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diff --git a/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected.html b/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected.html index f83f42d..6f84c6f 100644 --- a/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected.html +++ b/test/test-pages/wikipedia-2/expected.html @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ -<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en"> - <div> +<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr"> @@ -45,11 +44,7 @@ <p><b><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_anthems_of_New_Zealand" title="National anthems of New Zealand">Anthems</a>:</b></p><div> <ul> <li>"<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/God_Defend_New_Zealand" title="God Defend New Zealand">God Defend New Zealand</a>"<br> - <div> - <div> - - </div> - </div> + </li> <li> <span>"<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2"><a href="#cite_note-2">[n 1]</a></sup></span> @@ -451,12 +446,10 @@ </h2> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius,_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png"><img alt="Brown square paper with Dutch writing and a thick red, curved line" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/220px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/330px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/440px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="532"></a></p><div> <p>Detail from a 1657 map showing the western coastline of "Nova Zeelandia". (In this map, north is at the bottom.) </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and named it <i>Staten Land</i> "in honour of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>" (Dutch parliament). He wrote, "it is possible that this land joins to the Staten Land but it is uncertain",<sup id="cite_ref-17"><a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a></sup> referring to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">a landmass of the same name</a> at the southern tip of South America, discovered by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a> in 1616.<sup id="cite_ref-18"><a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19"><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a></sup> In 1645, Dutch <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cartographers" title="Cartographers">cartographers</a> renamed the land <i>Nova Zeelandia</i> after the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Dutch province</a> of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20"><a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21"><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a></sup> British explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> subsequently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> the name to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_name_22-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_name-22">[16]</a></sup> </p> @@ -469,38 +462,30 @@ </h2> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg"><img alt="One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to Hawai'i. A second set start in southern Asia and end in Melanesia." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/290px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/435px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/580px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"></a></p><div> <p>The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> are most likely descended from people who emigrated from <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and then travelled east through to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>. After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-28"><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a></sup> </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> New Zealand was one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a>, evidence of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a><sup id="cite_ref-29"><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> variability within <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> populations<sup id="cite_ref-30"><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a></sup> suggest New Zealand was first settled by Eastern <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> between 1250 and 1300,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056_25-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-25">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31"><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a></sup> concluding a long series of voyages through the southern Pacific islands.<sup id="cite_ref-32"><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a></sup> Over the centuries that followed, these settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a></i> (tribes) and <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a></i> (subtribes) who would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and sometimes fight against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-33"><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a></sup> At some point a group of Māori migrated to <i>Rēkohu</i>, now known as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, where they developed their distinct <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-34"><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35"><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a></sup> The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862, largely because of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taranaki_(iwi)" title="Taranaki (iwi)">Taranaki</a> Māori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-36"><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg"><img alt="An engraving of a sketched coastline on white background" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/170px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/255px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/340px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1508"></a></p><div> <p>Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">first visit</a> in 1769–70. The track of the <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> is also shown. </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> The first <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> and his crew in 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37">[31]</a></sup> In a hostile encounter, four crew members were killed and at least one Māori was hit by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister shot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38"><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a></sup> Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> mapped almost the entire coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37">[31]</a></sup> Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">whaling</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons and other goods for timber, Māori food, artefacts and water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2003122_39-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003122-39">[33]</a></sup> The introduction of the potato and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-40"><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a></sup> The resulting intertribal <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a> encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-41"><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a></sup> From the early 19th century, Christian <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> began to settle New Zealand, eventually <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converting</a> most of the Māori population.<sup id="cite_ref-42"><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a></sup> The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.<sup id="cite_ref-43"><a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Treatyofwaitangi.jpg"><img alt="A torn sheet of paper" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/170px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/255px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/340px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3091" data-file-height="5788"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> In 1788 Captain <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> assumed the position of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor</a> of the new British colony of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> which according to his commission included New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-44"><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a></sup> The British Government appointed <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832 following a petition from northern Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_45-0"><a href="#cite_note-Busby-45">[39]</a></sup> In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Charles_de_Thierry" title="Charles de Thierry">Charles de Thierry</a>, the nebulous <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a> sent a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of Independence</a> to King <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV of the United Kingdom</a> asking for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_45-1"><a href="#cite_note-Busby-45">[39]</a></sup> Ongoing unrest, the proposed settlement of New Zealand by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> (which had already sent its first ship of surveyors to buy land from Māori) and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to send Captain <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> to claim sovereignty for the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-46"><a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> was first signed in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> on 6 February 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2009_47-0"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-47">[41]</a></sup> In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a><sup id="cite_ref-48"><a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a></sup> and French settlers purchasing land in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Akaroa" title="Akaroa">Akaroa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49"><a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a></sup> Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating throughout the country for Māori to sign.<sup id="cite_ref-50"><a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a></sup> With the signing of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-51"><a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay,_New_Zealand.jpg"><img alt="Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/290px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="208" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/435px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/580px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4300"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> New Zealand, still part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Colony</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">of New Zealand</a> on 1 July 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-52"><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a></sup> Armed conflict began between the Colonial government and Māori in 1843 with the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wairau_Affray" title="Wairau Affray">Wairau Affray</a> over land and disagreements over sovereignty. These conflicts, mainly in the North Island, saw thousands of Imperial troops and the Royal Navy come to New Zealand and became known as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a>. Following these armed conflicts, large amounts of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">Māori land was confiscated by the government</a> to meet settler demands.<sup id="cite_ref-53"><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a></sup> </p> @@ -521,8 +506,6 @@ </h2> <div> - <div> - <div> <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II"><img alt="The Queen wearing her New Zealand insignia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/152px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="190" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/228px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/304px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1478"></a> </p> @@ -534,8 +517,6 @@ </div> </div> - </div> - </div> <p> New Zealand is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GG_constitution_71-0"><a href="#cite_note-GG_constitution-71">[65]</a></sup> although <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">its constitution</a> is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">not codified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-0"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> is the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Queen_of_New_Zealand" title="Queen of New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-73"><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a></sup> and thus the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74"><a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a></sup> The Queen is represented by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, whom she appoints on the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75"><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a></sup> The governor-general can exercise the Crown's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prerogative_powers" title="Prerogative powers">prerogative powers</a>, such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ministers_of_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers of the New Zealand Government">ministers</a>, ambassadors and other key public officials,<sup id="cite_ref-76"><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a></sup> and in rare situations, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> (e.g. the power to dissolve parliament or refuse the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> of a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> into law).<sup id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-0"><a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77">[71]</a></sup> The powers of the monarch and the governor-general are limited by constitutional constraints and they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-1"><a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77">[71]</a></sup> </p> @@ -546,10 +527,8 @@ A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">parliamentary general election</a> must be called no later than three years after the previous election.<sup id="cite_ref-82"><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a></sup> Almost all general elections between <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">1853</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a> were held under the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-road_83-0"><a href="#cite_note-road-83">[77]</a></sup> Since the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a>, a form of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> called <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) has been used.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-1"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> Under the MMP system, each person has two votes; one is for a candidate standing in the voter's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a> and the other is for a party. Since the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014 election</a>, there have been 71 electorates (which include seven <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a> in which only Māori can optionally vote),<sup id="cite_ref-84"><a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a></sup> and the remaining 49 of the 120 seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, with the threshold that a party must win at least one electorate or 5% of the total party vote before it is eligible for a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-85"><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg"><img alt="A block of buildings fronted by a large statue." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/220px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/330px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/440px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3297" data-file-height="2557"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> Elections since the 1930s have been dominated by two political parties, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-road_83-1"><a href="#cite_note-road-83">[77]</a></sup> Between March 2005 and August 2006, New Zealand became the first country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land—head of state, governor-general, prime minister, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">speaker</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">chief justice</a>—were occupied simultaneously by women.<sup id="cite_ref-86"><a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a></sup> The current prime minister is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>, who has been in office since 26 October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-87"><a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a></sup> She is the country's third female prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-88"><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a></sup> </p> @@ -565,10 +544,8 @@ </h3> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg"><img alt="A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/220px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/330px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/440px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2999"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> Early colonial New Zealand allowed the British Government to determine external trade and be responsible for foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-97"><a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a></sup> The 1923 and 1926 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conferences</a> decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate its own political <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. On 3 September 1939 New Zealand allied itself with Britain and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declared war</a> on Germany with Prime Minister <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand."<sup id="cite_ref-98"><a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a></sup> </p> @@ -576,12 +553,10 @@ In 1951 the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests,<sup id="cite_ref-99"><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a></sup> while New Zealand joined <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">Australia</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">United States</a> in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> security treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-100"><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a></sup> The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101"><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a></sup> the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102"><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a></sup> disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand's nuclear-free policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103"><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104"><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a></sup> Despite the United States' suspension of ANZUS obligations the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.<sup id="cite_ref-105"><a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a></sup> Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">free trade agreements</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">travel arrangements</a> that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106">[100]</a></sup> In 2013 there were about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is equivalent to 15% of the resident population of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-107"><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(20).jpg"><img alt="A soldier in a green army uniform faces forwards" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/220px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/330px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/440px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></a></p><div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> service at the National War Memorial </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> New Zealand has a strong presence among the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Island" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> countries. A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment.<sup id="cite_ref-108"><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a></sup> Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007 and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.<sup id="cite_ref-109"><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a></sup> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110"><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a></sup> New Zealand is involved in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> Regional Forum (including the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-1"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106">[100]</a></sup> New Zealand is a member of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">United Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111"><a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a></sup> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-112"><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a></sup> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD),<sup id="cite_ref-113"><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a></sup> and participates in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114"><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a></sup> </p> @@ -596,10 +571,8 @@ </h3> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg"><img alt="Map with the North, South, Stewart/Rakiura, Tokelau, Cook, Niue, Kermadec, Chatham, Bounty, Antipodes, Snare, Auckland and Campbell Islands highlighted. New Zealand's segment of Antarctica (the Ross Dependency) is also highlighted." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/400px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/600px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/800px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> The early European settlers divided New Zealand into <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">provinces</a>, which had a degree of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_provinces_127-0"><a href="#cite_note-nine_provinces-127">[121]</a></sup> Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales and other policies, government was centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-128"><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a></sup> The provinces are remembered in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">regional public holidays</a><sup id="cite_ref-129"><a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a></sup> and sporting rivalries.<sup id="cite_ref-130"><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a></sup> </p> @@ -730,34 +703,26 @@ <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg"><img alt="Islands of New Zealand as seen from satellite" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/170px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/255px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/340px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="5600"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> New Zealand is located near the centre of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Water_hemisphere" title="Water hemisphere">water hemisphere</a> and is made up of two main islands and a number of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. The two main islands (the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, or <i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i>, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, or <i>Te Waipounamu</i>) are separated by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point.<sup id="cite_ref-145"><a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a></sup> Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> (across the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Foveaux_Strait" title="Foveaux Strait">Foveaux Strait</a>), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Island" title="Chatham Island">Chatham Island</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Great_Barrier_Island" title="Great Barrier Island">Great Barrier Island</a> (in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hauraki_Gulf" title="Hauraki Gulf">Hauraki Gulf</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-146"><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/D%27Urville_Island_(New_Zealand)" title="D'Urville Island (New Zealand)">D'Urville Island</a> (in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-147"><a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waiheke_Island" title="Waiheke Island">Waiheke Island</a> (about 22 km (14 mi) from central Auckland).<sup id="cite_ref-148"><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Mt_Cook,_NZ.jpg"><img alt="A large mountain with a lake in the foreground" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/220px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/330px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/440px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></a> </p> </div> - </div> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg"><img alt="Snow-capped mountain range" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/220px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/330px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/440px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></a> </p> <p> The Southern Alps stretch for 500 kilometres down the South Island </p> </div> - </div> </div> - </div> <p> New Zealand is long and narrow (over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-north-east axis with a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)),<sup id="cite_ref-149"><a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a></sup> with about 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of coastline<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-0"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> and a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-151"><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a></sup> Because of its far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_New_Zealand" title="Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand">exclusive economic zone</a> is one of the largest in the world, covering more than 15 times its land area.<sup id="cite_ref-152"><a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a></sup> </p> @@ -782,21 +747,15 @@ </li> <li> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Lake_Gunn.jpg"><img alt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/269px-Lake_Gunn.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/404px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/538px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="669"></a> </p> </div> - - </div> </li> <li> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Pencarrow_Head,_Wellington,_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina,_24_Feb._2007.jpg"><img alt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/269px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/404px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/538px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></a> </p> </div> - - </div> </li> </ul> <h3> @@ -940,12 +899,10 @@ </h3> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:TeTuatahianui.jpg"><img alt="Kiwi amongst sticks" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/170px-TeTuatahianui.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/255px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/340px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1325"></a></p><div> <p>The endemic flightless <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a> is a national icon. </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geographic_isolation" title="Geographic isolation">geographic isolation</a> for 80 million years<sup id="cite_ref-172"><a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a></sup> and island <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> has influenced evolution of the country's species of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">animals</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">plants</a>. Physical isolation has caused biological isolation, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of very distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species.<sup id="cite_ref-173"><a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174"><a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a></sup> About 82% of New Zealand's indigenous <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>, covering 1,944 species across 65 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_175-0"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-175">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NZPCN_2006_176-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZPCN_2006-176">[169]</a></sup> The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen-forming species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, but one estimate suggests there are about 2,300 species of lichen-forming fungi in New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_175-1"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-175">[168]</a></sup> and 40% of these are endemic.<sup id="cite_ref-177"><a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a></sup> The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Podocarp" title="Podocarp">podocarps</a>, or by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">southern beech</a> in cooler climates.<sup id="cite_ref-178"><a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a></sup> The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tussock_grasslands_of_New_Zealand" title="Tussock grasslands of New Zealand">tussock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179"><a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a></sup> </p> @@ -953,12 +910,10 @@ Before the arrival of humans, an estimated 80% of the land was covered in forest, with only <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">high alpine</a>, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees.<sup id="cite_ref-180"><a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a></sup> Massive <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">deforestation</a> occurred after humans arrived, with around half the forest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-181"><a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a></sup> Much of the remaining forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23% of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-182"><a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg"><img alt="An artist's rendition of a Haast's eagle attacking two moa" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/220px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/330px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/440px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1101"></a></p><div> <p>The giant <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> died out when humans hunted its main prey, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>, to extinction. </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> The forests were dominated by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">birds</a>, and the lack of mammalian predators led to some like the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo">kakapo</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Weka" title="Weka">weka</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Takah%C4%93" title="Takahē">takahē</a> evolving <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightlessness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183"><a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a></sup> The arrival of humans, associated changes to habitat, and the introduction of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">rats</a>, ferrets and other mammals led to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene">extinction</a> of many bird species, including <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">large birds</a> like the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holdaway2009_184-0"><a href="#cite_note-Holdaway2009-184">[177]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185"><a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a></sup> </p> @@ -975,10 +930,8 @@ <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg"><img alt="Boats docked in blue-green water. Plate glass skyscrapers rising up in the background." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/220px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/330px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/440px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="3019"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> New Zealand has an <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Advanced_economy" title="Advanced economy">advanced</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-200"><a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a></sup> ranked 16th in the 2018 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-HDI_12-1"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[8]</a></sup> and third in the 2018 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201"><a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a></sup> It is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/High-income_economy" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a> with a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nominal_value" title="Nominal value">nominal</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) per capita of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>36,254.<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-4"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> The currency is the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a>, informally known as the "Kiwi dollar"; it also circulates in the Cook Islands (see <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Islands_dollar" title="Cook Islands dollar">Cook Islands dollar</a>), Niue, Tokelau, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202"><a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a></sup> </p> @@ -986,10 +939,8 @@ Historically, extractive industries have contributed strongly to New Zealand's economy, focussing at different times on sealing, whaling, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Phormium" title="Phormium">flax</a>, gold, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">kauri gum</a>, and native timber.<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-0"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> The first shipment of refrigerated meat on the <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dunedin_(ship)" title="Dunedin (ship)">Dunedin</a></i> in 1882 led to the establishment of meat and dairy exports to Britain, a trade which provided the basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-204"><a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a></sup> High demand for agricultural products from the United Kingdom and the United States helped New Zealanders achieve higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-205"><a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a></sup> In 1973, New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a><sup id="cite_ref-206"><a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a></sup> and other compounding factors, such as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 energy</a> crises, led to a severe <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Depression_(economics)" title="Depression (economics)">economic depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207"><a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a></sup> Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">the World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208"><a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a></sup> In the mid-1980s New Zealand deregulated its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agricultural sector</a> by phasing out <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">subsidies</a> over a three-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-209"><a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210"><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a></sup> Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Macroeconomic" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> restructuring (known first as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> and then <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ruthanasia" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia</a>), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protected</a> and highly regulated economy to a liberalised <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Free-trade" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberalisation_211-0"><a href="#cite_note-Liberalisation-211">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212"><a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:MilfordSound.jpg"><img alt="Blue water against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/220px-MilfordSound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/330px-MilfordSound.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/440px-MilfordSound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> Unemployment peaked above 10% in 1991 and 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-0"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> following the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">1987 share market crash</a>, but eventually fell to a record low (since 1986) of 3.7% in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-1"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> However, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global financial crisis</a> that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years,<sup id="cite_ref-215"><a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216"><a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a></sup> and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-217"><a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a></sup> Unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends, but are consistently higher among youth. In the December 2014 quarter, the general unemployment rate was around 5.8%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 15.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-2"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> New Zealand has experienced a series of "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Brain_drain" title="Brain drain">brain drains</a>" since the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-218"><a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a></sup> that still continue today.<sup id="cite_ref-219"><a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a></sup> Nearly one quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation.<sup id="cite_ref-220"><a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a></sup> In recent decades, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-221"><a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200644_222-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200644-222">[215]</a></sup> Today New Zealand's economy benefits from a high level of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223"><a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1000,12 +951,10 @@ New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade,<sup id="cite_ref-224"><a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a></sup> particularly in agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-225"><a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a></sup> Exports account for 24% of its output,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-1"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">economic slowdowns</a>. Food products made up 55% of the value of all the country's exports in 2014; wood was the second largest earner (7%).<sup id="cite_ref-226"><a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a></sup> New Zealand's main trading partners, as at June 2018, are China (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/NZ$" title="NZ$">NZ$</a>27.8b), Australia ($26.2b), the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> ($22.9b), the United States ($17.6b), and Japan ($8.4b).<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-0"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement</a>, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.<sup id="cite_ref-228"><a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a></sup> The service sector is the largest sector in the economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-2"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a> plays a significant role in the economy, contributing $12.9 billion (or 5.6%) to New Zealand's total GDP and supporting 7.5% of the total workforce in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-TourismStats_229-0"><a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-229">[222]</a></sup> International visitor arrivals are expected to increase at a rate of 5.4% annually up to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-TourismStats_229-1"><a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-229">[222]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG"><img alt="A Romney ewe with her two lambs" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/220px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/330px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/440px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></a></p><div> <p>Wool has historically been one of New Zealand's major exports. </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> Wool was New Zealand's major agricultural export during the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-1"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues,<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-2"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities<sup id="cite_ref-230"><a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a></sup> and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-231"><a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a></sup> In contrast <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">dairy farming</a> increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-232"><a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a></sup> to become New Zealand's largest export earner.<sup id="cite_ref-233"><a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a></sup> In the year to June 2018, dairy products accounted for 17.7% ($14.1 billion) of total exports,<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-1"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> and the country's largest company, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fonterra" title="Fonterra">Fonterra</a>, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.<sup id="cite_ref-234"><a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a></sup> Other exports in 2017-18 were meat (8.8%), wood and wood products (6.2%), fruit (3.6%), machinery (2.2%) and wine (2.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-2"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand's wine</a> industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period,<sup id="cite_ref-235"><a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a></sup> overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-236"><a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237"><a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1013,10 +962,8 @@ <span id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span> </h3> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Air_New_Zealand,_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_(27091961041).jpg"><img alt="A mid-size jet airliner in flight. The plane livery is all-black and features a New Zealand silver fern mark." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/220px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/330px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/440px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5625" data-file-height="3750"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> In 2015, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">renewable energy</a>, primarily <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">geothermal</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Hydroelectric power in New Zealand">hydroelectric power</a>, generated 40.1% of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">New Zealand's gross energy</a> supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy2015_238-0"><a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-238">[231]</a></sup> Geothermal power alone accounted for 22% of New Zealand's energy in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy2015_238-1"><a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-238">[231]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1034,10 +981,8 @@ </h2> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:New_Zealandpop.svg"><img alt="Stationary population pyramid broken down into 21 age ranges." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/280px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/420px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/560px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 New Zealand census</a> enumerated a resident population of 4,242,048, an increase of 5.3% over the 2006 figure.<sup id="cite_ref-252"><a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254"><a href="#cite_note-254">[n 8]</a></sup> As of September 2019, the total population has risen to an estimated 4,933,210.<sup id="cite_ref-populationestimate_9-1"><a href="#cite_note-populationestimate-9">[5]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1380,12 +1325,10 @@ </h3> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg"><img alt="Pedestrians crossing a wide street which is flanked by storefronts" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/220px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/330px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/440px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="604"></a></p><div> <p>Pedestrians on <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Queen_Street,_Auckland" title="Queen Street, Auckland">Queen Street</a> in Auckland, an ethnically diverse city </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> In the 2013 census, 74.0% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 14.9% as Māori. Other major ethnic groups include <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a> (11.8%) and Pacific peoples (7.4%), two-thirds of whom live in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QuickStats_ethnicity_263-0"><a href="#cite_note-QuickStats_ethnicity-263">[255]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnicity_6-1"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-6">[n 3]</a></sup> The population has become more diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-264"><a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1400,7 +1343,6 @@ </h3> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:TeReoMaori2013.png"><img alt="Map of New Zealand showing the percentage of people in each census area unit who speak Māori. Areas of the North Island exhibit the highest Māori proficiency." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/220px-TeReoMaori2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/330px-TeReoMaori2013.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/440px-TeReoMaori2013.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3759"></a></p><div> <p>Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census<sup id="cite_ref-278"><a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a></sup></p><p><span> </span> Less than 5% </p> @@ -1418,7 +1360,6 @@ </p> </div> </div> - </div> <p> English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 96.1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-0"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> is similar to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accents</a> apart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814_280-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814-280">[272]</a></sup> The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-"i" sound (as in "kit") has centralised towards the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Schwa" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound (the "a" in "comma" and "about"); the short-"e" sound (as in "dress") has moved towards the short-"i" sound; and the short-"a" sound (as in "trap") has moved to the short-"e" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-281"><a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1434,12 +1375,10 @@ <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg"><img alt="Simple white building with two red domed towers" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/170px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/255px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/340px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2164"></a></p><div> <p>A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> church on a hill near <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Raetihi" title="Raetihi">Raetihi</a>. The two-tower construction is characteristic of Rātana buildings. </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">Christianity</a> is the predominant religion in New Zealand, although its society is among the most <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Secular" title="Secular">secular</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-291"><a href="#cite_note-291">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-292"><a href="#cite_note-292">[282]</a></sup> In the 2018 census, 51.4% of the population identified with one or more religions, including 38.6% identifying as Christians. Another 48.6% indicated that they had no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-293"><a href="#cite_note-293">[n 11]</a></sup> The main Christian denominations are, by number of adherents, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_New_Zealand" title="Catholic Church in New Zealand">Roman Catholicism</a> (10.1%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Aotearoa,_New_Zealand_and_Polynesia" title="Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia">Anglicanism</a> (6.8%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand">Presbyterianism</a> (5.5%) and "Christian not further defined" (i.e. people identifying as Christian but not stating the denomination, 6.6%). The Māori-based <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ringat%C5%AB" title="Ringatū">Ringatū</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> religions (1.3%) are also Christian in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-0"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296"><a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a></sup> Immigration and demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,<sup id="cite_ref-297"><a href="#cite_note-297">[286]</a></sup> such as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" title="Hinduism in New Zealand">Hinduism</a> (2.6%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">Buddhism</a> (1.1%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">Islam</a> (1.3%) and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">Sikhism</a> (0.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-1"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup> The Auckland Region exhibited the greatest religious diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-2"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1456,14 +1395,12 @@ </h2> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:KupeWheke.jpg" title="Use the scrollbar to see the full image."><img alt="Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/150px-KupeWheke.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="605" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/225px-KupeWheke.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/300px-KupeWheke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="1570"></a> </p> <div> <p>Late 20th-century house-post depicting the navigator <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kupe" title="Kupe">Kupe</a> fighting two sea creatures </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> Early Māori adapted the tropically based east <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a> in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" title="Whānau">whānau</a></i>), subtribes (<i>hapū</i>) and tribes (<i>iwi</i>) ruled by a chief (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a></i>), whose position was subject to the community's approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398_304-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398-304">[293]</a></sup> The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,<sup id="cite_ref-305"><a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-306"><a href="#cite_note-306">[295]</a></sup> particularly with the introduction of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-307"><a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a></sup> However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">their identity</a>, and Māori kinship roles resemble <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">those of other Polynesian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-308"><a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a></sup> More recently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Australian</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian</a> and other <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European cultures</a> have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika</a>, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.<sup id="cite_ref-309"><a href="#cite_note-309">[298]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1484,10 +1421,8 @@ Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.<sup id="cite_ref-321"><a href="#cite_note-321">[310]</a></sup> Māori tattoos (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">moko</a></i>) consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel.<sup id="cite_ref-322"><a href="#cite_note-322">[311]</a></sup> Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-beginnings_323-0"><a href="#cite_note-beginnings-323">[312]</a></sup> Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">noble savages</a>", exotic beauties or friendly natives.<sup id="cite_ref-beginnings_323-1"><a href="#cite_note-beginnings-323">[312]</a></sup> The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">regionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-324"><a href="#cite_note-324">[313]</a></sup> During the 1960s and 1970s many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms.<sup id="cite_ref-325"><a href="#cite_note-325">[314]</a></sup> New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_317-1"><a href="#cite_note-Creative-317">[306]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326"><a href="#cite_note-326">[315]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Hinepare.jpg"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/170px-Hinepare.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/255px-Hinepare.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/340px-Hinepare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="700"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-327"><a href="#cite_note-327">[316]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">Greenstone</a> was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a>, a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.<sup id="cite_ref-328"><a href="#cite_note-328">[317]</a></sup> Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-329"><a href="#cite_note-329">[318]</a></sup> Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre.<sup id="cite_ref-330"><a href="#cite_note-330">[319]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_331-0"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-331">[320]</a></sup> However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_331-1"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-331">[320]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1506,10 +1441,8 @@ New Zealand music has been influenced by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-music_337-0"><a href="#cite_note-music-337">[326]</a></sup> Māori developed traditional chants and songs from their ancient Southeast Asian origins, and after centuries of isolation created a unique "monotonous" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doleful" title="wikt:doleful">doleful</a>" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-338"><a href="#cite_note-338">[327]</a></sup> Flutes and trumpets were used as musical instruments<sup id="cite_ref-339"><a href="#cite_note-339">[328]</a></sup> or as signalling devices during war or special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-340"><a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a></sup> Early settlers brought over their ethnic music, with <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral music</a> being popular, and musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-341"><a href="#cite_note-341">[330]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-342"><a href="#cite_note-342">[331]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">Pipe bands</a> became widespread during the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-343"><a href="#cite_note-343">[332]</a></sup> The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-music_337-1"><a href="#cite_note-music-337">[326]</a></sup> Some artists release Māori language songs and the Māori tradition-based art of <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></i> (song and dance) has made a resurgence.<sup id="cite_ref-344"><a href="#cite_note-344">[333]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Music_Awards" title="New Zealand Music Awards">New Zealand Music Awards</a> are held annually by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>; the awards were first held in 1965 by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Reckitt_%26_Colman" title="Reckitt & Colman">Reckitt & Colman</a> as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Loxene_Golden_Disc" title="Loxene Golden Disc">Loxene Golden Disc</a> awards.<sup id="cite_ref-345"><a href="#cite_note-345">[334]</a></sup> Recorded Music NZ also publishes the country's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">official weekly record charts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-346"><a href="#cite_note-346">[335]</a></sup> </p> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg"><img alt="Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/220px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/330px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/440px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> Public <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">radio</a> was introduced in New Zealand in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-348"><a href="#cite_note-348">[337]</a></sup> A state-owned <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">television service</a> began in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-349"><a href="#cite_note-349">[338]</a></sup> Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-350">[339]</a></sup> New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with a large number of Australian and local shows.<sup id="cite_ref-351"><a href="#cite_note-351">[340]</a></sup> The number of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_films" title="List of New Zealand films">New Zealand films</a> significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Film_Commission" title="New Zealand Film Commission">New Zealand Film Commission</a> started assisting local film-makers and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-1"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-350">[339]</a></sup> The highest-grossing New Zealand films are <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hunt_for_the_Wilderpeople" title="Hunt for the Wilderpeople">Hunt for the Wilderpeople</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Boy_(2010_film)" title="Boy (2010 film)">Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_World%27s_Fastest_Indian" title="The World's Fastest Indian">The World's Fastest Indian</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a></i> and <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whale_Rider" title="Whale Rider">Whale Rider</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-352"><a href="#cite_note-352">[341]</a></sup> The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,<sup id="cite_ref-353"><a href="#cite_note-353">[342]</a></sup> have encouraged some <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">producers</a> to shoot big-budget productions in New Zealand, including <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a></i> and <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-354"><a href="#cite_note-354">[343]</a></sup> The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Crown_entity" title="Crown entity">state retains ownership</a> of some television and radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-355"><a href="#cite_note-355">[344]</a></sup> Since 1994, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-356"><a href="#cite_note-356">[345]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1519,10 +1452,8 @@ </h3> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Haka_2006.jpg"><img alt="Rugby team wearing all black, facing the camera, knees bent, and facing toward a team wearing white" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/220px-Haka_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/330px-Haka_2006.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/440px-Haka_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></a></p> </div> - </div> <p> Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have British origins.<sup id="cite_ref-357"><a href="#cite_note-357">[346]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is considered the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a><sup id="cite_ref-358"><a href="#cite_note-358">[347]</a></sup> and attracts the most spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-0"><a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-359">[348]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> have the highest rates of adult participation, while netball, rugby union and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football (soccer)</a> are particularly popular among young people.<sup id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-1"><a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-359">[348]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nzsssc_360-0"><a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-360">[349]</a></sup> Around 54% of New Zealand adolescents participate in sports for their school.<sup id="cite_ref-nzsssc_360-1"><a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-360">[349]</a></sup> Victorious rugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" title="1888–89 New Zealand Native football team">late 1880s</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Original_All_Blacks" title="The Original All Blacks">early 1900s</a> played an early role in instilling a national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-361"><a href="#cite_note-361">[350]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Horseracing_in_New_Zealand" title="Horseracing in New Zealand">Horseracing</a> was also a popular <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a> and became part of the "Rugby, Racing and Beer" culture during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-362"><a href="#cite_note-362">[351]</a></sup> Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby and the country's team performs a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haka_(sports)" title="Haka (sports)">haka</a>, a traditional Māori challenge, before international matches.<sup id="cite_ref-363"><a href="#cite_note-363">[352]</a></sup> New Zealand is known for its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">extreme sports</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">adventure tourism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200669_364-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200669-364">[353]</a></sup> and strong <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-365"><a href="#cite_note-365">[354]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366"><a href="#cite_note-366">[355]</a></sup> Other outdoor pursuits such as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cycling_in_New_Zealand" title="Cycling in New Zealand">cycling</a>, fishing, swimming, running, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tramping_in_New_Zealand" title="Tramping in New Zealand">tramping</a>, canoeing, hunting, snowsports, surfing and sailing are also popular.<sup id="cite_ref-SportsParticipation_367-0"><a href="#cite_note-SportsParticipation-367">[356]</a></sup> The Polynesian sport of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waka_ama" title="Waka ama">waka ama</a> racing has experienced a resurgence of interest in New Zealand since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-368"><a href="#cite_note-368">[357]</a></sup> </p> @@ -1534,12 +1465,10 @@ </h3> <div> - <div> <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg"><img alt="Raw meat and vegetables" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/220px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/330px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/440px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832"></a></p><div> <p>Ingredients to be prepared for a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a> </p></div> </div> - </div> <p> The national cuisine has been described as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>, incorporating the native <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_cuisine" title="Māori cuisine">Māori cuisine</a> and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-cuisine_374-0"><a href="#cite_note-cuisine-374">[363]</a></sup> New Zealand yields produce from land and sea—most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-375"><a href="#cite_note-375">[364]</a></sup> Distinctive ingredients or dishes include <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, salmon, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/K%C5%8Dura" title="Kōura">kōura</a> (crayfish),<sup id="cite_ref-376"><a href="#cite_note-376">[365]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dredge_oyster" title="Dredge oyster">dredge oysters</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">whitebait</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">pāua</a> (abalone), mussels, scallops, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Paphies_australis" title="Paphies australis">pipis</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">tuatua</a> (both are types of New Zealand shellfish),<sup id="cite_ref-377"><a href="#cite_note-377">[366]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/K%C5%ABmara" title="Kūmara">kūmara</a> (sweet potato), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tamarillo" title="Tamarillo">tamarillo</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" title="Pavlova (food)">pavlova</a> (considered a national dish).<sup id="cite_ref-378"><a href="#cite_note-378">[367]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cuisine_374-1"><a href="#cite_note-cuisine-374">[363]</a></sup> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a> is a traditional Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven. After European colonisation, Māori began cooking with pots and ovens and the hāngi was used less frequently, although it is still used for formal occasions such as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tangihanga" title="Tangihanga">tangihanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-379"><a href="#cite_note-379">[368]</a></sup> </p> @@ -3173,5 +3102,4 @@ - </div> - </div>
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