared for a <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <p> + The national cuisine has been described as <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>, incorporating the native <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori cuisine">Māori cuisine</a> and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-cuisine_374-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuisine-374">[363]</a></sup> New Zealand yields produce from land and sea—most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375">[364]</a></sup> Distinctive ingredients or dishes include <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, salmon, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōura">kōura</a> (crayfish),<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376">[365]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dredge_oyster" title="Dredge oyster">dredge oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">whitebait</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">pāua</a> (abalone), mussels, scallops, <a href="/wiki/Paphies_australis" title="Paphies australis">pipis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">tuatua</a> (both are types of New Zealand shellfish),<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377">[366]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABmara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kūmara">kūmara</a> (sweet potato), <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarillo" title="Tamarillo">tamarillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (food)">pavlova</a> (considered a national dish).<sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378">[367]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cuisine_374-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuisine-374">[363]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a> is a traditional Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven. After European colonisation, Māori began cooking with pots and ovens and the hāngi was used less frequently, although it is still used for formal occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Tangihanga" title="Tangihanga">tangihanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379">[368]</a></sup> + </p> + <div style="clear:both;"></div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span> + </h2> + <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> + <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"> + <li style="display:table-row"> + <span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a></span> + </li> + <li style="display:table-row"> + <span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_Zealand" title="Outline of New Zealand">Outline of New Zealand</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand-related_topics" title="List of New Zealand-related topics">List of New Zealand-related topics</a> + </li> + </ul> + <div style="clear:both;"></div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span> + </h2> + <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> + <ol class="references"> + <li id="cite_note-2"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"God Save the Queen" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-4"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English is a <i>de facto</i> official language due to its widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-ethnicity-6"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicity_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicity_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnicity figures add to more than 100% as people could choose more than one ethnic group.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-8"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The proportion of New Zealand's area (excluding estuaries) covered by rivers, lakes and ponds, based on figures from the New Zealand Land Cover Database,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a></sup> is (357526 + 81936) / (26821559 – 92499–26033 – 19216) = 1.6%. If estuarine open water, mangroves, and herbaceous saline vegetation are included, the figure is 2.2%.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-13"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chatham Islands have a <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Standard_Time_Zone" title="Chatham Standard Time Zone">separate time zone</a>, 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-15"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clocks are advanced by an hour from the last Sunday in September until the first Sunday in April.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[9]</a></sup> Daylight saving time is also observed in the Chatham Islands, 45 minutes ahead of NZDT.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-144"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A person born on or after 1 January 2006 acquires New Zealand citizenship at birth only if at least one parent is a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident. People born on or before 31 December 2005 acquired citizenship at birth (<i><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-254"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The population is increasing at a rate of 1.4–2.0% per year and is projected to rise to 5.01–5.51 million in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-286"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2015, 55% of Māori adults (aged 15 years and over) reported knowledge of <i>te reo Māori</i>. Of these speakers, 64% use Māori at home and 50,000 can speak the language "very well" or "well".<sup id="cite_ref-tereoMaori_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tereoMaori-285">[277]</a></sup></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-289"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of the 86,403 people that replied they spoke Samoan, 51,336 lived in the Auckland Region.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-293"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Religion percentages may not add to 100% as people could claim multiple religions or object to answering the question.</span> + </li> + </ol> + </div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span> + </h2> + <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> + <ol class="references"> + <li id="cite_note-1"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage/national-anthems/protocols">"Protocol for using New Zealand's National Anthems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-3"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report">New Zealand Government (21 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124193521/http://mfat.govt.nz/downloads/humanrights/5th-ICCPR-report.pdf">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Fifth Periodic Report of the Government of New Zealand</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). p. 89. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfat.govt.nz/downloads/humanrights/5th-ICCPR-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>In addition to the Māori language, New Zealand Sign Language is also an official language of New Zealand. The New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 permits the use of NZSL in legal proceedings, facilitates competency standards for its interpretation and guides government departments in its promotion and use. English, the medium for teaching and learning in most schools, is a de facto official language by virtue of its widespread use. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-375"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Petrie, Hazel (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/kai-pakeha-introduced-foods">"Kai Pākehā – introduced foods"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-376"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Whaanga, Mere (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/mataitai-shellfish-gathering/page-6">"Mātaitai – shellfish gathering"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-377"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/shellfish">"Story: Shellfish"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-378"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Burton, David (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cooking/page-2">"Cooking – Cooking methods"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-379"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Royal, Charles; Kaka-Scott, Jenny (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-foods-kai-maori/page-4">"Māori foods – kai Māori"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + </ol> + </div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span> + </h2> + <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> + <ul> + <li> + <cite class="citation book">Alley, Roderic (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEa-0PKh__oC"><i>New Zealand in World Affairs IV 1990–2005</i></a>. New Zealand: Victoria University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-864-73548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-864-73548-5"><bdi>978-0-864-73548-5</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFBain2006" class="citation book">Bain, Carolyn (2006). <i>New Zealand</i>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-535-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-535-5"><bdi>1-74104-535-5</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFGarden2005" class="citation book">Garden, Donald (2005). Stoll, Mark (ed.). <i>Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific: An Environmental History</i>. Nature and Human Societies. ABC-CLIO/Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-868-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-868-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-868-6</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFHayMaclaganGordon2008" class="citation book">Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). <i>Dialects of English: New Zealand English</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-2529-1</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book">Kennedy, Jeffrey (2007). "Leadership and Culture in New Zealand". In Chhokar, Jagdeep; Brodbeck, Felix; House, Robert (eds.). <i>Culture and Leadership Across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies</i>. United States: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5997-3"><bdi>978-0-8058-5997-3</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFKing2003" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Michael_King" title="Michael King">King, Michael</a> (2003). <i>The Penguin History of New Zealand</i>. New Zealand: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4"><bdi>978-0-14-301867-4</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFMein_Smith2005" class="citation book">Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). <i>A Concise History of New Zealand</i>. Australia: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54228-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54228-6"><bdi>0-521-54228-6</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFSmeltJui_Lin2009" class="citation book">Smelt, Roselynn; Jui Lin, Yong (2009). <i>New Zealand</i>. Cultures of the World (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3415-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-3415-3</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span> + </h2> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047268" /> + <div class="refbegin" style=""> + <ul> + <li> + <cite class="citation book">Bateman, David, ed. (2005). <i>Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia</i> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86953-601-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86953-601-0"><bdi>1-86953-601-0</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li> + <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Sinclair" title="Keith Sinclair">Sinclair, Keith</a>; revised by Dalziel, Raewyn (2000). <i>A History of New Zealand</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029875-8"><bdi>978-0-14-029875-8</bdi></a>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /> + </li> + <li>Statistics New Zealand. <i>New Zealand Official Yearbook</i> (annual). + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" /><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86953-776-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86953-776-9">1-86953-776-9</a> (2010). + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span> + </h2> + <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0; background:#f9f9f9;"> + <div style="padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;"> + <b style="display:block;">New Zealand</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a> + </div> + <ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.75em 0; width:217px; margin:0 auto;"> + <li style="min-height: 31px;"> + <span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/New Zealand">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span> + </li> + <li style="min-height: 31px;"> + <span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/New Zealand">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span> + </li> + <li style="min-height: 31px;"> + <span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/New Zealand">News</a> from Wikinews</span> + </li> + <li style="min-height: 31px;"> + <span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/New Zealand">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span> + </li> + <li style="min-height: 31px;"> + <span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/New Zealand">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span> + </li> + <li style="min-height: 31px;"> + <span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/New Zealand">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span> + </li> + <li style="min-height: 31px;"> + <span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Q664" class="extiw" title="voy:New Zealand">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage</span> + </li> + <li style="min-height: 31px;"> + <span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/New Zealand">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <dl> + <dt> + Government + </dt> + </dl> + <ul> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govt.nz/">New Zealand Government portal</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mch.govt.nz/">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a> – includes information on flag, anthems and coat of arms + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/">Statistics New Zealand</a> + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dt> + Travel + </dt> + </dl> + <ul> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzealand.com/int/">Official site of New Zealand Tourism</a> + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dt> + General Information + </dt> + </dl> + <ul> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html">New Zealand</a> entry from <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Oceania/New_Zealand">New Zealand</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15357770">New Zealand</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/newzealand/">New Zealand</a> <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085330/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/newzealand.htm">New Zealand</a>, directory from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412636/New-Zealand">New Zealand</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metservice.co.nz/">New Zealand weather</a> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NZ">Key Development Forecasts for New Zealand</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a> + </li> + <li> + <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand_history" title="Timeline of New Zealand history">Timeline</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">Military history</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_New_Zealand" title="Archaeology of New Zealand">Archaeology</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_history" title="Māori history">Māori history</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand%27s_links_with_Antarctica" title="Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica">New Zealand and Antarctica</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">Independence</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Geography</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">Biodiversity</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_New_Zealand" title="List of caves in New Zealand">Caves</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand" title="Climate of New Zealand">Climate</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of earthquakes in New Zealand">Earthquakes</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment of New Zealand">Environment</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_New_Zealand" title="Geology of New Zealand">Geology</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">Islands</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_New_Zealand" title="Lakes of New Zealand">Lakes</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Marine_reserves_of_New_Zealand" title="Marine reserves of New Zealand">Marine reserves</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_New_Zealand" title="National parks of New Zealand">National parks</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of rivers of New Zealand">Rivers</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" title="Time in New Zealand">Time zones</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Cities</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand" title="Hastings, New Zealand">Hastings</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Whangarei" title="Whangarei">Whangarei</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"> + <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Subdivisions</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">Elections</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Political parties</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">Human rights</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Disability rights in New Zealand">Disability</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Intersex rights in New Zealand">Intersex</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="LGBT rights in New Zealand">LGBT</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">Judiciary</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">Chief Justice</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_Zealand" title="Law of New Zealand">Law</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in New Zealand">enforcement</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">Military</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarchy</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>) + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"> + <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Government of New Zealand">Government</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors-General_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors-General of New Zealand">list</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers of the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand">list</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">Agriculture</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">Dairy farming</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">Wine industry</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_New_Zealand" title="List of companies of New Zealand">Companies</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">Dollar</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">Energy</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_New_Zealand" title="Mining in New Zealand">Mining</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">Poverty</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">Reserve Bank</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">Taxation</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">Telecommunications</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">Transportation</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">Rail transport</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_Zealand" title="Welfare in New Zealand">Welfare</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_society" title="Category:New Zealand society">Society</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">Citizenship</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_Zealand" title="Crime in New Zealand">Crime</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Demographics</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_origins_of_New_Zealanders" title="List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders">Ethnic origins</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">Education</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_New_Zealand" title="Gender equality in New Zealand">Gender equality</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_New_Zealand" title="Health care in New Zealand">Health care</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_Zealand" title="Homelessness in New Zealand">Homelessness</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">Immigration</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_New_Zealand" title="LGBT in New Zealand">LGBT issues</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">People</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(people)" title="Kiwi (people)">"Kiwi"</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">Women</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"> + <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_Zealand" title="Architecture of New Zealand">Architecture</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">Art</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">Cinema</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">Cuisine</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">Literature</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Media_of_New_Zealand" title="Media of New Zealand">Media</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">Music</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">Public holidays</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">Radio</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">Symbols</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">Television</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"> + <div> + <div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"> + <ul> + <li> + <span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_Zealand" title="Outline of New Zealand">Outline</a></span> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Book:New_Zealand" title="Book:New Zealand">Book</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand" title="Category:New Zealand">Category</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">Portal</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"> + <table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"> + <div id="Articles_relating_to_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> + Articles relating to New Zealand + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%"> + <div style="padding:0px"> + <table class="navbox collapsible"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="12" class="navbox-title"> + <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:left; text-align:left"> + <ul> + <li class="nv-view"> + <a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Administrative divisions of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-talk"> + <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-edit"> + <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Zealand&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> + Administrative divisions of the Realm of New Zealand + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class="navbox-title"> + Countries + </th> + <td colspan="7" style="background:#ddf;"> + <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="4"> +   + </td> + <td rowspan="4"> +   + </td> + <td rowspan="1" style="background:#e2e2ff;"> + <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></span> + </td> + <td rowspan="1" style="background:#e2e2ff;"> + <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class="navbox-title"> + <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a> + </th> + <td style="background:#e7e7ff;"> + 11 non-unitary regions + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + 5 unitary regions + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="3"> +   + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_outlying_islands" title="New Zealand outlying islands">Outlying islands</a> outside any regional authority<br /> + (the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Kings_Islands" title="Three Kings Islands">Three Kings Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">Subantarctic Islands</a>) + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <span class="nowrap">15 islands</span> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"> + <span class="nowrap">14 <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Niue" title="List of villages in Niue">villages</a></span> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class="navbox-title"> + <a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a> + </th> + <td style="background:#f4f4ff;"> + 13 cities and 53 districts + </td> + </tr> + <tr style="line-height:12px;font-size:90%;"> + <th style="background:#fcfcff;"> + Notes + </th> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + Some districts lie in more than one region + </td> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one + </td> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + Special territorial authority + </td> + <td colspan="1" style="background:#fcfcff;"> + The outlying <a href="/wiki/Solander_Islands" title="Solander Islands">Solander Islands</a> form part of the <a href="/wiki/Southland_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland Region">Southland Region</a> + </td> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Antarctic territory</a> + </td> + <td style="background:#fcfcff;"> + <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_Non-Self-Governing_Territories" title="United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories">Non-self-governing territory</a> of New Zealand + </td> + <td colspan="2" style="background:#fcfcff;"> + States in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"> + <table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> + <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> + <ul> + <li class="nv-view"> + <a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-talk"> + <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-edit"> + <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Commonwealth&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> + <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a><br /> + (Members) + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br /> + of Members + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + Australia + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + New Zealand + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + United Kingdom + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> + <div> + Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/">Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States</a> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polynesia" style="padding:3px"> + <table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> + <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> + <ul> + <li class="nv-view"> + <a href="/wiki/Template:Polynesia" title="Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-talk"> + <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polynesia" title="Template talk:Polynesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-edit"> + <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Polynesia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div id="Polynesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> + <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian triangle</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Sala y Gómez</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna Islands</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalty Islands">Loyalty Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Mele_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mele (island)">Mele</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll" title="Ontong Java Atoll">Ontong Java</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Pileni" title="Pileni">Pileni</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Rennell_and_Bellona_Province" title="Rennell and Bellona Province">Rennell</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + Polynesian-influenced + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"> + <table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> + <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> + <ul> + <li class="nv-view"> + <a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-talk"> + <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-edit"> + <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"> + Entire + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"> + In part + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Minami-Tori-Shima" class="mw-redirect" title="Minami-Tori-Shima">Minami-Tori-Shima</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> + <div> + <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img alt="Oceania (orthographic projection).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"> + <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Associated states<br /> + of New Zealand</a> + </div> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"> + <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br /> + other territories + </div> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"> + Australia + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"> + <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"> + <a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"> + <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"> + <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"> + <table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> + <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> + <ul> + <li class="nv-view"> + <a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-talk"> + <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a> + </li> + <li class="nv-edit"> + <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:English_official_language_clickable_map&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> + <a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographic_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a> + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <div style="text-align: center;"> + <p> + <i>Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region</i> + </p> + </div> + <div class="center"> + <div class="floatnone"> + <div class="noresize"> + <map name="ImageMap_5a6fc4d7f2adc147" id="ImageMap_5a6fc4d7f2adc147"> + <area href="/wiki/British_English" shape="poly" coords="233,91,274,79,277,93,310,94,311,88,295,88,298,80,303,73,298,41,307,20,269,22,254,41,259,57,244,63,235,72,231,82" alt="British English" title="British English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" shape="circle" coords="273,90,5" alt="Languages of Malta" title="Languages of Malta" /> + <area href="/wiki/Canadian_English" shape="poly" coords="67,25,46,40,50,43,52,46,52,49,49,53,48,58,46,56,46,64,52,64,54,63,100,64,109,66,112,70,115,70,114,73,112,77,130,71,129,68,125,67,125,61,124,55,127,49,117,44,124,37,130,37,136,37,142,36,150,35,154,40,160,40,169,29,157,18,172,12,190,2,144,6,95,16" alt="Canadian English" title="Canadian English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Quebec_English" shape="poly" coords="147,36,133,42,126,55,126,61,125,67,130,70,138,67,151,67,163,58,150,56,150,54,154,52,157,44" alt="Quebec English" title="Quebec English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Canadian_English" shape="poly" 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coords="224,151,233,144,229,140,220,142" alt="Sierra Leonean English" title="Sierra Leonean English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Liberian_English" shape="poly" coords="224,153,232,145,238,149,234,158" alt="Liberian English" title="Liberian English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" shape="rect" coords="243,137,253,157" alt="Ghanaian English" title="Ghanaian English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Namlish" shape="poly" coords="261,194,289,196,284,217,265,219" alt="Namlish" title="Namlish" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Botswana" shape="poly" coords="298,198,289,197,286,209,288,215,291,210,294,212,302,207" alt="Languages of Botswana" title="Languages of Botswana" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" shape="poly" coords="304,193,301,198,303,205,308,205,311,199,311,194" alt="Languages of Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" shape="poly" coords="292,197,301,198,310,189,313,181,307,178,301,180,301,184,292,182,289,189" alt="Languages of Zambia" title="Languages of Zambia" /> + <area href="/wiki/Malawian_English" shape="poly" coords="310,178,310,190,315,196,319,191,316,183" alt="Malawian English" title="Malawian English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" shape="poly" coords="322,170,312,164,307,164,304,171,305,178,313,181,318,184,331,184,331,170" alt="Languages of Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" shape="poly" coords="299,161,307,166,303,171,296,168" alt="Languages of Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda" /> + <area href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" shape="rect" coords="306,154,313,169" alt="Ugandan English" title="Ugandan English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" shape="poly" coords="316,153,313,160,313,163,322,169,330,165,329,153" alt="Languages of Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" shape="poly" coords="295,116,289,136,299,154,319,154,312,145,319,116" alt="Languages of Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" shape="poly" coords="256,132,253,149,253,156,263,157,266,152,268,146,272,147,280,136,276,132" alt="Languages of Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria" /> + <area href="/wiki/Cameroon_English" shape="poly" coords="278,141,268,147,265,158,271,164,282,161,283,145" alt="Cameroon English" title="Cameroon English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" shape="poly" coords="386,91,379,92,383,97,378,104,376,107,378,111,369,122,356,115,352,99,374,82,381,81,387,85" alt="Pakistani English" title="Pakistani English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Indian_English" shape="poly" coords="405,100,408,105,415,106,420,101,427,105,418,120,403,127,396,144,389,146,379,127,374,117,377,109,376,106,382,97,380,92,390,85" alt="Indian English" title="Indian English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Australian_English" shape="poly" coords="499,257,477,234,436,237,445,192,488,183,517,184,532,214,525,238" alt="Australian English" title="Australian English" /> + <area href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" shape="poly" coords="547,226,520,246,521,264,565,260,577,226" alt="New Zealand English" title="New Zealand English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" shape="rect" coords="511,160,526,190" alt="Languages of Papua New Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea" /> + <area href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands#Demographics" shape="rect" coords="529,165,547,190" alt="Solomon Islands#Demographics" title="Solomon Islands#Demographics" /> + <area href="/wiki/Palau#Demographics" shape="circle" coords="494,151,7" alt="Palau#Demographics" title="Palau#Demographics" /> + <area href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Languages" shape="poly" coords="503,136,497,143,531,158,544,155,546,151" alt="Federated States of Micronesia#Languages" title="Federated States of Micronesia#Languages" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" shape="rect" coords="565,184,601,211" alt="Languages of Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji" /> + <area href="/wiki/Singapore_English" shape="circle" coords="442,161,4" alt="Singapore English" title="Singapore English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Philippine_English" shape="rect" coords="461,122,493,142" alt="Philippine English" title="Philippine English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" shape="circle" coords="456,116,6" alt="Hong Kong English" title="Hong Kong English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands#Culture" shape="circle" coords="550,140,11" alt="Marshall Islands#Culture" title="Marshall Islands#Culture" /> + <area href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nauru#Language" shape="circle" coords="559,163,7" alt="Languages of Nauru" title="Languages of Nauru" /> + <area href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" shape="poly" coords="107,103,104,113,119,121,126,115,119,105" alt="Bahamian English" title="Bahamian English" /> + <area href="/wiki/American_English" shape="poly" coords="52,64,101,64,115,70,117,75,142,65,145,69,136,74,118,94,107,100,106,110,104,112,95,104,75,112,28,91,41,65" alt="American English" title="American English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands#Languages" shape="circle" coords="100,123,5" alt="Demographics of the Cayman Islands#Languages" title="Demographics of the Cayman Islands#Languages" /> + <area href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" shape="circle" coords="108,128,6" alt="Jamaican English" title="Jamaican English" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belize" shape="rect" coords="82,119,94,135" alt="Languages of Belize" title="Languages of Belize" /> + <area href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" shape="circle" coords="240,196,15" alt="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" /> + <area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" shape="rect" coords="132,145,151,168" alt="Languages of Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana" /> + <area href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico#Languages" shape="rect" coords="123,117,131,133" alt="Puerto Rico#Languages" title="Puerto Rico#Languages" /> + <area href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" shape="rect" coords="131,117,148,145" alt="English of the Windward Islands and Leeward Islands" title="English of the Windward Islands and Leeward Islands" /> + <area href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" shape="circle" coords="138,97,9" alt="Bermudian English" title="Bermudian English" /> + </map><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anglospeak%28800px%29Countries.png/600px-Anglospeak%28800px%29Countries.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="263" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Anglospeak%28800px%29Countries.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="351" usemap="#ImageMap_5a6fc4d7f2adc147" /> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> + <div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> + Further links + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:8.25em;"> + Articles + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:8.25em;"> + Lists + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> + <span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> + <div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> + <ul> + <li> + <b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Saba" title="Saba">Saba</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> + <span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> + <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> + <div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> + <ul> + <li> + <b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + Africa + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + Americas + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a> + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + Europe + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + Oceania + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> + <div> + <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="padding:3px"> + <table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> + <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> + <ul> + <li class="nv-view"> + <a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" 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title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a> + </div> + </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> + Members + </th> + <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> + <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> + </li> + <li> + <a 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</li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"> + <a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="নিউজিল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bn">বাংলা</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"> + <a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"> + <a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Яңы Зеландия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ba">Башҡортса</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"> + <a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Новая Зеландыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="be">Беларуская</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"> + <a href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Новая Зэляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="be-tarask">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"> + <a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यूजीलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bh">भोजपुरी</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"> + <a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bcl">Bikol Central</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi"> + <a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niusilan" title="Niusilan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bi">Bislama</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"> + <a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нова Зеландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bg">Български</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"> + <a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neiseeland" title="Neiseeland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bar">Boarisch</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"> + <a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ནིའུ་ཛི་ལེན་ཌི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"> + <a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Zeland" title="Novi Zeland – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bs">Bosanski</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"> + <a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeland-Nevez" title="Zeland-Nevez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="br">Brezhoneg</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"> + <a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Шэнэ Зеланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bxr">Буряад</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"> + <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelanda" title="Nova Zelanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ca">Català</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"> + <a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Çĕнĕ Зеланди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="cv">Чӑвашла</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"> + <a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuzeland" title="Nuzeland – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ceb">Cebuano</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"> + <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Z%C3%A9land" title="Nový Zéland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="cs">Čeština</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam"> + <a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="cbk">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"> + <a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sn">ChiShona</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"> + <a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zilanda" title="Nova Zilanda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="co">Corsu</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"> + <a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seland_Newydd" title="Seland Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="cy">Cymraeg</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"> + <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="da">Dansk</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"> + <a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="se">Davvisámegiella</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"> + <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuseeland" title="Neuseeland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="de">Deutsch</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"> + <a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ނިއުޒިލޭންޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="dv">ދިވެހިބަސް</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"> + <a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowoseelandska" title="Nowoseelandska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty"> + <a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="न्युजिल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="dty">डोटेली</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz"> + <a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8B" title="ནིའུ་ཛི་ལེནཌ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="dz">ཇོང་ཁ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"> + <a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uus-Meremaa" title="Uus-Meremaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="et">Eesti</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"> + <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%96%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νέα Ζηλανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="el">Ελληνικά</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv"> + <a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Од Зеландия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="myv">Эрзянь</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"> + <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="es">Español</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"> + <a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov-Zelando" title="Nov-Zelando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="eo">Esperanto</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"> + <a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda" title="Nueva Zelanda – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ext">Estremeñu</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"> + <a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeelanda_Berria" title="Zeelanda Berria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="eu">Euskara</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee"> + <a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ee">Eʋegbe</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"> + <a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نیوزیلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="fa">فارسی</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"> + <a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"> + <a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDs%C3%A6land" title="Nýsæland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="fo">Føroyskt</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"> + <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande" title="Nouvelle-Zélande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="fr">Français</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"> + <a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij-Seel%C3%A2n" title="Nij-Seelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="fy">Frysk</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"> + <a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Nua-Sh%C3%A9alainn" title="An Nua-Shéalainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ga">Gaeilge</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"> + <a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Teelynn_Noa" title="Yn Teelynn Noa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="gv">Gaelg</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"> + <a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eni_Zelandiya" title="Eni Zelandiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="gag">Gagauz</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"> + <a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealainn_Nuadh" title="Sealainn Nuadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="gd">Gàidhlig</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"> + <a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelandia" title="Nova Zelandia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="gl">Galego</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh"> + <a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Керда Зеланди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="inh">ГӀалгӀай</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"> + <a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1" title="ન્યૂઝીલેન્ડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got"> + <a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="got">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom"> + <a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यूझीलंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="gom">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"> + <a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"> + <a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Шинзелендин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="xal">Хальмг</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"> + <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%A7%88%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="뉴질랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ko">한국어</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"> + <a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նոր Զելանդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="hy">Հայերեն</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"> + <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यूज़ीलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="hi">हिन्दी</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"> + <a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowoseelandska" title="Nowoseelandska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"> + <a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Zeland" title="Novi Zeland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="hr">Hrvatski</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"> + <a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova-Zelando" title="Nova-Zelando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="io">Ido</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"> + <a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro_a_Selanda" title="Baro a Selanda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ilo">Ilokano</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"> + <a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="নিউজিল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="bpy">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"> + <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"> + <a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nove_Zelanda" title="Nove Zelanda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ia">Interlingua</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"> + <a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov-Zeland" title="Nov-Zeland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ie">Interlingue</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"> + <a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ног Зеланди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="os">Ирон</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu"> + <a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INyuzilandi" title="INyuzilandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="zu">IsiZulu</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"> + <a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDja-Sj%C3%A1land" title="Nýja-Sjáland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="is">Íslenska</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"> + <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuova_Zelanda" title="Nuova Zelanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="it">Italiano</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"> + <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ניו זילנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="he">עברית</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"> + <a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu_S%C3%A9lan" title="Niu Sélan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="jv">Jawa</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp"> + <a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeland%C9%A9_K%C9%A9fal%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="kbp">Kabɩyɛ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"> + <a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="kl">Kalaallisut</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"> + <a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ನ್ಯೂ ಜೀಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"> + <a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pam">Kapampangan</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc"> + <a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Джангы Зеландия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="krc">Къарачай-малкъар</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"> + <a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ახალი ზელანდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ka">ქართული</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb"> + <a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%C3%B4_Zelandzk%C3%B4" title="Nowô Zelandzkô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"> + <a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Жаңа Зеландия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="kk">Қазақша</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"> + <a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordir_Nowydh" title="Mordir Nowydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="kw">Kernowek</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw"> + <a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuveli_Zelande" title="Nuveli Zelande – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="rw">Kinyarwanda</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn"> + <a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande" title="Nouvelle-Zélande – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="rn">Kirundi</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"> + <a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuzilandi" title="Nyuzilandi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sw">Kiswahili</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv"> + <a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Выль Зеландия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="kv">Коми</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"> + <a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouv%C3%A8l_Zelann" title="Nouvèl Zelann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"> + <a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BB_Zelenda" title="Nû Zelenda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ku">Kurdî</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"> + <a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Жаңы Зеландия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ky">Кыргызча</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"> + <a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="У Зеланди – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="mrj">Кырык мары</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"> + <a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueva_Zelanda" title="Mueva Zelanda – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lad">Ladino</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"> + <a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດນິວຊີແລນດ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lo">ລາວ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"> + <a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelandia" title="Nova Zelandia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="la">Latina</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"> + <a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunz%C4%93lande" title="Jaunzēlande – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lv">Latviešu</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"> + <a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neis%C3%A9iland" title="Neiséiland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"> + <a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ЦӀийи Зеландия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lez">Лезги</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"> + <a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujoji_Zelandija" title="Naujoji Zelandija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lt">Lietuvių</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"> + <a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuva_Zelanda" title="Neuva Zelanda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lij">Ligure</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"> + <a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nui-Zieland" title="Nui-Zieland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="li">Limburgs</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn"> + <a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeland_Nova" title="Zeland Nova – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lfn">Lingua Franca Nova</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo"> + <a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuzi_Zelandii" title="Uuzi Zelandii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="olo">Livvinkarjala</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"> + <a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zis._poi_cnino" title="zis. poi cnino – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="jbo">La .lojban.</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"> + <a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6va_Zelanda" title="Növa Zelanda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lmo">Lumbaart</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"> + <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj-Z%C3%A9land" title="Új-Zéland – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="hu">Magyar</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"> + <a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="न्युजिल्यान्ड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="mai">मैथिली</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"> + <a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нов Зеланд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="mk">Македонски</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"> + <a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novely_Zelandy" title="Novely Zelandy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="mg">Malagasy</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"> + <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ന്യൂസീലൻഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ml">മലയാളം</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"> + <a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="mt">Malti</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi"> + <a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="mi">Māori</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"> + <a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यू झीलँड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="mr">मराठी</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"> + <a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ახალი ზელანდია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="xmf">მარგალური</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"> + <a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="نيوزيلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="arz">مصرى</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"> + <a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نیوزلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="mzn">مازِرونی</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"> + <a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"> + <a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%AB-s%C4%83%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng" title="Niū-să̤-làng – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"> + <a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Шинэ Зеланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="mn">Монгол</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"> + <a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="နယူးဇီလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"> + <a href="https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu_Djiran" title="Niu Djiran – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="na">Dorerin Naoero</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"> + <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Zeeland" title="Nieuw-Zeeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nl">Nederlands</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"> + <a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%27j-Zeelaand" title="Ni'j-Zeelaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"> + <a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="न्युजिल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ne">नेपाली</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"> + <a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="न्यु जिल्यान्द – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"> + <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ニュージーランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ja">日本語</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"> + <a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2va_Zelanna" title="Nòva Zelanna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nap">Napulitano</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"> + <a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Керла Зеланди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ce">Нохчийн</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"> + <a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nei-Sialun" title="Nei-Sialun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="frr">Nordfriisk</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"> + <a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuu_Ziilan" title="Nyuu Ziilan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"> + <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="no">Norsk</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"> + <a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"> + <a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Z%C3%A9lande" title="Nouvelle Zélande – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nrf">Nouormand</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"> + <a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Selande" title="Novi Selande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nov">Novial</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"> + <a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2va_Zelanda" title="Nòva Zelanda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="oc">Occitan</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"> + <a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ନିଉଜିଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"> + <a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangi_Zelandiya" title="Yangi Zelandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"> + <a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi"> + <a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यू-जीलैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pi">पालि</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"> + <a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="نیوزی لینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pnb">پنجابی</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"> + <a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelandia" title="Nueva Zelandia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pap">Papiamentu</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"> + <a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuu_Ziilant" title="Nyuu Ziilant – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="jam">Patois</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"> + <a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="នូវែលសេឡង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="km">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd"> + <a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A8le-Zilinde" title="Novèle-Zilinde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pcd">Picard</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"> + <a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuva_Zelanda" title="Neuva Zelanda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pms">Piemontèis</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"> + <a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu_Silan" title="Niu Silan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"> + <a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niegseeland" title="Niegseeland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"> + <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Zelandia" title="Nowa Zelandia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pl">Polski</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt"> + <a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%96%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νέα Ζηλανδία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pnt">Ποντιακά</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"> + <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia" title="Nova Zelândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="pt">Português</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"> + <a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%27a_Zelandiya" title="Jan'a Zelandiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"> + <a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C3%B1%C4%B1_Zelandiya" title="Yañı Zelandiya – Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty"> + <a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ty">Reo tahiti</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"> + <a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noua_Zeeland%C4%83" title="Noua Zeelandă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ro">Română</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"> + <a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelanda" title="Nova Zelanda – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="rm">Rumantsch</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"> + <a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musuq_Silanda" title="Musuq Silanda – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="qu">Runa Simi</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"> + <a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Новый Зеланд – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="rue">Русиньскый</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"> + <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Новая Зеландия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ru">Русский</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"> + <a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саҥа Зеландия – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sah">Саха тыла</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat"> + <a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sat">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"> + <a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu_Sila" title="Niu Sila – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sm">Gagana Samoa</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"> + <a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="न्यूजिलैण्ड् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"> + <a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noa_Zelanda" title="Noa Zelanda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sc">Sardu</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"> + <a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sco">Scots</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"> + <a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4i-Seelound" title="Näi-Seelound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="stq">Seeltersk</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso"> + <a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nso">Sesotho sa Leboa</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"> + <a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelanda_e_Re" title="Zelanda e Re – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sq">Shqip</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"> + <a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zilanna" title="Nova Zilanna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="scn">Sicilianu</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"> + <a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="නවසීලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="si">සිංහල</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"> + <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="en-simple">Simple English</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"> + <a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="نيوزيلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sd">سنڌي</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"> + <a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Z%C3%A9land" title="Nový Zéland – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sk">Slovenčina</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"> + <a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zelandija" title="Nova Zelandija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sl">Slovenščina</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"> + <a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowo_Zylandyjo" title="Nowo Zylandyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="szl">Ślůnski</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"> + <a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="so">Soomaaliga</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"> + <a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نیوزیلاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ckb">کوردی</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"> + <a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нови Зеланд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sr">Српски / srpski</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"> + <a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Zeland" title="Novi Zeland – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"> + <a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Anyar" title="Selandia Anyar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="su">Sunda</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"> + <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusi-Seelanti" title="Uusi-Seelanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="fi">Suomi</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"> + <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nya_Zeeland" title="Nya Zeeland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sv">Svenska</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"> + <a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="tl">Tagalog</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"> + <a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="நியூசிலாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ta">தமிழ்</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"> + <a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziland_Tamaynut" title="Ziland Tamaynut – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="kab">Taqbaylit</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"> + <a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%A8ve_Zelanne" title="Nuève Zelanne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="nap-x-tara">Tarandíne</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"> + <a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Яңа Зеландия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"> + <a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="న్యూజీలాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="te">తెలుగు</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"> + <a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศนิวซีแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="th">ไทย</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"> + <a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Зеландияи Нав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy"> + <a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%9D%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ನ್ಯೂ ಝಿಲೆಂಡ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="tcy">ತುಳು</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"> + <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Zelanda" title="Yeni Zelanda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="tr">Türkçe</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"> + <a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ze_Zelandi%C3%BDa" title="Täze Zelandiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="tk">Türkmençe</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm"> + <a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Выль Зеландия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="udm">Удмурт</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"> + <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нова Зеландія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="uk">Українська</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"> + <a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="نیوزی لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ur">اردو</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"> + <a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89_%D8%B2%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="يېڭى زېلاندىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"> + <a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saen_Saelanz" title="Saen Saelanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="za">Vahcuengh</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"> + <a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Ze%C5%82anda" title="Nova Zełanda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="vec">Vèneto</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"> + <a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uz%27_Zelandii" title="Uz' Zelandii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="vep">Vepsän kel’</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"> + <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"> + <a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nula-Sele%C3%A4ns" title="Nula-Seleäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="vo">Volapük</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"> + <a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahts%C3%B5n%C3%B5_Meremaa" title="Vahtsõnõ Meremaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="vro">Võro</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"> + <a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouve_Zelande" title="Nouve Zelande – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="wa">Walon</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"> + <a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" title="紐西蘭 – Classical Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="lzh">文言</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"> + <a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Z%C3%AAeland" title="Nieuw-Zêeland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="vls">West-Vlams</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"> + <a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-o_nga_Zelanda" title="Bag-o nga Zelanda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="war">Winaray</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"> + <a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seland-Gu-Bees" title="Seland-Gu-Bees – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="wo">Wolof</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"> + <a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="wuu">吴语</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"> + <a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ניו זילאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="yi">ייִדיש</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"> + <a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="yo">Yorùbá</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"> + <a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" title="紐西蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="yue">粵語</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"> + <a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelanda_Newiye" title="Zelanda Newiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="diq">Zazaki</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"> + <a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Ze%C3%AAland" title="Nieuw-Zeêland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-3/expected-metadata.json b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-3/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27df15632 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-3/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "Author": "Contributors to Wikimedia projects", + "Direction": "ltr", + "Excerpt": "In mathematics, a Hermitian matrix (or self-adjoint matrix) is a complex square matrix that is equal to its own conjugate transpose\u2014that is, the element in the i-th row and j-th column is equal to the complex conjugate of the element in the j-th row and i-th column, for all indices i and j:", + "Image": null, + "Title": "Hermitian matrix", + "SiteName": "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc." +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-3/expected.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-3/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff7c62cbf --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/wikipedia-3/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,354 @@ +<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr"> + + + <p> + In mathematics, a <b>Hermitian matrix</b> (or <b>self-adjoint matrix</b>) is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Square_matrix" title="Square matrix">square matrix</a> that is equal to its own <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Conjugate_transpose" title="Conjugate transpose">conjugate transpose</a>—that is, the element in the <span>i</span>-th row and <span>j</span>-th column is equal to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Complex_conjugate" title="Complex conjugate">complex conjugate</a> of the element in the <span>j</span>-th row and <span>i</span>-th column, for all indices <span>i</span> and <span>j</span>: + </p> + <p> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28a0aaa74b2267a48312e19321211cd9e3a39228" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad a_{ij}={\overline {a_{ji}}}}"></span> + </p> + <p> + or in matrix form: + </p> + <dl> + <dd> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ca00b61ff0e264e6c1e5adc9a00c0d2751feecf" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad A={\overline {A^{\mathsf {T}}}}}"></span>. + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + Hermitian matrices can be understood as the complex extension of real <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Symmetric_matrix" title="Symmetric matrix">symmetric matrices</a>. + </p> + <p> + If the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Conjugate_transpose" title="Conjugate transpose">conjugate transpose</a> of a matrix <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> is denoted by <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9415702ab196cc26f5df37af2d90e07318e93df" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}}"></span>, then the Hermitian property can be written concisely as + </p> + <p> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/291d260bf69b764e75818669ab27870d58771e1f" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad A=A^{\mathsf {H}}}"></span> + </p> + <p> + Hermitian matrices are named after <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Charles_Hermite" title="Charles Hermite">Charles Hermite</a>, who demonstrated in 1855 that matrices of this form share a property with real symmetric matrices of always having real <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors" title="Eigenvalues and eigenvectors">eigenvalues</a>. Other, equivalent notations in common use are <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8aa270391d183478251283d2c4b2c72ac4563352" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}=A^{\dagger }=A^{\ast }}"></span>, although note that in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5541bfa07743be995242c892c344395e672d6fa2" aria-hidden="true" alt="A^{\ast }"></span> typically means the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Complex_conjugate" title="Complex conjugate">complex conjugate</a> only, and not the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Conjugate_transpose" title="Conjugate transpose">conjugate transpose</a>. + </p> + + <h2> + <span id="Alternative_characterizations">Alternative characterizations</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alternative characterizations">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h2> + <p> + Hermitian matrices can be characterized in a number of equivalent ways, some of which are listed below: + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Equality_with_the_adjoint">Equality with the adjoint</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Equality with the adjoint">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h3> + <p> + A square matrix <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> is Hermitian if and only if it is equal to its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hermitian_adjoint" title="Hermitian adjoint">adjoint</a>, that is, it satisfies + </p> + <div> + <p><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/459de45e76bace9d04a80d2e8efc2abbbc246047" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle \langle w,Av\rangle =\langle Aw,v\rangle ,}"> + </p></div><p>for any pair of vectors <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6425c6e94fa47976601cb44d7564b5d04dcfbfef" aria-hidden="true" alt="v,w"></span>, where <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a50080b735975d8001c9552ac2134b49ad534c0" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }"></span> denotes <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dot_product" title="Dot product">the inner product</a> operation. + </p><p> + This is also the way that the more general concept of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator" title="Self-adjoint operator">self-adjoint operator</a> is defined. + </p> + <h3> + <span id="Reality_of_quadratic_forms">Reality of quadratic forms</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reality of quadratic forms">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h3> + <p> + A square matrix <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> is Hermitian if and only if it is such that + </p> + <div> + <p><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/997ea0350c18735926412de88420ac9ca989f50c" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle \langle v,Av\rangle \in \mathbb {R} ,\quad v\in V.}"> + </p></div> + <h3> + <span id="Spectral_properties">Spectral properties</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spectral properties">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h3> + <p> + A square matrix <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> is Hermitian if and only if it is unitarily <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Diagonalizable_matrix" title="Diagonalizable matrix">diagonalizable</a> with real <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors" title="Eigenvalues and eigenvectors">eigenvalues</a>. + </p> + <h2> + <span id="Applications">Applications</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h2> + <p> + Hermitian matrices are fundamental to the quantum theory of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">matrix mechanics</a> created by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Pascual Jordan</a> in 1925. + </p> + <h2> + <span id="Examples">Examples</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h2> + <p> + In this section, the conjugate transpose of matrix <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> is denoted as <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9415702ab196cc26f5df37af2d90e07318e93df" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}}"></span>, the transpose of matrix <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> is denoted as <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54bf0331204e30cba9ec7f695dfea97e6745a7c2" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {T}}}"></span> and conjugate of matrix <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> is denoted as <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92efef0e89bdc77f6a848764195ef5b9d9bfcc6a" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {A}}}"></span>. + </p> + <p> + See the following example: + </p> + <dl> + <dd> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00ccf11c16396b6ddd4f2254f7132cd8bb2c57ee" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&2+i&4\\2-i&3&i\\4&-i&1\\\end{bmatrix}}}"></span> + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + The diagonal elements must be <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real</a>, as they must be their own complex conjugate. + </p> + <p> + Well-known families of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pauli_matrices" title="Pauli matrices">Pauli matrices</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gell-Mann_matrices" title="Gell-Mann matrices">Gell-Mann matrices</a> and their generalizations are Hermitian. In <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> such Hermitian matrices are often multiplied by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Imaginary_number" title="Imaginary number">imaginary</a> coefficients,<sup id="cite_ref-1"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> which results in <i>skew-Hermitian</i> matrices (see <a href="#facts">below</a>). + </p> + <p> + Here, we offer another useful Hermitian matrix using an abstract example. If a square matrix <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> equals the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">multiplication of a matrix</a> and its conjugate transpose, that is, <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3f0efab2d7c3a4b4b7caf14cc0705dadd13195a9" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A=BB^{\mathsf {H}}}"></span>, then <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> is a Hermitian <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Positive_semi-definite_matrix" title="Positive semi-definite matrix">positive semi-definite matrix</a>. Furthermore, if <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" aria-hidden="true" alt="B"></span> is row full-rank, then <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" aria-hidden="true" alt="A"></span> is positive definite. + </p> + <h2> + <span id="Properties">Properties</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h2> + <table role="presentation" readabilityDataTable="0"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg"><img alt="[icon]" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31"></a> + </p> + </td> + <td> + <p> + This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Proof of the properties requested. <small>You can help by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=1">adding to it</a>.</small> <small><i>(<span>February 2018</span>)</i></small> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <ul> + <li>The entries on the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Main_diagonal" title="Main diagonal">main diagonal</a> (top left to bottom right) of any Hermitian matrix are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real</a>. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> By definition of the Hermitian matrix + <dl> + <dd> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fa8265c5f6d4fc3b7cda6a06558c7d4d9aec855" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ji}}"></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + <dd> + so for <span><i>i</i> = <i>j</i></span> the above follows. + </dd> + <dd> + Only the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Main_diagonal" title="Main diagonal">main diagonal</a> entries are necessarily real; Hermitian matrices can have arbitrary complex-valued entries in their <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Off-diagonal_element" title="Off-diagonal element">off-diagonal elements</a>, as long as diagonally-opposite entries are complex conjugates. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>A matrix that has only real entries is Hermitian <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/If_and_only_if" title="If and only if">if and only if</a> it is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Symmetric_matrix" title="Symmetric matrix">symmetric</a>. A real and symmetric matrix is simply a special case of a Hermitian matrix. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fa8265c5f6d4fc3b7cda6a06558c7d4d9aec855" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ji}}"></span> by definition. Thus <span>H<sub><i>ij</i></sub> = H<sub><i>ji</i></sub></span> (matrix symmetry) if and only if <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f1862750b96d01100244370b3fca45f01923ce5" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ij}}"></span> (<span>H<sub><i>ij</i></sub></span> is real). + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>Every Hermitian matrix is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Normal_matrix" title="Normal matrix">normal matrix</a>. That is to say, <span>AA<sup>H</sup> = A<sup>H</sup>A</span>. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> <span>A = A<sup>H</sup></span>, so <span>AA<sup>H</sup> = AA = A<sup>H</sup>A</span>. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>The finite-dimensional <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Spectral_theorem" title="Spectral theorem">spectral theorem</a> says that any Hermitian matrix can be <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Diagonalizable_matrix" title="Diagonalizable matrix">diagonalized</a> by a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Unitary_matrix" title="Unitary matrix">unitary matrix</a>, and that the resulting diagonal matrix has only real entries. This implies that all <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Eigenvectors" title="Eigenvectors">eigenvalues</a> of a Hermitian matrix <span>A</span> with dimension <span>n</span> are real, and that <span>A</span> has <span>n</span> linearly independent <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Eigenvector" title="Eigenvector">eigenvectors</a>. Moreover, a Hermitian matrix has <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Orthogonal" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> eigenvectors for distinct eigenvalues. Even if there are degenerate eigenvalues, it is always possible to find an <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Orthogonal_basis" title="Orthogonal basis">orthogonal basis</a> of <span>ℂ<sup><i>n</i></sup></span> consisting of <span>n</span> eigenvectors of <span>A</span>. + </li> + </ul> + <ul> + <li>The sum of any two Hermitian matrices is Hermitian. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/251bf4ebbe3b0d119e0a7d19f8fd134c4f072971" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle (A+B)_{ij}=A_{ij}+B_{ij}={\overline {A}}_{ji}+{\overline {B}}_{ji}={\overline {(A+B)}}_{ji},}"></span> as claimed. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Inverse_matrix" title="Inverse matrix">inverse</a> of an invertible Hermitian matrix is Hermitian as well. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> If <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/021893240ff7fa3148b6649b0ba4d88cd207b5f0" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A^{-1}A=I}"></span>, then <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a28a8250ab35ad60228bb0376eb4b7024f027815" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle I=I^{H}=(A^{-1}A)^{H}=A^{H}(A^{-1})^{H}=A(A^{-1})^{H}}"></span>, so <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0179c3a7aebe194ccd9a19ba02b972500f88a7a" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A^{-1}=(A^{-1})^{H}}"></span> as claimed. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">product</a> of two Hermitian matrices <span>A</span> and <span>B</span> is Hermitian if and only if <span><i>AB</i> = <i>BA</i></span>. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> Note that <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6cf8185ca7a0687bf959bb65b16db6cf1714ca2" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle (AB)^{\mathsf {H}}={\overline {(AB)^{\mathsf {T}}}}={\overline {B^{\mathsf {T}}A^{\mathsf {T}}}}={\overline {B^{\mathsf {T}}}}{\overline {A^{\mathsf {T}}}}=B^{\mathsf {H}}A^{\mathsf {H}}=BA.}"></span> Thus <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d303a1ebcac8547489b170be5d0dd7d8e04e548e" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle (AB)^{\mathsf {H}}=AB}"></span> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/If_and_only_if" title="If and only if">if and only if</a> <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/992c8ea49fdd26b491180036c5a4d879fec77442" aria-hidden="true" alt="AB=BA"></span>. + </dd> + <dd> + Thus <span><i>A</i><sup><i>n</i></sup></span> is Hermitian if <span>A</span> is Hermitian and <span>n</span> is an integer. + </dd> + </dl> + + <ul> + <li>The Hermitian complex <span>n</span>-by-<span>n</span> matrices do not form a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Vector_space" title="Vector space">vector space</a> over the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex numbers</a>, <span>ℂ</span>, since the identity matrix <span><i>I</i><sub><i>n</i></sub></span> is Hermitian, but <span><i>i</i> <i>I</i><sub><i>n</i></sub></span> is not. However the complex Hermitian matrices <i>do</i> form a vector space over the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Real_numbers" title="Real numbers">real numbers</a> <span>ℝ</span>. In the <span>2<i>n</i><sup>2</sup></span>-<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dimension_of_a_vector_space" title="Dimension of a vector space">dimensional</a> vector space of complex <span><i>n</i> × <i>n</i></span> matrices over <span>ℝ</span>, the complex Hermitian matrices form a subspace of dimension <span><i>n</i><sup>2</sup></span>. If <span><i>E</i><sub><i>jk</i></sub></span> denotes the <span>n</span>-by-<span>n</span> matrix with a <span>1</span> in the <span><i>j</i>,<i>k</i></span> position and zeros elsewhere, a basis (orthonormal w.r.t. the Frobenius inner product) can be described as follows: + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46eedb181c0bdae46e8c1526161b03d0ea97b4b4" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle E_{jj}{\text{ for }}1\leq j\leq n\quad (n{\text{ matrices}})}"></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + together with the set of matrices of the form + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddeac51c423f6dbefc5f63e483d9aee96e6fa342" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(E_{jk}+E_{kj}\right){\text{ for }}1\leq j<k\leq n\quad \left({\frac {n^{2}-n}{2}}{\text{ matrices}}\right)}"></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + and the matrices + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db65cce3a8fa33e5b7b96badd756c8573aa866c0" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(E_{jk}-E_{kj}\right){\text{ for }}1\leq j<k\leq n\quad \left({\frac {n^{2}-n}{2}}{\text{ matrices}}\right)}"></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + where <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" aria-hidden="true" alt="i"></span> denotes the complex number <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ea1ea9ac61e6e1e84ac39130f78143c18865719" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\sqrt {-1}}"></span>, called the <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Imaginary_unit" title="Imaginary unit">imaginary unit</a></i>. + </dd> + </dl> + + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b7d749931e5f709bcbc0a446638d3b6b8ed0c6c" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A=\sum _{j}\lambda _{j}u_{j}u_{j}^{\mathsf {H}},}"></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + <dd> + where <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa91daf9145f27bb95746fd2a37537342d587b77" aria-hidden="true" alt="\lambda _{j}"></span> are the eigenvalues on the diagonal of the diagonal matrix <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1934e7eadd31fbf6f7d6bcf9c0e9bec934ce8976" aria-hidden="true" alt="\; \Lambda "></span>. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>The determinant of a Hermitian matrix is real: + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1240df64c3010e0be6eae865fdfcfe6f77bf5eb" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle \det(A)=\det \left(A^{\mathsf {T}}\right)\quad \Rightarrow \quad \det \left(A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)={\overline {\det(A)}}}"></span> + </dd> + <dd> + Therefore if <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43cc392bdcfbb134dd66d9b469847f6370e29d9d" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle A=A^{\mathsf {H}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad \det(A)={\overline {\det(A)}}}"></span>. + </dd> + <dd> + (Alternatively, the determinant is the product of the matrix's eigenvalues, and as mentioned before, the eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix are real.) + </dd> + </dl> + <h2> + <span id="Decomposition_into_Hermitian_and_skew-Hermitian">Decomposition into Hermitian and skew-Hermitian</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decomposition into Hermitian and skew-Hermitian">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h2> + <p> + <span id="facts"></span>Additional facts related to Hermitian matrices include: + </p> + <ul> + <li>The sum of a square matrix and its conjugate transpose <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ef97bb04ce4ab682bcc84cf1059f8da235b483e" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle \left(A+A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)}"></span> is Hermitian. + </li> + </ul> + <ul> + <li>The difference of a square matrix and its conjugate transpose <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4ac665be4943ce769e33109e9f64abcf1e98050" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle \left(A-A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)}"></span> is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Skew-Hermitian_matrix" title="Skew-Hermitian matrix">skew-Hermitian</a> (also called antihermitian). This implies that the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Commutator" title="Commutator">commutator</a> of two Hermitian matrices is skew-Hermitian. + </li> + </ul> + <ul> + <li>An arbitrary square matrix <span>C</span> can be written as the sum of a Hermitian matrix <span>A</span> and a skew-Hermitian matrix <span>B</span>. This is known as the Toeplitz decomposition of <span>C</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-HornJohnson_3-0"><a href="#cite_note-HornJohnson-3">[3]</a></sup><sup>:<span>p. 7</span></sup> + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0919d2e50fe1008af261f8301f243c002c328dbf" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle C=A+B\quad {\mbox{with}}\quad A={\frac {1}{2}}\left(C+C^{\mathsf {H}}\right)\quad {\mbox{and}}\quad B={\frac {1}{2}}\left(C-C^{\mathsf {H}}\right)}"></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + </dl> + <h2> + <span id="Rayleigh_quotient">Rayleigh quotient</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rayleigh quotient">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h2> + + <p> + In mathematics, for a given complex Hermitian matrix <i>M</i> and nonzero vector <i>x</i>, the Rayleigh quotient<sup id="cite_ref-4"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f8ed067bb4bc06662d6bdf6210d450779a529ce5" aria-hidden="true" alt="R(M, x)"></span>, is defined as:<sup id="cite_ref-HornJohnson_3-1"><a href="#cite_note-HornJohnson-3">[3]</a></sup><sup>:<span>p. 234</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> + </p> + <dl> + <dd> + <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ad9b0047f8437f7b012041d7b2fcd190a5a9ec2" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle R(M,x):={\frac {x^{\mathsf {H}}Mx}{x^{\mathsf {H}}x}}}"></span>. + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + For real matrices and vectors, the condition of being Hermitian reduces to that of being symmetric, and the conjugate transpose <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b431248ab2f121914608bbd1c2376715cecda9c8" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle x^{\mathsf {H}}}"></span> to the usual transpose <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4ee4832d06e8560510d81237d0650c897d476e9" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle x^{\mathsf {T}}}"></span>. Note that <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1d54d3c850d35f99329591e3b57cef98d17237f" aria-hidden="true" alt="{\displaystyle R(M,cx)=R(M,x)}"></span> for any non-zero real scalar <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" aria-hidden="true" alt="c"></span>. Also, recall that a Hermitian (or real symmetric) matrix has real eigenvalues. + </p> + <p> + It can be shown<sup>[<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that, for a given matrix, the Rayleigh quotient reaches its minimum value <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82c24522483ceaf1d54224b69af4244b60c3ac08" aria-hidden="true" alt="\lambda_\min"></span> (the smallest eigenvalue of M) when <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" aria-hidden="true" alt="x"></span> is <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/486623019ef451e0582b874018e0249a46e0f996" aria-hidden="true" alt="v_\min"></span> (the corresponding eigenvector). Similarly, <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18fbf88c578fc9f75d4610ebd18ab55f4f2842ce" aria-hidden="true" alt="R(M, x) \leq \lambda_\max"></span> and <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/200db82bfdbc81cd227cb3470aa826d6f11a7653" aria-hidden="true" alt="R(M, v_\max) = \lambda_\max"></span>. + </p> + <p> + The Rayleigh quotient is used in the min-max theorem to get exact values of all eigenvalues. It is also used in eigenvalue algorithms to obtain an eigenvalue approximation from an eigenvector approximation. Specifically, this is the basis for Rayleigh quotient iteration. + </p> + <p> + The range of the Rayleigh quotient (for matrix that is not necessarily Hermitian) is called a numerical range (or spectrum in functional analysis). When the matrix is Hermitian, the numerical range is equal to the spectral norm. Still in functional analysis, <span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/957584ae6a35f9edf293cb486d7436fb5b75e803" aria-hidden="true" alt="\lambda_\max"></span> is known as the spectral radius. In the context of C*-algebras or algebraic quantum mechanics, the function that to <span><i>M</i></span> associates the Rayleigh quotient <span><i>R</i>(<i>M</i>, <i>x</i>)</span> for a fixed <span><i>x</i></span> and <span><i>M</i></span> varying through the algebra would be referred to as "vector state" of the algebra. + </p> + <h2> + <span id="See_also">See also</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h2> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Vector_space" title="Vector space">Vector space</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Skew-Hermitian_matrix" title="Skew-Hermitian matrix">Skew-Hermitian matrix</a> (anti-Hermitian matrix) + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haynsworth_inertia_additivity_formula" title="Haynsworth inertia additivity formula">Haynsworth inertia additivity formula</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hermitian_form" title="Hermitian form">Hermitian form</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator" title="Self-adjoint operator">Self-adjoint operator</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Unitary_matrix" title="Unitary matrix">Unitary matrix</a> + </li> + </ul> + <h2> + <span id="References">References</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h2> + + <h2> + <span id="External_links">External links</span><span><span>[</span><a href="http://fakehost/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span>]</span></span> + </h2> + <ul> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFHazewinkel2001"><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Michiel_Hazewinkel" title="Michiel Hazewinkel">Hazewinkel, Michiel</a>, ed. (2001) [1994], <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=p/h047070">"Hermitian matrix"</a>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics" title="Encyclopedia of Mathematics">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></i>, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55608-010-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55608-010-4"><bdi>978-1-55608-010-4</bdi></a></cite> + + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cyut.edu.tw/~ckhung/b/la/hermitian.en.php">Visualizing Hermitian Matrix as An Ellipse with Dr. Geo</a>, by Chao-Kuei Hung from Chaoyang University, gives a more geometric explanation. + </li> + <li> + <cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath306/kmath306.htm">"Hermitian Matrices"</a>. <i>MathPages.com</i>.</cite> + + </li> + </ul> + + + </div>
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lang="en" xml:lang="en"> + Hermitian matrix + </h1> + <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> + <div id="siteSub" class="noprint"> + From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia + </div> + <div id="contentSub"></div> + <div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#p-search">Jump to search</a> + <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" xml:lang="en"> + <div class="mw-parser-output"> + <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> + Matrix equal to its conjugate-transpose + </div> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + For matrices with symmetry over the <a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real number</a> field, see <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_matrix" title="Symmetric matrix">symmetric matrix</a>. + </div> + <p> + In mathematics, a <b>Hermitian matrix</b> (or <b>self-adjoint matrix</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex</a> <a href="/wiki/Square_matrix" title="Square matrix">square matrix</a> that is equal to its own <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_transpose" title="Conjugate transpose">conjugate transpose</a>—that is, the element in the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span>-th row and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">j</span>-th column is equal to the <a href="/wiki/Complex_conjugate" title="Complex conjugate">complex conjugate</a> of the element in the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">j</span>-th row and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span>-th column, for all indices <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span> and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">j</span>: + </p> + <div class="equation-box" style="margin: ;padding: 6px; border-width:2px; border-style: solid; border-color: #0073CF; background-color: #F5FFFA; text-align: center; display: table"> + <p> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad a_{ij}={\overline {a_{ji}}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mtext> + Hermitian + </mtext> + </mrow> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ⟺<!-- ⟺ --> + </mo> + <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <msub> + <mi> + a + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + i + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <msub> + <mi> + a + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad a_{ij}={\overline {a_{ji}}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28a0aaa74b2267a48312e19321211cd9e3a39228" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.77ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad a_{ij}={\overline {a_{ji}}}}" /></span> + </p> + </div> + <p> + or in matrix form: + </p> + <dl> + <dd> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad A={\overline {A^{\mathsf {T}}}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mtext> + Hermitian + </mtext> + </mrow> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ⟺<!-- ⟺ --> + </mo> + <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + T + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad A={\overline {A^{\mathsf {T}}}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ca00b61ff0e264e6c1e5adc9a00c0d2751feecf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:32.194ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad A={\overline {A^{\mathsf {T}}}}}" /></span>. + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + Hermitian matrices can be understood as the complex extension of real <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_matrix" title="Symmetric matrix">symmetric matrices</a>. + </p> + <p> + If the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_transpose" title="Conjugate transpose">conjugate transpose</a> of a matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> is denoted by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9415702ab196cc26f5df37af2d90e07318e93df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.139ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}}" /></span>, then the Hermitian property can be written concisely as + </p> + <div class="equation-box" style="margin: ;padding: 6px; border-width:2px; border-style: solid; border-color: #0073CF; background-color: #F5FFFA; text-align: center; display: table"> + <p> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad A=A^{\mathsf {H}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mtext> + Hermitian + </mtext> + </mrow> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ⟺<!-- ⟺ --> + </mo> + <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad A=A^{\mathsf {H}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/291d260bf69b764e75818669ab27870d58771e1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:32.123ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A{\text{ Hermitian}}\quad \iff \quad A=A^{\mathsf {H}}}" /></span> + </p> + </div> + <p> + Hermitian matrices are named after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hermite" title="Charles Hermite">Charles Hermite</a>, who demonstrated in 1855 that matrices of this form share a property with real symmetric matrices of always having real <a href="/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors" title="Eigenvalues and eigenvectors">eigenvalues</a>. Other, equivalent notations in common use are <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}=A^{\dagger }=A^{\ast }}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo> + †<!-- † --> + </mo> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo> + ∗<!-- ∗ --> + </mo> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}=A^{\dagger }=A^{\ast }} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8aa270391d183478251283d2c4b2c72ac4563352" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.839ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}=A^{\dagger }=A^{\ast }}" /></span>, although note that in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\ast }}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo> + ∗<!-- ∗ --> + </mo> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A^{\ast }} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5541bfa07743be995242c892c344395e672d6fa2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="A^{\ast }" /></span> typically means the <a href="/wiki/Complex_conjugate" title="Complex conjugate">complex conjugate</a> only, and not the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_transpose" title="Conjugate transpose">conjugate transpose</a>. + </p> + <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> + <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /> + <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en"> + <h2 id="mw-toc-heading"> + Contents + </h2> + </div> + <ul> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"> + <a href="#Alternative_characterizations"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative characterizations</span></a> + <ul> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"> + <a href="#Equality_with_the_adjoint"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Equality with the adjoint</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"> + <a href="#Reality_of_quadratic_forms"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reality of quadratic forms</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"> + <a href="#Spectral_properties"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Spectral properties</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"> + <a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"> + <a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"> + <a href="#Properties"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Properties</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"> + <a href="#Decomposition_into_Hermitian_and_skew-Hermitian"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Decomposition into Hermitian and skew-Hermitian</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"> + <a href="#Rayleigh_quotient"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Rayleigh quotient</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"> + <a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"> + <a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> + </li> + <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"> + <a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Alternative_characterizations">Alternative characterizations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alternative characterizations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h2> + <p> + Hermitian matrices can be characterized in a number of equivalent ways, some of which are listed below: + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Equality_with_the_adjoint">Equality with the adjoint</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Equality with the adjoint">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h3> + <p> + A square matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> is Hermitian if and only if it is equal to its <a href="/wiki/Hermitian_adjoint" title="Hermitian adjoint">adjoint</a>, that is, it satisfies + </p> + <div class="mwe-math-element"> + <div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> + <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle w,Av\rangle =\langle Aw,v\rangle ,}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> + ⟨<!-- ⟨ --> + </mo> + <mi> + w + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> + ⟩<!-- ⟩ --> + </mo> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> + ⟨<!-- ⟨ --> + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + w + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> + ⟩<!-- ⟩ --> + </mo> + <mo> + , + </mo> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \langle w,Av\rangle =\langle Aw,v\rangle ,} + </annotation> + </semantics></math> + </div><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/459de45e76bace9d04a80d2e8efc2abbbc246047" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.501ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle w,Av\rangle =\langle Aw,v\rangle ,}" /> + </div>for any pair of vectors <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v,w}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mi> + w + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle v,w} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6425c6e94fa47976601cb44d7564b5d04dcfbfef" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.826ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="v,w" /></span>, where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> + ⟨<!-- ⟨ --> + </mo> + <mo> + ⋅<!-- ⋅ --> + </mo> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mo> + ⋅<!-- ⋅ --> + </mo> + <mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> + ⟩<!-- ⟩ --> + </mo> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle } + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a50080b735975d8001c9552ac2134b49ad534c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }" /></span> denotes <a href="/wiki/Dot_product" title="Dot product">the inner product</a> operation. + <p> + This is also the way that the more general concept of <a href="/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator" title="Self-adjoint operator">self-adjoint operator</a> is defined. + </p> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Reality_of_quadratic_forms">Reality of quadratic forms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reality of quadratic forms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h3> + <p> + A square matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> is Hermitian if and only if it is such that + </p> + <div class="mwe-math-element"> + <div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> + <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle v,Av\rangle \in \mathbb {R} ,\quad v\in V.}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> + ⟨<!-- ⟨ --> + </mo> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> + ⟩<!-- ⟩ --> + </mo> + <mo> + ∈<!-- ∈ --> + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="double-struck"> + R + </mi> + </mrow> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mo> + ∈<!-- ∈ --> + </mo> + <mi> + V + </mi> + <mo> + . + </mo> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \langle v,Av\rangle \in \mathbb {R} ,\quad v\in V.} + </annotation> + </semantics></math> + </div><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/997ea0350c18735926412de88420ac9ca989f50c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.119ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle v,Av\rangle \in \mathbb {R} ,\quad v\in V.}" /> + </div> + <h3> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Spectral_properties">Spectral properties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spectral properties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h3> + <p> + A square matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> is Hermitian if and only if it is unitarily <a href="/wiki/Diagonalizable_matrix" title="Diagonalizable matrix">diagonalizable</a> with real <a href="/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors" title="Eigenvalues and eigenvectors">eigenvalues</a>. + </p> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Applications">Applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h2> + <p> + Hermitian matrices are fundamental to the quantum theory of <a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">matrix mechanics</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Pascual Jordan</a> in 1925. + </p> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h2> + <p> + In this section, the conjugate transpose of matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> is denoted as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9415702ab196cc26f5df37af2d90e07318e93df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.139ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {H}}}" /></span>, the transpose of matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> is denoted as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {T}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + T + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {T}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54bf0331204e30cba9ec7f695dfea97e6745a7c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {T}}}" /></span> and conjugate of matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> is denoted as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {A}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle {\overline {A}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92efef0e89bdc77f6a848764195ef5b9d9bfcc6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.858ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {A}}}" /></span>. + </p> + <p> + See the following example: + </p> + <dl> + <dd> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&2+i&4\\2-i&3&i\\4&-i&1\\\end{bmatrix}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow> + <mo> + [ + </mo> + <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> + <mtr> + <mtd> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + </mtd> + <mtd> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + <mo> + + + </mo> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mtd> + <mtd> + <mn> + 4 + </mn> + </mtd> + </mtr> + <mtr> + <mtd> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mtd> + <mtd> + <mn> + 3 + </mn> + </mtd> + <mtd> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mtd> + </mtr> + <mtr> + <mtd> + <mn> + 4 + </mn> + </mtd> + <mtd> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mtd> + <mtd> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + </mtd> + </mtr> + </mtable> + <mo> + ] + </mo> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&2+i&4\\2-i&3&i\\4&-i&1\\\end{bmatrix}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00ccf11c16396b6ddd4f2254f7132cd8bb2c57ee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:19.27ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&2+i&4\\2-i&3&i\\4&-i&1\\\end{bmatrix}}}" /></span> + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + The diagonal elements must be <a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real</a>, as they must be their own complex conjugate. + </p> + <p> + Well-known families of <a href="/wiki/Pauli_matrices" title="Pauli matrices">Pauli matrices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gell-Mann_matrices" title="Gell-Mann matrices">Gell-Mann matrices</a> and their generalizations are Hermitian. In <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> such Hermitian matrices are often multiplied by <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_number" title="Imaginary number">imaginary</a> coefficients,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> which results in <i>skew-Hermitian</i> matrices (see <a href="#facts">below</a>). + </p> + <p> + Here, we offer another useful Hermitian matrix using an abstract example. If a square matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> equals the <a href="/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">multiplication of a matrix</a> and its conjugate transpose, that is, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=BB^{\mathsf {H}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <msup> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A=BB^{\mathsf {H}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3f0efab2d7c3a4b4b7caf14cc0705dadd13195a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.765ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=BB^{\mathsf {H}}}" /></span>, then <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> is a Hermitian <a href="/wiki/Positive_semi-definite_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive semi-definite matrix">positive semi-definite matrix</a>. Furthermore, if <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + B + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle B} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="B" /></span> is row full-rank, then <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="A" /></span> is positive definite. + </p> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Properties">Properties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h2> + <table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="mbox-image"> + <div style="width:52px"> + <a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a> + </div> + </td> + <td class="mbox-text"> + <div class="mbox-text-span"> + This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Proof of the properties requested. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=1">adding to it</a>.</small> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></small> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <ul> + <li>The entries on the <a href="/wiki/Main_diagonal" title="Main diagonal">main diagonal</a> (top left to bottom right) of any Hermitian matrix are <a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real</a>. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> By definition of the Hermitian matrix + <dl> + <dd> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ji}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msub> + <mi> + H + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + i + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msub> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mi> + H + </mi> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ji}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fa8265c5f6d4fc3b7cda6a06558c7d4d9aec855" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.249ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ji}}" /></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + <dd> + so for <span class="texhtml"><i>i</i> = <i>j</i></span> the above follows. + </dd> + <dd> + Only the <a href="/wiki/Main_diagonal" title="Main diagonal">main diagonal</a> entries are necessarily real; Hermitian matrices can have arbitrary complex-valued entries in their <a href="/wiki/Off-diagonal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-diagonal element">off-diagonal elements</a>, as long as diagonally-opposite entries are complex conjugates. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>A matrix that has only real entries is Hermitian <a href="/wiki/If_and_only_if" title="If and only if">if and only if</a> it is <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_matrix" title="Symmetric matrix">symmetric</a>. A real and symmetric matrix is simply a special case of a Hermitian matrix. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ji}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msub> + <mi> + H + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + i + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msub> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mi> + H + </mi> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ji}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fa8265c5f6d4fc3b7cda6a06558c7d4d9aec855" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.249ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ji}}" /></span> by definition. Thus <span class="texhtml">H<sub><i>ij</i></sub> = H<sub><i>ji</i></sub></span> (matrix symmetry) if and only if <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ij}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msub> + <mi> + H + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + i + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msub> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mi> + H + </mi> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + i + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ij}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f1862750b96d01100244370b3fca45f01923ce5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.249ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{ij}={\overline {H}}_{ij}}" /></span> (<span class="texhtml">H<sub><i>ij</i></sub></span> is real). + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>Every Hermitian matrix is a <a href="/wiki/Normal_matrix" title="Normal matrix">normal matrix</a>. That is to say, <span class="texhtml">AA<sup>H</sup> = A<sup>H</sup>A</span>. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> <span class="texhtml">A = A<sup>H</sup></span>, so <span class="texhtml">AA<sup>H</sup> = AA = A<sup>H</sup>A</span>. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>The finite-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Spectral_theorem" title="Spectral theorem">spectral theorem</a> says that any Hermitian matrix can be <a href="/wiki/Diagonalizable_matrix" title="Diagonalizable matrix">diagonalized</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_matrix" title="Unitary matrix">unitary matrix</a>, and that the resulting diagonal matrix has only real entries. This implies that all <a href="/wiki/Eigenvectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvectors">eigenvalues</a> of a Hermitian matrix <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> with dimension <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> are real, and that <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> has <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> linearly independent <a href="/wiki/Eigenvector" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvector">eigenvectors</a>. Moreover, a Hermitian matrix has <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> eigenvectors for distinct eigenvalues. Even if there are degenerate eigenvalues, it is always possible to find an <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_basis" title="Orthogonal basis">orthogonal basis</a> of <span class="texhtml">ℂ<sup><i>n</i></sup></span> consisting of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> eigenvectors of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span>. + </li> + </ul> + <ul> + <li>The sum of any two Hermitian matrices is Hermitian. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (A+B)_{ij}=A_{ij}+B_{ij}={\overline {A}}_{ji}+{\overline {B}}_{ji}={\overline {(A+B)}}_{ji},}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + + + </mo> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <msub> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + i + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msub> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + i + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + + + </mo> + <msub> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + i + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msub> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + + + </mo> + <msub> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msub> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mrow> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + + + </mo> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + , + </mo> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle (A+B)_{ij}=A_{ij}+B_{ij}={\overline {A}}_{ji}+{\overline {B}}_{ji}={\overline {(A+B)}}_{ji},} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/251bf4ebbe3b0d119e0a7d19f8fd134c4f072971" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:48.159ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (A+B)_{ij}=A_{ij}+B_{ij}={\overline {A}}_{ji}+{\overline {B}}_{ji}={\overline {(A+B)}}_{ji},}" /></span> as claimed. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>The <a href="/wiki/Inverse_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse matrix">inverse</a> of an invertible Hermitian matrix is Hermitian as well. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> If <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{-1}A=I}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + I + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A^{-1}A=I} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/021893240ff7fa3148b6649b0ba4d88cd207b5f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.089ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{-1}A=I}" /></span>, then <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I=I^{H}=(A^{-1}A)^{H}=A^{H}(A^{-1})^{H}=A(A^{-1})^{H}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + I + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + I + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <msup> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + </mrow> + </msup> + <msup> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + </mrow> + </msup> + <msup> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle I=I^{H}=(A^{-1}A)^{H}=A^{H}(A^{-1})^{H}=A(A^{-1})^{H}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a28a8250ab35ad60228bb0376eb4b7024f027815" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.124ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I=I^{H}=(A^{-1}A)^{H}=A^{H}(A^{-1})^{H}=A(A^{-1})^{H}}" /></span>, so <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{-1}=(A^{-1})^{H}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + </mrow> + </msup> + <msup> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A^{-1}=(A^{-1})^{H}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0179c3a7aebe194ccd9a19ba02b972500f88a7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.751ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{-1}=(A^{-1})^{H}}" /></span> as claimed. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>The <a href="/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">product</a> of two Hermitian matrices <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">B</span> is Hermitian if and only if <span class="texhtml"><i>AB</i> = <i>BA</i></span>. + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> Note that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (AB)^{\mathsf {H}}={\overline {(AB)^{\mathsf {T}}}}={\overline {B^{\mathsf {T}}A^{\mathsf {T}}}}={\overline {B^{\mathsf {T}}}}{\overline {A^{\mathsf {T}}}}=B^{\mathsf {H}}A^{\mathsf {H}}=BA.}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <msup> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mrow> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <msup> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + T + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mrow> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mrow> + <msup> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + T + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + T + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mrow> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <msup> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + T + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + T + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + . + </mo> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle (AB)^{\mathsf {H}}={\overline {(AB)^{\mathsf {T}}}}={\overline {B^{\mathsf {T}}A^{\mathsf {T}}}}={\overline {B^{\mathsf {T}}}}{\overline {A^{\mathsf {T}}}}=B^{\mathsf {H}}A^{\mathsf {H}}=BA.} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6cf8185ca7a0687bf959bb65b16db6cf1714ca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:52.205ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (AB)^{\mathsf {H}}={\overline {(AB)^{\mathsf {T}}}}={\overline {B^{\mathsf {T}}A^{\mathsf {T}}}}={\overline {B^{\mathsf {T}}}}{\overline {A^{\mathsf {T}}}}=B^{\mathsf {H}}A^{\mathsf {H}}=BA.}" /></span> Thus <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (AB)^{\mathsf {H}}=AB}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <msup> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + B + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle (AB)^{\mathsf {H}}=AB} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d303a1ebcac8547489b170be5d0dd7d8e04e548e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.318ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (AB)^{\mathsf {H}}=AB}" /></span> <a href="/wiki/If_and_only_if" title="If and only if">if and only if</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AB=BA}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mi> + A + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle AB=BA} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/992c8ea49fdd26b491180036c5a4d879fec77442" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.113ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="AB=BA" /></span>. + </dd> + <dd> + Thus <span class="texhtml"><i>A</i><sup><i>n</i></sup></span> is Hermitian if <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> is Hermitian and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> is an integer. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>For an arbitrary complex valued vector <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">v</span> the product <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{\mathsf {H}}Av}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + v + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle v^{\mathsf {H}}Av} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c23d6757968a2267ee906cffc07cfe1bbc8aecc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.394ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{\mathsf {H}}Av}" /></span> is real because of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{\mathsf {H}}Av=\left(v^{\mathsf {H}}Av\right)^{\mathsf {H}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msup> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <mrow> + <msup> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mi> + v + </mi> + </mrow> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle v^{\mathsf {H}}Av=\left(v^{\mathsf {H}}Av\right)^{\mathsf {H}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7839ef3cdbc89c3ea1acd17a507d03a33ed79df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.412ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{\mathsf {H}}Av=\left(v^{\mathsf {H}}Av\right)^{\mathsf {H}}}" /></span>. This is especially important in quantum physics where Hermitian matrices are operators that measure properties of a system e.g. total <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> which have to be real. + </li> + </ul> + <ul> + <li>The Hermitian complex <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>-by-<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> matrices do not form a <a href="/wiki/Vector_space" title="Vector space">vector space</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex numbers</a>, <span class="texhtml">ℂ</span>, since the identity matrix <span class="texhtml"><i>I</i><sub><i>n</i></sub></span> is Hermitian, but <span class="texhtml"><i>i</i> <i>I</i><sub><i>n</i></sub></span> is not. However the complex Hermitian matrices <i>do</i> form a vector space over the <a href="/wiki/Real_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Real numbers">real numbers</a> <span class="texhtml">ℝ</span>. In the <span class="texhtml">2<i>n</i><sup>2</sup></span>-<a href="/wiki/Dimension_of_a_vector_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimension of a vector space">dimensional</a> vector space of complex <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i> × <i>n</i></span> matrices over <span class="texhtml">ℝ</span>, the complex Hermitian matrices form a subspace of dimension <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i><sup>2</sup></span>. If <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i><sub><i>jk</i></sub></span> denotes the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>-by-<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> matrix with a <span class="texhtml">1</span> in the <span class="texhtml"><i>j</i>,<i>k</i></span> position and zeros elsewhere, a basis (orthonormal w.r.t. the Frobenius inner product) can be described as follows: + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{jj}{\text{ for }}1\leq j\leq n\quad (n{\text{ matrices}})}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msub> + <mi> + E + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mtext> + for + </mtext> + </mrow> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + <mo> + ≤<!-- ≤ --> + </mo> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mo> + ≤<!-- ≤ --> + </mo> + <mi> + n + </mi> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + n + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mtext> + matrices + </mtext> + </mrow> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle E_{jj}{\text{ for }}1\leq j\leq n\quad (n{\text{ matrices}})} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46eedb181c0bdae46e8c1526161b03d0ea97b4b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.612ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{jj}{\text{ for }}1\leq j\leq n\quad (n{\text{ matrices}})}" /></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + together with the set of matrices of the form + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(E_{jk}+E_{kj}\right){\text{ for }}1\leq j<k\leq n\quad \left({\frac {n^{2}-n}{2}}{\text{ matrices}}\right)}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mfrac> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + <msqrt> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + </msqrt> + </mfrac> + </mrow> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <mrow> + <msub> + <mi> + E + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mi> + k + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + + + </mo> + <msub> + <mi> + E + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + k + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mrow> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mtext> + for + </mtext> + </mrow> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + <mo> + ≤<!-- ≤ --> + </mo> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mo> + < + </mo> + <mi> + k + </mi> + <mo> + ≤<!-- ≤ --> + </mo> + <mi> + n + </mi> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mfrac> + <mrow> + <msup> + <mi> + n + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mi> + n + </mi> + </mrow> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + </mfrac> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mtext> + matrices + </mtext> + </mrow> + </mrow> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(E_{jk}+E_{kj}\right){\text{ for }}1\leq j<k\leq n\quad \left({\frac {n^{2}-n}{2}}{\text{ matrices}}\right)} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddeac51c423f6dbefc5f63e483d9aee96e6fa342" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:57.064ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(E_{jk}+E_{kj}\right){\text{ for }}1\leq j<k\leq n\quad \left({\frac {n^{2}-n}{2}}{\text{ matrices}}\right)}" /></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + and the matrices + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(E_{jk}-E_{kj}\right){\text{ for }}1\leq j<k\leq n\quad \left({\frac {n^{2}-n}{2}}{\text{ matrices}}\right)}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mfrac> + <mi> + i + </mi> + <msqrt> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + </msqrt> + </mfrac> + </mrow> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <mrow> + <msub> + <mi> + E + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mi> + k + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <msub> + <mi> + E + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + k + </mi> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mrow> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mtext> + for + </mtext> + </mrow> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + <mo> + ≤<!-- ≤ --> + </mo> + <mi> + j + </mi> + <mo> + < + </mo> + <mi> + k + </mi> + <mo> + ≤<!-- ≤ --> + </mo> + <mi> + n + </mi> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mfrac> + <mrow> + <msup> + <mi> + n + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mi> + n + </mi> + </mrow> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + </mfrac> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mtext> + matrices + </mtext> + </mrow> + </mrow> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle {\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(E_{jk}-E_{kj}\right){\text{ for }}1\leq j<k\leq n\quad \left({\frac {n^{2}-n}{2}}{\text{ matrices}}\right)} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db65cce3a8fa33e5b7b96badd756c8573aa866c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:57.064ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(E_{jk}-E_{kj}\right){\text{ for }}1\leq j<k\leq n\quad \left({\frac {n^{2}-n}{2}}{\text{ matrices}}\right)}" /></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + </dl> + <dl> + <dd> + where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + i + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle i} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="i" /></span> denotes the complex number <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {-1}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <msqrt> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + </msqrt> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle {\sqrt {-1}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ea1ea9ac61e6e1e84ac39130f78143c18865719" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.906ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\sqrt {-1}}" /></span>, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_unit" title="Imaginary unit">imaginary unit</a></i>. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>If <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> orthonormal eigenvectors <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{1},\dots ,u_{n}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msub> + <mi> + u + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mo> + …<!-- … --> + </mo> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <msub> + <mi> + u + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + n + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle u_{1},\dots ,u_{n}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba291b64c0d3afa90b4556a7a601116dfd74ef2e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.11ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{1},\dots ,u_{n}}" /></span> of a Hermitian matrix are chosen and written as the columns of the matrix <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">U</span>, then one <a href="/wiki/Eigendecomposition_of_a_matrix" title="Eigendecomposition of a matrix">eigendecomposition</a> of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=U\Lambda U^{\mathsf {H}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + U + </mi> + <mi mathvariant="normal"> + Λ<!-- Λ --> + </mi> + <msup> + <mi> + U + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A=U\Lambda U^{\mathsf {H}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d89ef5bade4fb04b1aaf53c0d73e4763d4d154eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.474ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=U\Lambda U^{\mathsf {H}}}" /></span> where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle UU^{\mathsf {H}}=I=U^{\mathsf {H}}U}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + U + </mi> + <msup> + <mi> + U + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + I + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + U + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mi> + U + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle UU^{\mathsf {H}}=I=U^{\mathsf {H}}U} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b819b015c1984e6cb07153c675815d4657b90da8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:17.408ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle UU^{\mathsf {H}}=I=U^{\mathsf {H}}U}" /></span> and therefore + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=\sum _{j}\lambda _{j}u_{j}u_{j}^{\mathsf {H}},}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <munder> + <mo> + ∑<!-- ∑ --> + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </munder> + <msub> + <mi> + λ<!-- λ --> + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <msub> + <mi> + u + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + <msubsup> + <mi> + u + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msubsup> + <mo> + , + </mo> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A=\sum _{j}\lambda _{j}u_{j}u_{j}^{\mathsf {H}},} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b7d749931e5f709bcbc0a446638d3b6b8ed0c6c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:16.46ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=\sum _{j}\lambda _{j}u_{j}u_{j}^{\mathsf {H}},}" /></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + <dd> + where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{j}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msub> + <mi> + λ<!-- λ --> + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi> + j + </mi> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \lambda _{j}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa91daf9145f27bb95746fd2a37537342d587b77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.265ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="\lambda _{j}" /></span> are the eigenvalues on the diagonal of the diagonal matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;\Lambda }"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> + <mi mathvariant="normal"> + Λ<!-- Λ --> + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \;\Lambda } + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1934e7eadd31fbf6f7d6bcf9c0e9bec934ce8976" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.258ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="\; \Lambda " /></span>. + </dd> + </dl> + <ul> + <li>The determinant of a Hermitian matrix is real: + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <i>Proof:</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det(A)=\det \left(A^{\mathsf {T}}\right)\quad \Rightarrow \quad \det \left(A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)={\overline {\det(A)}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + det + </mo> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + det + </mo> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + T + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ⇒<!-- ⇒ --> + </mo> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + det + </mo> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mrow> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + det + </mo> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \det(A)=\det \left(A^{\mathsf {T}}\right)\quad \Rightarrow \quad \det \left(A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)={\overline {\det(A)}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1240df64c3010e0be6eae865fdfcfe6f77bf5eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.862ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det(A)=\det \left(A^{\mathsf {T}}\right)\quad \Rightarrow \quad \det \left(A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)={\overline {\det(A)}}}" /></span> + </dd> + <dd> + Therefore if <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=A^{\mathsf {H}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad \det(A)={\overline {\det(A)}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ⇒<!-- ⇒ --> + </mo> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + det + </mo> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mover> + <mrow> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + det + </mo> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + <mo accent="false"> + ¯<!-- ¯ --> + </mo> + </mover> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle A=A^{\mathsf {H}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad \det(A)={\overline {\det(A)}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43cc392bdcfbb134dd66d9b469847f6370e29d9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.017ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=A^{\mathsf {H}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad \det(A)={\overline {\det(A)}}}" /></span>. + </dd> + <dd> + (Alternatively, the determinant is the product of the matrix's eigenvalues, and as mentioned before, the eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix are real.) + </dd> + </dl> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Decomposition_into_Hermitian_and_skew-Hermitian">Decomposition into Hermitian and skew-Hermitian</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decomposition into Hermitian and skew-Hermitian">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h2> + <p> + <span id="facts"></span>Additional facts related to Hermitian matrices include: + </p> + <ul> + <li>The sum of a square matrix and its conjugate transpose <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(A+A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <mrow> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + + + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mrow> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \left(A+A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ef97bb04ce4ab682bcc84cf1059f8da235b483e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.852ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(A+A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)}" /></span> is Hermitian. + </li> + </ul> + <ul> + <li>The difference of a square matrix and its conjugate transpose <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(A-A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <mrow> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mrow> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \left(A-A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4ac665be4943ce769e33109e9f64abcf1e98050" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.852ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(A-A^{\mathsf {H}}\right)}" /></span> is <a href="/wiki/Skew-Hermitian_matrix" title="Skew-Hermitian matrix">skew-Hermitian</a> (also called antihermitian). This implies that the <a href="/wiki/Commutator" title="Commutator">commutator</a> of two Hermitian matrices is skew-Hermitian. + </li> + </ul> + <ul> + <li>An arbitrary square matrix <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">C</span> can be written as the sum of a Hermitian matrix <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> and a skew-Hermitian matrix <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">B</span>. This is known as the Toeplitz decomposition of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">C</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-HornJohnson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HornJohnson-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>p. 7</span></sup> + </li> + </ul> + <dl> + <dd> + <dl> + <dd> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C=A+B\quad {\mbox{with}}\quad A={\frac {1}{2}}\left(C+C^{\mathsf {H}}\right)\quad {\mbox{and}}\quad B={\frac {1}{2}}\left(C-C^{\mathsf {H}}\right)}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + C + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + + + </mo> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> + <mtext> + with + </mtext> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mi> + A + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mfrac> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + </mfrac> + </mrow> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <mrow> + <mi> + C + </mi> + <mo> + + + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + C + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mrow> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> + <mtext> + and + </mtext> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <mspace width="1em"></mspace> + <mi> + B + </mi> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mfrac> + <mn> + 1 + </mn> + <mn> + 2 + </mn> + </mfrac> + </mrow> + <mrow> + <mo> + ( + </mo> + <mrow> + <mi> + C + </mi> + <mo> + −<!-- − --> + </mo> + <msup> + <mi> + C + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mrow> + <mo> + ) + </mo> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle C=A+B\quad {\mbox{with}}\quad A={\frac {1}{2}}\left(C+C^{\mathsf {H}}\right)\quad {\mbox{and}}\quad B={\frac {1}{2}}\left(C-C^{\mathsf {H}}\right)} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0919d2e50fe1008af261f8301f243c002c328dbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:63.495ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C=A+B\quad {\mbox{with}}\quad A={\frac {1}{2}}\left(C+C^{\mathsf {H}}\right)\quad {\mbox{and}}\quad B={\frac {1}{2}}\left(C-C^{\mathsf {H}}\right)}" /></span> + </dd> + </dl> + </dd> + </dl> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="Rayleigh_quotient">Rayleigh quotient</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rayleigh quotient">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h2> + <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> + Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_quotient" title="Rayleigh quotient">Rayleigh quotient</a> + </div> + <p> + In mathematics, for a given complex Hermitian matrix <i>M</i> and nonzero vector <i>x</i>, the Rayleigh quotient<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R(M,x)}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + R + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + M + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mi> + x + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle R(M,x)} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f8ed067bb4bc06662d6bdf6210d450779a529ce5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.379ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="R(M, x)" /></span>, is defined as:<sup id="cite_ref-HornJohnson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HornJohnson-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>p. 234</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> + </p> + <dl> + <dd> + <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R(M,x):={\frac {x^{\mathsf {H}}Mx}{x^{\mathsf {H}}x}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + R + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + M + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mi> + x + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mo> + := + </mo> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mfrac> + <mrow> + <msup> + <mi> + x + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mi> + M + </mi> + <mi> + x + </mi> + </mrow> + <mrow> + <msup> + <mi> + x + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + <mi> + x + </mi> + </mrow> + </mfrac> + </mrow> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle R(M,x):={\frac {x^{\mathsf {H}}Mx}{x^{\mathsf {H}}x}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ad9b0047f8437f7b012041d7b2fcd190a5a9ec2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.458ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R(M,x):={\frac {x^{\mathsf {H}}Mx}{x^{\mathsf {H}}x}}}" /></span>. + </dd> + </dl> + <p> + For real matrices and vectors, the condition of being Hermitian reduces to that of being symmetric, and the conjugate transpose <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{\mathsf {H}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + x + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + H + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle x^{\mathsf {H}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b431248ab2f121914608bbd1c2376715cecda9c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.726ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{\mathsf {H}}}" /></span> to the usual transpose <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{\mathsf {T}}}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msup> + <mi> + x + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mi mathvariant="sans-serif"> + T + </mi> + </mrow> + </mrow> + </msup> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle x^{\mathsf {T}}} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4ee4832d06e8560510d81237d0650c897d476e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.681ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{\mathsf {T}}}" /></span>. Note that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R(M,cx)=R(M,x)}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + R + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + M + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mi> + c + </mi> + <mi> + x + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <mi> + R + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + M + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mi> + x + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle R(M,cx)=R(M,x)} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1d54d3c850d35f99329591e3b57cef98d17237f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R(M,cx)=R(M,x)}" /></span> for any non-zero real scalar <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + c + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle c} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="c" /></span>. Also, recall that a Hermitian (or real symmetric) matrix has real eigenvalues. + </p> + <p> + It can be shown<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that, for a given matrix, the Rayleigh quotient reaches its minimum value <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{\min }}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msub> + <mi> + λ<!-- λ --> + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + min + </mo> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \lambda _{\min }} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82c24522483ceaf1d54224b69af4244b60c3ac08" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.328ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="\lambda_\min" /></span> (the smallest eigenvalue of M) when <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + x + </mi> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle x} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="x" /></span> is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\min }}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msub> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + min + </mo> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle v_{\min }} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/486623019ef451e0582b874018e0249a46e0f996" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.1ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="v_\min" /></span> (the corresponding eigenvector). Similarly, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R(M,x)\leq \lambda _{\max }}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + R + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + M + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <mi> + x + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mo> + ≤<!-- ≤ --> + </mo> + <msub> + <mi> + λ<!-- λ --> + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + max + </mo> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle R(M,x)\leq \lambda _{\max }} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18fbf88c578fc9f75d4610ebd18ab55f4f2842ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.124ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="R(M, x) \leq \lambda_\max" /></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R(M,v_{\max })=\lambda _{\max }}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <mi> + R + </mi> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ( + </mo> + <mi> + M + </mi> + <mo> + , + </mo> + <msub> + <mi> + v + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + max + </mo> + </mrow> + </msub> + <mo stretchy="false"> + ) + </mo> + <mo> + = + </mo> + <msub> + <mi> + λ<!-- λ --> + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + max + </mo> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle R(M,v_{\max })=\lambda _{\max }} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/200db82bfdbc81cd227cb3470aa826d6f11a7653" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.213ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="R(M, v_\max) = \lambda_\max" /></span>. + </p> + <p> + The Rayleigh quotient is used in the min-max theorem to get exact values of all eigenvalues. It is also used in eigenvalue algorithms to obtain an eigenvalue approximation from an eigenvector approximation. Specifically, this is the basis for Rayleigh quotient iteration. + </p> + <p> + The range of the Rayleigh quotient (for matrix that is not necessarily Hermitian) is called a numerical range (or spectrum in functional analysis). When the matrix is Hermitian, the numerical range is equal to the spectral norm. Still in functional analysis, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{\max }}"> + <semantics> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> + <msub> + <mi> + λ<!-- λ --> + </mi> + <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> + <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix"> + max + </mo> + </mrow> + </msub> + </mstyle> + </mrow> + <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> + {\displaystyle \lambda _{\max }} + </annotation> + </semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/957584ae6a35f9edf293cb486d7436fb5b75e803" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.646ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="\lambda_\max" /></span> is known as the spectral radius. In the context of C*-algebras or algebraic quantum mechanics, the function that to <span class="texhtml"><i>M</i></span> associates the Rayleigh quotient <span class="texhtml"><i>R</i>(<i>M</i>, <i>x</i>)</span> for a fixed <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>M</i></span> varying through the algebra would be referred to as "vector state" of the algebra. + </p> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h2> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Vector_space" title="Vector space">Vector space</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Skew-Hermitian_matrix" title="Skew-Hermitian matrix">Skew-Hermitian matrix</a> (anti-Hermitian matrix) + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Haynsworth_inertia_additivity_formula" title="Haynsworth inertia additivity formula">Haynsworth inertia additivity formula</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Hermitian_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermitian form">Hermitian form</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator" title="Self-adjoint operator">Self-adjoint operator</a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/wiki/Unitary_matrix" title="Unitary matrix">Unitary matrix</a> + </li> + </ul> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h2> + <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> + <div class="mw-references-wrap"> + <ol class="references"> + <li id="cite_note-1"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frankel" title="Theodore Frankel">Frankel, Theodore</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUnjs6nEn8wC&lpg=PA652&dq=%22Lie%20algebra%22%20physics%20%22skew-Hermitian%22&pg=PA652#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Geometry of Physics: an introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 652. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53927-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53927-7"><bdi>0-521-53927-7</bdi></a>.</cite></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-2"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hep.caltech.edu/~fcp/physics/quantumMechanics/angularMomentum/angularMomentum.pdf">Physics 125 Course Notes</a> at <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a></span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-HornJohnson-3"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HornJohnson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HornJohnson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Horn, Roger A.; Johnson, Charles R. (2013). <i>Matrix Analysis, second edition</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521839402" title="Special:BookSources/9780521839402"><bdi>9780521839402</bdi></a>.</cite></span> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608" /> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-4"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as the <b>Rayleigh–Ritz ratio</b>; named after <a href="/wiki/Walther_Ritz" title="Walther Ritz">Walther Ritz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a>.</span> + </li> + <li id="cite_note-5"> + <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parlet B. N. <i>The symmetric eigenvalue problem</i>, SIAM, Classics in Applied Mathematics,1998</span> + </li> + </ol> + </div> + </div> + <h2> + <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermitian_matrix&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> + </h2> + <ul> + <li> + <cite id="CITEREFHazewinkel2001" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Michiel_Hazewinkel" title="Michiel Hazewinkel">Hazewinkel, Michiel</a>, ed. (2001) [1994], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=p/h047070">"Hermitian matrix"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics" title="Encyclopedia of Mathematics">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></i>, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55608-010-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55608-010-4"><bdi>978-1-55608-010-4</bdi></a></cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608" /> + </li> + <li> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cyut.edu.tw/~ckhung/b/la/hermitian.en.php">Visualizing Hermitian Matrix as An Ellipse with Dr. Geo</a>, by Chao-Kuei Hung from Chaoyang University, gives a more geometric explanation. + </li> + <li> + <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath306/kmath306.htm">"Hermitian Matrices"</a>. <i>MathPages.com</i>.</cite> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608" /> + </li> + </ul><!-- +NewPP limit report +Parsed by mw1375 +Cached time: 20200224203345 +Cache expiry: 2592000 +Dynamic content: false +Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] +CPU time usage: 0.344 seconds +Real time usage: 0.623 seconds +Preprocessor visited node count: 1719/1000000 +Post‐expand include size: 18736/2097152 bytes +Template argument size: 1789/2097152 bytes +Highest expansion depth: 13/40 +Expensive parser function count: 3/500 +Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 +Unstrip post‐expand size: 14154/5000000 bytes +Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 +Lua time usage: 0.107/10.000 seconds +Lua memory usage: 3.33 MB/50 MB +--> + <!-- +Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) +100.00% 423.690 1 -total + 26.69% 113.077 1 Template:Use_American_English + 21.93% 92.904 1 Template:Reflist + 19.39% 82.135 2 Template:Cite_book + 14.77% 62.599 1 Template:Short_description + 9.97% 42.248 1 Template:Expand_section + 7.81% 33.100 1 Template:Ambox + 7.76% 32.863 1 Template:Pagetype + 6.13% 25.975 1 Template:Citation_needed + 5.21% 22.058 1 Template:Fix +--> + <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:189682-0!canonical!math=5 and timestamp 20200224203346 and revision id 942460710 + --> + </div><noscript><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"> + <a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Ермитска матрица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sr">Српски / srpski</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"> + <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermiittinen_matriisi" title="Hermiittinen matriisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="fi">Suomi</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"> + <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitesk_matris" title="Hermitesk matris – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="sv">Svenska</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"> + <a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="ஹெர்மைட் அணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="ta">தமிழ்</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"> + <a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="เมทริกซ์แอร์มิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="th">ไทย</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"> + <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermisyen_matris" title="Hermisyen matris – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="tr">Türkçe</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"> + <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Ермітова матриця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="uk">Українська</a> + </li> + <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"> + <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5" title="埃尔米特矩阵 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target" xml:lang="zh">中文</a> + </li> + </ul> + <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"> + <span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q652941#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> + <ul id="footer-info" class=""> + <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 24 February 2020, at 20:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>. + </li> + <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons 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+ ]]> + </script> + <script type="application/ld+json"> + <![CDATA[ + {"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hermitian matrix","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hermitian_matrix","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q652941","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q652941","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-28T21:51:08Z","dateModified":"2020-02-24T20:33:46Z","headline":"matrix equal to its conjugate-transpose"} + ]]> + </script> + <script> + <![CDATA[ + (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":114,"wgHostname":"mw1248"});}); + ]]> + </script> + </body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.gitattributes b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d291a027 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +.gitattributes export-ignore +.gitignore export-ignore +.php_cs.dist export-ignore +.scrutinizer.yml export-ignore +.travis.yml export-ignore +example.php export-ignore +phpunit.xml.dist export-ignore +/test export-ignore diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.gitignore b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fa9e5861 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +vendor/ +scratch.php +composer.lock +build/ +.php_cs.cache diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.php_cs.dist b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.php_cs.dist new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5e49183d --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.php_cs.dist @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +<?php + +$finder = PhpCsFixer\Finder::create() + ->in(__DIR__) +; + +return PhpCsFixer\Config::create() + ->setRules(array( + '@Symfony' => true, + 'concat_space' => array('spacing' => 'one'), + 'phpdoc_annotation_without_dot' => false, + )) + ->setFinder($finder) +; diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.scrutinizer.yml b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.scrutinizer.yml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcdd2047c --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.scrutinizer.yml @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +tools: + php_mess_detector: true + php_analyzer: + config: + parameter_reference_check: { enabled: false } + checkstyle: { enabled: false, no_trailing_whitespace: true, naming: { enabled: true, local_variable: '^[a-z][a-zA-Z0-9]*$', abstract_class_name: ^Abstract|Factory$, utility_class_name: 'Utils?$', constant_name: '^[A-Z][A-Z0-9]*(?:_[A-Z0-9]+)*$', property_name: '^[a-z][a-zA-Z0-9]*$', method_name: '^(?:[a-z]|__)[a-zA-Z0-9]*$', parameter_name: '^[a-z][a-zA-Z0-9]*$', interface_name: '^[A-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*Interface$', type_name: '^[A-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*$', exception_name: '^[A-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*Exception$', isser_method_name: '^(?:is|has|should|may|supports)' } } + unreachable_code: { enabled: false } + check_access_control: { enabled: false } + typo_checks: { enabled: false } + check_variables: { enabled: false } + check_calls: { enabled: true, too_many_arguments: true, missing_argument: true, argument_type_checks: lenient } + suspicious_code: { enabled: false, overriding_parameter: false, overriding_closure_use: false, parameter_closure_use_conflict: false, parameter_multiple_times: false, non_existent_class_in_instanceof_check: false, non_existent_class_in_catch_clause: false, assignment_of_null_return: false, non_commented_switch_fallthrough: false, non_commented_empty_catch_block: false, overriding_private_members: false, use_statement_alias_conflict: false, precedence_in_condition_assignment: false } + dead_assignments: { enabled: false } + verify_php_doc_comments: { enabled: false, parameters: false, return: false, suggest_more_specific_types: false, ask_for_return_if_not_inferrable: false, ask_for_param_type_annotation: false } + loops_must_use_braces: { enabled: false } + check_usage_context: { enabled: true, foreach: { value_as_reference: true, traversable: true } } + simplify_boolean_return: { enabled: false } + phpunit_checks: { enabled: false } + reflection_checks: { enabled: false } + precedence_checks: { enabled: true, assignment_in_condition: true, comparison_of_bit_result: true } + basic_semantic_checks: { enabled: false } + unused_code: { enabled: false } + deprecation_checks: { enabled: false } + useless_function_calls: { enabled: false } + metrics_lack_of_cohesion_methods: { enabled: false } + metrics_coupling: { enabled: true, stable_code: { namespace_prefixes: { }, classes: { } } } + doctrine_parameter_binding: { enabled: false } + doctrine_entity_manager_injection: { enabled: false } + symfony_request_injection: { enabled: false } + doc_comment_fixes: { enabled: false } + reflection_fixes: { enabled: false } + use_statement_fixes: { enabled: true, remove_unused: true, preserve_multiple: false, preserve_blanklines: false, order_alphabetically: false } + php_code_sniffer: true + sensiolabs_security_checker: true + php_cpd: true + php_loc: true + php_pdepend: true + external_code_coverage: true +filter: + paths: + - src/* diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.travis.yml b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.travis.yml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44661b1d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/.travis.yml @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +language: php +dist: trusty +sudo: false + +matrix: + include: + - php: 5.3 + dist: precise + env: COMPOSER_FLAGS="--prefer-lowest" + - php: 5.4 + - php: 5.5 + - php: 5.6 + env: SCRUTINIZER=1 PHPUNIT_FLAGS="--coverage-clover=coverage.xml" + - php: 7.0 + env: COMPOSER_FLAGS="--prefer-lowest" + - php: 7.1 + env: CS_FIXER=1 + - php: 7.2 + - php: 7.3 + env: BENCHMARK=1 + - php: 7.4 + - php: 8.0 + dist: bionic + fast_finish: true + +cache: + directories: + - $HOME/.composer/cache + +before_script: + - if [[ SCRUTINIZER != '1' ]]; then phpenv config-rm xdebug.ini || true; fi + - composer self-update + - if [[ ${TRAVIS_PHP_VERSION:0:1} == "8" ]]; then composer config platform.php 7.4; fi + - composer update $COMPOSER_FLAGS --prefer-dist + +script: + - stty cols 120 + - if [ "$CS_FIXER" == 1 ]; then wget https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/PHP-CS-Fixer/releases/download/v2.13.1/php-cs-fixer.phar && php php-cs-fixer.phar fix --dry-run --diff; fi + - mkdir -p build/logs + - ./vendor/bin/phpunit $PHPUNIT_FLAGS + +after_script: + - if [ "$SCRUTINIZER" == 1 ]; then wget https://scrutinizer-ci.com/ocular.phar && php ocular.phar code-coverage:upload --format=php-clover coverage.xml; fi + - if [ "$BENCHMARK" == 1 ]; then php test/benchmark/run.php 10; fi + +notifications: + irc: "irc.freenode.net#masterminds" diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/example.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/example.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4e1f22f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/example.php @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +<?php + +require 'vendor/autoload.php'; +use Masterminds\HTML5; + +$html = <<< 'HERE' + <html> + <head> + <title>TEST</title> + <script language="javascript"> + if (2 > 1) { alert("Math wins."); } + </script> + </head> + <body id='foo'> + <!-- This space intentionally left blank. --> + <section class="section-a pretty" id="bar1"> + <h1>Hello World</h1><p>This is a test of the HTML5 parser.</p> + <hr> + & Nobody nowhere. + </section> + <test xmlns:foo="http://example.com/foo">TEST</test> + <![CDATA[Because we can.]]> + © + </body></html> +HERE; + +$html5 = new HTML5(); +$dom = $html5->loadHTML($html); + +echo "Converting to HTML 5\n"; + +$html5->save($dom, fopen('php://stdin', 'w')); diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/phpunit.xml.dist b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/phpunit.xml.dist new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e7750d5b --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/phpunit.xml.dist @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<phpunit colors="true" bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"> + <testsuites> + <testsuite name="PHPUnit"> + <directory>test/HTML5/</directory> + </testsuite> + </testsuites> +</phpunit> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/ElementsTest.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/ElementsTest.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08b5ee425 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/ElementsTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,485 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Elements; + +class ElementsTest extends TestCase +{ + public $html5Elements = array( + 'a', + 'abbr', + 'address', + 'area', + 'article', + 'aside', + 'audio', + 'b', + 'base', + 'bdi', + 'bdo', + 'blockquote', + 'body', + 'br', + 'button', + 'canvas', + 'caption', + 'cite', + 'code', + 'col', + 'colgroup', + 'command', + // "data", + 'datalist', + 'dd', + 'del', + 'details', + 'dfn', + 'dialog', + 'div', + 'dl', + 'dt', + 'em', + 'embed', + 'fieldset', + 'figcaption', + 'figure', + 'footer', + 'form', + 'h1', + 'h2', + 'h3', + 'h4', + 'h5', + 'h6', + 'head', + 'header', + 'hgroup', + 'hr', + 'html', + 'i', + 'iframe', + 'img', + 'input', + 'ins', + 'kbd', + 'keygen', + 'label', + 'legend', + 'li', + 'link', + 'map', + 'mark', + 'menu', + 'meta', + 'meter', + 'nav', + 'noscript', + 'object', + 'ol', + 'optgroup', + 'option', + 'output', + 'p', + 'param', + 'pre', + 'progress', + 'q', + 'rp', + 'rt', + 'ruby', + 's', + 'samp', + 'script', + 'section', + 'select', + 'small', + 'source', + 'span', + 'strong', + 'style', + 'sub', + 'summary', + 'sup', + 'table', + 'tbody', + 'td', + 'textarea', + 'tfoot', + 'th', + 'thead', + 'time', + 'title', + 'tr', + 'track', + 'u', + 'ul', + 'var', + 'video', + 'wbr', + ); + + public $mathmlElements = array( + 'maction', + 'maligngroup', + 'malignmark', + 'math', + 'menclose', + 'merror', + 'mfenced', + 'mfrac', + 'mglyph', + 'mi', + 'mlabeledtr', + 'mlongdiv', + 'mmultiscripts', + 'mn', + 'mo', + 'mover', + 'mpadded', + 'mphantom', + 'mroot', + 'mrow', + 'ms', + 'mscarries', + 'mscarry', + 'msgroup', + 'msline', + 'mspace', + 'msqrt', + 'msrow', + 'mstack', + 'mstyle', + 'msub', + 'msup', + 'msubsup', + 'mtable', + 'mtd', + 'mtext', + 'mtr', + 'munder', + 'munderover', + ); + + public $svgElements = array( + 'a', + 'altGlyph', + 'altGlyphDef', + 'altGlyphItem', + 'animate', + 'animateColor', + 'animateMotion', + 'animateTransform', + 'circle', + 'clipPath', + 'color-profile', + 'cursor', + 'defs', + 'desc', + 'ellipse', + 'feBlend', + 'feColorMatrix', + 'feComponentTransfer', + 'feComposite', + 'feConvolveMatrix', + 'feDiffuseLighting', + 'feDisplacementMap', + 'feDistantLight', + 'feFlood', + 'feFuncA', + 'feFuncB', + 'feFuncG', + 'feFuncR', + 'feGaussianBlur', + 'feImage', + 'feMerge', + 'feMergeNode', + 'feMorphology', + 'feOffset', + 'fePointLight', + 'feSpecularLighting', + 'feSpotLight', + 'feTile', + 'feTurbulence', + 'filter', + 'font', + 'font-face', + 'font-face-format', + 'font-face-name', + 'font-face-src', + 'font-face-uri', + 'foreignObject', + 'g', + 'glyph', + 'glyphRef', + 'hkern', + 'image', + 'line', + 'linearGradient', + 'marker', + 'mask', + 'metadata', + 'missing-glyph', + 'mpath', + 'path', + 'pattern', + 'polygon', + 'polyline', + 'radialGradient', + 'rect', + 'script', + 'set', + 'stop', + 'style', + 'svg', + 'switch', + 'symbol', + 'text', + 'textPath', + 'title', + 'tref', + 'tspan', + 'use', + 'view', + 'vkern', + ); + + public function testIsHtml5Element() + { + foreach ($this->html5Elements as $element) { + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isHtml5Element($element), 'html5 element test failed on: ' . $element); + + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isHtml5Element(strtoupper($element)), 'html5 element test failed on: ' . strtoupper($element)); + } + + $nonhtml5 = array( + 'foo', + 'bar', + 'baz', + ); + foreach ($nonhtml5 as $element) { + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isHtml5Element($element), 'html5 element test failed on: ' . $element); + + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isHtml5Element(strtoupper($element)), 'html5 element test failed on: ' . strtoupper($element)); + } + } + + public function testIsMathMLElement() + { + foreach ($this->mathmlElements as $element) { + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isMathMLElement($element), 'MathML element test failed on: ' . $element); + + // MathML is case sensitive so these should all fail. + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isMathMLElement(strtoupper($element)), 'MathML element test failed on: ' . strtoupper($element)); + } + + $nonMathML = array( + 'foo', + 'bar', + 'baz', + ); + foreach ($nonMathML as $element) { + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isMathMLElement($element), 'MathML element test failed on: ' . $element); + } + } + + public function testIsSvgElement() + { + foreach ($this->svgElements as $element) { + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isSvgElement($element), 'SVG element test failed on: ' . $element); + + // SVG is case sensitive so these should all fail. + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isSvgElement(strtoupper($element)), 'SVG element test failed on: ' . strtoupper($element)); + } + + $nonSVG = array( + 'foo', + 'bar', + 'baz', + ); + foreach ($nonSVG as $element) { + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isSvgElement($element), 'SVG element test failed on: ' . $element); + } + } + + public function testIsElement() + { + foreach ($this->html5Elements as $element) { + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isElement($element), 'html5 element test failed on: ' . $element); + + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isElement(strtoupper($element)), 'html5 element test failed on: ' . strtoupper($element)); + } + + foreach ($this->mathmlElements as $element) { + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isElement($element), 'MathML element test failed on: ' . $element); + + // MathML is case sensitive so these should all fail. + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isElement(strtoupper($element)), 'MathML element test failed on: ' . strtoupper($element)); + } + + foreach ($this->svgElements as $element) { + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isElement($element), 'SVG element test failed on: ' . $element); + + // SVG is case sensitive so these should all fail. But, there is duplication + // html5 and SVG. Since html5 is case insensitive we need to make sure + // it's not a html5 element first. + if (!in_array($element, $this->html5Elements)) { + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isElement(strtoupper($element)), 'SVG element test failed on: ' . strtoupper($element)); + } + } + + $nonhtml5 = array( + 'foo', + 'bar', + 'baz', + ); + foreach ($nonhtml5 as $element) { + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isElement($element), 'html5 element test failed on: ' . $element); + + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isElement(strtoupper($element)), 'html5 element test failed on: ' . strtoupper($element)); + } + } + + public function testElement() + { + foreach ($this->html5Elements as $element) { + $this->assertGreaterThan(0, Elements::element($element)); + } + $nonhtml5 = array( + 'foo', + 'bar', + 'baz', + ); + foreach ($nonhtml5 as $element) { + $this->assertEquals(0, Elements::element($element)); + } + } + + public function testIsA() + { + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isA('script', Elements::KNOWN_ELEMENT)); + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isA('scriptypoo', Elements::KNOWN_ELEMENT)); + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isA('script', Elements::TEXT_RAW)); + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isA('script', Elements::TEXT_RCDATA)); + + $voidElements = array( + 'area', + 'base', + 'basefont', + 'bgsound', + 'br', + 'col', + 'command', + 'embed', + 'frame', + 'hr', + 'img', + ); + + foreach ($voidElements as $element) { + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isA($element, Elements::VOID_TAG), 'Void element test failed on: ' . $element); + } + + $nonVoid = array( + 'span', + 'a', + 'div', + ); + foreach ($nonVoid as $tag) { + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isA($tag, Elements::VOID_TAG), 'Void element test failed on: ' . $tag); + } + + $blockTags = array( + 'address', + 'article', + 'aside', + 'blockquote', + 'canvas', + 'dd', + 'div', + 'dl', + 'fieldset', + 'figcaption', + 'figure', + 'footer', + 'form', + 'h1', + 'h2', + 'h3', + 'h4', + 'h5', + 'h6', + 'header', + 'hgroup', + 'hr', + 'noscript', + 'ol', + 'output', + 'p', + 'pre', + 'section', + 'table', + 'tfoot', + 'ul', + 'video', + ); + + foreach ($blockTags as $tag) { + $this->assertTrue(Elements::isA($tag, Elements::BLOCK_TAG), 'Block tag test failed on: ' . $tag); + } + + $nonBlockTags = array( + 'span', + 'img', + 'label', + ); + foreach ($nonBlockTags as $tag) { + $this->assertFalse(Elements::isA($tag, Elements::BLOCK_TAG), 'Block tag test failed on: ' . $tag); + } + } + + public function testNormalizeSvgElement() + { + $tests = array( + 'foo' => 'foo', + 'altglyph' => 'altGlyph', + 'BAR' => 'bar', + 'fespecularlighting' => 'feSpecularLighting', + 'bAz' => 'baz', + 'foreignobject' => 'foreignObject', + ); + + foreach ($tests as $input => $expected) { + $this->assertEquals($expected, Elements::normalizeSvgElement($input)); + } + } + + public function testNormalizeSvgAttribute() + { + $tests = array( + 'foo' => 'foo', + 'attributename' => 'attributeName', + 'BAR' => 'bar', + 'limitingconeangle' => 'limitingConeAngle', + 'bAz' => 'baz', + 'patterncontentunits' => 'patternContentUnits', + ); + + foreach ($tests as $input => $expected) { + $this->assertEquals($expected, Elements::normalizeSvgAttribute($input)); + } + } + + public function testNormalizeMathMlAttribute() + { + $tests = array( + 'foo' => 'foo', + 'definitionurl' => 'definitionURL', + 'BAR' => 'bar', + ); + + foreach ($tests as $input => $expected) { + $this->assertEquals($expected, Elements::normalizeMathMlAttribute($input)); + } + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Fixtures/encoding/utf-8.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Fixtures/encoding/utf-8.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa5a029ce --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Fixtures/encoding/utf-8.html @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +<!doctype html> +<html> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +</head> +<body> + <p>Žťčýů</p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Fixtures/encoding/windows-1252.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Fixtures/encoding/windows-1252.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0132da5d --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Fixtures/encoding/windows-1252.html @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +<!doctype html> +<html> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=windows-1252"> +</head> +<body> + <p>�����</p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Html5Test.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Html5Test.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a976e8be9 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Html5Test.html @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +<!doctype html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Test</title> + </head> + <body> + <p>This is a test.</p> + </body> +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Html5Test.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Html5Test.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed66d8af2 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Html5Test.php @@ -0,0 +1,492 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests; + +use Masterminds\HTML5; + +class Html5Test extends TestCase +{ + /** + * @var HTML5 + */ + private $html5; + + public function setUp() + { + $this->html5 = $this->getInstance(); + } + + /** + * Parse and serialize a string. + */ + protected function cycle($html) + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!DOCTYPE html><html><body>' . $html . '</body></html>'); + $out = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + + return $out; + } + + protected function cycleFragment($fragment) + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTMLFragment($fragment); + $out = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + + return $out; + } + + public function testImageTagsInSvg() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html> + <html> + <head> + <title>foo</title> + </head> + <body> + <svg> + <image height="10" width="10"></image> + </svg> + </body> + </html>'; + $doc = $this->html5->loadHTML($html); + $this->assertInstanceOf('DOMElement', $doc->getElementsByTagName('image')->item(0)); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + } + + public function testLoadOptions() + { + // doc + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML($this->wrap('<t:tag/>'), array( + 'implicitNamespaces' => array('t' => 'http://example.com'), + 'xmlNamespaces' => true, + )); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + $this->assertFalse($this->html5->hasErrors()); + + $xpath = new \DOMXPath($dom); + $xpath->registerNamespace('t', 'http://example.com'); + $this->assertEquals(1, $xpath->query('//t:tag')->length); + + // doc fragment + $frag = $this->html5->loadHTMLFragment('<t:tag/>', array( + 'implicitNamespaces' => array('t' => 'http://example.com'), + 'xmlNamespaces' => true, + )); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocumentFragment', $frag); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + $this->assertFalse($this->html5->hasErrors()); + + $frag->ownerDocument->appendChild($frag); + $xpath = new \DOMXPath($frag->ownerDocument); + $xpath->registerNamespace('t', 'http://example.com'); + $this->assertEquals(1, $xpath->query('//t:tag', $frag)->length); + } + + public function testEncodingUtf8() + { + $dom = $this->html5->load(__DIR__ . '/Fixtures/encoding/utf-8.html'); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + $this->assertFalse($this->html5->hasErrors()); + + $this->assertContains('Žťčýů', $dom->saveHTML()); + } + + public function testEncodingWindows1252() + { + $dom = $this->html5->load(__DIR__ . '/Fixtures/encoding/windows-1252.html', array( + 'encoding' => 'Windows-1252', + )); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + $this->assertFalse($this->html5->hasErrors()); + + $dumpedAsUtf8 = mb_convert_encoding($dom->saveHTML(), 'UTF-8', 'Windows-1252'); + $this->assertNotFalse(mb_strpos($dumpedAsUtf8, 'Ž')); + $this->assertNotFalse(mb_strpos($dumpedAsUtf8, 'è')); + $this->assertNotFalse(mb_strpos($dumpedAsUtf8, 'ý')); + $this->assertNotFalse(mb_strpos($dumpedAsUtf8, 'ù')); + } + + public function testErrors() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<xx as>'); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + + $this->assertNotEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + $this->assertTrue($this->html5->hasErrors()); + } + + public function testLoad() + { + $dom = $this->html5->load(__DIR__ . '/Html5Test.html'); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + $this->assertFalse($this->html5->hasErrors()); + + $file = fopen(__DIR__ . '/Html5Test.html', 'r'); + $dom = $this->html5->load($file); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTMLFile(__DIR__ . '/Html5Test.html'); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + } + + public function testLoadHTML() + { + $contents = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/Html5Test.html'); + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML($contents); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + } + + public function testLoadHTMLWithComments() + { + $contents = '<!--[if lte IE 8]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en"> <![endif]--> +<!--[if gt IE 8]> <!--><html class="no-js" lang="en"><!--<![endif]--> +</html>'; + + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML($contents); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + + $expected = '<!DOCTYPE html> +<!--[if lte IE 8]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en"> <![endif]--><!--[if gt IE 8]> <!--><html class="no-js" lang="en"><!--<![endif]--></html> +'; + $this->assertEquals($expected, $this->html5->saveHTML($dom)); + } + + public function testLoadHTMLFragment() + { + $fragment = '<section id="Foo"><div class="Bar">Baz</div></section>'; + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTMLFragment($fragment); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocumentFragment', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + } + + public function testSaveHTML() + { + $dom = $this->html5->load(__DIR__ . '/Html5Test.html'); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + + $saved = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + $this->assertRegExp('|<p>This is a test.</p>|', $saved); + } + + public function testSaveHTMLFragment() + { + $fragment = '<section id="Foo"><div class="Bar">Baz</div></section>'; + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTMLFragment($fragment); + + $string = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + $this->assertEquals($fragment, $string); + } + + public function testSave() + { + $dom = $this->html5->load(__DIR__ . '/Html5Test.html'); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + + // Test resource + $file = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $this->html5->save($dom, $file); + $content = stream_get_contents($file, -1, 0); + $this->assertRegExp('|<p>This is a test.</p>|', $content); + + // Test file + $tmpfname = tempnam(sys_get_temp_dir(), 'html5-php'); + $this->html5->save($dom, $tmpfname); + $content = file_get_contents($tmpfname); + $this->assertRegExp('|<p>This is a test.</p>|', $content); + unlink($tmpfname); + } + + // This test reads a document into a dom, turn the dom into a document, + // then tries to read that document again. This makes sure we are reading, + // and generating a document that works at a high level. + public function testItWorks() + { + $dom = $this->html5->load(__DIR__ . '/Html5Test.html'); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + + $saved = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + + $dom2 = $this->html5->loadHTML($saved); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $dom2); + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + } + + public function testConfig() + { + $html5 = $this->getInstance(); + $options = $html5->getOptions(); + $this->assertEquals(false, $options['encode_entities']); + + $html5 = $this->getInstance(array( + 'foo' => 'bar', + 'encode_entities' => true, + )); + $options = $html5->getOptions(); + $this->assertEquals('bar', $options['foo']); + $this->assertEquals(true, $options['encode_entities']); + + // Need to reset to original so future tests pass as expected. + // $this->getInstance()->setOption('encode_entities', false); + } + + public function testSvg() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div id="foo" class="bar baz">foo bar baz</div> + <svg width="150" height="100" viewBox="0 0 3 2"> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="0" fill="#008d46" /> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="1" fill="#ffffff" /> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="2" fill="#d2232c" /> + <text font-family="Verdana" font-size="32"> + <textPath xlink:href="#Foo"> + Test Text. + </textPath> + </text> + </svg> + </body> + </html>'); + + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + + // Test a mixed case attribute. + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('svg'); + $this->assertNotEmpty($list->length); + $svg = $list->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('0 0 3 2', $svg->getAttribute('viewBox')); + $this->assertFalse($svg->hasAttribute('viewbox')); + + // Test a mixed case tag. + // Note: getElementsByTagName is not case sensitive. + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('textPath'); + $this->assertNotEmpty($list->length); + $textPath = $list->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('textPath', $textPath->tagName); + $this->assertNotEquals('textpath', $textPath->tagName); + + $html = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + $this->assertRegExp('|<svg width="150" height="100" viewBox="0 0 3 2">|', $html); + $this->assertRegExp('|<rect width="1" height="2" x="0" fill="#008d46" />|', $html); + } + + public function testMathMl() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div id="foo" class="bar baz" definitionURL="http://example.com">foo bar baz</div> + <math> + <mi>x</mi> + <csymbol definitionURL="http://www.example.com/mathops/multiops.html#plusminus"> + <mo>±</mo> + </csymbol> + <mi>y</mi> + </math> + </body> + </html>'); + + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('math'); + $this->assertNotEmpty($list->length); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('div'); + $this->assertNotEmpty($list->length); + $div = $list->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('http://example.com', $div->getAttribute('definitionurl')); + $this->assertFalse($div->hasAttribute('definitionURL')); + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('csymbol'); + $csymbol = $list->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.example.com/mathops/multiops.html#plusminus', $csymbol->getAttribute('definitionURL')); + $this->assertFalse($csymbol->hasAttribute('definitionurl')); + + $html = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + $this->assertRegExp('|<csymbol definitionURL="http://www.example.com/mathops/multiops.html#plusminus">|', $html); + $this->assertRegExp('|<mi>y</mi>|', $html); + } + + public function testUnknownElements() + { + // The : should not have special handling accourding to section 2.9 of the + // spec. This is differenant than XML. Since we don't know these elements + // they are handled as normal elements. Note, to do this is really + // an invalid example and you should not embed prefixed xml in html5. + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTMLFragment( + '<f:rug> + <f:name>Big rectangle thing</f:name> + <f:width>40</f:width> + <f:length>80</f:length> + </f:rug> + <sarcasm>um, yeah</sarcasm>'); + + $this->assertEmpty($this->html5->getErrors()); + $markup = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + $this->assertRegExp('|<f:name>Big rectangle thing</f:name>|', $markup); + $this->assertRegExp('|<sarcasm>um, yeah</sarcasm>|', $markup); + } + + public function testElements() + { + // Should have content. + $res = $this->cycle('<div>FOO</div>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<div>FOO</div>|', $res); + + // Should be empty + $res = $this->cycle('<span></span>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<span></span>|', $res); + + // Should have content. + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<div>FOO</div>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<div>FOO</div>|', $res); + + // Should be empty + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<span></span>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<span></span>|', $res); + + // Elements with dashes and underscores + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<sp-an></sp-an>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<sp-an></sp-an>|', $res); + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<sp_an></sp_an>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<sp_an></sp_an>|', $res); + + // Should have no closing tag. + $res = $this->cycle('<hr>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<hr></body>|', $res); + } + + public function testAttributes() + { + $res = $this->cycle('<use xlink:href="#svg-track" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use>'); + $this->assertContains('<use xlink:href="#svg-track" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use>', $res); + + $res = $this->cycle('<div attr="val">FOO</div>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<div attr="val">FOO</div>|', $res); + + // XXX: Note that spec does NOT require attrs in the same order. + $res = $this->cycle('<div attr="val" class="even">FOO</div>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<div attr="val" class="even">FOO</div>|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycle('<div xmlns:foo="http://example.com">FOO</div>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<div xmlns:foo="http://example.com">FOO</div>|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<div attr="val">FOO</div>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<div attr="val">FOO</div>|', $res); + + // XXX: Note that spec does NOT require attrs in the same order. + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<div attr="val" class="even">FOO</div>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<div attr="val" class="even">FOO</div>|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<div xmlns:foo="http://example.com">FOO</div>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<div xmlns:foo="http://example.com">FOO</div>|', $res); + } + + public function testPCData() + { + $res = $this->cycle('<a>This is a test.</a>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|This is a test.|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<a>This is a test.</a>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|This is a test.|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycle('This + is + a + test.'); + + // Check that newlines are there, but don't count spaces. + $this->assertRegExp('|This\n\s*is\n\s*a\n\s*test.|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('This + is + a + test.'); + + // Check that newlines are there, but don't count spaces. + $this->assertRegExp('|This\n\s*is\n\s*a\n\s*test.|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycle('<a>This <em>is</em> a test.</a>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|This <em>is</em> a test.|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<a>This <em>is</em> a test.</a>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|This <em>is</em> a test.|', $res); + } + + public function testUnescaped() + { + $res = $this->cycle('<script>2 < 1</script>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|2 < 1|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycle('<style>div>div>div</style>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|div>div>div|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<script>2 < 1</script>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|2 < 1|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<style>div>div>div</style>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|div>div>div|', $res); + } + + public function testEntities() + { + $res = $this->cycle('<a>Apples & bananas.</a>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|Apples & bananas.|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<a>Apples & bananas.</a>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|Apples & bananas.|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('<p>R&D</p>'); + $this->assertRegExp('|R&D|', $res); + } + + public function testCaseSensitiveTags() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<html><body><Button color="red">Error</Button></body></html>', + array( + 'xmlNamespaces' => true, + ) + ); + $out = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + $this->assertRegExp('|<html><body><Button color="red">Error</Button></body></html>|', $out); + } + + public function testComment() + { + $res = $this->cycle('a<!-- This is a test. -->b'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<!-- This is a test. -->|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('a<!-- This is a test. -->b'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<!-- This is a test. -->|', $res); + } + + public function testCDATA() + { + $res = $this->cycle('a<![CDATA[ This <is> a test. ]]>b'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<!\[CDATA\[ This <is> a test\. \]\]>|', $res); + + $res = $this->cycleFragment('a<![CDATA[ This <is> a test. ]]>b'); + $this->assertRegExp('|<!\[CDATA\[ This <is> a test\. \]\]>|', $res); + } + + public function testAnchorTargetQueryParam() + { + $res = $this->cycle('<a href="https://domain.com/page.php?foo=bar&target=baz">https://domain.com/page.php?foo=bar&target=baz</a>'); + $this->assertContains( + '<a href="https://domain.com/page.php?foo=bar&target=baz">https://domain.com/page.php?foo=bar&target=baz</a>', + $res + ); + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/CharacterReferenceTest.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/CharacterReferenceTest.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5eee73c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/CharacterReferenceTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +<?php +/** + * @file + * Test the Scanner. This requires the InputStream tests are all good. + */ + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Parser; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\CharacterReference; + +class CharacterReferenceTest extends \Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\TestCase +{ + public function testLookupName() + { + $this->assertEquals('&', CharacterReference::lookupName('amp')); + $this->assertEquals('<', CharacterReference::lookupName('lt')); + $this->assertEquals('>', CharacterReference::lookupName('gt')); + $this->assertEquals('"', CharacterReference::lookupName('quot')); + $this->assertEquals('∌', CharacterReference::lookupName('NotReverseElement')); + + $this->assertNull(CharacterReference::lookupName('StinkyCheese')); + } + + public function testLookupHex() + { + $this->assertEquals('<', CharacterReference::lookupHex('3c')); + $this->assertEquals('<', CharacterReference::lookupHex('003c')); + $this->assertEquals('&', CharacterReference::lookupHex('26')); + $this->assertEquals('}', CharacterReference::lookupHex('7d')); + $this->assertEquals('Σ', CharacterReference::lookupHex('3A3')); + $this->assertEquals('Σ', CharacterReference::lookupHex('03A3')); + $this->assertEquals('Σ', CharacterReference::lookupHex('3a3')); + $this->assertEquals('Σ', CharacterReference::lookupHex('03a3')); + } + + public function testLookupDecimal() + { + $this->assertEquals('&', CharacterReference::lookupDecimal(38)); + $this->assertEquals('&', CharacterReference::lookupDecimal('38')); + $this->assertEquals('<', CharacterReference::lookupDecimal(60)); + $this->assertEquals('Σ', CharacterReference::lookupDecimal(931)); + $this->assertEquals('Σ', CharacterReference::lookupDecimal('0931')); + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/DOMTreeBuilderTest.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/DOMTreeBuilderTest.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..659378c68 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/DOMTreeBuilderTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,743 @@ +<?php +/** + * @file + * Test the Tree Builder. + */ + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Parser; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\Scanner; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\Tokenizer; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\DOMTreeBuilder; + +/** + * These tests are functional, not necessarily unit tests. + */ +class DOMTreeBuilderTest extends \Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\TestCase +{ + protected $errors = array(); + + /** + * Convenience function for parsing. + */ + protected function parse($string, array $options = array()) + { + $treeBuilder = new DOMTreeBuilder(false, $options); + $scanner = new Scanner($string); + $parser = new Tokenizer($scanner, $treeBuilder); + + $parser->parse(); + $this->errors = $treeBuilder->getErrors(); + + return $treeBuilder->document(); + } + + /** + * Utility function for parsing a fragment of HTML5. + */ + protected function parseFragment($string) + { + $treeBuilder = new DOMTreeBuilder(true); + $scanner = new Scanner($string); + $parser = new Tokenizer($scanner, $treeBuilder); + + $parser->parse(); + $this->errors = $treeBuilder->getErrors(); + + return $treeBuilder->fragment(); + } + + public function testDocument() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $this->assertEquals('UTF-8', $doc->encoding); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $doc); + $this->assertEquals('html', $doc->documentElement->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml', $doc->documentElement->namespaceURI); + } + + public function testBareAmpersand() + { + $html = "<!doctype html> + <html> + <body> + <img src='a&b' /> + <img src='a&=' /> + <img src='a&=c' /> + <img src='a&=9' /> + </body> + </html>"; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $this->assertEmpty($this->errors); + $this->assertXmlStringEqualsXmlString(' + <!DOCTYPE html> + <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><body> + <img src="a&b"/> + <img src="a&="/> + <img src="a&=c"/> + <img src="a&=9"/> + </body> + </html>', $doc->saveXML()); + } + + public function testBareAmpersandNotAllowedInAttributes() + { + $html = "<!doctype html> + <html> + <body> + <img src='a&' /> + <img src='a&+' /> + </body> + </html>"; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $this->assertCount(2, $this->errors); + $this->assertXmlStringEqualsXmlString(' + <!DOCTYPE html> + <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><body> + <img src="a&"/> + <img src="a&+"/> + </body> + </html>', $doc->saveXML()); + } + + public function testBareAmpersandNotAllowedInBody() + { + $html = '<!doctype html> + <html> + <body> + a&b + a&= + a&=c + a&=9 + a&+ + a& -- valid + </body> + </html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $this->assertCount(5, $this->errors); + $this->assertXmlStringEqualsXmlString(' + <!DOCTYPE html> + <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><body> + a&b + a&= + a&=c + a&=9 + a&+ + a& -- valid + </body> + </html>', $doc->saveXML()); + } + + public function testEntityAtEndOfFile() + { + $fragment = $this->parseFragment('&#'); + $this->assertInstanceOf('DOMDocumentFragment', $fragment); + $this->assertSame('&#', $fragment->textContent); + $this->assertEquals('Line 1, Col 2: Expected &#DEC; &#HEX;, got EOF', $this->errors[0]); + } + + public function testStrangeCapitalization() + { + $html = '<!doctype html> + <html> + <head> + <Title>Hello, world!</TitlE> + </head> + <body>TheBody<script>foo</script></body> + </html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $doc); + $this->assertEquals('html', $doc->documentElement->tagName); + + $xpath = new \DOMXPath($doc); + $xpath->registerNamespace('x', 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'); + + $this->assertEquals('Hello, world!', $xpath->query('//x:title')->item(0)->nodeValue); + $this->assertEquals('foo', $xpath->query('//x:script')->item(0)->nodeValue); + } + + public function testDocumentWithDisabledNamespaces() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html, array('disable_html_ns' => true)); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $doc); + $this->assertEquals('html', $doc->documentElement->tagName); + $this->assertNull($doc->documentElement->namespaceURI); + } + + public function testDocumentWithATargetDocument() + { + $targetDom = new \DOMDocument(); + + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html, array('target_document' => $targetDom)); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocument', $doc); + $this->assertSame($doc, $targetDom); + $this->assertEquals('html', $doc->documentElement->tagName); + } + + public function testDocumentFakeAttrAbsence() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><body>foo</body></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html, array('xmlNamespaces' => true)); + + $xp = new \DOMXPath($doc); + $this->assertEquals(0, $xp->query('//@html5-php-fake-id-attribute')->length); + } + + public function testFragment() + { + $html = '<div>test</div><span>test2</span>'; + $doc = $this->parseFragment($html); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocumentFragment', $doc); + $this->assertTrue($doc->hasChildNodes()); + $this->assertEquals('div', $doc->childNodes->item(0)->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('test', $doc->childNodes->item(0)->textContent); + $this->assertEquals('span', $doc->childNodes->item(1)->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('test2', $doc->childNodes->item(1)->textContent); + } + + public function testElements() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title></title></head><body></body></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $root = $doc->documentElement; + + $this->assertEquals('html', $root->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('html', $root->localName); + $this->assertEquals('html', $root->nodeName); + + $this->assertEquals(2, $root->childNodes->length); + $kids = $root->childNodes; + + $this->assertEquals('head', $kids->item(0)->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('body', $kids->item(1)->tagName); + + $head = $kids->item(0); + $this->assertEquals(1, $head->childNodes->length); + $this->assertEquals('title', $head->childNodes->item(0)->tagName); + } + + public function testImplicitNamespaces() + { + $dom = $this->parse('<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><a xlink:href="bar">foo</a></body></html>'); + $a = $dom->getElementsByTagName('a')->item(0); + $attr = $a->getAttributeNode('xlink:href'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink', $attr->namespaceURI); + + $dom = $this->parse('<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><a xml:base="bar">foo</a></body></html>'); + $a = $dom->getElementsByTagName('a')->item(0); + $attr = $a->getAttributeNode('xml:base'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace', $attr->namespaceURI); + } + + public function testCustomImplicitNamespaces() + { + $dom = $this->parse('<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><a t:href="bar">foo</a></body></html>', array( + 'implicitNamespaces' => array( + 't' => 'http://www.example.com', + ), + )); + $a = $dom->getElementsByTagName('a')->item(0); + $attr = $a->getAttributeNode('t:href'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.example.com', $attr->namespaceURI); + + $dom = $this->parse('<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><t:a>foo</t:a></body></html>', array( + 'implicitNamespaces' => array( + 't' => 'http://www.example.com', + ), + )); + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagNameNS('http://www.example.com', 'a'); + $this->assertEquals(1, $list->length); + } + + public function testXmlNamespaces() + { + $dom = $this->parse( + '<!DOCTYPE html><html> + <t:body xmlns:t="http://www.example.com"> + <a t:href="bar">foo</a> + </body> + <div>foo</div> + </html>', array( + 'xmlNamespaces' => true, + )); + $a = $dom->getElementsByTagName('a')->item(0); + $attr = $a->getAttributeNode('t:href'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.example.com', $attr->namespaceURI); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagNameNS('http://www.example.com', 'body'); + $this->assertEquals(1, $list->length); + } + + public function testXmlNamespaceNesting() + { + $dom = $this->parse( + '<!DOCTYPE html><html> + <body xmlns:x="http://www.prefixed.com" id="body"> + <a id="bar1" xmlns="http://www.prefixed.com/bar1"> + <b id="bar4" xmlns="http://www.prefixed.com/bar4"><x:prefixed id="prefixed"/></b> + </a> + <svg id="svg"></svg> + <c id="bar2" xmlns="http://www.prefixed.com/bar2"></c> + <div id="div"></div> + <d id="bar3"></d> + <xn:d xmlns:xn="http://www.prefixed.com/xn" xmlns="http://www.prefixed.com/bar5_x" id="bar5"><x id="bar5_x"/></xn:d> + </body> + </html>', array( + 'xmlNamespaces' => true, + )); + + $this->assertEmpty($this->errors); + + $div = $dom->getElementById('div'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml', $div->namespaceURI); + + $body = $dom->getElementById('body'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml', $body->namespaceURI); + + $bar1 = $dom->getElementById('bar1'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.prefixed.com/bar1', $bar1->namespaceURI); + + $bar2 = $dom->getElementById('bar2'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.prefixed.com/bar2', $bar2->namespaceURI); + + $bar3 = $dom->getElementById('bar3'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml', $bar3->namespaceURI); + + $bar4 = $dom->getElementById('bar4'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.prefixed.com/bar4', $bar4->namespaceURI); + + $svg = $dom->getElementById('svg'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', $svg->namespaceURI); + + $prefixed = $dom->getElementById('prefixed'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.prefixed.com', $prefixed->namespaceURI); + + $prefixed = $dom->getElementById('bar5'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.prefixed.com/xn', $prefixed->namespaceURI); + + $prefixed = $dom->getElementById('bar5_x'); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.prefixed.com/bar5_x', $prefixed->namespaceURI); + } + + public function testMoveNonInlineElements() + { + $doc = $this->parse('<p>line1<br/><hr/>line2</p>'); + $this->assertEquals('<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>line1<br/></p><hr/>line2</html>', $doc->saveXML($doc->documentElement), 'Move non-inline elements outside of inline containers.'); + + $doc = $this->parse('<p>line1<div>line2</div></p>'); + $this->assertEquals('<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>line1</p><div>line2</div></html>', $doc->saveXML($doc->documentElement), 'Move non-inline elements outside of inline containers.'); + } + + public function testAttributes() + { + $html = "<!DOCTYPE html> + <html> + <head><title></title></head> + <body id='a' class='b c'></body> + </html>"; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $root = $doc->documentElement; + + $body = $root->GetElementsByTagName('body')->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('body', $body->tagName); + $this->assertTrue($body->hasAttributes()); + $this->assertEquals('a', $body->getAttribute('id')); + $this->assertEquals('b c', $body->getAttribute('class')); + + $body2 = $doc->getElementById('a'); + $this->assertEquals('body', $body2->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('a', $body2->getAttribute('id')); + } + + public function testSVGAttributes() + { + $html = "<!DOCTYPE html> + <html><body> + <svg width='150' viewbox='2'> + <rect textlength='2'/> + <animatecolor>foo</animatecolor> + </svg> + </body></html>"; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $root = $doc->documentElement; + + $svg = $root->getElementsByTagName('svg')->item(0); + $this->assertTrue($svg->hasAttribute('viewBox')); + + $rect = $root->getElementsByTagName('rect')->item(0); + $this->assertTrue($rect->hasAttribute('textLength')); + + $ac = $root->getElementsByTagName('animateColor'); + $this->assertEquals(1, $ac->length); + } + + public function testMathMLAttribute() + { + $html = '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <math> + <mi>x</mi> + <csymbol definitionurl="http://www.example.com/mathops/multiops.html#plusminus"> + <mo>±</mo> + </csymbol> + <mi>y</mi> + </math> + </body> + </html>'; + + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $root = $doc->documentElement; + + $csymbol = $root->getElementsByTagName('csymbol')->item(0); + $this->assertTrue($csymbol->hasAttribute('definitionURL')); + } + + public function testMissingHtmlTag() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><title>test</title>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $this->assertEquals('html', $doc->documentElement->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('title', $doc->documentElement->childNodes->item(0)->tagName); + } + + public function testComment() + { + $html = '<html><!--Hello World.--></html>'; + + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $comment = $doc->documentElement->childNodes->item(0); + $this->assertEquals(XML_COMMENT_NODE, $comment->nodeType); + $this->assertEquals('Hello World.', $comment->data); + + $html = '<!--Hello World.--><html></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $comment = $doc->childNodes->item(1); + $this->assertEquals(XML_COMMENT_NODE, $comment->nodeType); + $this->assertEquals('Hello World.', $comment->data); + + $comment = $doc->childNodes->item(2); + $this->assertEquals(XML_ELEMENT_NODE, $comment->nodeType); + $this->assertEquals('html', $comment->tagName); + } + + public function testCDATA() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><math><![CDATA[test]]></math></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $wrapper = $doc->getElementsByTagName('math')->item(0); + $this->assertEquals(1, $wrapper->childNodes->length); + $cdata = $wrapper->childNodes->item(0); + $this->assertEquals(XML_CDATA_SECTION_NODE, $cdata->nodeType); + $this->assertEquals('test', $cdata->data); + } + + public function testText() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><head></head><body><math>test</math></body></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $wrapper = $doc->getElementsByTagName('math')->item(0); + $this->assertEquals(1, $wrapper->childNodes->length); + $data = $wrapper->childNodes->item(0); + $this->assertEquals(XML_TEXT_NODE, $data->nodeType); + $this->assertEquals('test', $data->data); + + // The DomTreeBuilder has special handling for text when in before head mode. + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html> + Foo<head></head><body></body></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $this->assertEquals('Line 0, Col 0: Unexpected text. Ignoring: Foo', $this->errors[0]); + $headElement = $doc->documentElement->firstChild; + $this->assertEquals('head', $headElement->tagName); + } + + public function testParseErrors() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><math><![CDATA[test'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + // We're JUST testing that we can access errors. Actual testing of + // error messages happen in the Tokenizer's tests. + $this->assertGreaterThan(0, count($this->errors)); + $this->assertTrue(is_string($this->errors[0])); + } + + public function testProcessingInstruction() + { + // Test the simple case, which is where PIs are inserted into the DOM. + $doc = $this->parse('<!DOCTYPE html><html><?foo bar?>'); + $this->assertEquals(1, $doc->documentElement->childNodes->length); + $pi = $doc->documentElement->firstChild; + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMProcessingInstruction', $pi); + $this->assertEquals('foo', $pi->nodeName); + $this->assertEquals('bar', $pi->data); + + // Leading xml PIs should be ignored. + $doc = $this->parse('<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE html><html><head></head></html>'); + + $this->assertEquals(2, $doc->childNodes->length); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocumentType', $doc->childNodes->item(0)); + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMElement', $doc->childNodes->item(1)); + } + + public function testAutocloseP() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><p><figure></body></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $p = $doc->getElementsByTagName('p')->item(0); + $this->assertEquals(0, $p->childNodes->length); + $this->assertEquals('figure', $p->nextSibling->tagName); + } + + public function testAutocloseLI() + { + $html = '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <ul><li>Foo<li>Bar<li>Baz</ul> + </body> + </html>'; + + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $length = $doc->getElementsByTagName('ul')->item(0)->childNodes->length; + $this->assertEquals(3, $length); + } + + public function testMathML() + { + $html = '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> + <mi>x</mi> + <csymbol definitionurl="http://www.example.com/mathops/multiops.html#plusminus"> + <mo>±</mo> + </csymbol> + <mi>y</mi> + </math> + </body> + </html>'; + + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $math = $doc->getElementsByTagName('math')->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('math', $math->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('math', $math->nodeName); + $this->assertEquals('math', $math->localName); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML', $math->namespaceURI); + } + + public function testSVG() + { + $html = '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <svg width="150" height="100" viewBox="0 0 3 2" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="2" fill="#d2232c" /> + <text font-family="Verdana" font-size="32"> + <textpath xlink:href="#Foo"> + Test Text. + </textPath> + </text> + </svg> + </body> + </html>'; + + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $svg = $doc->getElementsByTagName('svg')->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('svg', $svg->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('svg', $svg->nodeName); + $this->assertEquals('svg', $svg->localName); + $this->assertEquals('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', $svg->namespaceURI); + + $textPath = $doc->getElementsByTagName('textPath')->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('textPath', $textPath->tagName); + } + + public function testNoScript() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><noscript>No JS</noscript></head></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $this->assertEmpty($this->errors); + $noscript = $doc->getElementsByTagName('noscript')->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('noscript', $noscript->tagName); + + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><noscript><p>No JS</p></noscript></body></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $this->assertEmpty($this->errors); + $p = $doc->getElementsByTagName('p')->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('p', $p->tagName); + } + + /** + * Regression for issue #13. + */ + public function testRegressionHTMLNoBody() + { + $html = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><span id="test">Test</span></html>'; + $doc = $this->parse($html); + $span = $doc->getElementById('test'); + + $this->assertEmpty($this->errors); + + $this->assertEquals('span', $span->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('Test', $span->textContent); + } + + public function testInstructionProcessor() + { + $string = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><?foo bar ?></html>'; + + $treeBuilder = new DOMTreeBuilder(); + $is = new InstructionProcessorMock(); + $treeBuilder->setInstructionProcessor($is); + + $scanner = new Scanner($string); + $parser = new Tokenizer($scanner, $treeBuilder); + + $parser->parse(); + $dom = $treeBuilder->document(); + $div = $dom->getElementsByTagName('div')->item(0); + + $this->assertEquals(1, $is->count); + $this->assertEquals('foo', $is->name); + $this->assertEquals('bar ', $is->data); + $this->assertEquals('div', $div->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('foo', $div->textContent); + } + + public function testSelectGroupedOptions() + { + $html = <<<EOM +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <title>testSelectGroupedOptions</title> + </head> + <body> + <select> + <optgroup id="first" label="first"> + <option value="foo">foo</option> + <option value="bar">bar</option> + <option value="baz">baz</option> + </optgroup> + <optgroup id="second" label="second"> + <option value="lorem">lorem</option> + <option value="ipsum">ipsum</option> + </optgroup> + </select> + </body> +</html> +EOM; + $dom = $this->parse($html); + + $this->assertSame(3, $dom->getElementById('first')->getElementsByTagName('option')->length); + $this->assertSame(2, $dom->getElementById('second')->getElementsByTagName('option')->length); + } + + public function testVoidTag() + { + $html = <<<EOM +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <title>testVoidTag</title> + <meta> + <meta> + </head> + <body></body> +</html> +EOM; + + $dom = $this->parse($html); + $this->assertSame(2, $dom->getElementsByTagName('meta')->length); + $this->assertSame(0, $dom->getElementsByTagName('meta')->item(0)->childNodes->length); + $this->assertSame(0, $dom->getElementsByTagName('meta')->item(1)->childNodes->length); + } + + public function testIgnoreSelfClosingTag() + { + $html = <<<EOM +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <title>testIllegalSelfClosingTag</title> + </head> + <body> + <div /><span>Hello, World!</span></div> + </body> +</html> +EOM; + + $dom = $this->parse($html); + $this->assertSame(1, $dom->getElementsByTagName('div')->item(0)->childNodes->length); + } + + public function testIAudioInParagraph() + { + $html = <<<EOM +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <title>testIllegalSelfClosingTag</title> + </head> + <body> + <p> + <audio preload="none" controls="controls"> + <source src="https://example.com/test.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /> + Your browser does not support the audio element. + </audio> + </p> + </body> +</html>> +</html> +EOM; + + $dom = $this->parse($html); + $audio = $dom->getElementsByTagName('audio')->item(0); + + $this->assertSame('p', $audio->parentNode->nodeName); + $this->assertSame(3, $audio->childNodes->length); + } + + public function testClosingBr() + { + $html = <<<EOM +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <title>testClosingBr</title> + </head> + <body> + <p> + This line ends with a normal line break <br class="attribute-should-be-retained"> + This line ends with a line break marked up as a closing tag </br class="attribute-should-be-discarded"> + </p> + </body> +</html>> +</html> +EOM; + + $dom = $this->parse($html); + + $this->assertSame(2, $dom->getElementsByTagName('br')->length); + $this->assertSame(1, $dom->getElementsByTagName('br')->item(0)->attributes->length); + $this->assertSame(0, $dom->getElementsByTagName('br')->item(1)->attributes->length); + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/EventStack.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/EventStack.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d1de7708 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/EventStack.php @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Parser; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Elements; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\EventHandler; + +/** + * This testing class gathers events from a parser and builds a stack of events. + * It is useful for checking the output of a tokenizer. + * + * IMPORTANT: + * + * The startTag event also kicks the parser into TEXT_RAW when it encounters + * script or pre tags. This is to match the behavior required by the HTML5 spec, + * which says that the tree builder must tell the tokenizer when to switch states. + */ +class EventStack implements EventHandler +{ + protected $stack; + + public function __construct() + { + $this->stack = array(); + } + + /** + * Get the event stack. + */ + public function events() + { + return $this->stack; + } + + public function depth() + { + return count($this->stack); + } + + public function get($index) + { + return $this->stack[$index]; + } + + protected function store($event, $data = null) + { + $this->stack[] = array( + 'name' => $event, + 'data' => $data, + ); + } + + public function doctype($name, $type = 0, $id = null, $quirks = false) + { + $args = array( + $name, + $type, + $id, + $quirks, + ); + $this->store('doctype', $args); + } + + public function startTag($name, $attributes = array(), $selfClosing = false) + { + $args = func_get_args(); + $this->store('startTag', $args); + if ('pre' == $name || 'script' == $name) { + return Elements::TEXT_RAW; + } + } + + public function endTag($name) + { + $this->store('endTag', array( + $name, + )); + } + + public function comment($cdata) + { + $this->store('comment', array( + $cdata, + )); + } + + public function cdata($data) + { + $this->store('cdata', func_get_args()); + } + + public function text($cdata) + { + // fprintf(STDOUT, "Received TEXT event with: " . $cdata); + $this->store('text', array( + $cdata, + )); + } + + public function eof() + { + $this->store('eof'); + } + + public function parseError($msg, $line, $col) + { + // throw new EventStackParseError(sprintf("%s (line %d, col %d)", $msg, $line, $col)); + // $this->store(sprintf("%s (line %d, col %d)", $msg, $line, $col)); + $this->store('error', func_get_args()); + } + + public function processingInstruction($name, $data = null) + { + $this->store('pi', func_get_args()); + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/EventStackError.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/EventStackError.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05c0a498f --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/EventStackError.php @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Parser; + +class EventStackError extends \Exception +{ +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/InstructionProcessorMock.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/InstructionProcessorMock.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4637a802c --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/InstructionProcessorMock.php @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Parser; + +class InstructionProcessorMock implements \Masterminds\HTML5\InstructionProcessor +{ + public $name = null; + + public $data = null; + + public $count = 0; + + public function process(\DOMElement $element, $name, $data) + { + $this->name = $name; + $this->data = $data; + ++$this->count; + + $div = $element->ownerDocument->createElement('div'); + $div->nodeValue = 'foo'; + + $element->appendChild($div); + + return $div; + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/ScannerTest.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/ScannerTest.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f75c4dba --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/ScannerTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +<?php +/** + * @file + * Test the Scanner. This requires the InputStream tests are all good. + */ + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Parser; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\StringInputStream; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\Scanner; + +class ScannerTest extends \Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\TestCase +{ + /** + * A canary test to make sure the basics are setup and working. + */ + public function testConstructDeprecated() + { + $is = new StringInputStream('abc'); + $s = new Scanner($is); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\Scanner', $s); + } + + public function testConstruct() + { + $this->assertInstanceOf('\Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\Scanner', new Scanner('abc')); + } + + public function testNextDeprecated() + { + $s = new Scanner(new StringInputStream('abc')); + + $this->assertEquals('b', $s->next()); + $this->assertEquals('c', $s->next()); + } + + public function testNext() + { + $s = new Scanner('abc'); + + $this->assertEquals('b', $s->next()); + $this->assertEquals('c', $s->next()); + } + + public function testPosition() + { + $s = new Scanner('abc'); + + $this->assertEquals(0, $s->position()); + + $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals(1, $s->position()); + } + + public function testPeek() + { + $s = new Scanner('abc'); + + $this->assertEquals('b', $s->peek()); + + $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals('c', $s->peek()); + } + + public function testCurrent() + { + $s = new Scanner('abc'); + + // Before scanning the string begins the current is empty. + $this->assertEquals('a', $s->current()); + + $c = $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals('b', $s->current()); + + // Test movement through the string. + $c = $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals('c', $s->current()); + } + + public function testUnconsume() + { + $s = new Scanner('abcdefghijklmnopqrst'); + + // Get initial position. + $s->next(); + $start = $s->position(); + + // Move forward a bunch of positions. + $amount = 7; + for ($i = 0; $i < $amount; ++$i) { + $s->next(); + } + + // Roll back the amount we moved forward. + $s->unconsume($amount); + + $this->assertEquals($start, $s->position()); + } + + public function testGetHex() + { + $s = new Scanner('ab13ck45DE*'); + + $this->assertEquals('ab13c', $s->getHex()); + + $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals('45DE', $s->getHex()); + } + + public function testGetAsciiAlpha() + { + $s = new Scanner('abcdef1%mnop*'); + + $this->assertEquals('abcdef', $s->getAsciiAlpha()); + + // Move past the 1% to scan the next group of text. + $s->next(); + $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals('mnop', $s->getAsciiAlpha()); + } + + public function testGetAsciiAlphaNum() + { + $s = new Scanner('abcdef1ghpo#mn94op'); + + $this->assertEquals('abcdef1ghpo', $s->getAsciiAlphaNum()); + + // Move past the # to scan the next group of text. + $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals('mn94op', $s->getAsciiAlphaNum()); + } + + public function testGetNumeric() + { + $s = new Scanner('1784a 45 9867 #'); + + $this->assertEquals('1784', $s->getNumeric()); + + // Move past the 'a ' to scan the next group of text. + $s->next(); + $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals('45', $s->getNumeric()); + } + + public function testCurrentLine() + { + $s = new Scanner("1784a\n45\n9867 #\nThis is a test."); + + $this->assertEquals(1, $s->currentLine()); + + // Move to the next line. + $s->getAsciiAlphaNum(); + $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals(2, $s->currentLine()); + } + + public function testColumnOffset() + { + $s = new Scanner("1784a a\n45 9867 #\nThis is a test."); + + // Move the pointer to the space. + $s->getAsciiAlphaNum(); + $this->assertEquals(5, $s->columnOffset()); + + // We move the pointer ahead. There must be a better way to do this. + $s->next(); + $s->next(); + $s->next(); + $s->next(); + $s->next(); + $s->next(); + $this->assertEquals(3, $s->columnOffset()); + } + + public function testRemainingChars() + { + $string = "\n45\n9867 #\nThis is a test."; + $s = new Scanner("1784a\n45\n9867 #\nThis is a test."); + + $s->getAsciiAlphaNum(); + $this->assertEquals($string, $s->remainingChars()); + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/TokenizerTest.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/TokenizerTest.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5284d30df --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/TokenizerTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,978 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Parser; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\UTF8Utils; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\Scanner; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\Tokenizer; + +class TokenizerTest extends \Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\TestCase +{ + // ================================================================ + // Additional assertions. + // ================================================================ + + /** + * Tests that an event matches both the event type and the expected value. + * + * @param string $type + * Expected event type + * @param string $expects + * The value expected in $event['data'][0] + */ + public function assertEventEquals($type, $expects, $event) + { + $this->assertEquals($type, $event['name'], "Event $type for " . print_r($event, true)); + if (is_array($expects)) { + $this->assertEquals($expects, $event['data'], "Event $type should equal " . print_r($expects, true) . ': ' . print_r($event, true)); + } else { + $d = (is_array($event['data']) ? $event['data'][0] : null); + $this->assertEquals($expects, $d, "Event $type should equal $expects: " . print_r($event, true)); + } + } + + /** + * Assert that a given event is 'error'. + */ + public function assertEventError($event) + { + $this->assertEquals('error', $event['name'], 'Expected error for event: ' . print_r($event, true)); + } + + /** + * Asserts that all of the tests are good. + * + * This loops through a map of tests/expectations and runs a few assertions on each test. + * + * Checks: + * - depth (if depth is > 0) + * - event name + * - matches on event 0. + */ + protected function isAllGood($name, $depth, $tests, $debug = false) + { + foreach ($tests as $try => $expects) { + if ($debug) { + fprintf(STDOUT, "%s expects %s\n", $try, print_r($expects, true)); + } + $e = $this->parse($try); + if ($depth > 0) { + $this->assertEquals($depth, $e->depth(), "Expected depth $depth for test $try." . print_r($e, true)); + } + $this->assertEventEquals($name, $expects, $e->get(0)); + } + } + + // ================================================================ + // Utility functions. + // ================================================================ + public function testParse() + { + list($tok, $events) = $this->createTokenizer(''); + + $tok->parse(); + $e1 = $events->get(0); + + $this->assertEquals(1, $events->Depth()); + $this->assertEquals('eof', $e1['name']); + } + + public function testWhitespace() + { + $spaces = ' '; + list($tok, $events) = $this->createTokenizer($spaces); + + $tok->parse(); + + $this->assertEquals(2, $events->depth()); + + $e1 = $events->get(0); + + $this->assertEquals('text', $e1['name']); + $this->assertEquals($spaces, $e1['data'][0]); + } + + public function testCharacterReference() + { + $good = array( + '&' => '&', + '<' => '<', + '&' => '&', + '&' => '&', + ); + $this->isAllGood('text', 2, $good); + + // Test with broken charref + $str = '&foo'; + $events = $this->parse($str); + $e1 = $events->get(0); + $this->assertEquals('error', $e1['name']); + + $str = 'oo'; + $events = $this->parse($str); + $e1 = $events->get(0); + $this->assertEquals('error', $e1['name']); + + $str = '&#foo'; + $events = $this->parse($str); + $e1 = $events->get(0); + $this->assertEquals('error', $e1['name']); + + // FIXME: Once the text processor is done, need to verify that the + // tokens are transformed correctly into text. + } + + public function testBogusComment() + { + $bogus = array( + '</+this is a bogus comment. +>', + '<!+this is a bogus comment. !>', + '<!D OCTYPE foo bar>', + '<!DOCTYEP foo bar>', + '<![CADATA[ TEST ]]>', + '<![CDATA Hello ]]>', + '<![CDATA[ Hello [[>', + '<!CDATA[[ test ]]>', + '<![CDATA[', + '<![CDATA[hellooooo hello', + '<? Hello World ?>', + '<? Hello World', + ); + foreach ($bogus as $str) { + $events = $this->parse($str); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('comment', $str, $events->get(1)); + } + } + + public function testEndTag() + { + $succeed = array( + '</a>' => 'a', + '</test>' => 'test', + '</test + >' => 'test', + '</thisIsTheTagThatDoesntEndItJustGoesOnAndOnMyFriend>' => 'thisisthetagthatdoesntenditjustgoesonandonmyfriend', + // See 8.2.4.10, which requires this and does not say error. + '</a<b>' => 'a<b', + ); + $this->isAllGood('endTag', 2, $succeed); + + // Recoverable failures + $fail = array( + '</a class="monkey">' => 'a', + '</a <b>' => 'a', + '</a <b <c>' => 'a', + '</a is the loneliest letter>' => 'a', + '</a' => 'a', + ); + foreach ($fail as $test => $result) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + $this->assertEquals(3, $events->depth()); + // Should have triggered an error. + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + // Should have tried to parse anyway. + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', $result, $events->get(1)); + } + + // BogoComments + $comments = array( + '</>' => '</>', + '</ >' => '</ >', + '</ a>' => '</ a>', + ); + foreach ($comments as $test => $result) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + $this->assertEquals(3, $events->depth()); + + // Should have triggered an error. + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + + // Should have tried to parse anyway. + $this->assertEventEquals('comment', $result, $events->get(1)); + } + } + + public function testComment() + { + $good = array( + '<!--easy-->' => 'easy', + '<!-- 1 > 0 -->' => ' 1 > 0 ', + '<!-- --$i -->' => ' --$i ', + '<!----$i-->' => '--$i', + "<!--\nHello World.\na-->" => "\nHello World.\na", + '<!-- <!-- -->' => ' <!-- ', + ); + foreach ($good as $test => $expected) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + $this->assertEventEquals('comment', $expected, $events->get(0)); + } + + $fail = array( + '<!-->' => '', + '<!--Hello' => 'Hello', + "<!--\0Hello" => UTF8Utils::FFFD . 'Hello', + '<!--' => '', + ); + foreach ($fail as $test => $expected) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + $this->assertEquals(3, $events->depth()); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('comment', $expected, $events->get(1)); + } + } + + public function testCDATASection() + { + $good = array( + '<![CDATA[ This is a test. ]]>' => ' This is a test. ', + '<![CDATA[CDATA]]>' => 'CDATA', + '<![CDATA[ ]] > ]]>' => ' ]] > ', + '<![CDATA[ ]]>' => ' ', + ); + $this->isAllGood('cdata', 2, $good); + } + + public function testDoctype() + { + $good = array( + '<!DOCTYPE html>' => array( + 'html', + 0, + null, + false, + ), + '<!doctype html>' => array( + 'html', + 0, + null, + false, + ), + '<!DocType html>' => array( + 'html', + 0, + null, + false, + ), + "<!DOCTYPE\nhtml>" => array( + 'html', + 0, + null, + false, + ), + "<!DOCTYPE\fhtml>" => array( + 'html', + 0, + null, + false, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "foo bar">' => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_PUBLIC, + 'foo bar', + false, + ), + "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC 'foo bar'>" => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_PUBLIC, + 'foo bar', + false, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "foo bar" >' => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_PUBLIC, + 'foo bar', + false, + ), + "<!DOCTYPE html \nPUBLIC\n'foo bar'>" => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_PUBLIC, + 'foo bar', + false, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "foo bar">' => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_SYSTEM, + 'foo bar', + false, + ), + "<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM 'foo bar'>" => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_SYSTEM, + 'foo bar', + false, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "foo/bar" >' => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_SYSTEM, + 'foo/bar', + false, + ), + "<!DOCTYPE html \nSYSTEM\n'foo bar'>" => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_SYSTEM, + 'foo bar', + false, + ), + ); + $this->isAllGood('doctype', 2, $good); + + $bad = array( + '<!DOCTYPE>' => array( + null, + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE >' => array( + null, + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE foo' => array( + 'foo', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE foo PUB' => array( + 'foo', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE foo PUB>' => array( + 'foo', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE foo PUB "Looks good">' => array( + 'foo', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE foo SYSTME "Looks good"' => array( + 'foo', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + + // Can't tell whether these are ids or ID types, since the context is chopped. + '<!DOCTYPE foo PUBLIC' => array( + 'foo', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE foo PUBLIC>' => array( + 'foo', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE foo SYSTEM' => array( + 'foo', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE foo SYSTEM>' => array( + 'foo', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_NONE, + null, + true, + ), + + '<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "foo bar"' => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_SYSTEM, + 'foo bar', + true, + ), + '<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "foo bar" more stuff>' => array( + 'html', + EventStack::DOCTYPE_SYSTEM, + 'foo bar', + true, + ), + ); + foreach ($bad as $test => $expects) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + // fprintf(STDOUT, $test . PHP_EOL); + $this->assertEquals(3, $events->depth(), "Counting events for '$test': " . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('doctype', $expects, $events->get(1)); + } + } + + public function testProcessorInstruction() + { + $good = array( + '<?hph ?>' => 'hph', + '<?hph echo "Hello World"; ?>' => array( + 'hph', + 'echo "Hello World"; ', + ), + "<?hph \necho 'Hello World';\n?>" => array( + 'hph', + "echo 'Hello World';\n", + ), + ); + $this->isAllGood('pi', 2, $good); + } + + /** + * This tests just simple tags. + */ + public function testSimpleTags() + { + $open = array( + '<foo>' => 'foo', + '<FOO>' => 'foo', + '<fOO>' => 'foo', + '<foo >' => 'foo', + "<foo\n\n\n\n>" => 'foo', + '<foo:bar>' => 'foo:bar', + ); + $this->isAllGood('startTag', 2, $open); + + $selfClose = array( + '<foo/>' => 'foo', + '<FOO/>' => 'foo', + '<foo />' => 'foo', + "<foo\n\n\n\n/>" => 'foo', + '<foo:bar/>' => 'foo:bar', + ); + foreach ($selfClose as $test => $expects) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + $this->assertEquals(2, $events->depth(), "Counting events for '$test'" . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', $expects, $events->get(0)); + $event = $events->get(0); + $this->assertTrue($event['data'][2]); + } + + $bad = array( + '<foo' => 'foo', + '<foo ' => 'foo', + '<foo/' => 'foo', + '<foo /' => 'foo', + ); + + foreach ($bad as $test => $expects) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + $this->assertEquals(3, $events->depth(), "Counting events for '$test': " . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', $expects, $events->get(1)); + } + } + + public function testTagsWithAttributeAndMissingName() + { + $cases = array( + '<id="top_featured">' => 'id', + '<color="white">' => 'color', + "<class='neaktivni_stranka'>" => 'class', + '<bgcolor="white">' => 'bgcolor', + '<class="nom">' => 'class', + ); + + foreach ($cases as $html => $expected) { + $events = $this->parse($html); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(2)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', $expected, $events->get(3)); + $this->assertEventEquals('eof', null, $events->get(4)); + } + } + + public function testTagNotClosedAfterTagName() + { + $cases = array( + '<noscript<img>' => array( + 'noscript', + 'img', + ), + '<center<a>' => array( + 'center', + 'a', + ), + '<br<br>' => array( + 'br', + 'br', + ), + ); + + foreach ($cases as $html => $expected) { + $events = $this->parse($html); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', $expected[0], $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', $expected[1], $events->get(2)); + $this->assertEventEquals('eof', null, $events->get(3)); + } + + $events = $this->parse('<span<>02</span>'); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'span', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(2)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', '>02', $events->get(3)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', 'span', $events->get(4)); + $this->assertEventEquals('eof', null, $events->get(5)); + + $events = $this->parse('<p</p>'); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'p', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', 'p', $events->get(2)); + $this->assertEventEquals('eof', null, $events->get(3)); + + $events = $this->parse('<strong><WordPress</strong>'); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'strong', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'wordpress', $events->get(2)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', 'strong', $events->get(3)); + $this->assertEventEquals('eof', null, $events->get(4)); + + $events = $this->parse('<src=<a>'); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(2)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'src', $events->get(3)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'a', $events->get(4)); + $this->assertEventEquals('eof', null, $events->get(5)); + + $events = $this->parse('<br...<a>'); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'br', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('eof', null, $events->get(2)); + } + + public function testIllegalTagNames() + { + $cases = array( + '<li">' => 'li', + '<p">' => 'p', + '<b >' => 'b', + '<static*all>' => 'static', + '<h*0720/>' => 'h', + '<st*ATTRIBUTE />' => 'st', + ); + + foreach ($cases as $html => $expected) { + $events = $this->parse($html); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', $expected, $events->get(1)); + } + } + + public function testTagAttributes() + { + // Opening tags. + $good = array( + '<foo bar="baz">' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'baz', + ), + false, + ), + '<foo bar=" baz ">' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => ' baz ', + ), + false, + ), + "<foo bar=\"\nbaz\n\">" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => "\nbaz\n", + ), + false, + ), + "<foo bar='baz'>" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'baz', + ), + false, + ), + '<foo bar="A full sentence.">' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'A full sentence.', + ), + false, + ), + "<foo a='1' b=\"2\">" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'a' => '1', + 'b' => '2', + ), + false, + ), + "<foo ns:bar='baz'>" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'ns:bar' => 'baz', + ), + false, + ), + "<foo a='blue&red'>" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'a' => 'blue&red', + ), + false, + ), + "<foo a='blue&red'>" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'a' => 'blue&red', + ), + false, + ), + "<foo a='blue&&&red'>" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'a' => 'blue&&&red', + ), + false, + ), + "<foo a='blue&&red'>" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'a' => 'blue&&red', + ), + false, + ), + "<foo\nbar='baz'\n>" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'baz', + ), + false, + ), + '<doe a deer>' => array( + 'doe', + array( + 'a' => null, + 'deer' => null, + ), + false, + ), + '<foo bar=baz>' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'baz', + ), + false, + ), + + // Updated for 8.1.2.3 + '<foo bar = "baz" >' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'baz', + ), + false, + ), + + // The spec allows an unquoted value '/'. This will not be a closing + // tag. + '<foo bar=/>' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => '/', + ), + false, + ), + '<foo bar=baz/>' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'baz/', + ), + false, + ), + ); + $this->isAllGood('startTag', 2, $good); + + // Self-closing tags. + $withEnd = array( + '<foo bar="baz"/>' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'baz', + ), + true, + ), + '<foo BAR="baz"/>' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'baz', + ), + true, + ), + '<foo BAR="BAZ"/>' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'BAZ', + ), + true, + ), + "<foo a='1' b=\"2\" c=3 d/>" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'a' => '1', + 'b' => '2', + 'c' => '3', + 'd' => null, + ), + true, + ), + ); + $this->isAllGood('startTag', 2, $withEnd); + + // Cause a parse error. + $bad = array( + // This will emit an entity lookup failure for &+dark. + "<foo a='blue&+dark'>" => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'a' => 'blue&+dark', + ), + false, + ), + '<foo bar=>' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => null, + ), + false, + ), + '<foo bar="oh' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'oh', + ), + false, + ), + '<foo bar=oh">' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'oh"', + ), + false, + ), + + // these attributes are ignored because of current implementation + // of method "DOMElement::setAttribute" + // see issue #23: https://github.com/Masterminds/html5-php/issues/23 + '<foo b"="baz">' => array( + 'foo', + array(), + false, + ), + '<foo 2abc="baz">' => array( + 'foo', + array(), + false, + ), + '<foo ?="baz">' => array( + 'foo', + array(), + false, + ), + '<foo foo?bar="baz">' => array( + 'foo', + array(), + false, + ), + ) + ; + foreach ($bad as $test => $expects) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + $this->assertEquals(3, $events->depth(), "Counting events for '$test': " . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', $expects, $events->get(1)); + } + + // Cause multiple parse errors. + $reallyBad = array( + '<foo ="bar">' => array( + 'foo', + array( + '=' => null, + '"bar"' => null, + ), + false, + ), + '<foo////>' => array( + 'foo', + array(), + true, + ), + // character "&" in unquoted attribute shouldn't cause an infinite loop + '<foo bar=index.php?str=1&id=29>' => array( + 'foo', + array( + 'bar' => 'index.php?str=1&id=29', + ), + false, + ), + ); + foreach ($reallyBad as $test => $expects) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + // fprintf(STDOUT, $test . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(1)); + // $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', $expects, $events->get(1)); + } + + // Regression: Malformed elements should be detected. + // '<foo baz="1" <bar></foo>' => array('foo', array('baz' => '1'), false), + $events = $this->parse('<foo baz="1" <bar></foo>'); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', array( + 'foo', + array( + 'baz' => '1', + ), + false, + ), $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', array( + 'bar', + array(), + false, + ), $events->get(2)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', array( + 'foo', + ), $events->get(3)); + } + + public function testRawText() + { + $good = array( + '<script>abcd efg hijk lmnop</script> ' => 'abcd efg hijk lmnop', + '<script><not/><the/><tag></script>' => '<not/><the/><tag>', + '<script><<<<<<<<</script>' => '<<<<<<<<', + '<script>hello</script</script>' => 'hello</script', + "<script>\nhello</script\n</script>" => "\nhello</script\n", + '<script>&</script>' => '&', + '<script><!--not a comment--></script>' => '<!--not a comment-->', + '<script><![CDATA[not a comment]]></script>' => '<![CDATA[not a comment]]>', + ); + foreach ($good as $test => $expects) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'script', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', $expects, $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', 'script', $events->get(2)); + } + + $bad = array( + '<script>&</script' => '&</script', + '<script>Hello world' => 'Hello world', + ); + foreach ($bad as $test => $expects) { + $events = $this->parse($test); + $this->assertEquals(4, $events->depth(), "Counting events for '$test': " . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'script', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventError($events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', $expects, $events->get(2)); + } + + // Testing case sensitivity + $events = $this->parse('<TITLE>a test</TITLE>'); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'title', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'a test', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', 'title', $events->get(2)); + + // Testing end tags with whitespaces + $events = $this->parse('<title>Whitespaces are tasty</title >'); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'title', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'Whitespaces are tasty', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', 'title', $events->get(2)); + } + + public function testRcdata() + { + list($tok, $events) = $this->createTokenizer('<title>'<!-- not a comment --></TITLE>'); + $tok->setTextMode(\Masterminds\HTML5\Elements::TEXT_RCDATA, 'title'); + $tok->parse(); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', "'<!-- not a comment -->", $events->get(1)); + } + + public function testText() + { + $events = $this->parse('a<br>b'); + $this->assertEquals(4, $events->depth(), 'Events: ' . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'a', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'br', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'b', $events->get(2)); + + $events = $this->parse('<a>Test</a>'); + $this->assertEquals(4, $events->depth(), 'Events: ' . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'a', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'Test', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', 'a', $events->get(2)); + + $events = $this->parse('<p>0</p><p>1</p>'); + $this->assertEquals(7, $events->depth(), 'Events: ' . print_r($events, true)); + + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'p', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', '0', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', 'p', $events->get(2)); + + $this->assertEventEquals('startTag', 'p', $events->get(3)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', '1', $events->get(4)); + $this->assertEventEquals('endTag', 'p', $events->get(5)); + + $events = $this->parse('a<![CDATA[test]]>b'); + $this->assertEquals(4, $events->depth(), 'Events: ' . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'a', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('cdata', 'test', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'b', $events->get(2)); + + $events = $this->parse('a<!--test-->b'); + $this->assertEquals(4, $events->depth(), 'Events: ' . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'a', $events->get(0)); + $this->assertEventEquals('comment', 'test', $events->get(1)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'b', $events->get(2)); + + $events = $this->parse('a&b'); + $this->assertEquals(2, $events->depth(), 'Events: ' . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'a&b', $events->get(0)); + + $events = $this->parse('a²b'); + $this->assertEquals(2, $events->depth(), 'Events: ' . print_r($events, true)); + $this->assertEventEquals('text', 'a²b', $events->get(0)); + } + + // ================================================================ + // Utility functions. + // ================================================================ + protected function createTokenizer($string, $debug = false) + { + $eventHandler = new EventStack(); + $scanner = new Scanner($string); + + $scanner->debug = $debug; + + return array( + new Tokenizer($scanner, $eventHandler), + $eventHandler, + ); + } + + public function parse($string, $debug = false) + { + list($tok, $events) = $this->createTokenizer($string, $debug); + $tok->parse(); + + return $events; + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/TreeBuildingRulesTest.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/TreeBuildingRulesTest.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45c68bcfb --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/TreeBuildingRulesTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +<?php +/** + * @file + * Test the Tree Builder's special-case rules. + */ + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Parser; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\TreeBuildingRules; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\Tokenizer; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\Scanner; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\DOMTreeBuilder; + +/** + * These tests are functional, not necessarily unit tests. + */ +class TreeBuildingRulesTest extends \Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\TestCase +{ + const HTML_STUB = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>test</title></head><body>%s</body></html>'; + + /** + * Convenience function for parsing. + */ + protected function parse($string) + { + $treeBuilder = new DOMTreeBuilder(); + $scanner = new Scanner($string); + $parser = new Tokenizer($scanner, $treeBuilder); + + $parser->parse(); + + return $treeBuilder->document(); + } + + /** + * Convenience function for parsing fragments. + */ + protected function parseFragment($string) + { + $events = new DOMTreeBuilder(true); + $scanner = new Scanner($string); + $parser = new Tokenizer($scanner, $events); + + $parser->parse(); + + return $events->fragment(); + } + + public function testTDFragment() + { + $frag = $this->parseFragment('<td>This is a test of the HTML5 parser</td>'); + + $td = $frag->childNodes->item(0); + + $this->assertEquals(1, $frag->childNodes->length); + $this->assertEquals('td', $td->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('This is a test of the HTML5 parser', $td->nodeValue); + } + + public function testHasRules() + { + $doc = new \DOMDocument('1.0'); + $engine = new TreeBuildingRules($doc); + + $this->assertTrue($engine->hasRules('li')); + $this->assertFalse($engine->hasRules('imaginary')); + } + + public function testHandleLI() + { + $html = sprintf(self::HTML_STUB, '<ul id="a"><li>test<li>test2</ul><a></a>'); + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $list = $doc->getElementById('a'); + + $this->assertEquals(2, $list->childNodes->length); + foreach ($list->childNodes as $ele) { + $this->assertEquals('li', $ele->tagName); + } + } + + public function testHandleDT() + { + $html = sprintf(self::HTML_STUB, '<dl id="a"><dt>Hello<dd>Hi</dl><a></a>'); + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $list = $doc->getElementById('a'); + + $this->assertEquals(2, $list->childNodes->length); + $this->assertEquals('dt', $list->firstChild->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('dd', $list->lastChild->tagName); + } + + public function testHandleOptionGroupAndOption() + { + $html = sprintf(self::HTML_STUB, '<optgroup id="foo" label="foo" ><option value="foo">bar</option></optgroup>'); + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $list = $doc->getElementById('foo'); + + $this->assertEquals(1, $list->childNodes->length); + + $option = $list->childNodes->item(0); + $this->assertEquals('option', $option->tagName); + } + + public function testTable() + { + $html = sprintf(self::HTML_STUB, '<table><thead id="a"><th>foo<td>bar<td>baz'); + $doc = $this->parse($html); + + $list = $doc->getElementById('a'); + + $this->assertEquals(3, $list->childNodes->length); + $this->assertEquals('th', $list->firstChild->tagName); + $this->assertEquals('td', $list->lastChild->tagName); + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/UTF8UtilsTest.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/UTF8UtilsTest.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72c26a4b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Parser/UTF8UtilsTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Parser; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\UTF8Utils; + +class UTF8UtilsTest extends \Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\TestCase +{ + public function testConvertToUTF8() + { + $out = UTF8Utils::convertToUTF8('éàa', 'ISO-8859-1'); + $this->assertEquals('éà a', $out); + } + + /** + * @todo add tests for invalid codepoints + */ + public function testCheckForIllegalCodepoints() + { + $smoke = 'Smoke test'; + $err = UTF8Utils::checkForIllegalCodepoints($smoke); + $this->assertEmpty($err); + + $data = "Foo Bar \0 Baz"; + $errors = UTF8Utils::checkForIllegalCodepoints($data); + $this->assertContains('null-character', $errors); + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Serializer/OutputRulesTest.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Serializer/OutputRulesTest.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..913051657 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Serializer/OutputRulesTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,652 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Serializer; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Serializer\OutputRules; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Serializer\Traverser; +use Masterminds\HTML5; + +class OutputRulesTest extends \Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\TestCase +{ + protected $markup = '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Test</title> + </head> + <body> + <p>This is a test.</p> + </body> + </html>'; + + /** + * @var HTML5 + */ + protected $html5; + + public function setUp() + { + $this->html5 = $this->getInstance(); + } + + /** + * Using reflection we make a protected method accessible for testing. + * + * @param string $name + * The name of the method on the Traverser class to test + * + * @return \ReflectionMethod for the specified method + */ + public function getProtectedMethod($name) + { + $class = new \ReflectionClass('\Masterminds\HTML5\Serializer\OutputRules'); + $method = $class->getMethod($name); + $method->setAccessible(true); + + return $method; + } + + public function getTraverserProtectedProperty($name) + { + $class = new \ReflectionClass('\Masterminds\HTML5\Serializer\Traverser'); + $property = $class->getProperty($name); + $property->setAccessible(true); + + return $property; + } + + public function getOutputRules($options = array()) + { + $options = $options + $this->html5->getOptions(); + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML($this->markup); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $options); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $options); + + return array( + $r, + $stream, + ); + } + + public function testDocument() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html><html lang="en"><body>foo</body></html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $r->document($dom); + $expected = '<!DOCTYPE html>' . PHP_EOL . '<html lang="en"><body>foo</body></html>' . PHP_EOL; + $this->assertEquals($expected, stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testEmptyDocument() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML(''); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $r->document($dom); + $expected = '<!DOCTYPE html>' . PHP_EOL; + $this->assertEquals($expected, stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testDoctype() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html><html lang="en"><body>foo</body></html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $m = $this->getProtectedMethod('doctype'); + $m->invoke($r, 'foo'); + $this->assertEquals('<!DOCTYPE html>' . PHP_EOL, stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testElement() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div id="foo" class="bar baz">foo bar baz</div> + <svg width="150" height="100" viewBox="0 0 3 2"> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="0" fill="#008d46" /> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="1" fill="#ffffff" /> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="2" fill="#d2232c" /> + </svg> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('div'); + $r->element($list->item(0)); + $this->assertEquals('<div id="foo" class="bar baz">foo bar baz</div>', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testSerializeWithNamespaces() + { + $this->html5 = $this->getInstance(array( + 'xmlNamespaces' => true, + )); + + $source = ' + <!DOCTYPE html> + <html><body id="body" xmlns:x="http://www.prefixed.com"> + <a id="bar1" xmlns="http://www.prefixed.com/bar1"> + <b id="bar4" xmlns="http://www.prefixed.com/bar4"><x:prefixed id="prefixed">xy</x:prefixed></b> + </a> + <svg id="svg">svg</svg> + <c id="bar2" xmlns="http://www.prefixed.com/bar2"></c> + <div id="div"></div> + <d id="bar3"></d> + <xn:d id="bar5" xmlns:xn="http://www.prefixed.com/xn" xmlns="http://www.prefixed.com/bar5_x"><x id="bar5_x">y</x></xn:d> + </body> + </html>'; + + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML($source, array( + 'xmlNamespaces' => true, + )); + $this->assertFalse($this->html5->hasErrors(), print_r($this->html5->getErrors(), 1)); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $t->walk(); + $rendered = stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0); + + $clear = function ($s) { + return trim(preg_replace('/[\s]+/', ' ', $s)); + }; + + $this->assertEquals($clear($source), $clear($rendered)); + } + + public function testElementWithScript() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <head> + <script> + var $jQ = jQuery.noConflict(); + // Use jQuery via $jQ(...) + $jQ(document).ready(function () { + $jQ("#mktFrmSubmit").wrap("<div class=\'buttonSubmit\'></div>"); + $jQ(".buttonSubmit").prepend("<span></span>"); + }); + </script> + </head> + <body> + <div id="foo" class="bar baz">foo bar baz</div> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $script = $dom->getElementsByTagName('script'); + $r->element($script->item(0)); + $this->assertEquals( + '<script> + var $jQ = jQuery.noConflict(); + // Use jQuery via $jQ(...) + $jQ(document).ready(function () { + $jQ("#mktFrmSubmit").wrap("<div class=\'buttonSubmit\'></div>"); + $jQ(".buttonSubmit").prepend("<span></span>"); + }); + </script>', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testElementWithStyle() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <head> + <style> + body > .bar { + display: none; + } + </style> + </head> + <body> + <div id="foo" class="bar baz">foo bar baz</div> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $style = $dom->getElementsByTagName('style'); + $r->element($style->item(0)); + $this->assertEquals('<style> + body > .bar { + display: none; + } + </style>', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testOpenTag() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div id="foo" class="bar baz">foo bar baz</div> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('div'); + $m = $this->getProtectedMethod('openTag'); + $m->invoke($r, $list->item(0)); + $this->assertEquals('<div id="foo" class="bar baz">', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testCData() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div><![CDATA[bar]]></div> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('div'); + $r->cdata($list->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)); + $this->assertEquals('<![CDATA[bar]]>', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div id="foo"></div> + </body> + </html>'); + + $dom->getElementById('foo')->appendChild(new \DOMCdataSection(']]>Foo<[![CDATA test ]]>')); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('div'); + $r->cdata($list->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)); + + $this->assertEquals('<![CDATA[]]]]><![CDATA[>Foo<[![CDATA test ]]]]><![CDATA[>]]>', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testComment() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div><!-- foo --></div> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('div'); + $r->comment($list->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)); + $this->assertEquals('<!-- foo -->', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div id="foo"></div> + </body> + </html>'); + $dom->getElementById('foo')->appendChild(new \DOMComment('<!-- --> --> Foo -->')); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('div'); + $r->comment($list->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)); + + // Could not find more definitive guidelines on what this should be. Went with + // what the HTML5 spec says and what \DOMDocument::saveXML() produces. + $this->assertEquals('<!--<!-- --> --> Foo -->-->', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testText() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <head> + <script>baz();</script> + </head> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('script'); + $r->text($list->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)); + $this->assertEquals('baz();', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <head id="foo"></head> + </html>'); + $foo = $dom->getElementById('foo'); + $foo->appendChild(new \DOMText('<script>alert("hi");</script>')); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $r->text($foo->firstChild); + $this->assertEquals('<script>alert("hi");</script>', stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testNl() + { + list($o, $s) = $this->getOutputRules(); + + $m = $this->getProtectedMethod('nl'); + $m->invoke($o); + $this->assertEquals(PHP_EOL, stream_get_contents($s, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testWr() + { + list($o, $s) = $this->getOutputRules(); + + $m = $this->getProtectedMethod('wr'); + $m->invoke($o, 'foo'); + $this->assertEquals('foo', stream_get_contents($s, -1, 0)); + } + + public function getEncData() + { + return array( + array( + false, + '&\'<>"', + '&\'<>"', + '&'<>"', + ), + array( + false, + 'This + is. a < test', + 'This + is. a < test', + 'This + is. a < test', + ), + array( + false, + '.+#', + '.+#', + '.+#', + ), + + array( + true, + '.+#\'', + '.+#\'', + '.+#'', + ), + array( + true, + '&".<', + '&".<', + '&".<', + ), + array( + true, + '&\'<>"', + '&\'<>"', + '&'<>"', + ), + array( + true, + "\xc2\xa0\"'", + ' "\'', + ' "'', + ), + ); + } + + /** + * Test basic encoding of text. + * + * @dataProvider getEncData + */ + public function testEnc($isAttribute, $test, $expected, $expectedEncoded) + { + list($o, $s) = $this->getOutputRules(); + $m = $this->getProtectedMethod('enc'); + + $this->assertEquals($expected, $m->invoke($o, $test, $isAttribute)); + + list($o, $s) = $this->getOutputRules(array( + 'encode_entities' => true, + )); + $m = $this->getProtectedMethod('enc'); + $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoded, $m->invoke($o, $test, $isAttribute)); + } + + /** + * Test basic encoding of text. + * + * @dataProvider getEncData + */ + public function testEscape($isAttribute, $test, $expected, $expectedEncoded) + { + list($o, $s) = $this->getOutputRules(); + $m = $this->getProtectedMethod('escape'); + + $this->assertEquals($expected, $m->invoke($o, $test, $isAttribute)); + } + + public function booleanAttributes() + { + return array( + array('<img alt="" ismap>'), + array('<img alt="">'), + array('<input type="radio" readonly>'), + array('<input type="radio" checked disabled>'), + array('<input type="checkbox" checked disabled>'), + array('<input type="radio" value="" checked disabled>'), + array('<div data-value=""></div>'), + array('<select disabled></select>'), + array('<div ng-app></div>'), + array('<script defer></script>'), + ); + } + + /** + * @dataProvider booleanAttributes + */ + public function testBooleanAttrs($html) + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html><html lang="en"><body>' . $html . '</body></html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $node = $dom->getElementsByTagName('body')->item(0)->firstChild; + + $m = $this->getProtectedMethod('attrs'); + $m->invoke($r, $node); + + $content = stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0); + + $html = preg_replace('~<[a-z]+(.*)></[a-z]+>~', '\1', $html); + $html = preg_replace('~<[a-z]+(.*)/?>~', '\1', $html); + + $this->assertEquals($content, $html); + } + + public function testAttrs() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML('<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div id="foo" class="bar baz">foo bar baz</div> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('div'); + + $m = $this->getProtectedMethod('attrs'); + $m->invoke($r, $list->item(0)); + + $content = stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0); + $this->assertEquals(' id="foo" class="bar baz"', $content); + } + + public function testSvg() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div id="foo" class="bar baz">foo bar baz</div> + <svg width="150" height="100" viewBox="0 0 3 2"> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="0" fill="#008d46" /> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="1" fill="#ffffff" /> + <rect width="1" height="2" x="2" fill="#d2232c" /> + <rect id="Bar" x="300" y="100" width="300" height="100" fill="rgb(255,255,0)"> + <animate attributeName="x" attributeType="XML" begin="0s" dur="9s" fill="freeze" from="300" to="0" /> + </rect> + </svg> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('svg'); + $r->element($list->item(0)); + $contents = stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0); + $this->assertRegExp('|<svg width="150" height="100" viewBox="0 0 3 2">|', $contents); + $this->assertRegExp('|<rect width="1" height="2" x="0" fill="#008d46" />|', $contents); + $this->assertRegExp('|<rect id="Bar" x="300" y="100" width="300" height="100" fill="rgb\(255,255,0\)">|', $contents); + } + + public function testMath() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <div id="foo" class="bar baz">foo bar baz</div> + <math> + <mi>x</mi> + <csymbol definitionURL="http://www.example.com/mathops/multiops.html#plusminus"> + <mo>±</mo> + </csymbol> + <mi>y</mi> + </math> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('math'); + $r->element($list->item(0)); + $content = stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0); + $this->assertRegExp('|<math>|', $content); + $this->assertRegExp('|<csymbol definitionURL="http://www.example.com/mathops/multiops.html#plusminus">|', $content); + } + + public function testProcessorInstruction() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTMLFragment('<?foo bar ?>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $r->processorInstruction($dom->firstChild); + $content = stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0); + $this->assertRegExp('|<\?foo bar \?>|', $content); + } + + public function testAddressTag() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <body> + <address> + <a href="../People/Raggett/">Dave Raggett</a>, + <a href="../People/Arnaud/">Arnaud Le Hors</a>, + contact persons for the <a href="Activity">W3C HTML Activity</a> + </address> + </body> + </html>'); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $list = $dom->getElementsByTagName('address'); + $r->element($list->item(0)); + $contents = stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0); + + $this->assertRegExp('|<address>|', $contents); + $this->assertRegExp('|<a href="../People/Raggett/">Dave Raggett</a>,|', $contents); + $this->assertRegExp('|<a href="../People/Arnaud/">Arnaud Le Hors</a>,|', $contents); + $this->assertRegExp('|contact persons for the <a href="Activity">W3C HTML Activity</a>|', $contents); + $this->assertRegExp('|</address>|', $contents); + } + + /** + * Ensure direct DOM manipulation doesn't break TEXT_RAW elements (iframe, script, etc...). + */ + public function testHandlingInvalidRawContent() + { + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML( + '<!doctype html> +<html lang="en" id="base"> + <body> + <script id="template" type="x-tmpl-mustache"> + <h1>Hello!</h1> + </script> + </body> +</html>'); + + $badNode = $dom->createElement('p', 'Bar'); + + // modify the content of the TEXT_RAW element: <script id="template"> appending dom nodes + $styleElement = $dom->getElementById('template'); + $styleElement->appendChild($badNode); + + $contents = $this->html5->saveHTML($dom); + + $this->assertTrue(false !== strpos($contents, '<script id="template" type="x-tmpl-mustache"> + <h1>Hello!</h1> + <p>Bar</p></script>')); + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Serializer/TraverserTest.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Serializer/TraverserTest.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4ae7b351 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/Serializer/TraverserTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\Serializer; + +use Masterminds\HTML5\Serializer\OutputRules; +use Masterminds\HTML5\Serializer\Traverser; + +class TraverserTest extends \Masterminds\HTML5\Tests\TestCase +{ + protected $markup = '<!doctype html> + <html lang="en"> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Test</title> + </head> + <body> + <p>This is a test.</p> + </body> + </html>'; + + public function setUp() + { + $this->html5 = $this->getInstance(); + } + + /** + * Using reflection we make a protected method accessible for testing. + * + * @param string $name + * The name of the method on the Traverser class to test + * + * @return \ReflectionMethod \ReflectionMethod for the specified method + */ + public function getProtectedMethod($name) + { + $class = new \ReflectionClass('\Masterminds\HTML5\Serializer\Traverser'); + $method = $class->getMethod($name); + $method->setAccessible(true); + + return $method; + } + + public function getTraverser() + { + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML($this->markup); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $html5->getOptions()); + + // We return both the traverser and stream so we can pull from it. + return array( + $t, + $stream, + ); + } + + public function testConstruct() + { + // The traverser needs a place to write the output to. In our case we + // use a stream in temp space. + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + + $html5 = $this->getInstance(); + + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $dom = $this->html5->loadHTML($this->markup); + + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $html5->getOptions()); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\Masterminds\HTML5\Serializer\Traverser', $t); + } + + public function testFragmentDeprecated() + { + $html = '<span class="bar">foo</span><span></span><div>bar</div>'; + $input = new \Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\StringInputStream($html); + $dom = $this->html5->parseFragment($input); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocumentFragment', $dom); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t->walk(); + + $this->assertEquals($html, stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testFragment() + { + $html = '<span class="bar">foo</span><span></span><div>bar</div>'; + $dom = $this->html5->parseFragment($html); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocumentFragment', $dom); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t->walk(); + + $this->assertEquals($html, stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testProcessorInstructionDeprecated() + { + $html = '<?foo bar ?>'; + $input = new \Masterminds\HTML5\Parser\StringInputStream($html); + $dom = $this->html5->parseFragment($input); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocumentFragment', $dom); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t->walk(); + + $this->assertEquals($html, stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } + + public function testProcessorInstruction() + { + $html = '<?foo bar ?>'; + $dom = $this->html5->parseFragment($html); + + $this->assertInstanceOf('\DOMDocumentFragment', $dom); + + $stream = fopen('php://temp', 'w'); + $r = new OutputRules($stream, $this->html5->getOptions()); + + $t = new Traverser($dom, $stream, $r, $this->html5->getOptions()); + $t->walk(); + + $this->assertEquals($html, stream_get_contents($stream, -1, 0)); + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/TestCase.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/TestCase.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a25ae215c --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/HTML5/TestCase.php @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +<?php + +namespace Masterminds\HTML5\Tests; + +use Masterminds\HTML5; +use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase as BaseTestCase; + +class TestCase extends BaseTestCase +{ + const DOC_OPEN = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>test</title></head><body>'; + + const DOC_CLOSE = '</body></html>'; + + public function getInstance(array $options = array()) + { + return new HTML5($options); + } + + protected function wrap($fragment) + { + return self::DOC_OPEN . $fragment . self::DOC_CLOSE; + } +} diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/benchmark/example.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/benchmark/example.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e1bed030 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/benchmark/example.html @@ -0,0 +1,6403 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE html> +<!--[if (gt IE 9)|!(IE)]> <!--> <html lang="en" class="no-js edition-domestic app-homepage" itemscope xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <!--<![endif]--> +<!--[if IE 9]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie9 lt-ie10 edition-domestic app-homepage" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <![endif]--> +<!--[if IE 8]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie8 lt-ie10 lt-ie9 edition-domestic app-homepage" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <![endif]--> +<!--[if (lt IE 8)]> <html lang="en" class="no-js lt-ie10 lt-ie9 lt-ie8 edition-domestic app-homepage" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <![endif]--> +<head> + <title>The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia</title> + <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> + <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://static01.nyt.com/favicon.ico" /> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144×144" href="https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/ios-ipad-144x144.png" /> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114×114" href="https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/ios-iphone-114x144.png" /> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/ios-default-homescreen-57x57.png" /> + <meta name="sourceApp" content="nyt-v5" /> + <meta id="applicationName" name="applicationName" content="homepage" /> + <meta id="foundation-build-id" name="foundation-build-id" content="" /> + <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nytimes.com" /> + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://www.nytimes.com/services/xml/rss/nyt/HomePage.xml" /> + <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="http://mobile.nytimes.com" /> + <link rel="alternate" media="handheld" href="http://mobile.nytimes.com" /> + <meta name="robots" content="noarchive,noodp,noydir" /> + <meta name="description" content="The New York Times: Find breaking news, multimedia, reviews & opinion on Washington, business, sports, movies, travel, books, jobs, education, real estate, cars & more at nytimes.com." /> + <meta name="CG" content="Homepage" /> + <meta name="SCG" content="" /> + <meta name="PT" content="Homepage" /> + <meta name="PST" content="" /> + <meta name="application-name" content="The New York Times" /> + <meta name="msapplication-starturl" content="https://www.nytimes.com" /> + <meta name="msapplication-task" 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.hpHeader { + text-align: center; + } + + .above-banner-region .hpHeader h6, .span-ab-top-region .hpHeader h6, .span-ab-lede-package-region .hpHeader h6, .b-column .hpHeader h6, .c-column .hpHeader h6 { + margin: 0 auto; + padding: 0 2px; + } + + .span-ab-top-region .a-column .hpHeader, .span-ab-lede-package-region .a-column .hpHeader, .b-column .split-layout .hpHeader, .b-column .nythpSplitCode .hpHeader { + text-align: left; + } + + .b-column .split-layout .hpHeader h6, .b-column .nythpSplitCode .hpHeader h6 { + margin: 0; + padding: 0; + } + + .hpLive h6, .hpLive h6:hover, .hpLive h6:active { + color: #a81817; + border-color: #a81817; + } + + .hpDeveloping h6, .hpDeveloping h6:hover, .hpDeveloping h6:active { + color: #fd8249; + border-color: #fd8249; + } + + .hpSingleRule { + border-top: 1px solid #e2e2e2; + padding-top: 12px; + } + + + + /* added by matte to fix slideshow bug */ + + .loader-container { + display: none; + } + + /* Newsletter Sign-Up Modules (updated 6/28/2017) */ + + div.notification-widget { + min-height:38px; + } + .notification-signup .notifications-title { + color: black; + font-family: "nyt-cheltenham-sh",georgia,"times new roman",times,serif; + font-size: 15px; + line-height: 18px; + font-weight: 200; + } + .notification-signup .notification-text { + margin-top: 3px; + margin-bottom: 5px; + color: #999; + font-size: 13px; + line-height: 18px; + } + + .notification-widget input, + .notification-widget button { + outline: none; + } + + .notification-widget .notify-email { + height: 30px; + width: 312px; + margin-top: 0px; + padding: 14px; + color: #a6a6a6; + border: 1px solid rgba(97,136,166,.5); + border-top-left-radius: 2px; + border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; + border-top-right-radius: 0px; + border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; + box-shadow: none; + font-family: 'nyt-franklin', Helvetica, sans-serif; + font-size: 14px; + line-height: 1; + } + .notification-widget .notify-email:hover{ + border-color:rgba(97,136,166,1); + border-width:2px; + padding:13px; + } + .notification-widget .notify-email.error { + border-color: #FF9859; + } + .notification-widget .button { + margin-top: 0px; + padding: 8px; + border: none; + border-top-left-radius: 0px; + border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; + border-top-right-radius: 2px; + border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; + background: #6288a5; + color: white; + font-family: 'nyt-franklin', Helvetica, sans-serif; + font-size: 14px; + font-weight: 500; + line-height: 1; + text-transform: capitalize; + } + + .notification-widget .dirtyform .button:hover, + .notification-widget .signedin .button:hover { + background-color: #326891; + } + + .notification-widget .signedin .button { + border-top-left-radius: 2px; + border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; + } + + .notification-widget div.error { + font-family: 'nyt-franklin', Helvetica, sans-serif; + color: #FF9859; + font-size: 12px; + margin-top: 5px; + } + + /* post subscribe notification */ + .notification-signup span { + font-size: 14px; + color: ##ffffff; + font-family: 'nyt-franklin', Helvetica, sans-serif; + font-weight: 600; + } + .notification-widget div[data-status="initial"]{ + display:inline-block; + float:right; + } + + .notification-widget div[data-status="working"]{ + opacity:0; + } + + /* already subscribed notification */ + .notification-widget div[data-status="initial"] div, + .notification-widget div[data-status="subscribed"] div, + .notification-widget div[data-status="working"] div { + font-family: 'nyt-franklin', Helvetica, sans-serif; + font-size: 14px; + color: #666 !important; + } + .notification-widget div[data-status="initial"] div{ + line-height: 31px; + } + .notification-widget div[data-status="initial"] div div{ + margin-right:8px; + display:inline-block; + } + + .notification-widget div[data-status="initial"] div .account-name, + .notification-widget div[data-status="subscribed"] div .account-name{ + font-weight: 700; + } + .notification-signup a { + font-size: 14px; + font-family: 'nyt-franklin', Helvetica, sans-serif; + font-weight: 400; + margin-top: 10px; + display: block; + color: #6187a6!important; + } + .notification-widget .email-address a{ + margin-top: 5px; + display: block; + color: #6187a6!important; + } + .viewport-medium-10 .interactive-leadin, .viewport-medium-10 .notification-signup .notification-text{ + max-width: 375px; + } + .notification-signup{ + padding-top:11px; + } + + a[data-reactid=".0.0.2"] { + font-size: 11px; } + + .notification-widget div[data-status="initial"][data-show-disclaimer="true"] div.disclaimer { + display: none; + color: #CCC !important; + font-size: 14px; + } + + .notification-widget div.signedin[data-status="initial"][data-show-disclaimer="true"] div.disclaimer { + top: -20px; + right: 14px; + position: relative; + height: 8px; + display: block; + } + + .notification-widget div.not-signedin[data-status="initial"][data-show-disclaimer="true"] div.disclaimer { + display: block; + text-align: right; + } + + + .notification-widget div[data-status="initial"][data-show-disclaimer="true"] div.disclaimer a { + color: #CCC !important; + text-decoration: underline; + } + + .notification-widget div[data-status="initial"][data-show-disclaimer="true"] div.welcome { + position: relative; + top: -5px; + color: #999 !important; + } + + + /* Show All hack */ + html.showAllGeoAb .timedBriefingHide, html.showAllGeoAb .nythpElectionPredictionCCol, html.showAllGeoAb .nythpNYRegionPromo, html.showAllGeoAb .nythpGeoCanada, html.showAllGeoAb .nythpCAToday { display: block !important } + + + </style> + + + + + <!-- Begin Smarter Living Styles and Scripts --> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + require(['foundation/main'], function () { + require([ + 'jquery/nyt', + 'foundation/helpers/utils', + 'foundation/views/page-manager' + ], function ($, utils, pageManager) { + $(document).ready(function () { + var param = { + 'contentCollection': 'smarter-living' + }; + $('.nythpSmarterLiving a').each(function () { + var href = $(this).attr('href'); + href = utils.appendQueryParams(href, param); + $(this).attr('href', href); + }); + }); + }); + }); + </script> + <style> + + .nythpSmarterLiving { + zoom:1; + border-bottom: 0px solid #e2e2e2; + margin-bottom: 12px; + } + + .nythpSmarterLiving:after, + .nythpSmarterLiving:before { + content: ""; + display: table; + } + .nythpSmarterLiving:after{ + clear: both; + } + .nythpSmarterLiving article { + float:left; + width: 177px; + } + .nythpSmarterLiving article.story.theme-summary { + margin-bottom: 0px; + } + + .nythpSmarterLiving article:last-child, + .nythpSmarterLiving article:nth-of-type(2) { + margin-left: 21px; + } + + .nythpSmarterLiving .byline, .nythpSmarterLiving .summary, .nythpSmarterLiving article .kicker, .nythpSmarterLiving .theme-comments, .nythpSmarterLiving .refer { + display: none; + } + + .nythpSmarterLiving .story.theme-summary .story-heading { + width: 96px; + float: right; + } + + .nythpSmarterLiving .story.theme-summary .thumb { + margin: 3px 6px 6px 0px; + float: left; + clear: none; + } + + + </style></div> + <div class="collection"> + <style type="text/css"> + .span-abc-region .story.theme-summary h1.story-heading { + font-size: 38px; + font-style: italic; + line-height: 44px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + margin-top:-8px; + font-family: "nyt-cheltenham",georgia,"times new roman",times,serif; + } + + .span-abc-region .nythpParisMega1stCol article[data-collection-renderstyle="LedeSum"].story.theme-summary h2.story-heading { + font-size: 1.625rem; + line-height: 1.75rem; + font-weight: 700; + font-style: italic; + font-family: "nyt-cheltenham",georgia,"times new roman",times,serif; + letter-spacing: 0.01em; + word-spacing: -0.1em; + } + + .span-abc-region .nythpParisMega1stCol .story.theme-summary h2.story-heading { + font-size: 20px; + font-size: 1.25rem; + line-height: 22px; + line-height: 1.375rem; + font-weight: 700; + font-style: normal; + font-family: "nyt-cheltenham",georgia,"times new roman",times,serif; + letter-spacing: 0.01em; + word-spacing: -0.1em; + } + + .span-abc-region .nythpSpanABCMiddleColumn .nytHPSplit-AB-Half .story.theme-summary h2.story-heading { + font-size: 16px; + font-size: 1rem; + line-height: 22px; + line-height: 1.375rem; + font-weight: 700; + font-style: normal; + font-family: "nyt-cheltenham",georgia,"times new roman",times,serif; + letter-spacing: 0.01em; + word-spacing: -0.1em; + } + + + .span-abc-region .nythpSpanABCMiddleColumn .nytHPSplit-AB-Half .story.theme-summary .thumb { + margin-top:-20px; + } + + + + + </style><!--FOR ALL CAPS--> + <style> + .span-ab-top-region .story.theme-summary h1.story-heading{ + line-height:45px; + margin-top:2px; + } + </style> + + <div class="span-ab-top-region"><article class="story theme-summary banner" data-collection-renderstyle="Banner"><h1 class="story-heading"> + + <!-- Link and Hed Go Here --> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/small-towns-harvey.html">The Storm Marches On as Houston Surveys Wreckage + </a> + + + + + <span class="product-label theme-nyt-now" style="display:none;"><span class="visually-hidden">NYT Now</span><i class="icon dot-logo-icon"></i></span></h1></article></div></div> + <div class="collection"> + <style> + .nythpSplitCode .column { margin-left: 21px; } + .nythpSplitCode .column:first-child { margin-left: 0px; } + .nythpSplitCode.layout { background: none; } + .nythpSplitCode .media.photo.medium-thumb { float: none; margin-left: 0; } + .nythpSpanABCMiddleColumn {width: 573px; float: right;} + .nythpSplitCode .nythpSpanABC_ABCol {width: 771px; float: left;} + .nythpSplitCode .nythpSpanABC_SpanABBottom {clear: both;} + <!--.nythpParisMegaBanner {} --> + </style> + + <div class="layout nythpSplitCode nythpParisMega"> + <div class="nythpSpanABC_ABCol"> + <div class="column nythpParisMega1stCol"><div> + + </div> + <div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005401006" data-story-id="100000005401006" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSum" data-start-time="" data-end-time=""> + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/small-towns-harvey.html">Hundreds of Towns in Harvey’s Path Hit by Devastating Rain</a></h2> + + <p class="byline">By CAMPBELL ROBERTSON, RICK ROJAS and SHAILA DEWAN </p> + + <p class="summary"><ul> <li>Harvey, downgraded to a tropical depression, moved to the east and punished a region of roughly 11 million people. + </li> + <li>In Houston, after the first night of a citywide curfew, many residents went outside for the first time in days to survey the wreckage. Officials have reported at least 38 deaths. + </li> + </ul></p> + + + </article> + </div> + <div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005399284" data-story-id="100000005399284" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSum" data-start-time="" data-end-time=""> + + <h3 class="kicker"><span class="timestamp"><strong>Live</strong></span> </h3> + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/hurricane-harvey-flooding-houston.html">Explosions Reported at Chemical Plant</a></h2> + + <p class="byline">By THE NEW YORK TIMES <time class="timestamp" datetime="2017-08-31" data-eastern-timestamp="6:47 AM" data-utc-timestamp="1504176457">6:47 AM ET</time></p> + + <p class="summary">Two explosions were reported at a chemical plant about 30 miles from Houston that was damaged by Hurricane Harvey.</p> + + <p class="theme-comments"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/hurricane-harvey-flooding-houston.html?hp&target=comments#commentsContainer" class="comments-link"><i class="icon sprite-icon comments-icon"></i><span class="comment-count"> Comments</span></a> + </p> + + </article> + </div> + <div class="collection"> + <style> + .first-column-region .nythpMakeAColHedLikeB .story.theme-summary .story-heading, + .a-lede-package-region .nythpMakeAColHedLikeB .story.theme-summary .story-heading, + .span-abc-region .nythpParisMega1stCol .nythpMakeAColHedLikeB .story.theme-summary h2.story-heading { + font-size: 14px; + font-size: 0.875rem; + line-height: 16px; + line-height: 1rem; + font-weight: 700; + font-style: normal; + font-family: "nyt-cheltenham-sh",georgia,"times new roman",times,serif; + margin-bottom: 2px; + } + </style> + + <div class="nythpMakeAColHedLikeB"><article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005395157" data-story-id="100000005395157" data-rank="1" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSum" data-start-time="" data-end-time=""> + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/us/hurricane-harvey-texas.html">A Guide to the Storm</a></h2> + + + <p class="summary">Here’s an overview of coverage by The New York Times.</p> + + + </article> + </div></div> + <div class="collection"> + </div></div> + <div class="column nythpSpanABCMiddleColumn"><div></div> + <div class="collection"> + <!-- + +====================================================== + +THIS IS A GENERATED TEMPLATE FILE. 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+ background-color: #f7f7f7; + border-radius: 2px; + margin-bottom: 18px; + } + .paywall-hp-note:after { + content: ""; + display: table; + clear: both; + } + .paywall-hp-note h5, + .paywall-hp-note p { + font: 400 14px/16px 'nyt-cheltenham-sh',georgia,'times new roman',serif; + color: #808080; + -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; + } + .paywall-hp-note h5 { + font-weight: 700; + color: #4d4d4d; + margin-bottom: 9px; + } + .paywall-hp-note p { + font-style: italic; + margin-bottom: 0; + } + </style> + <div class="paywall-hp-note"> + <h5>To Our Readers</h5> + <p>The Times is providing free digital access to coverage of the storm.</p> + </div></div> + <div class="collection"> + <hr class="single-rule" style="width: 50%; text-align: center; margin: 12px auto 0;" /> + + </div> + <div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005399973" data-story-id="100000005399973" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSum" data-start-time="" data-end-time=""> + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/port-arthur-flooding.html">Port Arthur Overcome by Instant Flooding: ‘Our Whole City Is Underwater’</a></h2> + + <p class="byline">By JONAH ENGEL BROMWICH </p> + + <p class="summary">Jefferson County, Tex., about 100 miles east of Houston, was “slammed with 20 inches of rainfall” overnight. Thousands of people were stranded on their roofs, on top of cars and in attics.</p> + + + </article> + </div> + <div class="collection"> + <figure class="story theme-feature video media video-promo-small updated-video-promo-small"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000005400001/harvey-houston-port-arthur-flooding.html"> + <div class="video-promo-small-container" style="background-image: url('https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/31/us/31storm4_xp/31storm4_xp-filmstrip.jpg');"> + <div class="metadata"> + <div class="play-button-and-duration"> + <div class="play-icon"> + <svg class="play-circle" height="28" width="28"> + <circle cx="14" cy="14" r="13" stroke="#FFF" fill="transparent" stroke-width="1.5" /> + </svg> + <svg version="1.2" class="play-triangle" height="10" width="10"> + <polyline points="5,1.2264973081037427 10,9.88675134594813 0,9.88675134594813" transform="rotate(90, 5, 5)"></polyline> + </svg> + </div> + <div class="duration"> + <span>1:36</span> + </div> + </div> + <h2 class="story-heading"> + Path of Destruction Continues </h2> + <div class="orientation-icon"> + <svg width="28px" height="28px" viewBox="0 0 28 28" version="1.1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> + <g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> + <g id="Compass-Cover-ACol"> + <g id="360-View-Indicator"> + <circle id="Oval-44" fill-opacity="0.1" fill="#000000" cx="14" cy="14" r="12.75"></circle> + <path d="M14,28 C21.7319865,28 28,21.7319865 28,14 C28,6.2680135 21.7319865,0 14,0 C6.2680135,0 0,6.2680135 0,14 C0,21.7319865 6.2680135,28 14,28 Z M14,26.75 C21.0416306,26.75 26.75,21.0416306 26.75,14 C26.75,6.95836944 21.0416306,1.25 14,1.25 C6.95836944,1.25 1.25,6.95836944 1.25,14 C1.25,21.0416306 6.95836944,26.75 14,26.75 Z" id="Border" fill="#FFFFFF"></path> + <g id="eyes" transform="translate(9.488845, 14.454531)" fill="#FFFFFF"> + <ellipse id="Oval-12" cx="2.01115463" cy="2.04546933" rx="1.5" ry="1.5"></ellipse> + <ellipse id="Oval-12-Copy" cx="7.01115463" cy="2.04546933" rx="1.5" ry="1.5"></ellipse> + </g> + <path d="M13.9960842,13 L21.5,5.88357462 C19.5796583,4.05113973 16.9264365,3 13.9960843,3 C11.065732,3 8.42034167,4.05113973 6.5,5.88357462 L13.9960842,13 Z" id="view" fill="#FFFFFF"></path> + </g> + </g> + </g> + </svg> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </a> + <figcaption class="caption"> + <p class="credit">By MALACHY BROWNE, BARBARA MARCOLINI and CHRIS CIRILLO</p> + </figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="collection headlines"> + <ul class="theme-news-headlines"> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005398038" data-story-id="100000005398038" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpBlogHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/29/us/harvey-email-callout.html">Are You Affected? 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Then What?</a></h2> + + <p class="byline">By PATRICIA COHEN </p> + + <p class="summary">Republicans are promising to stimulate investment and create jobs. But steps to undo tax dodges may not produce the intended economic lift.</p> + + <p class="theme-comments"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/29/business/economy/trump-corporate-tax-plan.html?hp&target=comments#commentsContainer" class="comments-link"><i class="icon sprite-icon comments-icon"></i><span class="comment-count"> Comments</span></a> + </p> + + </article> + </div> + <hr class="single-rule" /><div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005401510" data-story-id="100000005401510" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSumMediumMedia" data-start-time="" data-end-time=""> + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/judge-texas-sanctuary-cities.html">Federal Judge Blocks Texas’ Ban on ‘Sanctuary Cities’</a></h2> + + <p class="byline">By MANNY FERNANDEZ </p> + + <p class="summary"> + The temporary ruling prevents the state from going ahead with provisions that were to go into effect on Friday. </p> + + + + <figure class="media photo medium-thumb"> + <div class="image"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/judge-texas-sanctuary-cities.html"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/31/us/31sanctuary/31sanctuary-mediumFlexible177.jpg" alt="" /></a> + </div> + </figure> + </article> + </div> + <hr class="single-rule" /><div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005401018" data-story-id="100000005401018" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSum" data-start-time="" data-end-time=""> + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/politics/trump-obamacare-enrollment-markets-subsidies.html">Seeking to Stabilize Health Markets, but Offering Few Details</a></h2> + + <p class="byline">By ROBERT PEAR </p> + + <p class="summary">A Trump administration official refused to say what, if anything, the government would do to encourage people to sign up for health insurance under the Affordable Care Act.</p> + + + </article> + </div> + <hr class="single-rule" /><div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005399964" data-story-id="100000005399964" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSumMediumMedia" data-start-time="" data-end-time=""> + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/politics/trump-north-korea-extortion-money.html">On North Korea, Trump Says ‘Talking Is Not the Answer!’</a></h2> + + <p class="byline">By MARK LANDLER </p> + + <p class="summary"> + While Mr. Trump’s threats against North Korea have been unnerving, it is the prospect of a risky dialogue that most unsettles former officials. </p> + + + + <figure class="media photo medium-thumb"> + <div class="image"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/politics/trump-north-korea-extortion-money.html"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/31/us/31dc-prexy1/merlin-to-scoop-126571670-887690-mediumFlexible177.jpg" alt="" /></a> + </div> + </figure> + </article> + </div> + <div class="collection headlines"> + <h3 class="kicker collection-kicker">More in Politics</h3> + <ul class="theme-news-headlines"> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005400483" data-story-id="100000005400483" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/politics/trump-russia-michael-cohen.html">Trump Lawyer ‘Vehemently’ Denies Russian Collusion</a> </h2> + </article> + </li> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005401238" data-story-id="100000005401238" data-rank="1" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/politics/us-aid-pakistan-terror.html">U.S. Gives Military Assistance to Pakistan, With Strings Attached</a> </h2> + </article> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <hr class="single-rule" /><div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005400786" data-story-id="100000005400786" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSum" data-start-time="" data-end-time=""> + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/health/gene-therapy-cancer.html">F.D.A. 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+ display: inline-block; + font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; + font-size: 0.5625rem !important; + font-weight: 400; + line-height: 0.75rem; + } + </style><div id="FT100000005396180"></div></div> + <div class="collection"> + <div style="margin-top: +25px;"></div></div> + <div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-feature" id="topnews-100000005401664" data-story-id="100000005401664" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="LargeMediaHeadlineSumCentered"> + + + + <h1 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/world/europe/princess-diana-death-anniversary.html">Death of Diana Transformed </br> the Monarchy, and Britain Itself</a></h1> + + <p class="summary">Twenty years after her death, the influence of Diana, Princess of Wales, can still be felt in unexpected ways in Britain.</p> + + <p class="byline">By SARAH LYALL </p> + + + <ul class="refer theme-news-headlines"> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005401664"> + <h2 class="refer-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/world/europe/princess-diana-anniversary.html">Diana’s Public Life, in Photos and Headlines</a> </h2> + </article> + </li> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005401664"> + <h2 class="refer-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/world/europe/uk-princess-diana-20th-anniversary.html">Death of a Princess: Times Journalists Recall Covering Diana</a> </h2> + </article> + </li> + </ul> + </article> + </div> + <hr class="single-rule" /><div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary timedBriefing timedBriefingHide" id="topnews-100000005368865" data-story-id="100000005368865" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSumMediumMediaHigh" data-start-time="05:00" data-end-time="13:00"> + + <figure class="media photo medium-thumb"> + <div class="image"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/briefing/harvey-diana-david-tang.html"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/01/world/31USBriefing-Texas/31USBriefing-Texas-mediumFlexible177-v2.gif" alt="" /></a> + </div> + </figure> + + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/briefing/harvey-diana-david-tang.html">Your Thursday Briefing</a></h2> + + <p class="byline">By CHRIS STANFORD <time class="timestamp" datetime="2017-08-31" data-eastern-timestamp="6:34 AM" data-utc-timestamp="1504175651">6:34 AM ET</time></p> + + <p class="summary"> + Here’s what you need to know to start your day. </p> + + + <ul class="refer theme-news-headlines"> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005368865"> + <h2 class="refer-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/nyregion/new-york-today-hurricanes-in-nyc-harvey-tropical-storm.html">New York Today: Reflecting on Harvey, in the Northeast</a> <time class="timestamp" data-eastern-timestamp="6:00 AM" datetime="2017-08-31" data-utc-timestamp="1504173618000">6:00 AM</time></h2> + </article> + </li> + </ul> + + </article> + </div> + <div class="collection"> + <style> + /*default display conditions*/ + .nythpCAToday {display: none;} + /*geocoded display conditions*/ + html.geo-region-CA .nythpCAToday {display: block;} + + .nythpCAToday article::before { + content: ""; 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Two Australian mathematicians believe they have figured it out. </p> + </article> + </div> + <div class="collection"> + </div></div></div></div></div> + </div><!-- close bottom-span-promo-region --> + + <div id="span-ab-bottom-region" class="span-ab-bottom-region region"> + <hr class="scotch-rule" /> + <div class="split-3-layout layout theme-base"> + <h2 class="section-heading"> + </h2> + <div class="column"> + <article class="story theme-summary " id="topnews-100000005395156" data-story-id="100000005395156" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HPMediumMediaHedSumDaypart"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/sports/olympics/munich-olympic-massacre-1972-memorial-israeli-athletes.html"> + <div class="wide-thumb"> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/30/multimedia/30MUNIC-alpha/30MUNICweb2-mediumThreeByTwo210.jpg" /> + </div> + </a> + <h2 class="story-heading"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/sports/olympics/munich-olympic-massacre-1972-memorial-israeli-athletes.html">In Munich, a Tribute to Israeli Athletes</a> + </h2> + <p class="summary"> + “There are no happier people, no more satisfied people, than us,” said the wife of a victim who pressed for a worthy memorial. </p> + </article> + </div> + <div class="column"> + <article class="story theme-summary " id="topnews-100000005399019" data-story-id="100000005399019" data-rank="1" data-collection-renderstyle="HPMediumMediaHedSumDaypart"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/travel/what-to-do-36-hours-in-glasgow-scotland.html"> + <div class="wide-thumb"> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/31/travel/31HOURS-GLASGOW1/31HOURS-GLASGOW1-mediumThreeByTwo210.jpg" /> + <div class="media-action-overlay"> + <i class="icon sprite-icon icon-media-interactive-16x16-ffffff"></i> + </div> + </div> + </a> + <h2 class="story-heading"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/travel/what-to-do-36-hours-in-glasgow-scotland.html">36 Hours in Glasgow</a> + </h2> + <p class="summary"> + This historic city, known for its Art Nouveau flourishes, also has a blossoming modern side, with daring new buildings and bars. </p> + </article> + </div> + <div class="column"> + <article class="story theme-summary " id="topnews-100000005367249" data-story-id="100000005367249" data-rank="2" data-collection-renderstyle="HPMediumMediaHedSumDaypart"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/books/review/jesmyn-ward-by-the-book.html"> + <div class="wide-thumb"> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/03/books/review/0903-BKS-ByTheBook/0903-BKS-ByTheBook-mediumThreeByTwo210-v3.jpg" /> + </div> + </a> + <h2 class="story-heading"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/books/review/jesmyn-ward-by-the-book.html">Jesmyn Ward: By the Book</a> + </h2> + <p class="summary"> + The author of, most recently, “Sing, Unburied, Sing” is a self-described “reading glutton.” </p> + </article> + </div> + </div> + </div><!-- close span-ab-bottom-region --> + + </section><!-- close top-news --> + + </div><!-- close ab-column --> + + <div class="c-column column"> + + <div id="Middle" class="ad middle-ad hidden nocontent robots-nocontent"></div> + + <div class="region c-column-top-span-region"> + + + </div><!-- close c-column-top-span-region --> + + <section class="opinion"> + + <div class="region opinion-c-col-top-region"> + <div class="collection"> + <section class="opinion"> + <h2 class="section-heading"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html">The Opinion Pages</a> + </h2> + </section></div> + </div> <!-- close opinion-c-col-top-region --> + + <div class="layout split-layout"> + + <div class="column"> + <div class="region opinion-c-col-left-region"> + <div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005396602" data-story-id="100000005396602" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSumXSMedia"> + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/opinion/trump-north-korea.html">What Trump Meant to Say</a></h2> + + <div class="small-thumb"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/opinion/trump-north-korea.html"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/01/world/01blinken-inyt/01blinken-inyt-blogSmallThumb.jpg" alt=""></a> + </div> + + <p class="byline">By ANTONY J. BLINKEN </p> + + <p class="summary"> + The president’s rogue-cop routine has serious foreign policy consequences. </p> + + + </article> + + </div> + <div class="collection headlines"> + <ul class="theme-news-headlines"> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005400536" data-story-id="100000005400536" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/opinion/voting-reform-illinois-texas.html">Editorial: On Voting Reforms, Follow Illinois, Not Texas</a> </h2> + </article> + </li> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005401080" data-story-id="100000005401080" data-rank="1" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/opinion/trump-harvey-storm-army.html">Blow: Trump Raises an Army</a> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2017-08-31" data-eastern-timestamp="3:21 AM" data-utc-timestamp="1504164084">3:21 AM ET</time></h2> + </article> + </li> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005401128" data-story-id="100000005401128" data-rank="2" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/opinion/columnists/yemen-famine-cholera.html">Kristof: The Photos the U.S. and Saudi Arabia Don’t Want You to See</a> </h2> + </article> + </li> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005400586" data-story-id="100000005400586" data-rank="3" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/opinion/hurricanes-climate-capitalists-wealth-.html">Stephens: Hurricanes, Climate and the Capitalist Offset</a> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2017-08-31" data-eastern-timestamp="3:21 AM" data-utc-timestamp="1504164083">3:21 AM ET</time></h2> + </article> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="collection headlines"> + <ul class="theme-news-headlines"> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000003665755" data-story-id="100000003665755" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nytopinion">Join us on Facebook »</a> </h2> + </article> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="column"> + <div class="region opinion-c-col-right-region"> + <div class="collection"> + <article class="story theme-summary" id="topnews-100000005398365" data-story-id="100000005398365" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpSumXSMedia"> + + <h2 class="story-heading"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/opinion/america-nuclear-buildup.html">Risky Nuclear Buildup</a></h2> + + <div class="small-thumb"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/opinion/america-nuclear-buildup.html"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/31/opinion/31rollo/31rollo-blogSmallThumb.jpg" alt=""></a> + </div> + + <p class="byline">By STUART ROLLO <time class="timestamp" datetime="2017-08-31" data-eastern-timestamp="3:21 AM" data-utc-timestamp="1504164083">3:21 AM ET</time></p> + + <p class="summary"> + It’s not just North Korea. Plans to upgrade America’s nuclear arsenal are also contributing to global instability. </p> + + + </article> + + </div> + <div class="collection headlines"> + <ul class="theme-news-headlines"> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005399880" data-story-id="100000005399880" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/opinion/texas-farmers-floods-planning.html">A Texas Farmer on Harvey, Bad Planning and Runaway Growth</a> </h2> + </article> + </li> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005400373" data-story-id="100000005400373" data-rank="1" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHeadline"> + <h2 class="story-heading"><i class="icon"></i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/opinion/google-influence-think-tanks.html">Google’s Disturbing Influence Over Think Tanks</a> </h2> + </article> + </li> + <li> + <article class="story" id="topnews-100000005400487" 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+ </div> <!-- close column --> + + + </div><!-- close split-3-layout --> + + + <div class="split-3-layout layout theme-base"> + + + <div class="column "> + + <section> + <h2 class="section-heading"> + <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/nyregion">New York »</a> + </h2> + <ul> + <li> + <article class="story theme-summary" data-story-id="100000005386266" data-rank="0" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHedThumbWell"> + + <a class="story-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/nyregion/new-york-today-hurricanes-in-nyc-harvey-tropical-storm.html"> + + <div class="thumb"> + <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/31/nyregion/31NYTODAY1/31NYTODAY1-thumbStandard.jpg" alt="" /> + </div> + + <h3 class="story-heading"> + New York Today: New York Today: Reflecting on Harvey, in the Northeast </h3> + </a> + </article> + </li> + <li> + <article class="story" data-story-id="100000005400160" data-rank="1" data-collection-renderstyle="HpHedThumbWell"> + <h2 class="story-heading"> + 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hidden"></div> +<div id="ADX_CLIENTSIDE" class="ad adx-clientside-ad hidden"></div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/benchmark/run.php b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/benchmark/run.php new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ca190783 --- /dev/null +++ b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/masterminds/html5/test/benchmark/run.php @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +<?php + +require __DIR__ . '/../../vendor/autoload.php'; + +$iterations = isset($argv[1]) ? $argv[1] : 100; + +$html5 = new Masterminds\HTML5(); +$content = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/example.html'); +$dom = $html5->loadHTML($content); + +$samples = array(); +for ($i = 0; $i < $iterations; ++$i) { + $t = microtime(true); + $dom = $html5->loadHTML($content); + $samples[] = microtime(true) - $t; +} +$time = array_sum($samples) / count($samples); +echo 'Loading: ' . ($time * 1000) . "\n"; + +$samples = array(); +for ($i = 0; $i < $iterations; ++$i) { + $t = microtime(true); + $html5->saveHTML($dom); + $samples[] = microtime(true) - $t; +} +$time = array_sum($samples) / count($samples); +echo 'Writing: ' . ($time * 1000) . "\n"; + +exit(0); |