diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'test')
134 files changed, 42498 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/test/HTMLParserTest.php b/test/HTMLParserTest.php new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4de7d7e --- /dev/null +++ b/test/HTMLParserTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +<?php + +namespace andreskrey\Readability\Test; + + +use andreskrey\Readability\HTMLParser; + +class HTMLParserTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase +{ + private function HTMLParserParsesHTML($html, $expectedResult, $expectedMetadata) + { + $readability = new HTMLParser(); + $result = $readability->parse($html); + + $this->assertEquals($expectedResult, $result['html']); + } + + public function testSamplePages() + { + $path = pathinfo(__FILE__, PATHINFO_DIRNAME) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'test-pages'; + $testPages = scandir($path); + + foreach(array_slice($testPages, 2) as $testPage){ + $source = file_get_contents($path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $testPage . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'source.html'); + $expectedMetadata = file_get_contents($path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $testPage . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'expected-metadata.json'); + $expectedHTML = file_get_contents($path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $testPage . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'expected.html'); + + $this->HTMLParserParsesHTML($source, $expectedHTML, $expectedMetadata); + } + } +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/ReadabilityTest.php b/test/ReadabilityTest.php new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50af972 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/ReadabilityTest.php @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +<?php + +namespace andreskrey\Readability\Test; + + +use andreskrey\Readability\Readability; + +class ReadabilityTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase +{ + +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/001/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/001/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee91098 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/001/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Get your Frontend JavaScript Code Covered | Code", + "byline": "Nicolas Perriault —", + "excerpt": "Nicolas Perriault's homepage.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/001/expected.html b/test/test-pages/001/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..458cbce --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/001/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <section> + <p><strong>So finally you're <a href="http://fakehost/code/2013/testing-frontend-javascript-code-using-mocha-chai-and-sinon/">testing your frontend JavaScript code</a>? Great! The more you +write tests, the more confident you are with your code… but how much precisely? +That's where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coverage">code coverage</a> might +help.</strong> </p> + <p>The idea behind code coverage is to record which parts of your code (functions, statements, conditionals and so on) have been executed by your test suite, to compute metrics out of these data and usually to provide tools for navigating and inspecting them.</p> + <p>Not a lot of frontend developers I know actually test their frontend code, and I can barely imagine how many of them have ever setup code coverage… Mostly because there are not many frontend-oriented tools in this area I guess.</p> + <p>Actually I've only found one which provides an adapter for <a href="http://visionmedia.github.io/mocha/">Mocha</a> and actually works…</p> + <blockquote class="twitter-tweet tw-align-center"> + <p>Drinking game for web devs: + <br/>(1) Think of a noun + <br/>(2) Google "<noun>.js" + <br/>(3) If a library with that name exists - drink</p>— Shay Friedman (@ironshay) <a href="https://twitter.com/ironshay/statuses/370525864523743232">August 22, 2013</a> </blockquote> + <p><strong><a href="http://blanketjs.org/">Blanket.js</a></strong> is an <em>easy to install, easy to configure, +and easy to use JavaScript code coverage library that works both in-browser and +with nodejs.</em> </p> + <p>Its use is dead easy, adding Blanket support to your Mocha test suite is just matter of adding this simple line to your HTML test file:</p> <pre><code><script src="vendor/blanket.js" + data-cover-adapter="vendor/mocha-blanket.js"></script> +</code></pre> + <p>Source files: <a href="https://raw.github.com/alex-seville/blanket/master/dist/qunit/blanket.min.js">blanket.js</a>, <a href="https://raw.github.com/alex-seville/blanket/master/src/adapters/mocha-blanket.js">mocha-blanket.js</a> </p> + <p>As an example, let's reuse the silly <code>Cow</code> example we used <a href="http://fakehost/code/2013/testing-frontend-javascript-code-using-mocha-chai-and-sinon/">in a previous episode</a>:</p> <pre><code>// cow.js +(function(exports) { + "use strict"; + + function Cow(name) { + this.name = name || "Anon cow"; + } + exports.Cow = Cow; + + Cow.prototype = { + greets: function(target) { + if (!target) + throw new Error("missing target"); + return this.name + " greets " + target; + } + }; +})(this); +</code></pre> + <p>And its test suite, powered by Mocha and <a href="http://chaijs.com/">Chai</a>:</p> <pre><code>var expect = chai.expect; + +describe("Cow", function() { + describe("constructor", function() { + it("should have a default name", function() { + var cow = new Cow(); + expect(cow.name).to.equal("Anon cow"); + }); + + it("should set cow's name if provided", function() { + var cow = new Cow("Kate"); + expect(cow.name).to.equal("Kate"); + }); + }); + + describe("#greets", function() { + it("should greet passed target", function() { + var greetings = (new Cow("Kate")).greets("Baby"); + expect(greetings).to.equal("Kate greets Baby"); + }); + }); +}); +</code></pre> + <p>Let's create the HTML test file for it, featuring Blanket and its adapter for Mocha:</p> <pre><code><!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Test</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="vendor/mocha.css"> +</head> +<body> + <div id="mocha"></div> + <div id="messages"></div> + <div id="fixtures"></div> + <script src="vendor/mocha.js"></script> + <script src="vendor/chai.js"></script> + <script src="vendor/blanket.js" + data-cover-adapter="vendor/mocha-blanket.js"></script> + <script>mocha.setup('bdd');</script> + <script src="cow.js" data-cover></script> + <script src="cow_test.js"></script> + <script>mocha.run();</script> +</body> +</html> +</code></pre> + <p><strong>Notes</strong>:</p> + <ul> + <li>Notice the <code>data-cover</code> attribute we added to the script tag loading the source of our library;</li> + <li>The HTML test file <em>must</em> be served over HTTP for the adapter to be loaded.</li> + </ul> + <p>Running the tests now gives us something like this:</p> + <p> <img alt="screenshot" src="http://fakehost/static/code/2013/blanket-coverage.png"/> </p> + <p>As you can see, the report at the bottom highlights that we haven't actually tested the case where an error is raised in case a target name is missing. We've been informed of that, nothing more, nothing less. We simply know we're missing a test here. Isn't this cool? I think so!</p> + <p>Just remember that code coverage will only <a href="http://codebetter.com/karlseguin/2008/12/09/code-coverage-use-it-wisely/">bring you numbers</a> and raw information, not actual proofs that the whole of your <em>code logic</em> has been actually covered. If you ask me, the best inputs you can get about your code logic and implementation ever are the ones issued out of <a href="http://www.extremeprogramming.org/rules/pair.html">pair programming</a> sessions and <a href="http://alexgaynor.net/2013/sep/26/effective-code-review/">code reviews</a> — but that's another story.</p> + <p><strong>So is code coverage silver bullet? No. Is it useful? Definitely. Happy testing!</strong> </p> + </section> +</div> diff --git a/test/test-pages/001/source.html b/test/test-pages/001/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0de9860 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/001/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html class="no-js" lang="en"> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/> + <title>Get your Frontend JavaScript Code Covered | Code | Nicolas Perriault</title> + <meta + name="description" content="Nicolas Perriault's homepage."/> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/> + <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Asap:400,400italic,700,700italic&subset=latin,latin-ext" + rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> + <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/packed.css?1412806084"/> + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/code/feed/" title="Code (RSS)"/> + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/photography/feed/" + title="Photography (RSS)"/> + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/talks/feed/" title="Talks (RSS)"/> + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/carnet/feed/" + title="Carnet (RSS)"/> + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/feed/" title="Everything (RSS)"/> + <!--[if lt IE 9]> + <script src="//html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script> + <![endif]--> + </head> + + <body class="code " onload="prettyPrint()"> + <!--[if lt IE 7]> + <p class="chromeframe">Your browser is <em>ancient!</em> Please <a href="http://www.quirksmode.org/upgrade.html">upgrade</a>.</p> + <![endif]--> + <div class="container"> + <header class="main-title"> + <h1><a href="/">Hi, I'm <strong>Nicolas.</strong></a></h1> + <small>I code stuff. I take photos. I write rants.</small> + + </header> + <main class="contents" role="main"> + <article lang="en" class="code" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting"> + <link itemprop="url" href="/code/2013/get-your-frontend-javascript-code-covered/"/> + <header> + <h2><a itemprop="name" href="/code/2013/get-your-frontend-javascript-code-covered/">Get your Frontend JavaScript Code Covered</a></h2> + </header> + <section> + <p><strong>So finally you're <a href="/code/2013/testing-frontend-javascript-code-using-mocha-chai-and-sinon/">testing your frontend JavaScript code</a>? Great! The more you +write tests, the more confident you are with your code… but how much precisely? +That's where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coverage">code coverage</a> might +help.</strong> + </p> + <p>The idea behind code coverage is to record which parts of your code (functions, + statements, conditionals and so on) have been executed by your test suite, + to compute metrics out of these data and usually to provide tools for navigating + and inspecting them.</p> + <p>Not a lot of frontend developers I know actually test their frontend code, + and I can barely imagine how many of them have ever setup code coverage… + Mostly because there are not many frontend-oriented tools in this area + I guess.</p> + <p>Actually I've only found one which provides an adapter for <a href="http://visionmedia.github.io/mocha/">Mocha</a> and + actually works…</p> + <blockquote class="twitter-tweet tw-align-center"> + <p>Drinking game for web devs: + <br />(1) Think of a noun + <br />(2) Google "<noun>.js" + <br />(3) If a library with that name exists - drink</p>— Shay Friedman (@ironshay) + <a + href="https://twitter.com/ironshay/statuses/370525864523743232">August 22, 2013</a> + </blockquote> + <p><strong><a href="http://blanketjs.org/">Blanket.js</a></strong> is an <em>easy to install, easy to configure, +and easy to use JavaScript code coverage library that works both in-browser and +with nodejs.</em> + </p> + <p>Its use is dead easy, adding Blanket support to your Mocha test suite + is just matter of adding this simple line to your HTML test file:</p> +<pre><code><script src="vendor/blanket.js" + data-cover-adapter="vendor/mocha-blanket.js"></script> +</code></pre> + + <p>Source files: <a href="https://raw.github.com/alex-seville/blanket/master/dist/qunit/blanket.min.js">blanket.js</a>, + <a + href="https://raw.github.com/alex-seville/blanket/master/src/adapters/mocha-blanket.js">mocha-blanket.js</a> + </p> + <p>As an example, let's reuse the silly <code>Cow</code> example we used + <a + href="/code/2013/testing-frontend-javascript-code-using-mocha-chai-and-sinon/">in a previous episode</a>:</p> +<pre><code>// cow.js +(function(exports) { + "use strict"; + + function Cow(name) { + this.name = name || "Anon cow"; + } + exports.Cow = Cow; + + Cow.prototype = { + greets: function(target) { + if (!target) + throw new Error("missing target"); + return this.name + " greets " + target; + } + }; +})(this); +</code></pre> + + <p>And its test suite, powered by Mocha and <a href="http://chaijs.com/">Chai</a>:</p> +<pre><code>var expect = chai.expect; + +describe("Cow", function() { + describe("constructor", function() { + it("should have a default name", function() { + var cow = new Cow(); + expect(cow.name).to.equal("Anon cow"); + }); + + it("should set cow's name if provided", function() { + var cow = new Cow("Kate"); + expect(cow.name).to.equal("Kate"); + }); + }); + + describe("#greets", function() { + it("should greet passed target", function() { + var greetings = (new Cow("Kate")).greets("Baby"); + expect(greetings).to.equal("Kate greets Baby"); + }); + }); +}); +</code></pre> + + <p>Let's create the HTML test file for it, featuring Blanket and its adapter + for Mocha:</p> +<pre><code><!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Test</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="vendor/mocha.css"> +</head> +<body> + <div id="mocha"></div> + <div id="messages"></div> + <div id="fixtures"></div> + <script src="vendor/mocha.js"></script> + <script src="vendor/chai.js"></script> + <script src="vendor/blanket.js" + data-cover-adapter="vendor/mocha-blanket.js"></script> + <script>mocha.setup('bdd');</script> + <script src="cow.js" data-cover></script> + <script src="cow_test.js"></script> + <script>mocha.run();</script> +</body> +</html> +</code></pre> + + <p><strong>Notes</strong>:</p> + <ul> + <li>Notice the <code>data-cover</code> attribute we added to the script tag + loading the source of our library;</li> + <li>The HTML test file <em>must</em> be served over HTTP for the adapter to + be loaded.</li> + </ul> + <p>Running the tests now gives us something like this:</p> + <p> + <img alt="screenshot" src="/static/code/2013/blanket-coverage.png"/> + </p> + <p>As you can see, the report at the bottom highlights that we haven't actually + tested the case where an error is raised in case a target name is missing. + We've been informed of that, nothing more, nothing less. We simply know + we're missing a test here. Isn't this cool? I think so!</p> + <p>Just remember that code coverage will only <a href="http://codebetter.com/karlseguin/2008/12/09/code-coverage-use-it-wisely/">bring you numbers</a> and + raw information, not actual proofs that the whole of your <em>code logic</em> has + been actually covered. If you ask me, the best inputs you can get about + your code logic and implementation ever are the ones issued out of <a href="http://www.extremeprogramming.org/rules/pair.html">pair programming</a> +sessions + and <a href="http://alexgaynor.net/2013/sep/26/effective-code-review/">code reviews</a> — + but that's another story.</p> + <p><strong>So is code coverage silver bullet? No. Is it useful? Definitely. Happy testing!</strong> + </p> + </section> + <aside> + <p> <span class="article-author" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> + <span itemprop="name">Nicolas Perriault</span> —</span> + <time + datetime="2013-09-29" itemprop="datePublished">2013-09-29</time>— in <a href="/code/" itemprop="genre">Code</a> +— <a href="/code/2013/get-your-frontend-javascript-code-covered/">Permalink</a> +— + <a + rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">License</a>— <a href="http://flattr.com/submit/auto?url=https://nicolas.perriault.net/code/2013/get-your-frontend-javascript-code-covered/&title=Get your Frontend JavaScript Code Covered&user_id=n1k0&category=software&language=en">flattr this</a> + + </p> + </aside> + <hr/> + <nav> <a class="prev" href="/code/2013/functional-javascript-for-crawling-the-web/">Functional JavaScript for crawling the Web</a> +| + <a + class="next" href="/code/2013/testing-frontend-javascript-code-using-mocha-chai-and-sinon/">Testing your frontend JavaScript code using mocha, chai, and sinon</a> + </nav> + </article> + </main> + <nav class="sidebar"> + <ul> + <li class="home"><a href="/" hreflang="en">Home</a> + </li> + <li class="code"><a href="/code/" hreflang="en">Code</a> + </li> + <li class="photography"><a href="/photography/" hreflang="en">Photography</a> + </li> + <li class="talks"><a href="/talks/" hreflang="en">Talks</a> + </li> + <li class="carnet"><a href="/carnet/" hreflang="fr">Carnet <span>fr</span></a> + </li> + <li class="contact"><a href="/contact/" hreflang="en">Contact</a> + </li> + </ul> + </nav> + <footer class="site-footer"> + <p>© 2012 Nicolas Perriault — <a href="https://twitter.com/n1k0">Tweet at me</a> +— + <a + href="https://github.com/n1k0">Get my code</a>— <a href="http://500px.com/n1k0">Enjoy my pics</a> +— <a href="/contact/">Contact me</a> + + </p> + </footer> + </div> + <!-- /container --> + <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script> + <script> + window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="js/libs/jquery-1.7.1.min.js"><\/script>') + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/libs/prettify/prettify.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/app.js"></script> + <script src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> + </body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/002/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/002/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b95e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/002/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "This API is so Fetching!", + "byline": "Nikhil Marathe", + "excerpt": "For more than a decade the Web has used XMLHttpRequest (XHR) to achieve asynchronous requests in JavaScript. While very useful, XHR is not a very ...", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/002/expected.html b/test/test-pages/002/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1837ba --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/002/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,386 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <article class="post" role="article"> + <p>For more than a decade the Web has used XMLHttpRequest (XHR) to achieve asynchronous requests in JavaScript. While very useful, XHR is not a very nice API. It suffers from lack of separation of concerns. The input, output and state are all managed by interacting with one object, and state is tracked using events. Also, the event-based model doesn’t play well with JavaScript’s recent focus on Promise- and generator-based asynchronous programming.</p> + <p>The <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API">Fetch API</a> intends to fix most of these problems. It does this by introducing the same primitives to JS that are used in the HTTP protocol. In addition, it introduces a utility function <code>fetch()</code> that succinctly captures the intention of retrieving a resource from the network.</p> + <p>The <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org">Fetch specification</a>, which defines the API, nails down the semantics of a user agent fetching a resource. This, combined with ServiceWorkers, is an attempt to:</p> + <ol> + <li>Improve the offline experience.</li> + <li>Expose the building blocks of the Web to the platform as part of the <a href="https://extensiblewebmanifesto.org/">extensible web movement</a>.</li> + </ol> + <p>As of this writing, the Fetch API is available in Firefox 39 (currently Nightly) and Chrome 42 (currently dev). Github has a <a href="https://github.com/github/fetch">Fetch polyfill</a>.</p> + <h2>Feature detection</h2> + <p>Fetch API support can be detected by checking for <code>Headers</code>,<code>Request</code>, <code>Response</code> or <code>fetch</code> on the <code>window</code> or <code>worker</code> scope.</p> + <h2>Simple fetching</h2> + <p>The most useful, high-level part of the Fetch API is the <code>fetch()</code> function. In its simplest form it takes a URL and returns a promise that resolves to the response. The response is captured as a <code>Response</code> object.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript">fetch<span>(</span><span>"/data.json"</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>res<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + <span>// res instanceof Response == true.</span> + <span>if</span> <span>(</span>res.<span>ok</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span> + res.<span>json</span><span>(</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>data<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>data.<span>entries</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + <span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + <span>}</span> <span>else</span> <span>{</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Looks like the response wasn't perfect, got status"</span><span>,</span> res.<span>status</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + <span>}</span> +<span>}</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Fetch failed!"</span><span>,</span> e<span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Submitting some parameters, it would look like this:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript">fetch<span>(</span><span>"http://www.example.org/submit.php"</span><span>,</span> <span>{</span> + method<span>:</span> <span>"POST"</span><span>,</span> + headers<span>:</span> <span>{</span> + <span>"Content-Type"</span><span>:</span> <span>"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span> + <span>}</span><span>,</span> + body<span>:</span> <span>"firstName=Nikhil&favColor=blue&password=easytoguess"</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>res<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + <span>if</span> <span>(</span>res.<span>ok</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span> + alert<span>(</span><span>"Perfect! Your settings are saved."</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + <span>}</span> <span>else</span> <span>if</span> <span>(</span>res.<span>status</span> <span>==</span> <span>401</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span> + alert<span>(</span><span>"Oops! You are not authorized."</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + <span>}</span> +<span>}</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + alert<span>(</span><span>"Error submitting form!"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The <code>fetch()</code> function’s arguments are the same as those passed to the + <br/> <code>Request()</code> constructor, so you may directly pass arbitrarily complex requests to <code>fetch()</code> as discussed below.</p> + <h2>Headers</h2> + <p>Fetch introduces 3 interfaces. These are <code>Headers</code>, <code>Request</code> and + <br/> <code>Response</code>. They map directly to the underlying HTTP concepts, but have + <br/>certain visibility filters in place for privacy and security reasons, such as + <br/>supporting CORS rules and ensuring cookies aren’t readable by third parties.</p> + <p>The <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#headers-class">Headers interface</a> is a simple multi-map of names to values:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> content <span>=</span> <span>"Hello World"</span><span>;</span> +<span>var</span> reqHeaders <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Headers<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +reqHeaders.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Type"</span><span>,</span> <span>"text/plain"</span> +reqHeaders.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Length"</span><span>,</span> content.<span>length</span>.<span>toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +reqHeaders.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>,</span> <span>"ProcessThisImmediately"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The same can be achieved by passing an array of arrays or a JS object literal + <br/>to the constructor:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript">reqHeaders <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Headers<span>(</span><span>{</span> + <span>"Content-Type"</span><span>:</span> <span>"text/plain"</span><span>,</span> + <span>"Content-Length"</span><span>:</span> content.<span>length</span>.<span>toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span> + <span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>:</span> <span>"ProcessThisImmediately"</span><span>,</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The contents can be queried and retrieved:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript">console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>has</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Type"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// true</span> +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>has</span><span>(</span><span>"Set-Cookie"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span> +reqHeaders.<span>set</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Type"</span><span>,</span> <span>"text/html"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +reqHeaders.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>,</span> <span>"AnotherValue"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>get</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Length"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// 11</span> +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>getAll</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// ["ProcessThisImmediately", "AnotherValue"]</span> + +reqHeaders.<span>delete</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>getAll</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// []</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Some of these operations are only useful in ServiceWorkers, but they provide + <br/>a much nicer API to Headers.</p> + <p>Since Headers can be sent in requests, or received in responses, and have various limitations about what information can and should be mutable, <code>Headers</code> objects have a <strong>guard</strong> property. This is not exposed to the Web, but it affects which mutation operations are allowed on the Headers object. + <br/>Possible values are:</p> + <ul> + <li>“none”: default.</li> + <li>“request”: guard for a Headers object obtained from a Request (<code>Request.headers</code>).</li> + <li>“request-no-cors”: guard for a Headers object obtained from a Request created + <br/>with mode “no-cors”.</li> + <li>“response”: naturally, for Headers obtained from Response (<code>Response.headers</code>).</li> + <li>“immutable”: Mostly used for ServiceWorkers, renders a Headers object + <br/>read-only.</li> + </ul> + <p>The details of how each guard affects the behaviors of the Headers object are + <br/>in the <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org">specification</a>. For example, you may not append or set a “request” guarded Headers’ “Content-Length” header. Similarly, inserting “Set-Cookie” into a Response header is not allowed so that ServiceWorkers may not set cookies via synthesized Responses.</p> + <p>All of the Headers methods throw TypeError if <code>name</code> is not a <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-name">valid HTTP Header name</a>. The mutation operations will throw TypeError if there is an immutable guard. Otherwise they fail silently. For example:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> res <span>=</span> Response.<span>error</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>try</span> <span>{</span> + res.<span>headers</span>.<span>set</span><span>(</span><span>"Origin"</span><span>,</span> <span>"http://mybank.com"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span> <span>catch</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Cannot pretend to be a bank!"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <h2>Request</h2> + <p>The Request interface defines a request to fetch a resource over HTTP. URL, method and headers are expected, but the Request also allows specifying a body, a request mode, credentials and cache hints.</p> + <p>The simplest Request is of course, just a URL, as you may do to GET a resource.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> req <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Request<span>(</span><span>"/index.html"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>req.<span>method</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// "GET"</span> +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>req.<span>url</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// "http://example.com/index.html"</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>You may also pass a Request to the <code>Request()</code> constructor to create a copy. + <br/>(This is not the same as calling the <code>clone()</code> method, which is covered in + <br/>the “Reading bodies” section.).</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> copy <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Request<span>(</span>req<span>)</span><span>;</span> +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>copy.<span>method</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// "GET"</span> +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>copy.<span>url</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// "http://example.com/index.html"</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Again, this form is probably only useful in ServiceWorkers.</p> + <p>The non-URL attributes of the <code>Request</code> can only be set by passing initial + <br/>values as a second argument to the constructor. This argument is a dictionary.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> uploadReq <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Request<span>(</span><span>"/uploadImage"</span><span>,</span> <span>{</span> + method<span>:</span> <span>"POST"</span><span>,</span> + headers<span>:</span> <span>{</span> + <span>"Content-Type"</span><span>:</span> <span>"image/png"</span><span>,</span> + <span>}</span><span>,</span> + body<span>:</span> <span>"image data"</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The Request’s mode is used to determine if cross-origin requests lead to valid responses, and which properties on the response are readable. Legal mode values are <code>"same-origin"</code>, <code>"no-cors"</code> (default) and <code>"cors"</code>.</p> + <p>The <code>"same-origin"</code> mode is simple, if a request is made to another origin with this mode set, the result is simply an error. You could use this to ensure that + <br/>a request is always being made to your origin.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> arbitraryUrl <span>=</span> document.<span>getElementById</span><span>(</span><span>"url-input"</span><span>)</span>.<span>value</span><span>;</span> +fetch<span>(</span>arbitraryUrl<span>,</span> <span>{</span> mode<span>:</span> <span>"same-origin"</span> <span>}</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>res<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Response succeeded?"</span><span>,</span> res.<span>ok</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Please enter a same-origin URL!"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The <code>"no-cors"</code> mode captures what the web platform does by default for scripts you import from CDNs, images hosted on other domains, and so on. First, it prevents the method from being anything other than “HEAD”, “GET” or “POST”. Second, if any ServiceWorkers intercept these requests, they may not add or override any headers except for <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#simple-header">these</a>. Third, JavaScript may not access any properties of the resulting Response. This ensures that ServiceWorkers do not affect the semantics of the Web and prevents security and privacy issues that could arise from leaking data across domains.</p> + <p><code>"cors"</code> mode is what you’ll usually use to make known cross-origin requests to access various APIs offered by other vendors. These are expected to adhere to + <br/>the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Access_control_CORS">CORS protocol</a>. Only a <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-cors">limited set</a> of headers is exposed in the Response, but the body is readable. For example, you could get a list of Flickr’s <a href="https://www.flickr.com/services/api/flickr.interestingness.getList.html">most interesting</a> photos today like this:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> u <span>=</span> <span>new</span> URLSearchParams<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +u.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>'method'</span><span>,</span> <span>'flickr.interestingness.getList'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +u.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>'api_key'</span><span>,</span> <span>'<insert api key here>'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +u.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>'format'</span><span>,</span> <span>'json'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +u.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>'nojsoncallback'</span><span>,</span> <span>'1'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + +<span>var</span> apiCall <span>=</span> fetch<span>(</span><span>'https://api.flickr.com/services/rest?'</span> <span>+</span> u<span>)</span><span>;</span> + +apiCall.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>response<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + <span>return</span> response.<span>json</span><span>(</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>json<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + <span>// photo is a list of photos.</span> + <span>return</span> json.<span>photos</span>.<span>photo</span><span>;</span> + <span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>photos<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + photos.<span>forEach</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>photo<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>photo.<span>title</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + <span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>You may not read out the “Date” header since Flickr does not allow it via + <br/> <code>Access-Control-Expose-Headers</code>.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript">response.<span>headers</span>.<span>get</span><span>(</span><span>"Date"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// null</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The <code>credentials</code> enumeration determines if cookies for the other domain are + <br/>sent to cross-origin requests. This is similar to XHR’s <code>withCredentials</code> + <br/>flag, but tri-valued as <code>"omit"</code> (default), <code>"same-origin"</code> and <code>"include"</code>.</p> + <p>The Request object will also give the ability to offer caching hints to the user-agent. This is currently undergoing some <a href="https://github.com/slightlyoff/ServiceWorker/issues/585">security review</a>. Firefox exposes the attribute, but it has no effect.</p> + <p>Requests have two read-only attributes that are relevant to ServiceWorkers + <br/>intercepting them. There is the string <code>referrer</code>, which is set by the UA to be + <br/>the referrer of the Request. This may be an empty string. The other is + <br/> <code>context</code> which is a rather <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#requestcredentials">large enumeration</a> defining what sort of resource is being fetched. This could be “image” if the request is from an <img>tag in the controlled document, “worker” if it is an attempt to load a worker script, and so on. When used with the <code>fetch()</code> function, it is “fetch”.</p> + <h2>Response</h2> + <p><code>Response</code> instances are returned by calls to <code>fetch()</code>. They can also be created by JS, but this is only useful in ServiceWorkers.</p> + <p>We have already seen some attributes of Response when we looked at <code>fetch()</code>. The most obvious candidates are <code>status</code>, an integer (default value 200) and <code>statusText</code> (default value “OK”), which correspond to the HTTP status code and reason. The <code>ok</code> attribute is just a shorthand for checking that <code>status</code> is in the range 200-299 inclusive.</p> + <p><code>headers</code> is the Response’s Headers object, with guard “response”. The <code>url</code> attribute reflects the URL of the corresponding request.</p> + <p>Response also has a <code>type</code>, which is “basic”, “cors”, “default”, “error” or + <br/>“opaque”.</p> + <ul> + <li><code>"basic"</code>: normal, same origin response, with all headers exposed except + <br/>“Set-Cookie” and “Set-Cookie2″.</li> + <li><code>"cors"</code>: response was received from a valid cross-origin request. <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-cors">Certain headers and the body</a>may be accessed.</li> + <li><code>"error"</code>: network error. No useful information describing the error is available. The Response’s status is 0, headers are empty and immutable. This is the type for a Response obtained from <code>Response.error()</code>.</li> + <li><code>"opaque"</code>: response for “no-cors” request to cross-origin resource. <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-opaque">Severely<br/> + restricted</a> </li> + </ul> + <p>The “error” type results in the <code>fetch()</code> Promise rejecting with TypeError.</p> + <p>There are certain attributes that are useful only in a ServiceWorker scope. The + <br/>idiomatic way to return a Response to an intercepted request in ServiceWorkers is:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript">addEventListener<span>(</span><span>'fetch'</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>event<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + event.<span>respondWith</span><span>(</span><span>new</span> Response<span>(</span><span>"Response body"</span><span>,</span> <span>{</span> + headers<span>:</span> <span>{</span> <span>"Content-Type"</span> <span>:</span> <span>"text/plain"</span> <span>}</span> + <span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>As you can see, Response has a two argument constructor, where both arguments are optional. The first argument is a body initializer, and the second is a dictionary to set the <code>status</code>, <code>statusText</code> and <code>headers</code>.</p> + <p>The static method <code>Response.error()</code> simply returns an error response. Similarly, <code>Response.redirect(url, status)</code> returns a Response resulting in + <br/>a redirect to <code>url</code>.</p> + <h2>Dealing with bodies</h2> + <p>Both Requests and Responses may contain body data. We’ve been glossing over it because of the various data types body may contain, but we will cover it in detail now.</p> + <p>A body is an instance of any of the following types.</p> + <ul> + <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer">ArrayBuffer</a> </li> + <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView">ArrayBufferView</a> (Uint8Array and friends)</li> + <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Blob">Blob</a>/ <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/File">File</a> </li> + <li>string</li> + <li><a href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#interface-urlsearchparams">URLSearchParams</a> </li> + <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData">FormData</a> – currently not supported by either Gecko or Blink. Firefox expects to ship this in version 39 along with the rest of Fetch.</li> + </ul> + <p>In addition, Request and Response both offer the following methods to extract their body. These all return a Promise that is eventually resolved with the actual content.</p> + <ul> + <li><code>arrayBuffer()</code> </li> + <li><code>blob()</code> </li> + <li><code>json()</code> </li> + <li><code>text()</code> </li> + <li><code>formData()</code> </li> + </ul> + <p>This is a significant improvement over XHR in terms of ease of use of non-text data!</p> + <p>Request bodies can be set by passing <code>body</code> parameters:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> form <span>=</span> <span>new</span> FormData<span>(</span>document.<span>getElementById</span><span>(</span><span>'login-form'</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +fetch<span>(</span><span>"/login"</span><span>,</span> <span>{</span> + method<span>:</span> <span>"POST"</span><span>,</span> + body<span>:</span> form +<span>}</span><span>)</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Responses take the first argument as the body.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> res <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Response<span>(</span><span>new</span> File<span>(</span><span>[</span><span>"chunk"</span><span>,</span> <span>"chunk"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span> <span>"archive.zip"</span><span>,</span> + <span>{</span> type<span>:</span> <span>"application/zip"</span> <span>}</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Both Request and Response (and by extension the <code>fetch()</code> function), will try to intelligently <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-bodyinit-extract">determine the content type</a>. Request will also automatically set a “Content-Type” header if none is set in the dictionary.</p> + <h3>Streams and cloning</h3> + <p>It is important to realise that Request and Response bodies can only be read once! Both interfaces have a boolean attribute <code>bodyUsed</code> to determine if it is safe to read or not.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> res <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Response<span>(</span><span>"one time use"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>res.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span> +res.<span>text</span><span>(</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>v<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>res.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// true</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>res.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// true</span> + +res.<span>text</span><span>(</span><span>)</span>.<span>catch</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Tried to read already consumed Response"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>This decision allows easing the transition to an eventual <a href="https://streams.spec.whatwg.org/">stream-based</a> Fetch API. The intention is to let applications consume data as it arrives, allowing for JavaScript to deal with larger files like videos, and perform things like compression and editing on the fly.</p> + <p>Often, you’ll want access to the body multiple times. For example, you can use the upcoming <a href="http://slightlyoff.github.io/ServiceWorker/spec/service_worker/index.html#cache-objects">Cache API</a> to store Requests and Responses for offline use, and Cache requires bodies to be available for reading.</p> + <p>So how do you read out the body multiple times within such constraints? The API provides a <code>clone()</code> method on the two interfaces. This will return a clone of the object, with a ‘new’ body. <code>clone()</code> MUST be called before the body of the corresponding object has been used. That is, <code>clone()</code> first, read later.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript">addEventListener<span>(</span><span>'fetch'</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>evt<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + <span>var</span> sheep <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Response<span>(</span><span>"Dolly"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>sheep.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span> + <span>var</span> clone <span>=</span> sheep.<span>clone</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>clone.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span> + + clone.<span>text</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>sheep.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span> + console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>clone.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// true</span> + + evt.<span>respondWith</span><span>(</span>cache.<span>add</span><span>(</span>sheep.<span>clone</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span> + <span>return</span> sheep<span>;</span> + <span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> +<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <h2>Future improvements</h2> + <p>Along with the transition to streams, Fetch will eventually have the ability to abort running <code>fetch()</code>es and some way to report the progress of a fetch. These are provided by XHR, but are a little tricky to fit in the Promise-based nature of the Fetch API.</p> + <p>You can contribute to the evolution of this API by participating in discussions on the <a href="https://whatwg.org/mailing-list">WHATWG mailing list</a> and in the issues in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?product=WHATWG&component=Fetch&resolution=---">Fetch</a> and <a href="https://github.com/slightlyoff/ServiceWorker/issues">ServiceWorker</a>specifications.</p> + <p>For a better web!</p> + <p><em>The author would like to thank Andrea Marchesini, Anne van Kesteren and Ben<br/> +Kelly for helping with the specification and implementation.</em> </p> + </article> +</div> diff --git a/test/test-pages/002/source.html b/test/test-pages/002/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48befba --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/002/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en-US" id="hacks-mozilla-org"> + + <head> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/> + <meta charset="UTF-8"/> + <!-- OpenGraph metadata --> + <meta property="og:site_name" content="Mozilla Hacks – the Web developer blog"/> + <meta property="og:title" content="This API is so Fetching!"/> + <meta property="og:url" content="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2015/03/this-api-is-so-fetching/"/> + <meta property="og:description" content="For more than a decade the Web has used XMLHttpRequest (XHR) to achieve asynchronous requests in JavaScript. 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While very useful, XHR is not a very + nice API. It suffers from lack of separation of concerns. The input, output + and state are all managed by interacting with one object, and state is + tracked using events. Also, the event-based model doesn’t play well with + JavaScript’s recent focus on Promise- and generator-based asynchronous + programming.</p> + <p>The <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API">Fetch API</a> intends + to fix most of these problems. It does this by introducing the same primitives + to JS that are used in the HTTP protocol. In addition, it introduces a + utility function <code>fetch()</code> that succinctly captures the intention + of retrieving a resource from the network.</p> + <p>The <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org">Fetch specification</a>, which + defines the API, nails down the semantics of a user agent fetching a resource. + This, combined with ServiceWorkers, is an attempt to:</p> + <ol> + <li>Improve the offline experience.</li> + <li>Expose the building blocks of the Web to the platform as part of the + <a + href="https://extensiblewebmanifesto.org/">extensible web movement</a>.</li> + </ol> + <p>As of this writing, the Fetch API is available in Firefox 39 (currently + Nightly) and Chrome 42 (currently dev). Github has a <a href="https://github.com/github/fetch">Fetch polyfill</a>.</p> + +<h2>Feature detection</h2> + + <p>Fetch API support can be detected by checking for <code>Headers</code>,<code>Request</code>, <code>Response</code> or <code>fetch</code> on + the <code>window</code> or <code>worker</code> scope.</p> + +<h2>Simple fetching</h2> + + <p>The most useful, high-level part of the Fetch API is the <code>fetch()</code> function. + In its simplest form it takes a URL and returns a promise that resolves + to the response. The response is captured as a <code>Response</code> object.</p> + <div + class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;">fetch<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"/data.json"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">then</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>res<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// res instanceof Response == true.</span> + <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span>res.<span style="color: #660066;">ok</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + res.<span style="color: #660066;">json</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">then</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>data<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>data.<span style="color: #660066;">entries</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">else</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Looks like the response wasn't perfect, got status"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> res.<span style="color: #660066;">status</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Fetch failed!"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Submitting some parameters, it would look like this:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;">fetch<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"http://www.example.org/submit.php"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + method<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"POST"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> + headers<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + <span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Type"</span><span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> + body<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"firstName=Nikhil&favColor=blue&password=easytoguess"</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">then</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>res<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span>res.<span style="color: #660066;">ok</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + alert<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Perfect! Your settings are saved."</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">else</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span>res.<span style="color: #660066;">status</span> <span style="color: #339933;">==</span> <span style="color: #CC0000;">401</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + alert<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Oops! You are not authorized."</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + alert<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Error submitting form!"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The <code>fetch()</code> function’s arguments are the same as those passed + to the + <br/> +<code>Request()</code> constructor, so you may directly pass arbitrarily + complex requests to <code>fetch()</code> as discussed below.</p> + +<h2>Headers</h2> + + <p>Fetch introduces 3 interfaces. These are <code>Headers</code>, <code>Request</code> and + <br/> +<code>Response</code>. They map directly to the underlying HTTP concepts, + but have + <br/>certain visibility filters in place for privacy and security reasons, + such as + <br/>supporting CORS rules and ensuring cookies aren’t readable by third parties.</p> + <p>The <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#headers-class">Headers interface</a> is + a simple multi-map of names to values:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> content <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"Hello World"</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> reqHeaders <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Headers<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +reqHeaders.<span style="color: #660066;">append</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Type"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"text/plain"</span> +reqHeaders.<span style="color: #660066;">append</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Length"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> content.<span style="color: #660066;">length</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">toString</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +reqHeaders.<span style="color: #660066;">append</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"X-Custom-Header"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"ProcessThisImmediately"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The same can be achieved by passing an array of arrays or a JS object + literal + <br/>to the constructor:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;">reqHeaders <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Headers<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + <span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Type"</span><span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"text/plain"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> + <span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Length"</span><span style="color: #339933;">:</span> content.<span style="color: #660066;">length</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">toString</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> + <span style="color: #3366CC;">"X-Custom-Header"</span><span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"ProcessThisImmediately"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The contents can be queried and retrieved:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;">console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>reqHeaders.<span style="color: #660066;">has</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Type"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// true</span> +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>reqHeaders.<span style="color: #660066;">has</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Set-Cookie"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// false</span> +reqHeaders.<span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">set</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Type"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"text/html"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +reqHeaders.<span style="color: #660066;">append</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"X-Custom-Header"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"AnotherValue"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>reqHeaders.<span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">get</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Length"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// 11</span> +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>reqHeaders.<span style="color: #660066;">getAll</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"X-Custom-Header"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// ["ProcessThisImmediately", "AnotherValue"]</span> + +reqHeaders.<span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">delete</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"X-Custom-Header"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>reqHeaders.<span style="color: #660066;">getAll</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"X-Custom-Header"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// []</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Some of these operations are only useful in ServiceWorkers, but they provide + <br/>a much nicer API to Headers.</p> + <p>Since Headers can be sent in requests, or received in responses, and have + various limitations about what information can and should be mutable, <code>Headers</code> objects + have a <strong>guard</strong> property. This is not exposed to the Web, but + it affects which mutation operations are allowed on the Headers object. + <br/>Possible values are:</p> + <ul> + <li>“none”: default.</li> + <li>“request”: guard for a Headers object obtained from a Request (<code>Request.headers</code>).</li> + <li>“request-no-cors”: guard for a Headers object obtained from a Request + created + <br/>with mode “no-cors”.</li> + <li>“response”: naturally, for Headers obtained from Response (<code>Response.headers</code>).</li> + <li>“immutable”: Mostly used for ServiceWorkers, renders a Headers object + <br/>read-only.</li> + </ul> + <p>The details of how each guard affects the behaviors of the Headers object + are + <br/>in the <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org">specification</a>. For example, + you may not append or set a “request” guarded Headers’ “Content-Length” + header. Similarly, inserting “Set-Cookie” into a Response header is not + allowed so that ServiceWorkers may not set cookies via synthesized Responses.</p> + <p>All of the Headers methods throw TypeError if <code>name</code> is not a + <a + href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-name">valid HTTP Header name</a>. The mutation operations will throw TypeError + if there is an immutable guard. Otherwise they fail silently. For example:</p> + <div + class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> res <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> Response.<span style="color: #660066;">error</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">try</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + res.<span style="color: #660066;">headers</span>.<span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">set</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Origin"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"http://mybank.com"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">catch</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Cannot pretend to be a bank!"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + +<h2>Request</h2> + + <p>The Request interface defines a request to fetch a resource over HTTP. + URL, method and headers are expected, but the Request also allows specifying + a body, a request mode, credentials and cache hints.</p> + <p>The simplest Request is of course, just a URL, as you may do to GET a + resource.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> req <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Request<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"/index.html"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>req.<span style="color: #660066;">method</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// "GET"</span> +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>req.<span style="color: #660066;">url</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// "http://example.com/index.html"</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>You may also pass a Request to the <code>Request()</code> constructor to + create a copy. + <br/>(This is not the same as calling the <code>clone()</code> method, which + is covered in + <br/>the “Reading bodies” section.).</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> copy <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Request<span style="color: #009900;">(</span>req<span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>copy.<span style="color: #660066;">method</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// "GET"</span> +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>copy.<span style="color: #660066;">url</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// "http://example.com/index.html"</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Again, this form is probably only useful in ServiceWorkers.</p> + <p>The non-URL attributes of the <code>Request</code> can only be set by passing + initial + <br/>values as a second argument to the constructor. This argument is a dictionary.</p> + <div + class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> uploadReq <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Request<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"/uploadImage"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + method<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"POST"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> + headers<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + <span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Type"</span><span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"image/png"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> + body<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"image data"</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The Request’s mode is used to determine if cross-origin requests lead + to valid responses, and which properties on the response are readable. + Legal mode values are <code>"same-origin"</code>, <code>"no-cors"</code> (default) + and <code>"cors"</code>.</p> + <p>The <code>"same-origin"</code> mode is simple, if a request is made to another + origin with this mode set, the result is simply an error. You could use + this to ensure that + <br/>a request is always being made to your origin.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> arbitraryUrl <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> document.<span style="color: #660066;">getElementById</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"url-input"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">value</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +fetch<span style="color: #009900;">(</span>arbitraryUrl<span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> mode<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"same-origin"</span> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">then</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>res<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Response succeeded?"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> res.<span style="color: #660066;">ok</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Please enter a same-origin URL!"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The <code>"no-cors"</code> mode captures what the web platform does by default + for scripts you import from CDNs, images hosted on other domains, and so + on. First, it prevents the method from being anything other than “HEAD”, + “GET” or “POST”. Second, if any ServiceWorkers intercept these requests, + they may not add or override any headers except for <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#simple-header">these</a>. + Third, JavaScript may not access any properties of the resulting Response. + This ensures that ServiceWorkers do not affect the semantics of the Web + and prevents security and privacy issues that could arise from leaking + data across domains.</p> + <p><code>"cors"</code> mode is what you’ll usually use to make known cross-origin + requests to access various APIs offered by other vendors. These are expected + to adhere to + <br/>the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Access_control_CORS">CORS protocol</a>. + Only a <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-cors">limited set</a> of + headers is exposed in the Response, but the body is readable. For example, + you could get a list of Flickr’s <a href="https://www.flickr.com/services/api/flickr.interestingness.getList.html">most interesting</a> photos + today like this:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> u <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> URLSearchParams<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +u.<span style="color: #660066;">append</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">'method'</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">'flickr.interestingness.getList'</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +u.<span style="color: #660066;">append</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">'api_key'</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">'<insert api key here>'</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +u.<span style="color: #660066;">append</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">'format'</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">'json'</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +u.<span style="color: #660066;">append</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">'nojsoncallback'</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">'1'</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + +<span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> apiCall <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> fetch<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">'https://api.flickr.com/services/rest?'</span> <span style="color: #339933;">+</span> u<span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + +apiCall.<span style="color: #660066;">then</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>response<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">return</span> response.<span style="color: #660066;">json</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">then</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>json<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// photo is a list of photos.</span> + <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">return</span> json.<span style="color: #660066;">photos</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">photo</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">then</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>photos<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + photos.<span style="color: #660066;">forEach</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>photo<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>photo.<span style="color: #660066;">title</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>You may not read out the “Date” header since Flickr does not allow it + via + <br/> +<code>Access-Control-Expose-Headers</code>.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;">response.<span style="color: #660066;">headers</span>.<span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">get</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Date"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// null</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>The <code>credentials</code> enumeration determines if cookies for the other + domain are + <br/>sent to cross-origin requests. This is similar to XHR’s <code>withCredentials</code> + <br/>flag, but tri-valued as <code>"omit"</code> (default), <code>"same-origin"</code> and <code>"include"</code>.</p> + <p>The Request object will also give the ability to offer caching hints to + the user-agent. This is currently undergoing some <a href="https://github.com/slightlyoff/ServiceWorker/issues/585">security review</a>. + Firefox exposes the attribute, but it has no effect.</p> + <p>Requests have two read-only attributes that are relevant to ServiceWorkers + <br/>intercepting them. There is the string <code>referrer</code>, which is + set by the UA to be + <br/>the referrer of the Request. This may be an empty string. The other is + <br/> +<code>context</code> which is a rather <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#requestcredentials">large enumeration</a> defining + what sort of resource is being fetched. This could be “image” if the request + is from an + <img>tag in the controlled document, “worker” if it is an attempt to load a + worker script, and so on. When used with the <code>fetch()</code> function, + it is “fetch”.</p> + +<h2>Response</h2> + + <p><code>Response</code> instances are returned by calls to <code>fetch()</code>. + They can also be created by JS, but this is only useful in ServiceWorkers.</p> + <p>We have already seen some attributes of Response when we looked at <code>fetch()</code>. + The most obvious candidates are <code>status</code>, an integer (default + value 200) and <code>statusText</code> (default value “OK”), which correspond + to the HTTP status code and reason. The <code>ok</code> attribute is just + a shorthand for checking that <code>status</code> is in the range 200-299 + inclusive.</p> + <p><code>headers</code> is the Response’s Headers object, with guard “response”. + The <code>url</code> attribute reflects the URL of the corresponding request.</p> + <p>Response also has a <code>type</code>, which is “basic”, “cors”, “default”, + “error” or + <br/>“opaque”.</p> + <ul> + <li><code>"basic"</code>: normal, same origin response, with all headers exposed + except + <br/>“Set-Cookie” and “Set-Cookie2″.</li> + <li><code>"cors"</code>: response was received from a valid cross-origin request. + <a + href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-cors">Certain headers and the body</a>may be accessed.</li> + <li><code>"error"</code>: network error. No useful information describing + the error is available. The Response’s status is 0, headers are empty and + immutable. This is the type for a Response obtained from <code>Response.error()</code>.</li> + <li><code>"opaque"</code>: response for “no-cors” request to cross-origin + resource. <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-opaque">Severely<br/> + restricted</a> + </li> + </ul> + <p>The “error” type results in the <code>fetch()</code> Promise rejecting with + TypeError.</p> + <p>There are certain attributes that are useful only in a ServiceWorker scope. + The + <br/>idiomatic way to return a Response to an intercepted request in ServiceWorkers + is:</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;">addEventListener<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">'fetch'</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>event<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + event.<span style="color: #660066;">respondWith</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Response<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Response body"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + headers<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"Content-Type"</span> <span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"text/plain"</span> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>As you can see, Response has a two argument constructor, where both arguments + are optional. The first argument is a body initializer, and the second + is a dictionary to set the <code>status</code>, <code>statusText</code> and <code>headers</code>.</p> + <p>The static method <code>Response.error()</code> simply returns an error + response. Similarly, <code>Response.redirect(url, status)</code> returns + a Response resulting in + <br/>a redirect to <code>url</code>.</p> + +<h2>Dealing with bodies</h2> + + <p>Both Requests and Responses may contain body data. We’ve been glossing + over it because of the various data types body may contain, but we will + cover it in detail now.</p> + <p>A body is an instance of any of the following types.</p> + <ul> + <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer">ArrayBuffer</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ArrayBufferView">ArrayBufferView</a> (Uint8Array + and friends)</li> + <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Blob">Blob</a>/ + <a + href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/File">File</a> + </li> + <li>string</li> + <li><a href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#interface-urlsearchparams">URLSearchParams</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData">FormData</a> – + currently not supported by either Gecko or Blink. Firefox expects to ship + this in version 39 along with the rest of Fetch.</li> + </ul> + <p>In addition, Request and Response both offer the following methods to + extract their body. These all return a Promise that is eventually resolved + with the actual content.</p> + <ul> + <li><code>arrayBuffer()</code> + </li> + <li><code>blob()</code> + </li> + <li><code>json()</code> + </li> + <li><code>text()</code> + </li> + <li><code>formData()</code> + </li> + </ul> + <p>This is a significant improvement over XHR in terms of ease of use of + non-text data!</p> + <p>Request bodies can be set by passing <code>body</code> parameters:</p> + <div + class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> form <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> FormData<span style="color: #009900;">(</span>document.<span style="color: #660066;">getElementById</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">'login-form'</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +fetch<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"/login"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + method<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"POST"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> + body<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> form +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Responses take the first argument as the body.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> res <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Response<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> File<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">[</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"chunk"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"chunk"</span><span style="color: #009900;">]</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"archive.zip"</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> type<span style="color: #339933;">:</span> <span style="color: #3366CC;">"application/zip"</span> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>Both Request and Response (and by extension the <code>fetch()</code> function), + will try to intelligently <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-bodyinit-extract">determine the content type</a>. + Request will also automatically set a “Content-Type” header if none is + set in the dictionary.</p> + +<h3>Streams and cloning</h3> + + <p>It is important to realise that Request and Response bodies can only be + read once! Both interfaces have a boolean attribute <code>bodyUsed</code> to + determine if it is safe to read or not.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> res <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Response<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"one time use"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>res.<span style="color: #660066;">bodyUsed</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// false</span> +res.<span style="color: #660066;">text</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">then</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>v<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>res.<span style="color: #660066;">bodyUsed</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// true</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>res.<span style="color: #660066;">bodyUsed</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// true</span> + +res.<span style="color: #660066;">text</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">catch</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Tried to read already consumed Response"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <p>This decision allows easing the transition to an eventual <a href="https://streams.spec.whatwg.org/">stream-based</a> Fetch + API. The intention is to let applications consume data as it arrives, allowing + for JavaScript to deal with larger files like videos, and perform things + like compression and editing on the fly.</p> + <p>Often, you’ll want access to the body multiple times. For example, you + can use the upcoming <a href="http://slightlyoff.github.io/ServiceWorker/spec/service_worker/index.html#cache-objects">Cache API</a> to + store Requests and Responses for offline use, and Cache requires bodies + to be available for reading.</p> + <p>So how do you read out the body multiple times within such constraints? + The API provides a <code>clone()</code> method on the two interfaces. This + will return a clone of the object, with a ‘new’ body. <code>clone()</code> MUST + be called before the body of the corresponding object has been used. That + is, <code>clone()</code> first, read later.</p> + <div class="wp_syntax"> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td class="code"><pre class="javascript" style="font-family:monospace;">addEventListener<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">'fetch'</span><span style="color: #339933;">,</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>evt<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> sheep <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">new</span> Response<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #3366CC;">"Dolly"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>sheep.<span style="color: #660066;">bodyUsed</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// false</span> + <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">var</span> clone <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> sheep.<span style="color: #660066;">clone</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>clone.<span style="color: #660066;">bodyUsed</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// false</span> + + clone.<span style="color: #660066;">text</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>sheep.<span style="color: #660066;">bodyUsed</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// false</span> + console.<span style="color: #660066;">log</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>clone.<span style="color: #660066;">bodyUsed</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> <span style="color: #006600; font-style: italic;">// true</span> + + evt.<span style="color: #660066;">respondWith</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>cache.<span style="color: #660066;">add</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>sheep.<span style="color: #660066;">clone</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span>.<span style="color: #660066;">then</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span> + <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">return</span> sheep<span style="color: #339933;">;</span> + <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span> +<span style="color: #009900;">}</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + +<h2>Future improvements</h2> + + <p>Along with the transition to streams, Fetch will eventually have the ability + to abort running <code>fetch()</code>es and some way to report the progress + of a fetch. These are provided by XHR, but are a little tricky to fit in + the Promise-based nature of the Fetch API.</p> + <p>You can contribute to the evolution of this API by participating in discussions + on the <a href="https://whatwg.org/mailing-list">WHATWG mailing list</a> and + in the issues in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?product=WHATWG&component=Fetch&resolution=---">Fetch</a> and + <a + href="https://github.com/slightlyoff/ServiceWorker/issues">ServiceWorker</a>specifications.</p> + <p>For a better web!</p> + <p><em>The author would like to thank Andrea Marchesini, Anne van Kesteren and Ben<br/> +Kelly for helping with the specification and implementation.</em> + </p> + <footer class="entry-meta"> + <p>Posted by <a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/author/nmarathemozilla-com/" + title="Posts by Nikhil Marathe" class="url fn" rel="author">Nikhil Marathe</a> +on + <time + datetime="2015-03-10T08:05:41-07:00">March 10, 2015</time>at + <time datetime="PDT08:05:41-07:00">08:05</time> + </p> + <div class="share"> + <div class="socialshare" data-type="small-bubbles"></div> + </div> + </footer> + </article> + <section id="comments"> + <div id="comment-stream"> + <header class="comments-head"> + <h3>2 comments</h3> + + <p class="open"><a href="#respond">Post a comment</a> + </p> + </header> + <ol id="comment-list" class="hfeed av"> + <li id="comment-17303" class="comment even thread-even depth-1 hentry"> + <p class="entry-title vcard"> <span class="photo"><img alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cc6f7a60f71adaa81b7bc798ebc71be1?s=48&d=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2Fad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536%3Fs%3D48&r=G" class="avatar avatar-48 photo" height="48" width="48"/></span> + <cite + class="author fn">Alexander Petrov</cite> <span class="comment-meta">wrote on <a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2015/03/this-api-is-so-fetching/comment-page-1/#comment-17303" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent link to this comment by Alexander Petrov"><abbr class="published" title="2015-03-11">March 11th, 2015</abbr> at 02:57</a>:</span> + + </p> + <blockquote class="entry-content"> + <p>how do you abort a fetch?</p> + </blockquote> + <p class="comment-util"><a class="comment-reply-link" href="/2015/03/this-api-is-so-fetching/?replytocom=17303#respond" + onclick="return addComment.moveForm( "comment-17303", "17303", "respond", "28260" )" + aria-label="Reply to Alexander Petrov">Reply</a> + </p> + <ol class="children"> + <li id="comment-17305" class="comment byuser comment-author-nmarathemozilla-com bypostauthor odd alt depth-2 hentry"> + <p class="entry-title vcard"> <a href="http://blog.nikhilism.com" class="url" rel="nofollow external" + title="http://blog.nikhilism.com"> + <span class="photo"><img alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/098bc26c1d2d2b425b258cff67044ac1?s=48&d=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2Fad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536%3Fs%3D48&r=G" class="avatar avatar-48 photo" height="48" width="48"/></span> <cite class="author fn">Nikhil Marathe</cite> + </a> + <span class="comment-meta">wrote on <a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2015/03/this-api-is-so-fetching/comment-page-1/#comment-17305" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent link to this comment by Nikhil Marathe"><abbr class="published" title="2015-03-11">March 11th, 2015</abbr> at 08:00</a>:</span> + + </p> + <blockquote class="entry-content"> + <p>At this point there is no way to do so. As mentioned in the future improvements + sections, there are ongoing attempts to find a nice way to plug abort() + into Promise based APIs.</p> + </blockquote> + <p class="comment-util"><a class="comment-reply-link" href="/2015/03/this-api-is-so-fetching/?replytocom=17305#respond" + onclick="return addComment.moveForm( "comment-17305", "17305", "respond", "28260" )" + aria-label="Reply to Nikhil Marathe">Reply</a> + </p> + </li> + <!-- #comment-## --> + </ol> + <!-- .children --> + </li> + <!-- #comment-## --> + </ol> + </div> + <div id="respond"> + <form id="comment-form" action="https://hacks.mozilla.org/wp-comments-post.php" + method="post"> + <fieldset> + <legend><span>Post Your Comment</span> + </legend> + <p id="cancel-comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2015/03/this-api-is-so-fetching/#respond" + style="display:none;">Cancel Reply</a> + </p> + <ol> + <li id="cmt-name"> + <label for="author">Your name <abbr title="(required)">*</abbr> + </label> + <input type="text" name="author" id="author" size="25" required="" aria-required="true"/> + </li> + <li id="cmt-email"> + <label for="email">Your e-mail <abbr title="(required)">*</abbr> + </label> + <input type="email" name="email" id="email" size="25" required="" aria-required="true"/> + </li> + <li id="cmt-web"> + <label for="url">Your website</label> + <input type="url" name="url" id="url" size="25"/> + </li> + <li id="cmt-ackbar"> + <label for="age">Spam robots, please fill in this field. 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</nav> + </footer> + <script src="https://www.mozilla.org/tabzilla/media/js/tabzilla.js"></script> + <script> + // <![CDATA[ + jQuery(document).ready(function(){ + jQuery(document.body).addClass("js"); + }); + // ]]> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.mozilla.org/hacks/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/form.js?ver=3.0.4"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="https://hacks.mozilla.org/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=4.1"></script> + </div> + </body> + +</html> +<!-- Dynamic page generated in 0.592 seconds. --> +<!-- Cached page generated by WP-Super-Cache on 2015-03-13 03:27:44 --> +<!-- super cache --> diff --git a/test/test-pages/ars-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/ars-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d06095 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/ars-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Just-released Minecraft exploit makes it easy to crash game servers", + "byline": "by Dan Goodin - Apr 16, 2015 8:02 pm UTC", + "excerpt": "Two-year-old bug exposes thousands of servers to crippling attack.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/ars-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/ars-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ae6c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/ars-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div itemprop="articleBody" class="article-content clearfix"> + <figure class="intro-image image center full-width"> <img src="http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/server-crash-640x426.jpg" width="640" height="331"/> + <figcaption class="caption"> </figcaption> + </figure> + <p>A flaw in the wildly popular online game <em>Minecraft</em> makes it easy for just about anyone to crash the server hosting the game, according to a computer programmer who has released proof-of-concept code that exploits the vulnerability.</p> + <p>"I thought a lot before writing this post," Pakistan-based developer Ammar Askar wrote in a <a href="http://blog.ammaraskar.com/minecraft-vulnerability-advisory">blog post published Thursday</a>, 21 months, he said, after privately reporting the bug to <em>Minecraft</em> developer Mojang. "On the one hand I don't want to expose thousands of servers to a major vulnerability, yet on the other hand Mojang has failed to act on it."</p> + <p>The bug resides in the <a href="https://github.com/ammaraskar/pyCraft">networking internals of the <em>Minecraft </em>protocol</a>. It allows the contents of inventory slots to be exchanged, so that, among other things, items in players' hotbars are displayed automatically after logging in. <em>Minecraft</em> items can also store arbitrary metadata in a file format known as <a href="http://wiki.vg/NBT">Named Binary Tag (NBT)</a>, which allows complex data structures to be kept in hierarchical nests. Askar has released <a href="https://github.com/ammaraskar/pyCraft/tree/nbt_exploit">proof-of-concept attack code</a> he said exploits the vulnerability to crash any server hosting the game. Here's how it works.</p> + <blockquote> + <p>The vulnerability stems from the fact that the client is allowed to send the server information about certain slots. This, coupled with the NBT format’s nesting allows us to <em>craft</em> a packet that is incredibly complex for the server to deserialize but trivial for us to generate.</p> + <p>In my case, I chose to create lists within lists, down to five levels. This is a json representation of what it looks like.</p> + <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript"><span class="nx">rekt</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> +<span class="p">}</span></code></pre></div> + <p>The root of the object, <code>rekt</code>, contains 300 lists. Each list has a list with 10 sublists, and each of those sublists has 10 of their own, up until 5 levels of recursion. That’s a total of <code>10^5 * 300 = 30,000,000</code> lists.</p> + <p>And this isn’t even the theoretical maximum for this attack. Just the nbt data for this payload is 26.6 megabytes. But luckily Minecraft implements a way to compress large packets, lucky us! zlib shrinks down our evil data to a mere 39 kilobytes.</p> + <p>Note: in previous versions of Minecraft, there was no protocol wide compression for big packets. Previously, NBT was sent compressed with gzip and prefixed with a signed short of its length, which reduced our maximum payload size to <code>2^15 - 1</code>. Now that the length is a varint capable of storing integers up to <code>2^28</code>, our potential for attack has increased significantly.</p> + <p>When the server will decompress our data, it’ll have 27 megs in a buffer somewhere in memory, but that isn’t the bit that’ll kill it. When it attempts to parse it into NBT, it’ll create java representations of the objects meaning suddenly, the sever is having to create several million java objects including ArrayLists. This runs the server out of memory and causes tremendous CPU load.</p> + <p>This vulnerability exists on almost all previous and current Minecraft versions as of 1.8.3, the packets used as attack vectors are the <a href="http://wiki.vg/Protocol#Player_Block_Placement">0x08: Block Placement Packet</a> and <a href="http://wiki.vg/Protocol#Creative_Inventory_Action">0x10: Creative Inventory Action</a>.</p> + <p>The fix for this vulnerability isn’t exactly that hard, the client should never really send a data structure as complex as NBT of arbitrary size and if it must, some form of recursion and size limits should be implemented.</p> + <p>These were the fixes that I recommended to Mojang 2 years ago.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>Ars is asking Mojang for comment and will update this post if company officials respond.</p> + </div> +</div> diff --git a/test/test-pages/ars-1/source.html b/test/test-pages/ars-1/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6721ed2 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/ars-1/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,765 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<!--[if lt IE 7]> <html lang="en-us" class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7"> <![endif]--> +<!--[if IE 7]> <html lang="en-us" class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8"> <![endif]--> +<!--[if IE 8]> <html lang="en-us" class="no-js ie8 lt-ie9"> <![endif]--> +<!--[if IE 9]> <html lang="en-us" class="no-js ie9"> <![endif]--> +<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> +<html lang="en-us"> +<!--<![endif]--> + +<head> + <title>Just-released Minecraft exploit makes it easy to crash game servers | Ars Technica</title> + <script type="text/javascript"> + ars = { + "ASSETS": "http:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/themes\/arstechnica\/assets", + "HOME_URL": "http:\/\/arstechnica.com", + "LOGIN_URL": "https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/services\/login-desktop.html?v=1", + "CIVIS": "\/civis", + "THEME": "light", + "VIEW": "grid", + "MOBILE": false, + "PREMIER": false, + "LOGGED": false, + "ENV": "production", + "AD": { + "kw": ["security", "int"], + "zone": "int", + "queue": [] + }, + "TOTAL": 68014, + "UNREAD": 0, + "RECENT": [659465, 659425, 659391, 659203, 659339, 659209, 659151, 659207, 659257, 659153, 657603, 659157, 659089, 659105, 658987, 658981, 658367, 658019, 658841, 658609, 658117, 658553, 658455, 657769, 658395], + "LOGINS": true, + "CROSS": false, + "GEOALERTS": true, + "PARSELY": "arstechnica.com", + "COMMENTS": false, + "HOMEPAGE": false, + "COUNTRY": "us", + "READY": [], + "SHOW_ADS": true, + "IMG_PROXY": "https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/i\/", + "CATEGORY": "security" + }; 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"On the one hand I don't want to expose thousands of servers to a major vulnerability, yet on the other hand Mojang has failed to act on it."</p> + <p>The bug resides in the <a href="https://github.com/ammaraskar/pyCraft">networking internals of the <em>Minecraft </em>protocol</a>. It allows the contents of inventory slots to be exchanged, so that, among other things, items in players' hotbars are displayed automatically after logging in. <em>Minecraft</em> items can also store arbitrary metadata in a file format known as <a href="http://wiki.vg/NBT">Named Binary Tag (NBT)</a>, which allows complex data structures to be kept in hierarchical nests. Askar has released <a href="https://github.com/ammaraskar/pyCraft/tree/nbt_exploit">proof-of-concept attack code</a> he said exploits the vulnerability to crash any server hosting the game. Here's how it works.</p> + <blockquote> + <p>The vulnerability stems from the fact that the client is allowed to send the server information about certain slots. This, coupled with the NBT format’s nesting allows us to <em>craft</em> a packet that is incredibly complex for the server to deserialize but trivial for us to generate.</p> + <p>In my case, I chose to create lists within lists, down to five levels. This is a json representation of what it looks like.</p> + <div class="highlight"> <pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript"><span class="nx">rekt</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="nx">list</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> + <span class="p">]</span> + <span class="p">...</span> +<span class="p">}</span></code></pre> </div> + <p>The root of the object, <code>rekt</code>, contains 300 lists. Each list has a list with 10 sublists, and each of those sublists has 10 of their own, up until 5 levels of recursion. That’s a total of <code>10^5 * 300 = 30,000,000</code> lists.</p> + <p>And this isn’t even the theoretical maximum for this attack. Just the nbt data for this payload is 26.6 megabytes. But luckily Minecraft implements a way to compress large packets, lucky us! zlib shrinks down our evil data to a mere 39 kilobytes.</p> + <p>Note: in previous versions of Minecraft, there was no protocol wide compression for big packets. Previously, NBT was sent compressed with gzip and prefixed with a signed short of its length, which reduced our maximum payload size to <code>2^15 - 1</code>. Now that the length is a varint capable of storing integers up to <code>2^28</code>, our potential for attack has increased significantly.</p> + <p>When the server will decompress our data, it’ll have 27 megs in a buffer somewhere in memory, but that isn’t the bit that’ll kill it. When it attempts to parse it into NBT, it’ll create java representations of the objects meaning suddenly, the sever is having to create several million java objects including ArrayLists. This runs the server out of memory and causes tremendous CPU load.</p> + <p>This vulnerability exists on almost all previous and current Minecraft versions as of 1.8.3, the packets used as attack vectors are the <a href="http://wiki.vg/Protocol#Player_Block_Placement">0x08: Block Placement Packet</a> and <a href="http://wiki.vg/Protocol#Creative_Inventory_Action">0x10: Creative Inventory Action</a>.</p> + <p>The fix for this vulnerability isn’t exactly that hard, the client should never really send a data structure as complex as NBT of arbitrary size and if it must, some form of recursion and size limits should be implemented.</p> + <p>These were the fixes that I recommended to Mojang 2 years ago.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>Ars is asking Mojang for comment and will update this post if company officials respond.</p> + </div> + <div class="article-expander"> + <p><a href="http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/04/16/just-released-minecraft-exploit-makes-it-easy-to-crash-game-servers/">Expand full story</a></p> + </div> + </section> + <div id="article-footer-wrap"> + <section id="comments-area"> + <a name="comments-bar"></a> + <div class="comments-bar"> <a class="subheading comments-read-link" href="http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/04/16/just-released-minecraft-exploit-makes-it-easy-to-crash-game-servers/?comments=1"><span class="text">Reader comments</span> <span class="comment-count"><span proptype="">75</span></span></a> </div> + <div id="comments-container"></div> + <div id="comments-posting-container" class="thick-divide-bottom"> + <p id="reply">You must <a href="/civis/ucp.php?mode=login" class="vote_login">login or create an account</a> to comment.</p> + </div> + </section> + <aside class="thin-divide-bottom"> + <ul class="share-buttons"> + <li class="share-facebook"> + <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fsecurity%2F2015%2F04%2F16%2Fjust-released-minecraft-exploit-makes-it-easy-to-crash-game-servers%2F" target="_blank" data-dialog="400:368"> <span class="share-text">Share</span> + <div class="share-count-container"> + <div class="share-count">-</div> + </div> + </a> + </li> + <li class="share-twitter"> + <a href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Just-released+Minecraft+exploit+makes+it+easy+to+crash+game+servers&url=http%3A%2F%2Fars.to%2F1CSWnf5" target="_blank" data-dialog="364:250"> <span class="share-text">Tweet</span> + <div class="share-count-container"> + <div class="share-count">-</div> + </div> + </a> + </li> + <li class="share-google"> + <a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fsecurity%2F2015%2F04%2F16%2Fjust-released-minecraft-exploit-makes-it-easy-to-crash-game-servers%2F" target="_blank" data-dialog="485:600"> <span class="share-text">Google</span> + <div class="share-count-container"> + <div class="share-count">-</div> + </div> + </a> + </li> + <li class="share-reddit"> + <a href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fsecurity%2F2015%2F04%2F16%2Fjust-released-minecraft-exploit-makes-it-easy-to-crash-game-servers%2F&title=Just-released+Minecraft+exploit+makes+it+easy+to+crash+game+servers" target="_blank"> <span class="share-text">Reddit</span> + <div class="share-count-container"> + <div class="share-count">-</div> + </div> + </a> + </li> + </ul> + </aside> + <!-- cache hit 459:single/author:ec67ae7d8397f22698e2822e36453902 --> + <section class="article-author clearfix-redux"> + <a href="/author/dan-goodin"><img width="47" height="47" src="http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/authors/Dan-Goodin-sq.jpg"/></a> + <p><a href="/author/dan-goodin" class="author-name">Dan Goodin</a> / Dan is the Security Editor at Ars Technica, which he joined in 2012 after working for The Register, the Associated Press, Bloomberg News, and other publications.</p> + </section> + <table class="post-links thick-divide-top thin-divide-bottom clearfix-redux" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="100%"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td width="50%" class="subheading older"> <a href="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/04/16/dozens-of-us-government-online-whistleblower-sites-not-secured-by-https/" rel="prev"><span class="arrow">←</span> Older Story</a> </td> + <td class="subheading newer"> <a href="http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/04/16/hidden-files-suggest-street-fighters-ryu-may-come-to-smash-bros/" rel="next">Newer Story <span class="arrow">→</span></a> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <footer id="article-footer"> + <div id="instream300x255_frame"></div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + ars.AD.queue.push(['instream', { + sz: '300x255', + kws: ["blogvertorial", "inStream"], + collapse: true + }]); 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"d1z2jf7jlzjs58.cloudfront.net" : "static." + p + ".com"; + if (e) return; + e = d.createElement(s); + e.id = i; + e.async = true; + e.src = h + "//" + u + "/p.js"; + r.appendChild(e); + })("script", "parsely", document); + </script> + <!-- Parse.ly end --> +</body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/base-url/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/base-url/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e28053 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/base-url/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Base URL test", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,\n quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo\n consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse\n cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non\n proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.", + "readerable": false +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/base-url/expected.html b/test/test-pages/base-url/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c06f1fd --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/base-url/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <article> + <p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + <p>Links</p> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/test/foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/test/foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p><a href="#foo">link</a></p> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/test/baz.html#foo">link</a></p> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/foo/bar/baz.html#foo">link</a></p> + <p><a href="http://test/foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p><a href="https://test/foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p>Images</p> + <p><img src="http://fakehost/test/foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <p><img src="http://fakehost/test/foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <p><img src="http://fakehost/foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <p><img src="http://test/foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <p><img src="https://test/foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <p> Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + </article> +</div> diff --git a/test/test-pages/base-url/source.html b/test/test-pages/base-url/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..748b8be --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/base-url/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Base URL test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + <p>Links</p> + <p><a href="foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p><a href="./foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p><a href="/foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p><a href="#foo">link</a></p> + <p><a href="baz.html#foo">link</a></p> + <p><a href="/foo/bar/baz.html#foo">link</a></p> + <p><a href="http://test/foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p><a href="https://test/foo/bar/baz.html">link</a></p> + <p>Images</p> + <p><img src="foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <p><img src="./foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <p><img src="/foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <p><img src="http://test/foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <p><img src="https://test/foo/bar/baz.png"/></p> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/basic-tags-cleaning/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/basic-tags-cleaning/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..baa8c73 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/basic-tags-cleaning/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Basic tag cleaning test", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/basic-tags-cleaning/expected.html b/test/test-pages/basic-tags-cleaning/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f731d75 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/basic-tags-cleaning/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/basic-tags-cleaning/source.html b/test/test-pages/basic-tags-cleaning/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d00f4cc --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/basic-tags-cleaning/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Basic tag cleaning test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p> + <iframe src="about:blank">Iframe fallback test</iframe> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p> + <object data="foo.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="88" height="31"> + <param movie="foo.swf" /> + </object> + <embed src="foo.swf"/> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/bbc-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/bbc-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..481659c --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/bbc-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +{ + "title": "Obama admits US gun laws are his 'biggest frustration' - BBC News", + "byline": null, + "dir": "ltr", + "excerpt": "President Barack Obama tells the BBC his failure to pass", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/bbc-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/bbc-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1921872 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/bbc-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="story-body__inner" property="articleBody"> + <p class="story-body__introduction">President Barack Obama has admitted that his failure to pass "common sense gun safety laws" in the US is the greatest frustration of his presidency. </p> + <p>In an interview with the BBC, Mr Obama said it was "distressing" not to have made progress on the issue "even in the face of repeated mass killings".</p> + <p>He vowed to keep trying, but the BBC's North America editor Jon Sopel said the president did not sound very confident. </p> + <p>However, Mr Obama said race relations had improved during his presidency. </p> + <p>Hours after the interview, a gunman opened fire at a cinema in the US state of Louisiana, killing two people and injuring several others before shooting himself.</p> + <p>In a wide-ranging interview, President Obama also said:</p> + <ul class="story-body__unordered-list"> + <li class="story-body__list-item"> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33647154" class="story-body__link">The UK must stay in the EU</a> to have influence on the world stage</li> + <li class="story-body__list-item">He is confident the Iran nuclear deal will be passed by Congress </li> + <li class="story-body__list-item">Syria needs a political solution in order to defeat the Islamic State group</li> + <li class="story-body__list-item">He would speak "bluntly" against corruption <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646563" class="story-body__link">and human rights violations in Kenya</a> </li> + <li class="story-body__list-item">He would defend his advocacy of gay rights following protests in Kenya</li> + <li class="story-body__list-item">Despite racial tensions, the US is becoming more diverse and more tolerant</li> + </ul> + <p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646542" class="story-body__link">Read the full transcript of his interview</a></p> + <p>Mr Obama lands in Kenya later on Friday for his first visit since becoming president. </p> + <p>But with just 18 months left in power, he said gun control was the area where he has been "most frustrated and most stymied" since coming to power in 2009.</p> + <p>"If you look at the number of Americans killed since 9/11 by terrorism, it's less than 100. If you look at the number that have been killed by gun violence, it's in the tens of thousands," Mr Obama said. </p> + <figure class="media-landscape full-width has-caption"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/462D/production/_84456971_gettyimages-167501087.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/462D/production/_84456971_gettyimages-167501087.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="Gun control campaigners protest in McPhearson Square in Washington DC - 25 April 2013" height="549" width="976"/> + <figcaption class="media-caption"> <span class="media-caption__text"> + The president said he would continue fighting for greater gun control laws + </span> </figcaption> + </figure> + <p>"For us not to be able to resolve that issue has been something that is distressing," he added. </p> + <p>Mr Obama has pushed for stricter gun control throughout his presidency but has been unable to secure any significant changes to the laws. </p> + <p>After nine African-American churchgoers were killed in South Carolina in June, he admitted "politics in this town" meant there were few options available.</p> + <figure class="media-landscape body-width no-caption"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="line" height="2" width="464"/></figure> + <h2 class="story-body__crosshead">Analysis: Jon Sopel, BBC News, Washington</h2> + <figure class="media-landscape full-width no-caption"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/6D3D/production/_84456972_p072315al-0500.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/6D3D/production/_84456972_p072315al-0500.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="President Barack Obama participates in an interview with Jon Sopel of BBC in the Roosevelt Room of the White House - 23 July 2015" height="549" width="976"/></figure> + <p>Nine months ago, the president seemed like a spent force, after taking a beating in the midterm elections, during which members of his own party were reluctant to campaign on his record. </p> + <p>But the man sat before me today was relaxed and confident, buoyed by a string of "wins" on healthcare, Cuba and Iran, after bitter and ongoing battles with his many critics. </p> + <p>The only body swerve the president performed was when I asked him <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33643168" class="story-body__link"> how many minds he had changed on the Iran nuclear deal </a>after an intense sell aimed at Gulf allies and members of US Congress who remain implacably opposed. </p> + <p>There was a momentary flicker across the president's face as if to say "You think you got me?" before his smile returned and he proceeded to talk about how Congress would come round.</p> + <p>But notably, he did not give a direct answer to that question, which leaves me with the impression that he has persuaded precisely zero.</p> + <p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646875" class="story-body__link">Five things we learned from Obama interview</a></p> + <p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646545" class="story-body__link">The presidential body swerve</a></p> + <figure class="media-landscape body-width no-caption"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="line" height="2" width="464"/></figure> + <p>On race relations, Mr Obama said recent concerns around policing and mass incarcerations were "legitimate and deserve intense attention" but insisted progress had been made. </p> + <p>Children growing up during the eight years of his presidency "will have a different view of race relations in this country and what's possible," he said. </p> + <p>"There are going to be tensions that arise. But if you look at my daughters' generation, they have an attitude about race that's entirely different than even my generation."</p> + <p>Talking about how he was feeling after his recent successes, he said "every president, every leader has strengths and weaknesses". </p> + <p>"One of my strengths is I have a pretty even temperament. I don't get too high when it's high and I don't get too low when it's low," he said. </p> + <figure class="media-landscape full-width has-caption"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/142FD/production/_84458628_shirtreuters.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/142FD/production/_84458628_shirtreuters.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="Customer looks at Obama shirts at a stall in Nairobi's Kibera slums, 23 July 2015" height="549" width="976"/> + <figcaption class="media-caption"> <span class="media-caption__text"> + Kenya is getting ready to welcome the US president + </span> </figcaption> + </figure> + <h2 class="story-body__crosshead">Kenya trip</h2> + <p>Mr Obama was speaking to the BBC at the White House before departing for Kenya.</p> + <p>His father was Kenyan and the president is expected to meet relatives in Nairobi.</p> + <p>Mr Obama has faced criticism in the country after the US legalised gay marriage. However, in his interview, the president said he would not fall silent on the issue.</p> + <p>"I am not a fan of discrimination and bullying of anybody on the basis of race, on the basis of religion, on the basis of sexual orientation or gender," he said.</p> + <p>The president also admitted that some African governments, including Kenya's, needed to improve their records on human rights and democracy. However, he defended his decision to engage with and visit those governments. </p> + <p>"Well, they're not ideal institutions. But what we found is, is that when we combined blunt talk with engagement, that gives us the best opportunity to influence and open up space for civil society." </p> + <p>Mr Obama will become the first US president to address the African Union when he travels on to Ethiopia on Sunday.</p> + </div> +</div> diff --git a/test/test-pages/bbc-1/source.html b/test/test-pages/bbc-1/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7004155 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/bbc-1/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,2557 @@ +<html class="orb-js bbcdotcom bbcdotcom-responsive ads-enabled ctm ff flex bbcdotcom-init bbcdotcom-analytics-init grunticon bbccom-group-2" id="responsive-news" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en"><head><script src="http://s0.2mdn.net/instream/html5/gpt_proxy.js" type="text/javascript" async=""></script><script src="http://s0.2mdn.net/instream/html5/gpt_proxy.js" type="text/javascript" async=""></script><script src="http://s0.2mdn.net/instream/html5/gpt_proxy.js" 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+ } + /*]]>*/ + </script> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.show) { + bbcdotcom.show() + } + /*]]>*/ + </script> +</div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="container--primary-and-secondary-columns column-clearfix"> <div class="column--primary"> + <div class="story-body"> + <h1 class="story-body__h1">Obama admits US gun laws are his 'biggest frustration'</h1> + + + <div class="story-body__mini-info-list-and-share"> + <ul class="mini-info-list"> + <li class="mini-info-list__item"> <div data-timestamp-inserted="true" class="date date--v2" data-seconds="1437712569" data-datetime="24 July 2015">24 July 2015</div> +</li> + <li class="mini-info-list__item"><span class="mini-info-list__section-desc off-screen">From the section </span><a href="/news/world/us_and_canada" class="mini-info-list__section">US & Canada</a></li> + <li class="mini-info-list__item"><span id="dna-comment-count___CPS__33646704" class="js-comment-count comment-count dna-comment-count-show" data-comments-id="__CPS__33646704">941</span><span class="off-screen"> comments</span></li> +</ul> + </div> + + <div class="story-body__inner" property="articleBody"> + <div class="media-placeholder lead-video-placeholder enabled" id="84457006" data-media-type="video" data-media-meta="{"duration":"PT1M1S","available":true,"image":{"height":360,"width":640,"href":"http:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/8269\/production\/_84458333_gunslawstext.jpg","altText":"Obama on gun laws","copyrightHolder":"(C) British Broadcasting Corporation","originCode":"cpsprodpb"},"mimeType":"application\/xml","href":"http:\/\/playlists.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-33629023A\/playlist.sxml","externalId":"p02xw7bz","caption":"Mr Obama told the BBC that gun control was his biggest frustration","allowOffSiteEmbedding":true,"live":false,"entityType":"Version","durationInSeconds":61}"><figure class="media-item default-player has-caption"><div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center center; background-size: contain; background-color: black; overflow: hidden;" class="media-container media-wrapper" id="media-84457006"><div id="smphtml5iframemedia-84457006wrp" style="border-bottom: 0px none; z-index: 999; position: relative; height: 100%; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 56.25%;"><iframe style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;" src="//emp.bbc.com/emp/SMPj/1.5.37/iframe.html" scrolling="no" name="smphtml5iframemedia-84457006" id="smphtml5iframemedia-84457006" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></div><figcaption class="media-caption"><span class="off-screen">Media caption</span> <span class="media-caption__text">Mr Obama told the BBC that gun control was his biggest frustration</span></figcaption><div id="bbccom_companion_84457006" class="bbccom_companion_outer"></div></figure></div><p class="story-body__introduction">President Barack Obama has admitted that his failure to pass "common sense gun safety laws" in the US is the greatest frustration of his presidency. </p><p>In an interview with the BBC, Mr Obama said it was "distressing" not to have made progress on the issue "even in the face of repeated mass killings".</p><p>He vowed to keep trying, but the BBC's North America editor Jon Sopel said the president did not sound very confident. </p><p>However, Mr Obama said race relations had improved during his presidency. </p><p>Hours after the interview, a gunman opened fire at a cinema in the US state of Louisiana, killing two people and injuring several others before shooting himself.</p><div id="bbccom_mpu_1_2_3" class="bbccom_slot mpu-ad bbccom_standard_slot bbccom_visible" aria-hidden="true"> + <div id="bbccom_mpu" class="bbccom_advert bbccom_display_none"> + <script type="text/javascript"> + /**/ + if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.slot) { + bbcdotcom.slot('mpu', [1,2,3]); 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href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646563" class="story-body__link">and human rights violations in Kenya</a> +</li> +<li class="story-body__list-item">He would defend his advocacy of gay rights following protests in Kenya</li> +<li class="story-body__list-item">Despite racial tensions, the US is becoming more diverse and more tolerant</li> +</ul><p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646542" class="story-body__link">Read the full transcript of his interview</a></p><p>Mr Obama lands in Kenya later on Friday for his first visit since becoming president. </p><p>But with just 18 months left in power, he said gun control was the area where he has been "most frustrated and most stymied" since coming to power in 2009.</p><p>"If you look at the number of Americans killed since 9/11 by terrorism, it's less than 100. If you look at the number that have been killed by gun violence, it's in the tens of thousands," Mr Obama said. </p><div class="media-placeholder narrative-video-placeholder enabled" id="84457698" data-media-type="video" data-media-meta="{"duration":"PT3M52S","available":true,"image":{"height":360,"width":640,"href":"http:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/B0E5\/production\/_84458254_mediaitemuk.jpg","altText":"Obama on the US-UK Relationship","copyrightHolder":"(C) British Broadcasting Corporation","originCode":"cpsprodpb"},"mimeType":"application\/xml","href":"http:\/\/playlists.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-33647052A\/playlist.sxml","externalId":"p02xwdcy","caption":"Barack Obama: \u0022Great Britain has always been our best partner\u0022","allowOffSiteEmbedding":true,"live":false,"entityType":"Version","durationInSeconds":232}"><figure class="media-item default-player has-caption"><div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center center; background-size: contain; background-color: black; overflow: hidden;" class="media-container media-wrapper" id="media-84457698"><div id="smphtml5iframemedia-84457698wrp" style="border-bottom: 0px none; z-index: 999; position: relative; height: 100%; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 56.25%;"><iframe style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;" src="//emp.bbc.com/emp/SMPj/1.5.37/iframe.html" scrolling="no" name="smphtml5iframemedia-84457698" id="smphtml5iframemedia-84457698" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></div><figcaption class="media-caption"><span class="off-screen">Media caption</span> <span class="media-caption__text">Barack Obama: "Great Britain has always been our best partner"</span></figcaption><div id="bbccom_companion_84457698" class="bbccom_companion_outer"></div></figure></div><figure class="media-landscape full-width has-caption"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/462D/production/_84456971_gettyimages-167501087.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/462D/production/_84456971_gettyimages-167501087.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="Gun control campaigners protest in McPhearson Square in Washington DC - 25 April 2013" height="549" width="976"/> + <figcaption class="media-caption"> + <span class="media-caption__text"> + The president said he would continue fighting for greater gun control laws + </span> + </figcaption></figure><p>"For us not to be able to resolve that issue has been something that is distressing," he added. </p><p>Mr Obama has pushed for stricter gun control throughout his presidency but has been unable to secure any significant changes to the laws. </p><p>After nine African-American churchgoers were killed in South Carolina in June, he admitted "politics in this town" meant there were few options available.</p><figure class="media-landscape body-width no-caption"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="line" height="2" width="464"/></figure><h2 class="story-body__crosshead">Analysis: Jon Sopel, BBC News, Washington</h2><figure class="media-landscape full-width no-caption"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/6D3D/production/_84456972_p072315al-0500.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/6D3D/production/_84456972_p072315al-0500.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="President Barack Obama participates in an interview with Jon Sopel of BBC in the Roosevelt Room of the White House - 23 July 2015" height="549" width="976"/></figure><p>Nine months ago, the president seemed like a spent force, after taking a beating in the midterm elections, during which members of his own party were reluctant to campaign on his record. </p><p>But the man sat before me today was relaxed and confident, buoyed by a string of "wins" on healthcare, Cuba and Iran, after bitter and ongoing battles with his many critics. </p><p>The only body swerve the president performed was when I asked him <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33643168" class="story-body__link"> how many minds he had changed on the Iran nuclear deal </a>after an intense sell aimed at Gulf allies and members of US Congress who remain implacably opposed. </p><p>There was a momentary flicker across the president's face as if to say "You think you got me?" before his smile returned and he proceeded to talk about how Congress would come round.</p><p>But notably, he did not give a direct answer to that question, which leaves me with the impression that he has persuaded precisely zero.</p><p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646875" class="story-body__link">Five things we learned from Obama interview</a></p><p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646545" class="story-body__link">The presidential body swerve</a></p><figure class="media-landscape body-width no-caption"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="line" height="2" width="464"/></figure><div class="media-placeholder narrative-video-placeholder enabled" id="83728567" data-media-type="video" data-media-meta="{"duration":"PT2M1S","available":true,"image":{"height":360,"width":640,"href":"http:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/11F6E\/production\/_83728537_obama.jpg","altText":"Images of Obama making speeches after mass shootings","copyrightHolder":"Getty Images","originCode":"cpsprodpb"},"mimeType":"application\/xml","href":"http:\/\/playlists.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-33193314A\/playlist.sxml","externalId":"p02v1qt1","caption":"The BBC contrasts President Obama\u0027s reactions after mass shootings, with the levels of US gun ownership during his terms in office. (Video by David Botti)","allowOffSiteEmbedding":true,"live":false,"entityType":"Version","durationInSeconds":121}"><figure class="media-item default-player has-caption"><div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center center; background-size: contain; background-color: black; overflow: hidden;" class="media-container media-wrapper" id="media-83728567"><div id="smphtml5iframemedia-83728567wrp" style="border-bottom: 0px none; z-index: 999; position: relative; height: 100%; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 56.25%;"><iframe style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;" src="//emp.bbc.com/emp/SMPj/1.5.37/iframe.html" scrolling="no" name="smphtml5iframemedia-83728567" id="smphtml5iframemedia-83728567" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></div><figcaption class="media-caption"><span class="off-screen">Media caption</span> <span class="media-caption__text">The BBC contrasts President Obama's reactions after mass shootings, with the levels of US gun ownership during his terms in office. (Video by David Botti)</span></figcaption><div id="bbccom_companion_83728567" class="bbccom_companion_outer"></div></figure></div><p>On race relations, Mr Obama said recent concerns around policing and mass incarcerations were "legitimate and deserve intense attention" but insisted progress had been made. </p><p>Children growing up during the eight years of his presidency "will have a different view of race relations in this country and what's possible," he said. </p><p>"There are going to be tensions that arise. But if you look at my daughters' generation, they have an attitude about race that's entirely different than even my generation."</p><p>Talking about how he was feeling after his recent successes, he said "every president, every leader has strengths and weaknesses". </p><p>"One of my strengths is I have a pretty even temperament. I don't get too high when it's high and I don't get too low when it's low," he said. </p><figure class="media-landscape full-width has-caption"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/142FD/production/_84458628_shirtreuters.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/142FD/production/_84458628_shirtreuters.jpg" class="js-image-replace" alt="Customer looks at Obama shirts at a stall in Nairobi's Kibera slums, 23 July 2015" height="549" width="976"/> + <figcaption class="media-caption"> + <span class="media-caption__text"> + Kenya is getting ready to welcome the US president + </span> + </figcaption></figure><h2 class="story-body__crosshead">Kenya trip</h2><p>Mr Obama was speaking to the BBC at the White House before departing for Kenya.</p><p>His father was Kenyan and the president is expected to meet relatives in Nairobi.</p><p>Mr Obama has faced criticism in the country after the US legalised gay marriage. However, in his interview, the president said he would not fall silent on the issue.</p><div class="media-placeholder narrative-video-placeholder enabled" id="84459510" data-media-type="video" data-media-meta="{"duration":"PT3M16S","available":true,"image":{"height":549,"width":976,"href":"http:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/14749\/production\/_84458738_x_maincomp-0;03;11;18_1.jpg","altText":"Obama","copyrightHolder":"BBC","originCode":"cpsprodpb"},"mimeType":"application\/xml","href":"http:\/\/playlists.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-33647495A\/playlist.sxml","externalId":"p02xx8zl","caption":"President Obama told the BBC he would deliver a blunt message on gay rights when he travelled to Africa","allowOffSiteEmbedding":true,"live":false,"entityType":"Version","durationInSeconds":196}"><figure class="media-item default-player has-caption"><div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center center; background-size: contain; background-color: black; overflow: hidden;" class="media-container media-wrapper" id="media-84459510"><div id="smphtml5iframemedia-84459510wrp" style="border-bottom: 0px none; z-index: 999; position: relative; height: 100%; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 56.25%;"><iframe style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;" src="//emp.bbc.com/emp/SMPj/1.5.37/iframe.html" scrolling="no" name="smphtml5iframemedia-84459510" id="smphtml5iframemedia-84459510" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></div><figcaption class="media-caption"><span class="off-screen">Media caption</span> <span class="media-caption__text">President Obama told the BBC he would deliver a blunt message on gay rights when he travelled to Africa</span></figcaption><div id="bbccom_companion_84459510" class="bbccom_companion_outer"></div></figure></div><p>"I am not a fan of discrimination and bullying of anybody on the basis of race, on the basis of religion, on the basis of sexual orientation or gender," he said.</p><ul class="story-body__unordered-list"><li class="story-body__list-item"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-africa-33577232" class="story-body__link">BBC Africa Live updates from Kenya</a></li></ul><p>The president also admitted that some African governments, including Kenya's, needed to improve their records on human rights and democracy. However, he defended his decision to engage with and visit those governments. </p><p>"Well, they're not ideal institutions. But what we found is, is that when we combined blunt talk with engagement, that gives us the best opportunity to influence and open up space for civil society." </p><p>Mr Obama will become the first US president to address the African Union when he travels on to Ethiopia on Sunday.</p> + </div> +</div> + <div id="comp-comments-button" data-comp-meta="{"id":"comp-comments-button","type":"comments-button","handler":"commentsButton","deviceGroups":null,"opts":{"treatment":"ghost_column","jsEnabled":true,"commentsId":"__CPS__33646704","position_info":{"instanceNo":1,"positionInRegion":2,"lastInRegion":false,"lastOnPage":false,"column":"primary_column"}},"template":"\/component\/comments-button"}" class="js-iframe-container comments-button ghost-column"> + <a class="comments-button__link js-comments-button__link" href="/news/world-us-canada-33646704/comments" id="comments-iframe-33646704" data-iframe-src="/news/world-us-canada-33646704/comments/iframe" data-static-iframe-height="600"> + 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width: 0px; height: 0px;" name="google_osd_static_frame" id="google_osd_static_frame_5275862176938"></iframe></body></html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/buzzfeed-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/buzzfeed-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f171df --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/buzzfeed-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Student Dies After Diet Pills She Bought Online \"Burned Her Up From Within\"", + "byline": "Mark Di Stefano", + "excerpt": "An inquest into Eloise Parry's death has been adjourned until July...", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/buzzfeed-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/buzzfeed-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb632f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/buzzfeed-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div id="buzz_sub_buzz" class="c suplist_article suplist_list_show "> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_image buzz_superlist_item_wide image_hit no_caption " id="superlist_3758406_5547137" rel:buzz_num="1"> + <h2>The mother of a woman who took suspected diet pills bought online has described how her daughter was “literally burning up from within” moments before her death.</h2> + <p class="article_caption_w_attr"> <span class="sub_buzz_source_via buzz_attribution buzz_attr_no_caption">West Merica Police</span></p> + </div> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_text buzz_superlist_item_wide " id="superlist_3758406_5547213" rel:buzz_num="2"> + <p class="sub_buzz_desc">Eloise Parry, 21, was taken to Royal Shrewsbury hospital on 12 April after taking a lethal dose of highly toxic “slimming tablets”. </p> + <p>“The drug was in her system, there was no anti-dote, two tablets was a lethal dose – and she had taken eight,” her mother, Fiona, <a href="https://www.westmercia.police.uk/article/9501/A-tribute-to-Eloise-Aimee-Parry-written-by-her-mother-Fiona-Parry">said in a statement</a> yesterday.</p> + <p>“As Eloise deteriorated, the staff in A&E did all they could to stabilise her. As the drug kicked in and started to make her metabolism soar, they attempted to cool her down, but they were fighting an uphill battle.</p> + <p>“She was literally burning up from within.”</p> + <p>She added: “They never stood a chance of saving her. She burned and crashed.”</p> + </div> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_grid_row buzz_superlist_item_wide no_caption " id="superlist_3758406_5547140" rel:buzz_num="3"> + <div class="grid_row two_pl grid_height_l"> + <div class="grid_cell cell_1"> + <div class="grid_cell_image_wrapper"><img src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/5/enhanced/webdr12/grid-cell-2501-1429608056-15.jpg" rel:bf_image_src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/5/enhanced/webdr12/grid-cell-2501-1429608056-15.jpg" height="412" width="203"/></div> + <p class="sub_buzz_grid_source_via">Facebook</p> + </div> + <div class="grid_cell cell_2"> + <div class="grid_cell_image_wrapper"><img src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/5/enhanced/webdr12/grid-cell-2501-1429608057-18.jpg" rel:bf_image_src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/5/enhanced/webdr12/grid-cell-2501-1429608057-18.jpg" height="412" width="412"/></div> + <p class="sub_buzz_grid_source_via">Facebook</p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_text buzz_superlist_item_wide " id="superlist_3758406_5547284" rel:buzz_num="4"> + <p class="sub_buzz_desc">West Mercia police <a href="https://www.westmercia.police.uk/article/9500/Warning-Issued-As-Shrewsbury-Woman-Dies-After-Taking-Suspected-Diet-Pills">said the tablets were believed to contain dinitrophenol</a>, known as DNP, which is a highly toxic industrial chemical. </p> + <p>“We are undoubtedly concerned over the origin and sale of these pills and are working with partner agencies to establish where they were bought from and how they were advertised,” said chief inspector Jennifer Mattinson from the West Mercia police.</p> + <p>The Food Standards Agency warned people to stay away from slimming products that contained DNP.</p> + <p>“We advise the public not to take any tablets or powders containing DNP, as it is an industrial chemical and not fit for human consumption,” it said in a statement.</p> + </div> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_text buzz_superlist_item_wide " id="superlist_3758406_5547219" rel:buzz_num="5"> + <h2>Fiona Parry issued a plea for people to stay away from pills containing the chemical.</h2> + <p class="sub_buzz_desc">“[Eloise] just never really understood how dangerous the tablets that she took were,” she said. “Most of us don’t believe that a slimming tablet could possibly kill us.</p> + <p>“DNP is not a miracle slimming pill. It is a deadly toxin.”</p> + </div> + </div> +</div>
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'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; + var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; + node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); + })(); + + + function loadGPTAd(params) { + if (!params || !params['wid']) return false; + + googletag.cmd.push(function() { + if (params.infinite_scroll && typeof infinite_slots[params.wid] != 'undefined') { + gptadslots[params.wid] = googletag.defineSlot('/6556/' + BF_DFP_SITE + BF_DFP_ZONE, [ + [5, 5] + ], 'div-gpt-ad-' + params.wid) + .setTargeting('wid', params.wid) + .setTargeting('pos', [infinite_slots[params.wid]]) + .addService(googletag.pubads()); + } else if (params.sidebar) { + gptadslots[params.wid] = googletag.defineSlot('/6556/' + BF_DFP_SITE + BF_DFP_ZONE, [ + [3, 3] + ], 'div-gpt-ad-' + params.wid) + .setTargeting('wid', params.wid) + .setTargeting('pos', ['sidebar']) + .setTargeting('posnum', parseInt(params.wid, 10) - 4) + .setTargeting("nsfw", 0) + .setTargeting("user", 'markdistefano') + + .setTargeting("bid", '3758406') + + + .setTargeting("badge", 'viral') + + + .addService(googletag.pubads()); + } + /* Weekend Promo Ad Unit */ + if (params.sitewideweekend) { + gptadslots[params.wid] = googletag.defineSlot('/6556/' + BF_DFP_SITE + BF_DFP_ZONE, [ + [5, 5] + ], 'div-gpt-ad-' + params.wid) + .setTargeting('wid', params.wid) + .setTargeting('pos', ['sitewideweekend']) + .setTargeting("nsfw", 0) + .setTargeting("user", 'markdistefano') + + .setTargeting("bid", '3758406') + + + .setTargeting("badge", 'viral') + + + .addService(googletag.pubads()); + } + if (params.pos) { + gptadslots[params.wid] = googletag.defineSlot('/6556/' + BF_DFP_SITE + BF_DFP_ZONE, [params.size], 'div-gpt-ad-' + params.wid) + .setTargeting('wid', params.wid) + .setTargeting('pos', [params.pos]) + .setTargeting('abtest', params.abtest) + + .setTargeting("nsfw", 0) + .setTargeting("user", 'markdistefano') + + .setTargeting("bid", '3758406') + + .addService(googletag.pubads()); + + + (function() { + if (AB_AD_TEST) { + if (typeof abtest != 'undefined' && !abtest.abTests.match(new RegExp(params.pos.toUpperCase()))) { + abtest.addTest(params.pos.toUpperCase(), params.abtest); + } else { + setTimeout(arguments.callee, 100) + } + } + })(); + + } + /*END Weekend Promo Ad Unit */ + googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-' + params.wid); + googletag.pubads().refresh([gptadslots[params.wid]], { + changeCorrelator: false + }); + }); + } + + googletag.cmd.push(function() { + + + // BPAGE GPT ADS (bsu + sitewide) + gptadslots[13] = googletag.defineSlot('/6556/' + BF_DFP_SITE + BF_DFP_ZONE, [ + [300, 250] + ], 'div-gpt-ad-13') + .setTargeting('wid', '13') + .setTargeting('pos', ['bigstorybpage']) + .setTargeting('flex_medium', ['bigstory']) + .setTargeting("nsfw", 0) + .setTargeting("user", 'markdistefano') + + .setTargeting("bid", '3758406') + + //TODO: remove when sidewide_bsu_redesign test in #81670260 ends + .setTargeting('abtest', AD_SIDEWIDE_BSU_REDESIGN) + + + + .setTargeting("badge", 'viral') + + + .addService(googletag.pubads()); + gptadslots[9] = googletag.defineSlot('/6556/' + BF_DFP_SITE + BF_DFP_ZONE, [ + [5, 5] + ], 'div-gpt-ad-9') + .setTargeting('wid', '9') + .setTargeting('pos', ['story-bpage']) + .setTargeting("nsfw", 0) + .setTargeting("user", 'markdistefano') + + .setTargeting("bid", '3758406') + + + .setTargeting("badge", 'viral') + + + .addService(googletag.pubads()); + + + googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); + googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); + googletag.pubads().setTargeting('poe', BF_REFERER); + googletag.pubads().setTargeting('abtest', AD_DESIGN); + googletag.pubads().setTargeting('ord', BF_DFP_ORD.toString()); + googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); + googletag.enableServices(); + }); + + } + } catch (err) { + console.log(err); + } + + + function local_ad_call(wid, uparam, extra_params) { + if (BF_STATIC.bf_test_mode && document.cookie.match('sel2_ad') === null && document.cookie.match('sel2_gtrack') === null) { + console.info('disable DFP (dfp_tags.tt)'); + return; + } + + (function() { + var BF_WIDGET_JS = document.createElement('script'); + BF_WIDGET_JS.type = "text/javascript"; + BF_WIDGET_JS.async = true; + var BF_WIDGET_SRC = "http://ct.buzzfeed.com/wd/UserWidget?u=" + uparam + "&network=buzzfeed&uo=1&or=v&ct=1&cs=1&wid=" + wid + extra_params + "&cb=" + (new Date()).getTime(); + setTimeout(function() { + document.getElementById('BF_WIDGET_' + wid).appendChild(BF_WIDGET_JS); + BF_WIDGET_JS.src = BF_WIDGET_SRC + }, 1); + })(); + } + + //]]> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var homePageLink = { + 'fr': '/' + ('live' == 'dev' ? 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.can_queue_edit_politics .queue_edit_politics { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_style { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_style .acl_control.queue_edit_style, + .can_queue_edit_style .queue_edit_style { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_ideas { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_ideas .acl_control.queue_add_ideas, + .can_queue_add_ideas .queue_add_ideas { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_sports { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_sports .acl_control.queue_add_sports, + .can_queue_add_sports .queue_add_sports { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_australia { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_australia .acl_control.queue_add_australia, + .can_queue_add_australia .queue_add_australia { + display: inherit + } + + .team_germany { + display: none + } + + .can_team_germany .acl_control.team_germany, + .can_team_germany .team_germany { + display: inherit + } + + .edit_user_accounts { + display: none + } + + .can_edit_user_accounts .acl_control.edit_user_accounts, + .can_edit_user_accounts .edit_user_accounts { + display: inherit + } + + .buzz_metadata { + display: none + } + + .can_buzz_metadata .acl_control.buzz_metadata, + .can_buzz_metadata .buzz_metadata { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_geeky { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_geeky .acl_control.queue_edit_geeky, + .can_queue_edit_geeky .queue_edit_geeky { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_videos { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_videos .acl_control.queue_add_videos, + .can_queue_add_videos .queue_add_videos { + display: inherit + } + + .entertainment_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_entertainment_homepage_edit .acl_control.entertainment_homepage_edit, + .can_entertainment_homepage_edit .entertainment_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .hp_drag { + display: none + } + + .can_hp_drag .acl_control.hp_drag, + .can_hp_drag .hp_drag { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_usnews { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_usnews .acl_control.queue_edit_usnews, + .can_queue_edit_usnews .queue_edit_usnews { + display: inherit + } + + .embed_whitelist { + display: none + } + + .can_embed_whitelist .acl_control.embed_whitelist, + .can_embed_whitelist .embed_whitelist { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_india { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_india .acl_control.queue_edit_india, + .can_queue_edit_india .queue_edit_india { + display: inherit + } + + .unswitch_users { + display: none + } + + .can_unswitch_users .acl_control.unswitch_users, + .can_unswitch_users .unswitch_users { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_espanol { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_espanol .acl_control.queue_add_espanol, + .can_queue_add_espanol .queue_add_espanol { + display: inherit + } + + .slide_to_publish { + display: none + } + + .can_slide_to_publish .acl_control.slide_to_publish, + .can_slide_to_publish .slide_to_publish { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_books { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_books .acl_control.queue_edit_books, + .can_queue_edit_books .queue_edit_books { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_music { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_music .acl_control.queue_edit_music, + .can_queue_edit_music .queue_edit_music { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_francenews { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_francenews .acl_control.queue_add_francenews, + .can_queue_add_francenews .queue_add_francenews { + display: inherit + } + + .picks_delete_from_anywhere { + display: none + } + + .can_picks_delete_from_anywhere .acl_control.picks_delete_from_anywhere, + .can_picks_delete_from_anywhere .picks_delete_from_anywhere { + display: inherit + } + + .uk_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_uk_homepage_edit .acl_control.uk_homepage_edit, + .can_uk_homepage_edit .uk_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .dashboard_custom_daterange { + display: none + } + + .can_dashboard_custom_daterange .acl_control.dashboard_custom_daterange, + .can_dashboard_custom_daterange .dashboard_custom_daterange { + display: inherit + } + + .general_advertiser { + display: none + } + + .can_general_advertiser .acl_control.general_advertiser, + .can_general_advertiser .general_advertiser { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_travel { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_travel .acl_control.queue_edit_travel, + .can_queue_edit_travel .queue_edit_travel { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_audio { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_audio .acl_control.queue_add_audio, + .can_queue_add_audio .queue_add_audio { + display: inherit + } + + .assign_bf_contributor { + display: none + } + + .can_assign_bf_contributor .acl_control.assign_bf_contributor, + .can_assign_bf_contributor .assign_bf_contributor { + display: inherit + } + + .edit_user_posts { + display: none + } + + .can_edit_user_posts .acl_control.edit_user_posts, + .can_edit_user_posts .edit_user_posts { + display: inherit + } + + .buzz_quick_link { + display: none + } + + .can_buzz_quick_link .acl_control.buzz_quick_link, + .can_buzz_quick_link .buzz_quick_link { + display: inherit + } + + .news_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_news_homepage_edit .acl_control.news_homepage_edit, + .can_news_homepage_edit .news_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .edit_partner_posts { + display: none + } + + .can_edit_partner_posts .acl_control.edit_partner_posts, + .can_edit_partner_posts .edit_partner_posts { + display: inherit + } + + .dashboard_bf_view { + display: none + } + + .can_dashboard_bf_view .acl_control.dashboard_bf_view, + .can_dashboard_bf_view .dashboard_bf_view { + display: inherit + } + + .boost_moderation_view { + display: none + } + + .can_boost_moderation_view .acl_control.boost_moderation_view, + .can_boost_moderation_view .boost_moderation_view { + display: inherit + } + + .team_comedy { + display: none + } + + .can_team_comedy .acl_control.team_comedy, + .can_team_comedy .team_comedy { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_longform { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_longform .acl_control.queue_edit_longform, + .can_queue_edit_longform .queue_edit_longform { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_australia { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_australia .acl_control.queue_edit_australia, + .can_queue_edit_australia .queue_edit_australia { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_travel { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_travel .acl_control.queue_add_travel, + .can_queue_add_travel .queue_add_travel { + display: inherit + } + + .image_delete { + display: none + } + + .can_image_delete .acl_control.image_delete, + .can_image_delete .image_delete { + display: inherit + } + + .edit_editor_posts { + display: none + } + + .can_edit_editor_posts .acl_control.edit_editor_posts, + .can_edit_editor_posts .edit_editor_posts { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_celebrity { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_celebrity .acl_control.queue_add_celebrity, + .can_queue_add_celebrity .queue_add_celebrity { + display: inherit + } + + .sponsored_stories_admin { + display: none + } + + .can_sponsored_stories_admin .acl_control.sponsored_stories_admin, + .can_sponsored_stories_admin .sponsored_stories_admin { + display: inherit + } + + .unlink_users { + display: none + } + + .can_unlink_users .acl_control.unlink_users, + .can_unlink_users .unlink_users { + display: inherit + } + + .team_espanol { + display: none + } + + .can_team_espanol .acl_control.team_espanol, + .can_team_espanol .team_espanol { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_germany { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_germany .acl_control.queue_add_germany, + .can_queue_add_germany .queue_add_germany { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_science { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_science .acl_control.queue_edit_science, + .can_queue_edit_science .queue_edit_science { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_parents { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_parents .acl_control.queue_add_parents, + .can_queue_add_parents .queue_add_parents { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_tvandmovies { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_tvandmovies .acl_control.queue_edit_tvandmovies, + .can_queue_edit_tvandmovies .queue_edit_tvandmovies { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_ukpolitics { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_ukpolitics .acl_control.queue_add_ukpolitics, + .can_queue_add_ukpolitics .queue_add_ukpolitics { + display: inherit + } + + .sailthru_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_sailthru_edit .acl_control.sailthru_edit, + .can_sailthru_edit .sailthru_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .boost_admin { + display: none + } + + .can_boost_admin .acl_control.boost_admin, + .can_boost_admin .boost_admin { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_comics { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_comics .acl_control.queue_edit_comics, + .can_queue_edit_comics .queue_edit_comics { + display: inherit + } + + .new_quiz_format { + display: none + } + + .can_new_quiz_format .acl_control.new_quiz_format, + .can_new_quiz_format .new_quiz_format { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_community { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_community .acl_control.queue_edit_community, + .can_queue_edit_community .queue_edit_community { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_science { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_science .acl_control.queue_add_science, + .can_queue_add_science .queue_add_science { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_diy { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_diy .acl_control.queue_edit_diy, + .can_queue_edit_diy .queue_edit_diy { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_mexico { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_mexico .acl_control.queue_edit_mexico, + .can_queue_edit_mexico .queue_edit_mexico { + display: inherit + } + + .rerankable_posts { + display: none + } + + .can_rerankable_posts .acl_control.rerankable_posts, + .can_rerankable_posts .rerankable_posts { + display: inherit + } + + .gengo_admin { + display: none + } + + .can_gengo_admin .acl_control.gengo_admin, + .can_gengo_admin .gengo_admin { + display: inherit + } + + .espanol_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_espanol_homepage_edit .acl_control.espanol_homepage_edit, + .can_espanol_homepage_edit .espanol_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .ukbuzz_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_ukbuzz_homepage_edit .acl_control.ukbuzz_homepage_edit, + .can_ukbuzz_homepage_edit .ukbuzz_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_business { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_business .acl_control.queue_add_business, + .can_queue_add_business .queue_add_business { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_longform { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_longform .acl_control.queue_add_longform, + .can_queue_add_longform .queue_add_longform { + display: inherit + } + + .creative_byline_in_toolbar { + display: none + } + + .can_creative_byline_in_toolbar .acl_control.creative_byline_in_toolbar, + .can_creative_byline_in_toolbar .creative_byline_in_toolbar { + display: inherit + } + + .indepth_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_indepth_homepage_edit .acl_control.indepth_homepage_edit, + .can_indepth_homepage_edit .indepth_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .dateline_locations { + display: none + } + + .can_dateline_locations .acl_control.dateline_locations, + .can_dateline_locations .dateline_locations { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_geeky { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_geeky .acl_control.queue_add_geeky, + .can_queue_add_geeky .queue_add_geeky { + display: inherit + } + + .germany_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_germany_homepage_edit .acl_control.germany_homepage_edit, + .can_germany_homepage_edit .germany_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .user_moderators { + display: none + } + + .can_user_moderators .acl_control.user_moderators, + .can_user_moderators .user_moderators { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_style { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_style .acl_control.queue_add_style, + .can_queue_add_style .queue_add_style { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_weddings { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_weddings .acl_control.queue_edit_weddings, + .can_queue_edit_weddings .queue_edit_weddings { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_rewind { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_rewind .acl_control.queue_add_rewind, + .can_queue_add_rewind .queue_add_rewind { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_aunews { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_aunews .acl_control.queue_edit_aunews, + .can_queue_edit_aunews .queue_edit_aunews { + display: inherit + } + + .can_boost { + display: none + } + + .can_can_boost .acl_control.can_boost, + .can_can_boost .can_boost { + display: inherit + } + + .buzz_any_embed { + display: none + } + + .can_buzz_any_embed .acl_control.buzz_any_embed, + .can_buzz_any_embed .buzz_any_embed { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_music { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_music .acl_control.queue_add_music, + .can_queue_add_music .queue_add_music { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_brasil { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_brasil .acl_control.queue_add_brasil, + .can_queue_add_brasil .queue_add_brasil { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_business { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_business .acl_control.queue_edit_business, + .can_queue_edit_business .queue_edit_business { + display: inherit + } + + .amazon_rerank { + display: none + } + + .can_amazon_rerank .acl_control.amazon_rerank, + .can_amazon_rerank .amazon_rerank { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_animals { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_animals .acl_control.queue_edit_animals, + .can_queue_edit_animals .queue_edit_animals { + display: inherit + } + + .community_manage { + display: none + } + + .can_community_manage .acl_control.community_manage, + .can_community_manage .community_manage { + display: inherit + } + + .default_template_article { + display: none + } + + .can_default_template_article .acl_control.default_template_article, + .can_default_template_article .default_template_article { + display: inherit + } + + .terminal_user { + display: none + } + + .can_terminal_user .acl_control.terminal_user, + .can_terminal_user .terminal_user { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_uknews { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_uknews .acl_control.queue_add_uknews, + .can_queue_add_uknews .queue_add_uknews { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_india { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_india .acl_control.queue_add_india, + .can_queue_add_india .queue_add_india { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_health { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_health .acl_control.queue_add_health, + .can_queue_add_health .queue_add_health { + display: inherit + } + + .updated_timestamp { + display: none + } + + .can_updated_timestamp .acl_control.updated_timestamp, + .can_updated_timestamp .updated_timestamp { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_celebrity { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_celebrity .acl_control.queue_edit_celebrity, + .can_queue_edit_celebrity .queue_edit_celebrity { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_food { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_food .acl_control.queue_add_food, + .can_queue_add_food .queue_add_food { + display: inherit + } + + .blog_press { + display: none + } + + .can_blog_press .acl_control.blog_press, + .can_blog_press .blog_press { + display: inherit + } + + .lists_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_lists_homepage_edit .acl_control.lists_homepage_edit, + .can_lists_homepage_edit .lists_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .longform_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_longform_edit .acl_control.longform_edit, + .can_longform_edit .longform_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_animals { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_animals .acl_control.queue_add_animals, + .can_queue_add_animals .queue_add_animals { + display: inherit + } + + .preview_special_tags { + display: none + } + + .can_preview_special_tags .acl_control.preview_special_tags, + .can_preview_special_tags .preview_special_tags { + display: inherit + } + + .boost_button { + display: none + } + + .can_boost_button .acl_control.boost_button, + .can_boost_button .boost_button { + display: inherit + } + + .india_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_india_homepage_edit .acl_control.india_homepage_edit, + .can_india_homepage_edit .india_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_lgbt { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_lgbt .acl_control.queue_edit_lgbt, + .can_queue_edit_lgbt .queue_edit_lgbt { + display: inherit + } + + .translation_approval { + display: none + } + + .can_translation_approval .acl_control.translation_approval, + .can_translation_approval .translation_approval { + display: inherit + } + + .trending_moderation { + display: none + } + + .can_trending_moderation .acl_control.trending_moderation, + .can_trending_moderation .trending_moderation { + display: inherit + } + + .sailthru_publish { + display: none + } + + .can_sailthru_publish .acl_control.sailthru_publish, + .can_sailthru_publish .sailthru_publish { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_world { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_world .acl_control.queue_add_world, + .can_queue_add_world .queue_add_world { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_germany { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_germany .acl_control.queue_edit_germany, + .can_queue_edit_germany .queue_edit_germany { + display: inherit + } + + .dateline_buzz { + display: none + } + + .can_dateline_buzz .acl_control.dateline_buzz, + .can_dateline_buzz .dateline_buzz { + display: inherit + } + + .france_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_france_homepage_edit .acl_control.france_homepage_edit, + .can_france_homepage_edit .france_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .edit_user_permissions { + display: none + } + + .can_edit_user_permissions .acl_control.edit_user_permissions, + .can_edit_user_permissions .edit_user_permissions { + display: inherit + } + + .acl_view { + display: none + } + + .can_acl_view .acl_control.acl_view, + .can_acl_view .acl_view { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_rewind { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_rewind .acl_control.queue_edit_rewind, + .can_queue_edit_rewind .queue_edit_rewind { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_ideas { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_ideas .acl_control.queue_edit_ideas, + .can_queue_edit_ideas .queue_edit_ideas { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_tech { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_tech .acl_control.queue_edit_tech, + .can_queue_edit_tech .queue_edit_tech { + display: inherit + } + + .team_weddings { + display: none + } + + .can_team_weddings .acl_control.team_weddings, + .can_team_weddings .team_weddings { + display: inherit + } + + .string_translation_moderator { + display: none + } + + .can_string_translation_moderator .acl_control.string_translation_moderator, + .can_string_translation_moderator .string_translation_moderator { + display: inherit + } + + .badge_config_admin { + display: none + } + + .can_badge_config_admin .acl_control.badge_config_admin, + .can_badge_config_admin .badge_config_admin { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_diy { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_diy .acl_control.queue_add_diy, + .can_queue_add_diy .queue_add_diy { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_uknews { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_uknews .acl_control.queue_edit_uknews, + .can_queue_edit_uknews .queue_edit_uknews { + display: inherit + } + + .hotlist_moderation { + display: none + } + + .can_hotlist_moderation .acl_control.hotlist_moderation, + .can_hotlist_moderation .hotlist_moderation { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_tvandmovies { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_tvandmovies .acl_control.queue_add_tvandmovies, + .can_queue_add_tvandmovies .queue_add_tvandmovies { + display: inherit + } + + .buzz_promote { + display: none + } + + .can_buzz_promote .acl_control.buzz_promote, + .can_buzz_promote .buzz_promote { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_parents { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_parents .acl_control.queue_edit_parents, + .can_queue_edit_parents .queue_edit_parents { + display: inherit + } + + .partners_manage { + display: none + } + + .can_partners_manage .acl_control.partners_manage, + .can_partners_manage .partners_manage { + display: inherit + } + + .switch_user_menu_option { + display: none + } + + .can_switch_user_menu_option .acl_control.switch_user_menu_option, + .can_switch_user_menu_option .switch_user_menu_option { + display: inherit + } + + .in_depth_moderation { + display: none + } + + .can_in_depth_moderation .acl_control.in_depth_moderation, + .can_in_depth_moderation .in_depth_moderation { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_comics { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_comics .acl_control.queue_add_comics, + .can_queue_add_comics .queue_add_comics { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_brasil { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_brasil .acl_control.queue_edit_brasil, + .can_queue_edit_brasil .queue_edit_brasil { + display: inherit + } + + .uk_homepage_splashing { + display: none + } + + .can_uk_homepage_splashing .acl_control.uk_homepage_splashing, + .can_uk_homepage_splashing .uk_homepage_splashing { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_mexico { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_mexico .acl_control.queue_add_mexico, + .can_queue_add_mexico .queue_add_mexico { + display: inherit + } + + .dashboard_admin { + display: none + } + + .can_dashboard_admin .acl_control.dashboard_admin, + .can_dashboard_admin .dashboard_admin { + display: inherit + } + + .uknews_homepage_edit { + display: none + } + + .can_uknews_homepage_edit .acl_control.uknews_homepage_edit, + .can_uknews_homepage_edit .uknews_homepage_edit { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_weddings { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_weddings .acl_control.queue_add_weddings, + .can_queue_add_weddings .queue_add_weddings { + display: inherit + } + + .events_reorder { + display: none + } + + .can_events_reorder .acl_control.events_reorder, + .can_events_reorder .events_reorder { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_world { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_edit_world .acl_control.queue_edit_world, + .can_queue_edit_world .queue_edit_world { + display: inherit + } + + .edit_community_posts { + display: none + } + + .can_edit_community_posts .acl_control.edit_community_posts, + .can_edit_community_posts .edit_community_posts { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_add_comedy { + display: none + } + + .can_queue_add_comedy .acl_control.queue_add_comedy, + .can_queue_add_comedy .queue_add_comedy { + display: inherit + } + + .general_admin { + display: none + } + + .can_general_admin .acl_control.general_admin, + .can_general_admin .general_admin { + display: inherit + } + + .queue_edit_comedy { + display: 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class="Content Page bf_dom "> + <article class="c viral-buzz bf_dom" rel:bf_bucket="abtest" rel:ab_test="pinterest_subbuzz_share" rel:gt_cat="Buzz"> + <aside id="post_launch_success" class="launch-success-message" style="display:none;"> + <div class="launch-success-wrap"> + <div class="headline-1">Your Post Has Been Launched!</div> + <div class="headline-4">Fabulous! Don't forget to share with your friends on Twitter and Facebook.</div> + </div> + </aside> + <aside class="section hot_stats_bar c bf_dom " id="hot-buzz-stats" rel:bf_bucket="gtrack" rel:gt_cat="[ttp]:stats-bar"> + <div class="trending-badge-header"> + <span class="title">TOP POST</span> + <p class="num views"><span>653,817 VIEWS</span> </p> + </div> + <div class="trending-badge"> + <div class="badge viral"> + <a rel:gt_act="post/badge:viral" href="/trending"><img nopin="nopin" src="http://s3-ak.buzzfeed.com/static/badge_images/viral.png?v=201504241415" alt="viral" title="Click for More..." height="42" width="42"/></a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="badges"> + </div> + </aside> + <div class="bf_dom c"> + <div class="buzz no-border bf_dom c" rel:bf_bucket="track" track="{"c":"7FNW2J7","u":"7717MJ7","buzz":"diet-pills-burns-up","user":"markdistefano","types":[100],"queries":[]}"> + <header id="post-3758406" class="post2 super_format bf_dom c" rel:bf_bucket="track" track="{"c":"7FNW2J7","u":"7717MJ7","buzz":"diet-pills-burns-up","user":"markdistefano","types":[100],"queries":[]}" rel:ptool="true" rel:ptool_code="0.0.1.2.0.0" rel:owner="markdistefano" rel:advertiser="0" rel:partner="0" rel:data="{"buzz_id":"3758406","type":"super","uri":"diet-pills-burns-up","form_id":"20","category":"UKNews"}" rel:ptool_stats="{"impressions":"653,817","email_shares":"81","pinterest_count":"","twitter_count":"251","viral_lift":"1.7X","facebook_count":"665"}"> + <div id="buzz_header" class=" no_custom_header_image" rel:gt_cat="[ttp]:header"> + <hgroup> + <a name="post-title"></a> + <h1 id="post-title">Student Dies After Diet Pills She Bought Online “Burned Her Up From Within”</h1> + <p class="description"> + <b>An inquest into Eloise Parry’s death has been adjourned until July.</b> + </p> + <span class="post_datetimes"> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <span id="update_posted_time_3758406" class="buzz_datetime converted_buzz_datetime">posted on April 21, 2015, at 11:29 a.m.</span> + </span> + </hgroup> + <div class="c user-bg"> + <div class="user-bylines "> + <div class="byline + + + "> + <a href="/markdistefano" rel:gt_act="user/avatar" rel:gt_label="editor/markdistefano"> + <img nopin="nopin" src="http://s3-ak.buzzfeed.com/static/2014-06/30/20/user_images/webdr09/markdistefano-30063-1404175854-8_large.jpg" class="byline__avatar" alt="Mark Di Stefano"/> + </a> + <div class="byline__body"> + <a href="/markdistefano" class="byline__author" rel:gt_act="user/username" rel:gt_label="editor/markdistefano">Mark Di Stefano</a> + <div class="byline__title">BuzzFeed News Reporter</div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="share_control" class="bf_dom square_shares shown" rel:bf_bucket="abtest" rel:ab_test="fwd_linkedin" rel:gt_cat="Buzz"> + <div class="horizontal-share-buttons upper-share-buttons c bf_dom" rel:gt_cat="[ttp]:sharing-upper" rel:bf_bucket="gtrack"> + <div class="fb_share"> + <a rel:gt_act="share/facebook/share" 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"> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_image buzz_superlist_item_wide image_hit no_caption " id="superlist_3758406_5547137" rel:buzz_num="1"> + <h2>The mother of a woman who took suspected diet pills bought online has described how her daughter was “literally burning up from within” moments before her death.</h2> + <div class="sub_buzz_content"> + <img src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/4/enhanced/webdr10/enhanced-6418-1429605460-16.jpg" rel:bf_image_src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/4/enhanced/webdr10/enhanced-6418-1429605460-16.jpg" class="bf_dom" rel:bf_bucket="progload" alt="The mother of a woman who took suspected diet pills bought online has described how her daughter was "literally burning up from within" moments before her death." height="422" width="625"/> + <div class="pinit" style="left: 542px; top: 374px;"> + <a class="pin sub-buzz-pinterest-share bf_dom" href="javascript:;" rel:gt_act="share/pinterest/pin/list-item:1" rel:bf_bucket_data="{'pin-share':{'id':'3758406_5547137','not_a_sub':true}}" rel:sub_title=""> + <span class="icon"></span> + </a> + </div> + <p class="print"><a href="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/4/enhanced/webdr10/enhanced-6418-1429605460-16.jpg" rel="nofollow"><b>View this image ›</b></a></p> + </div> + <p class="article_caption_w_attr"> <span class="sub_buzz_source_via buzz_attribution buzz_attr_no_caption">West Merica Police</span></p> + </div> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_text buzz_superlist_item_wide " id="superlist_3758406_5547213" rel:buzz_num="2"> + <p class="sub_buzz_desc">Eloise Parry, 21, was taken to Royal Shrewsbury hospital on 12 April after taking a lethal dose of highly toxic “slimming tablets”. </p> + <p>“The drug was in her system, there was no anti-dote, two tablets was a lethal dose – and she had taken eight,” her mother, Fiona, <a href="https://www.westmercia.police.uk/article/9501/A-tribute-to-Eloise-Aimee-Parry-written-by-her-mother-Fiona-Parry">said in a statement</a> yesterday.</p> + <p>“As Eloise deteriorated, the staff in A&E did all they could to stabilise her. As the drug kicked in and started to make her metabolism soar, they attempted to cool her down, but they were fighting an uphill battle.</p> + <p>“She was literally burning up from within.”</p> + <p>She added: “They never stood a chance of saving her. She burned and crashed.”</p> + </div> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_grid_row buzz_superlist_item_wide no_caption " id="superlist_3758406_5547140" rel:buzz_num="3"> + <div class="grid_row two_pl grid_height_l"> + <div class="grid_cell cell_1"> + <div class="grid_cell_image_wrapper"> + <img src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/5/enhanced/webdr12/grid-cell-2501-1429608056-15.jpg" rel:bf_image_src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/5/enhanced/webdr12/grid-cell-2501-1429608056-15.jpg" height="412" width="203"/> + <div class="pinit"> + <a class="pin sub-buzz-pinterest-share bf_dom" href="javascript:;" rel:gt_act="share/pinterest/pin/list-item:1" rel:bf_bucket_data="{'pin-share':{'id':'3758406_5547140','not_a_sub':true}}" rel:sub_title=""> + <span class="icon"></span> + </a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sub_buzz_grid_cell_caption"> + <p class="sub_buzz_grid_source_via">Facebook</p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="grid_cell cell_2"> + <div class="grid_cell_image_wrapper"> + <img src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/5/enhanced/webdr12/grid-cell-2501-1429608057-18.jpg" rel:bf_image_src="http://ak-hdl.buzzfed.com/static/2015-04/21/5/enhanced/webdr12/grid-cell-2501-1429608057-18.jpg" height="412" width="412"/> + <div class="pinit"> + <a class="pin sub-buzz-pinterest-share bf_dom" href="javascript:;" rel:gt_act="share/pinterest/pin/list-item:2" rel:bf_bucket_data="{'pin-share':{'id':'3758406_5547140','not_a_sub':true}}" rel:sub_title=""> + <span class="icon"></span> + </a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sub_buzz_grid_cell_caption"> + <p class="sub_buzz_grid_source_via">Facebook</p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sub_buzz_content"> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_text buzz_superlist_item_wide " id="superlist_3758406_5547284" rel:buzz_num="4"> + <p class="sub_buzz_desc">West Mercia police <a href="https://www.westmercia.police.uk/article/9500/Warning-Issued-As-Shrewsbury-Woman-Dies-After-Taking-Suspected-Diet-Pills">said the tablets were believed to contain dinitrophenol</a>, known as DNP, which is a highly toxic industrial chemical. </p> + <p>“We are undoubtedly concerned over the origin and sale of these pills and are working with partner agencies to establish where they were bought from and how they were advertised,” said chief inspector Jennifer Mattinson from the West Mercia police.</p> + <p>The Food Standards Agency warned people to stay away from slimming products that contained DNP.</p> + <p>“We advise the public not to take any tablets or powders containing DNP, as it is an industrial chemical and not fit for human consumption,” it said in a statement.</p> + </div> + <div class="buzz_superlist_item buzz_superlist_item_text buzz_superlist_item_wide " id="superlist_3758406_5547219" rel:buzz_num="5"> + <h2>Fiona Parry issued a plea for people to stay away from pills containing the chemical.</h2> + <br/> + <p class="sub_buzz_desc">“[Eloise] just never really understood how dangerous the tablets that she took were,” she said. “Most of us don’t believe that a slimming tablet could possibly kill us.</p> + <p>“DNP is not a miracle slimming pill. It is a deadly toxin.”</p> + </div> + </div> + <p class="print c"><a href="http://buzzfeed.com"><b>Check out more articles on BuzzFeed.com!</b></a></p> + </div> + <div class="user-bio"> + <div class="user-bio__main-text">Mark di Stefano is a breaking news reporter for BuzzFeed News and is based in Sydney, Australia. </div> + <div class="user-bio__user-contact"> + Contact Mark Di Stefano at <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> + </div> + </div> + <section class="c bottom_shares square_shares"> + <div class="bf_dom"> + <div class="referrer_shares"> + <div class=" bottom-share-buttons bf_dom" rel:gt_cat="[ttp]:sharing-bottom" rel:bf_bucket="gtrack"> + <div class="fb_share"> + <a rel:gt_act="share/facebook/share" href="javascript:;" class="bf_dom shareBtn square"> + <i class="fb_icon fa"></i><span></span></a> + </div> + <div class="clear"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="vertical_shares"> + <div class=" bottom-share-buttons bf_dom" 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The nature of my avocations for the last thirty years has brought me into more than ordinary contact with what would seem an interesting and somewhat singular set of men of whom as yet nothing that I know of has ever been written:-- I mean the law-copyists or scriveners. I have known very many of them, professionally and privately, and if I pleased, could relate divers histories, at which good-natured gentlemen might smile, and sentimental souls might weep. But I waive the biographies of all other scriveners for a few passages in the life of Bartleby, who was a scrivener the strangest I ever saw or heard of. While of other law-copyists I might write the complete life, of Bartleby nothing of that sort can be done. I believe that no materials exist for a full and satisfactory biography of this man. It is an irreparable loss to literature. Bartleby was one of those beings of whom nothing is ascertainable, except from the original sources, and in his case those are very small. What my own astonished eyes saw of Bartleby, that is all I know of him, except, indeed, one vague report which will appear in the sequel. + <p>Ere introducing the scrivener, as he first appeared to me, it is fit I make some mention of myself, my employees, my business, my chambers, and general surroundings; because some such description is indispensable to an adequate understanding of the chief character about to be presented. </p> + <p> <i>Imprimis</i>: I am a man who, from his youth upwards, has been filled with a profound conviction that the easiest way of life is the best.. Hence, though I belong to a profession proverbially energetic and nervous, even to turbulence, at times, yet nothing of that sort have I ever suffered to invade my peace. I am one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquillity of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men's bonds and mortgages and title-deeds. The late John Jacob Astor, a personage little given to poetic enthusiasm, had no hesitation in pronouncing my first grand point to be prudence; my next, method. I do not speak it in vanity, but simply record the fact, that I was not unemployed in my profession by the last John Jacob Astor; a name which, I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular sound to it, and rings like unto bullion. I will freely add, that I was not insensible to the late John Jacob Astor's good opinion.</p> + <p>Some time prior to the period at which this little history begins, my avocations had been largely increased. The good old office, now extinct in the State of New York, of a Master in Chancery, had been conferred upon me. It was not a very arduous office, but very pleasantly remunerative. I seldom lose my temper; much more seldom indulge in dangerous indignation at wrongs and outrages; but I must be permitted to be rash here and declare, that I consider the sudden and violent abrogation of the office of Master of Chancery, by the new Constitution, as a----premature act; inasmuch as I had counted upon a life-lease of the profits, whereas I only received those of a few short years. But this is by the way.</p> + <p>My chambers were up stairs at No.--Wall-street. At one end they looked upon the white wall of the interior of a spacious sky-light shaft, penetrating the building from top to bottom. This view might have been considered rather tame than otherwise, deficient in what landscape painters call "life." But if so, the view from the other end of my chambers offered, at least, a contrast, if nothing more. In that direction my windows commanded an unobstructed view of a lofty brick wall,black by age and everlasting shade; which wall required no spy-glass to bring out its lurking beauties, but for the benefit of all near-sighted spectators, was pushed up to within ten feet of my window panes. Owing to the great height of the surrounding buildings, and my chambers being on the second floor, the interval between this wall and mine not a little resembled a huge square cistern.</p> + <p>At the period just preceding the advent of Bartleby, I had two persons as copyists in my employment, and a promising lad as an office-boy. First, Turkey; second, Nippers; third, Ginger Nut.These may seem names, the like of which are not usually found in the Directory. In truth they were nicknames, mutually conferred upon each other by my three clerks, and were deemed expressive of their respective persons or characters. Turkey was a short, pursy Englishman of about my own age, that is, somewhere not far from sixty. In the morning, one might say, his face was of a fine florid hue, but after twelve o'clock, meridian-- his dinner hour-- it blazed like a grate full of Christmas coals; and continued blazing--but, as it were, with a gradual wane--till 6 o'clock, P.M. or thereabouts, after which I saw no more of the proprietor of the face, which gaining its meridian with the sun, seemed to set with it, to rise, culminate, and decline the following day, with the like regularity and undiminished glory. There are many singular coincidences I have known in the course of my life, not the least among which was the fact that exactly when Turkey displayed his fullest beams from his red and radiant countenance, just then, too, at the critical moment, began the daily period when I considered his business capacities as seriously disturbed for the remainder of the twenty-four hours. Not that he was absolutely idle, or averse to business then; far from it. The difficulty was, he was apt to be altogether too energetic. There was a strange, inflamed, flurried, flighty recklessness of activity about him. He would be incautious in dipping his pen into his inkstand. All his blots upon my documents, were dropped there after twelve o'clock, meridian. Indeed, not only would he be reckless and sadly given to making blots in the afternoon, but some days he went further, and was rather noisy. At such times, too, his face flamed with augmented blazonry, as if cannel coal had been heaped on anthracite. He made an unpleasant racket with his chair; spilled his sand-box; in mending his pens, impatiently split them all to pieces, and threw them on the floor in a sudden passion; stood up and leaned over his table, boxing his papers about in a most indecorous manner, very sad to behold in an elderly manlike him. Nevertheless, as he was in many ways a most valuable person to me, and all the time before twelve o'clock, meridian, was the quickest, steadiest creature too, accomplishing a great deal of work in a style not easy to be matched--for these reasons, I was willingto overlook his eccentricities, though indeed, occasionally, I remonstrated with him. I did this very gently, however, because, though the civilest, nay, the blandest and most reverential of men in the morning, yet in the afternoon he was disposed, upon provocation, to be slightly rash with his tongue, in fact, insolent. Now, valuing his morning services as I did, and resolved not to lose them; yet, at the same time made uncomfortable by his inflamed ways after twelve o'clock; and being a man of peace, unwilling by my admonitions to call forth unseemingly retorts from him; I took upon me, one Saturday noon (he was always worse on Saturdays), to hint to him, very kindly, that perhaps now that he was growing old, it might be well to abridge his labors; in short, he need not come to my chambers after twelve o'clock, but, dinner over, had best go home to his lodgings and rest himself till tea-time. But no; he insisted upon his afternoon devotions. His countenance became intolerably fervid, as he oratorically assured me--gesticulating with a long ruler at the other end of the room--that if his services in the morning were useful, how indispensible, then, in the afternoon?</p> + <p>"With submission, sir," said Turkey on this occasion, "I consider myself your right-hand man. In the morning I but marshal and deploy my columns; but in the afternoon I put myself at their head, and gallantly charge the foe, thus!"--and he made a violent thrust with the ruler.</p> + <p>"But the blots, Turkey," intimated I.</p> + <p>"True,--but, with submission, sir, behold these hairs! I am getting old. Surely, sir, a blot or two of a warm afternoon is not the page--is honorable. With submission, sir, we both are getting old."</p> + <p>This appeal to my fellow-feeling was hardly to be resisted. At all events, I saw that go he would not. So I made up my mind to let him stay, resolving, nevertheless, to see to it, that during the afternoon he had to do with my less important papers.</p> + <p>Nippers, the second on my list, was a whiskered, sallow, and, upon the whole, rather piratical-looking young man of about five and twenty. I always deemed him the victim of two evil powers-- ambition and indigestion. The ambition was evinced by a certain impatience of the duties of a mere copyist, an unwarrantable usurpation of strictly profession affairs, such as the original drawing up of legal documents. The indigestion seemed betokened in an occasional nervous testiness and grinning irritability, causing the teeth to audibly grind together over mistakes committed in copying; unnecessary maledictions, hissed, rather than spoken, in the heat of business; and especially by a continual discontent with the height of the table where he worked. Though of a very ingenious mechanical turn, Nippers could never get this table to suit him. He put chips under it, blocks of various sorts, bits of pasteboard, and at last went so far as to attempt an exquisite adjustment by final pieces of folded blotting-paper. But no invention would answer. If, for the sake of easing his back, he brought the table lid at a sharp angle well up towards his chin, and wrote there like a man using the steep roof of a Dutch house for his desk:--then he declared that it stopped the circulation in his arms. If now he lowered the table to his waistbands, and stooped over it in writing, then there was a sore aching in his back. In short, the truth of the matter was, Nippers knew not what he wanted. Or, if he wanted anything, it was to be rid of a scrivener's table altogether. Among the manifestations of his diseased ambition was a fondness he had for receiving visits from certain ambiguous-looking fellows in seedy coats, whom he called his clients. Indeed I was aware that not only was he, at times, considerable of a ward-politician, but he occasionally did a little businessat the Justices' courts, and was not unknown on the steps of the Tombs. I have good reason to believe, however, that one individual who called upon him at my chambers, and who, with a grand air, he insisted was his client, was no other than a dun, and the alleged title-deed, a bill. But with all his failings, and the annoyances he caused me, Nippers, like his compatriot Turkey, was a very useful man to me; wrote a neat, swift hand; and, when he chose, was not deficient in a gentlemanly sort of deportment. Added to this, he always dressedin a gentlemanly sort of way; and so, incidentally, reflected credit upon my chambers. Whereas with respect to Turkey, I had much ado to keep him from being a reproach to me. His clothes were apt to look oily and smell of eating-houses. He wore his pantaloons very loose and baggy in summer. His coats were execrable; his hat not to be handled. But while the hat was a thing of indifference to me, inasmuch as his natural civility and deference, as a dependent Englishman, always led him to doff it the moment he entered the room, yet his coat was another matter. Concerning his coats, I reasoned with him; but with no effect. The truth was, I suppose, that a man with so small an income, could not afford to sport such a lustrous face and a lustrous coat at one and the same time. As Nippers once observed, Turkey's money went chiefly for red ink. One winter day I presented Turkey with a highly-respectable looking coat of my own, a padded gray coat, of a most comfortable warmth, and which buttoned straight up from the knee to the neck. I thought Turkey would appreciate the favor, and abate his rashness and obstreperousness of afternoons. But no. I verily believe that buttoning himself up in so downy and blanket-like a coat had a pernicious effect upon him; upon the same principle that too much oats are bad for horses. In fact, precisely as a rash, restive horse is said to feel his oats, so Turkey felt his coat. It made him insolent. He was a man whom prosperity harmed.</p> + <p>Though concerning the self-indulgent habits of Turkey I had my own private surmises, yet touching Nippers I was well persuaded that whatever might be his faults in other respects, he was, at least, a temperate young man. But indeed, nature herself seemed to have been his vintner, and at his birth charged him so thoroughly with an irritable, brandy-like disposition, that all subsequent potations were needless. When I consider how, amid the stillness of my chambers, Nippers would sometimes impatiently rise from his seat, and stooping over his table, spread his arms wide apart, seize the whole desk, and move it, and jerk it, with a grim, grinding motion on the floor, as if the table were a perverse voluntary agent, intent on thwarting and vexing him; I plainly perceive that for Nippers, brandy and water were altogether superfluous.</p> + <p>It was fortunate for me that, owing to its course--indigestion--the irritability and consequent nervousness of Nippers, were mainly observable in the morning, while in the afternoon he was comparatively mild. So that Turkey's paroxysms only coming on about twelve o'clock, I never had to do with their eccentricities at one time. Their fits relieved each other like guards. When Nippers' was on, Turkey's was off, and vice versa. This was a good natural arrangement under the circumstances.</p> + <p>Ginger Nut, the third on my list, was a lad some twelve years old. His father was a carman, ambitious of seeing his son on the bench instead of a cart, before he died. So he sent him to my office as a student at law, errand boy, and cleaner and sweeper, at the rate of one dollar a week. He had a little desk to himself, but he did not use it much. Upon inspection, the drawer exhibited a great array of the shells of various sorts of nuts. Indeed, to this quick-witted youth the whole noble science of the law was contained in a nut-shell. Not the least among the employments of Ginger Nut, as well as one which he discharged with the most alacrity, was his duty as cake and apple purveyor for Turkey and Nippers. Copying law papers being proverbially a dry, husky sort of business, my two scriveners were fain to moisten their mouths very often with Spitzenbergs to be had at the numerous stalls nigh the Custom House and Post Office. Also, they sent Ginger Nut very frequently for that peculiar cake--small, flat, round, and very spicy--after which he had been named by them. Of a cold morning when business was but dull, Turkey would gobble up scores of these cakes, as if they were mere wafers--indeed they sell them at the rate of six or eight for a penny--the scrape of his pen blending with the crunching of the crisp particles in his mouth. Of all the fiery afternoon blunders and flurried rashnesses of Turkey, was his once moistening a ginger-cake between his lips, and clapping it on to a mortgage for a seal. I came within an ace of dismissing him then. But he mollified me by making an oriental bow, and saying--"With submission, sir, it was generous of me to find you in stationery on my own account."</p> + <p>Now my original business--that of a conveyancer and title hunter, and drawer-up of recondite documents of all sorts--was considerably increased by receiving the master's office. There was now great work for scriveners. Not only must I push the clerks already with me, but I must have additional help. In answer to my advertisement, a motionless young man one morning, stood upon my office threshold, the door being open, for it was summer. I can see that figure now--pallidly neat, pitiably respectable, incurably forlorn! It was Bartleby.</p> + <p>After a few words touching his qualifications, I engaged him, glad to have among my corps of copyists a man of so singularly sedate an aspect, which I thought might operate beneficially upon the flighty temper of Turkey, and the fiery one of Nippers.</p> + <p>I should have stated before that ground glass folding-doors divided my premises into two parts, one of which was occupied by my scriveners, the other by myself. According to my humor I threw open these doors, or closed them. I resolved to assign Bartleby a corner by the folding-doors, but on my side of them, so as to have this quiet man within easy call, in case any trifling thing was to be done. I placed his desk close up to a small side window in that part of the room, a window which originally had afforded a lateral view of certain grimy back-yards and bricks, but which, owing to subsequent erections, commanded at present no view at all, though it gave some light. Within three feet of the panes was a wall, and the light came down from far above, between two lofty buildings, as from a very small opening in a dome. Still further to a satisfactory arrangement, I procured a high green folding screen, which might entirely isolate Bartleby from my sight, though not remove him from my voice. And thus, in a manner, privacy and society were conjoined. </p> + <p>At first Bartleby did an extraordinary quantity of writing. As if long famishingfor something to copy, he seemed to gorge himself on my documents. There was no pause for digestion. He ran a day and night line, copying by sun-light and by candle-light. I should have been quite delighted with his application, had be been cheerfully industrious. But he wrote on silently, palely, mechanically. </p> + <p>It is, of course, an indispensable part of a scrivener's business to verify the accuracy of his copy, word by word. Where there are two or more scriveners in an office, they assist each other in this examination, one reading from the copy, the other holding the original. It is a very dull, wearisome, and lethargic affair. I can readily imagine that to some sanguine temperaments it would be altogether intolerable. For example, I cannot credit that the mettlesome poet Byron would have contentedly sat down with Bartleby to examine a law document of, say five hundred pages, closely written in a crimpy hand.</p> + <p>Now and then, in the haste of business, it had been my habit to assist in comparing some brief document myself, calling Turkey or Nippers for this purpose. One object I had in placing Bartleby so handy to me behind the screen, was to avail myself of his services on such trivial occasions. It was on the third day, I think, of his being with me, and before any necessity had arisen for having his own writing examined, that, being much hurried to complete a small affair I had in hand, I abruptly called to Bartleby. In my haste and natural expectancy of instant compliance, I sat with my head bent over the original on my desk, and my right hand sideways, and somewhat nervously extended with the copy, so that immediately upon emerging from his retreat, Bartleby might snatch it and proceed to business without the least delay.</p> + <p>In this very attitude did I sit when I called to him, rapidly stating what it was I wanted him to do--namely, to examine a small paper with me. Imagine my surprise, nay, my consternation, when without moving from his privacy, Bartleby in a singularly mild, firm voice, replied,"I would prefer not to." </p> + <p>I sat awhile in perfect silence, rallying my stunned faculties. Immediately it occurred to me that my ears had deceived me, or Bartleby had entirely misunderstood my meaning. I repeated my request in the clearest tone I could assume. But in quite as clear a one came the previous reply, "I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>"Prefer not to," echoed I, rising in high excitement, and crossing the room with a stride, "What do you mean? Are you moon-struck? I want you to help me compare this sheet here--take it," and I thrust it towards him.</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to," said he.</p> + <p>I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed; his gray eye dimly calm. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his manner; in other words, had there been any thing ordinarily human about him, doubtless I should have violently dismissed him from the premises. But as it was, I should have as soon thought of turning my pale plaster-of-paris bust of Cicero out of doors. I stood gazing at him awhile, as he went on with his own writing, and then reseated myself at my desk. This is very strange, thought I. What had one best do? But my business hurried me. I concluded to forget the matter for the present, reserving it for my future leisure. So calling Nippers from the other room, the paper was speedily examined.</p> + <p>A few days after this, Bartleby concluded four lengthy documents, being quadruplicates of a week's testimony taken before me in my High Court of Chancery. It became necessary to examine them. It was an important suit, and great accuracy was imperative. Having all things arranged I called Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut from the next room, meaning to place the four copies in the hands of my four clerks, while I should read from the original. Accordingly Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut had taken their seats in a row, each with his document in hand, when I called to Bartleby to join this interesting group.</p> + <p>"Bartleby! quick, I am waiting."</p> + <p>I heard a low scrape of his chair legs on the unscraped floor, and soon he appeared standing at the entrance of his hermitage. </p> + <p>"What is wanted?" said he mildly.</p> + <p>"The copies, the copies," said I hurriedly. "We are going to examine them. There"--and I held towards him the fourth quadruplicate.</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to," he said, and gently disappeared behind the screen.</p> + <p>For a few moments I was turned into a pillar of salt, standing at the head of my seated column of clerks. Recovering myself, I advanced towards the screen, and demanded the reason for such extraordinary conduct.</p> + <p>"<i>Why</i> do you refuse?"</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>With any other man I should have flown outright into a dreadful passion, scorned all further words, and thrust him ignominiously from my presence. But there was something about Bartleby that not only strangely disarmed me, but in a wonderful manner touched and disconcerted me. I began to reason with him.</p> + <p>"These are your own copies we are about to examine. It is labor saving to you, because one examination will answer for your four papers. It is common usage. Every copyist is bound to help examine his copy. Is it not so? Will you not speak? Answer!"</p> + <p>"I prefer not to," he replied in a flute-like tone. It seemed to me that while I had been addressing him, he carefully revolved every statement that I made; fully comprehended the meaning; could not gainsay the irresistible conclusion; but, at the same time, some paramount consideration prevailed with him to reply as he did.</p> + <p>"You are decided, then, not to comply with my request--a request made according to common usage and common sense?"</p> + <p>He briefly gave me to understand that on that point my judgment was sound. Yes: his decision was irreversible.</p> + <p>It is not seldom the case that when a man is browbeaten in some unprecedented and violently unreasonable way, he begins to stagger in his own plainest faith. He begins, as it were, vaguely to surmise that, wonderful as it may be, all the justice and all the reason is on the other side. Accordingly, if any disinterested persons are present, he turns to them for some reinforcement for his own faltering mind. </p> + <p>"Turkey," said I, "what do you think of this? Am I not right?"</p> + <p>"With submission, sir," said Turkey, with his blandest tone, "I think that you are."</p> + <p>"Nippers," said I, "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p> + <p>"I think I should kick him out of the office."</p> + <p>(The reader of nice perceptions will here perceive that, it being morning, Turkey's answer is couched in polite and tranquil terms, but Nippers replies in ill-tempered ones. Or, to repeat a previous sentence, Nipper's ugly mood was on duty, and Turkey's off.)</p> + <p>"Ginger Nut," said I, willing to enlist the smallest suffrage in my behalf, "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p> + <p>"I think, sir, he's a little<i> luny</i>," replied Ginger Nut, with a grin.</p> + <p>"You hear what they say," said I, turning towards the screen, "come forth and do your duty."</p> + <p>But he vouchsafed no reply. I pondered a moment in sore perplexity. But once more business hurried me. I determined again to postpone the consideration of this dilemma to my future leisure. With a little trouble we made out to examine the papers without Bartleby, though at every page or two, Turkey deferentially dropped his opinion that this proceeding was quite out of the common; while Nippers, twitching in his chair with a dyspeptic nervousness, ground out between his set teeth occasional hissing maledictions against the stubborn oaf behind the screen. And for his (Nipper's) part, this was the first and the last time he would do another man's business without pay.</p> + <p>Meanwhile Bartleby sat in his hermitage, oblivious to every thing but his own peculiar business there.</p> + <p>Some days passed, the scrivener being employed upon another lengthy work. His late remarkable conduct led me to regard his way narrowly. I observed that he never went to dinner; indeed that he never went any where. As yet I had never of my personal knowledge known him to be outside of my office. He was a perpetual sentry in the corner. At about eleven o'clock though, in the morning, I noticed that Ginger Nut would advance toward the opening in Bartleby's screen, as if silently beckoned thither by a gesture invisible to me where I sat. That boy would then leave the office jingling a few pence, and reappear with a handful of ginger-nuts which he delivered in the hermitage, receiving two of the cakes for his trouble.</p> + <p>He lives, then, on ginger-nuts, thought I; never eats a dinner, properly speaking; he must be a vegetarian then, but no; he never eats even vegetables, he eats nothing but ginger-nuts. My mind then ran on in reveries concerning the probable effects upon the human constitution of living entirely on ginger-nuts. Ginger-nuts are so called because they contain ginger as one of their peculiar constituents, and the final flavoring one. Now what was ginger? A hot, spicy thing. Was Bartleby hot and spicy? Not at all. Ginger, then, had no effect upon Bartleby. Probably he preferred it should have none. </p> + <p>Nothing so aggravates an earnest person as a passive resistance. If the individual so resisted be of a not inhumane temper, and the resisting one perfectly harmless in his passivity; then, in the better moods of the former, he will endeavor charitably to construe to his imagination what proves impossible to be solved by his judgment. Even so, for the most part, I regarded Bartleby and his ways. Poor fellow! thought I, he means no mischief; it is plain he intends no insolence; his aspect sufficiently evinces that his eccentricities are involuntary. He is useful to me. I can get along with him. If I turn him away, the chances are he will fall in with some less indulgent employer, and then he will be rudely treated, and perhaps driven forth miserably to starve. Yes. Here I can cheaply purchase a delicious self-approval. To befriend Bartleby; to humor him in his strange willfulness, will cost me little or nothing, while I lay up in my soul what will eventually prove a sweet morsel for my conscience. But this mood was not invariable with me. The passiveness of Bartleby sometimes irritated me. I felt strangely goaded on to encounter him in new opposition, to elicit some angry spark from him answerable to my own. But indeed I might as well have essayed to strike fire with my knuckles against a bit of Windsor soap. But one afternoon the evil impulse in me mastered me, and the following little scene ensued:</p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, "when those papers are all copied, I will compare them with you."</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>"How? Surely you do not mean to persist in that mulish vagary?"</p> + <p>No answer.</p> + <p>I threw open the folding-doors near by, and turning upon Turkey and Nippers, exclaimed in an excited manner--</p> + <p>"He says, a second time, he won't examine his papers. What do you think of it, Turkey?"</p> + <p>It was afternoon, be it remembered. Turkey sat glowing like a brass boiler, his bald head steaming, his hands reeling among his blotted papers.</p> + <p>"Think of it?" roared Turkey; "I think I'll just step behind his screen, and black his eyes for him!"</p> + <p>So saying, Turkey rose to his feet and threw his arms into a pugilistic position. He was hurrying away to make good his promise, when I detained him, alarmed at the effect of incautiously rousing Turkey's combativeness after dinner.</p> + <p>"Sit down, Turkey," said I, "and hear what Nippers has to say. What do you think of it, Nippers? Would I not be justified in immediately dismissing Bartleby?"</p> + <p>"Excuse me, that is for you to decide, sir. I think his conduct quite unusual, and indeed unjust, as regards Turkey and myself. But it may only be a passing whim."</p> + <p>"Ah," exclaimed I, "you have strangely changed your mind then--you speak very gently of him now."</p> + <p>"All beer," cried Turkey; "gentleness is effects of beer--Nippers and I dined together to-day. You see how gentle I am, sir. Shall I go and black his eyes?"</p> + <p>"You refer to Bartleby, I suppose. No, not to-day, Turkey," I replied; "pray, put up your fists."</p> + <p>I closed the doors, and again advanced towards Bartleby. I felt additional incentives tempting me to my fate. I burned to be rebelled against again. I remembered that Bartleby never left the office.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, "Ginger Nut is away; just step round to the Post Office, won't you? (it was but a three minutes walk,) and see if there is any thing for me."</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>"You<i> will</i> not?"</p> + <p>"I <i>prefer</i> not."</p> + <p>I staggered to my desk, and sat there in a deep study. My blind inveteracy returned. Was there any other thing in which I could procure myself to be ignominiously repulsed by this lean, penniless with?--my hired clerk? What added thing is there, perfectly reasonable, that he will be sure to refuse to do?</p> + <p>"Bartleby!"</p> + <p>No answer.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," in a louder tone.</p> + <p>No answer.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," I roared.</p> + <p>Like a very ghost, agreeably to the laws of magical invocation, at the third summons, he appeared at the entrance of his hermitage.</p> + <p>"Go to the next room, and tell Nippers to come to me."</p> + <p>"I prefer not to," he respectfully and slowly said, and mildly disappeared.</p> + <p>"Very good, Bartleby," said I, in a quiet sort of serenely severe self-possessed tone, intimating the unalterable purpose of some terrible retribution very close at hand. At the moment I half intended something of the kind. But upon the whole, as it was drawing towards my dinner-hour, I thought it best to put on my hat and walk home for the day, suffering much from perplexity and distress of mind.</p> + <p> Shall I acknowledge it? The conclusion of this whole business was that it soon became a fixed fact of my chambers, that a pale young scrivener, by the name of Bartleby, had a desk there; that he copied for me at the usual rate of four cents a folio (one hundred words); but he was permanently exempt from examining the work done by him, that duty being transferred to Turkey and Nippers, one of compliment doubtless to their superior acuteness; moreover, said Bartleby was never on any account to be dispatched on the most trivial errand of any sort; and that even if entreated to take upon him such a matter, it was generally understood that he would prefer not to--in other words, that he would refuse point-blank. </p> + <p>32 As days passed on, I became considerably reconciled to Bartleby. His steadiness, his freedom from all dissipation, his incessant industry (except when he chose to throw himself into a standing revery behind his screen), his great stillness, his unalterableness of demeanor under all circumstances, made him a valuable acquisition. One prime thing was this,--he was always there;--first in the morning, continually through the day, and the last at night. I had a singular confidence in his honesty. I felt my most precious papers perfectly safe in his hands. Sometimes to be sure I could not, for the very soul of me, avoid falling into sudden spasmodic passions with him. For it was exceeding difficult to bear in mind all the time those strange peculiarities, privileges, and unheard of exemptions, forming the tacit stipulations on Bartleby's part under which he remained in my office. Now and then, in the eagerness of dispatching pressing business, I would inadvertently summon Bartleby, in a short, rapid tone, to put his finger, say, on the incipient tie of a bit of red tape with which I was about compressing some papers. Of course, from behind the screen the usual answer, "I prefer not to," was sure to come; and then, how could a human creature with the common infirmities of our nature, refrain from bitterly exclaiming upon such perverseness--such unreasonableness. However, every added repulse of this sort which I received only tended to lessen the probability of my repeating the inadvertence.</p> + <p>Here is must be said, that according to the custom of most legal gentlemen occupying chambers in densely-populated law buildings, there were several keys to my door. One was kept by a woman residing in the attic, which person weekly scrubbed and daily swept and dusted my apartments. Another was kept by Turkey for convenience sake. The third I sometimes carried in my own pocket. The fourth I knew not who had.</p> + <p>Now, one Sunday morning I happened to go to Trinity Church, to hear a celebrated preacher, and finding myself rather early on the ground, I thought I would walk round to my chambers for a while. Luckily I had my key with me; but upon applying it to the lock, I found it resisted by something inserted from the inside. Quite surprised, I called out; when to my consternation a key was turned from within; and thrusting his lean visage at me, and holding the door ajar, the apparition of Bartleby appeared, in his shirt sleeves, and otherwise in a strangely tattered dishabille, saying quietly that he was sorry, but he was deeply engaged just then, and--preferred not admitting me at present. In a brief word or two, he moreover added, that perhaps I had better walk round the block two or three times, and by that time he would probably have concluded his affairs. Now, the utterly unsurmised appearance of Bartleby, tenanting my law-chambers of a Sunday morning, with his cadaverously gentlemanly nonchalance, yet withal firm and self-possessed, had such a strange effect upon me, that incontinently I slunk away from my own door, and did as desired. But not without sundry twinges of impotent rebellion against the mild effrontery of this unaccountable scrivener. Indeed, it was his wonderful mildness chiefly, which not only disarmed me, but unmanned me, as it were. For I consider that one, for the time, is a sort of unmanned when he tranquilly permits his hired clerk to dictate to him, and order him away from his own premises. Furthermore, I was full of uneasiness as to what Bartleby could possibly be doing in my office in his shirt sleeves, and in an otherwise dismantled condition of a Sunday morning. Was any thing amiss going on? Nay, that was out of the question. It was not to be thought of for a moment that Bartleby was an immoral person. But what could he be doing there?--copying? Nay again, whatever might be his eccentricities, Bartleby was an eminently decorous person. He would be the last man to sit down to his desk in any state approaching to nudity. Besides, it was Sunday; and there was something about Bartleby that forbade the supposition that we would by any secular occupation violate the proprieties of the day.</p> + <p>Nevertheless, my mind was not pacified; and full of a restless curiosity, at last I returned to the door. Without hindrance I inserted my key, opened it, and entered. Bartleby was not to be seen. I looked round anxiously, peeped behind his screen; but it was very plain that he was gone. Upon more closely examining the place, I surmised that for an indefinite period Bartleby must have ate, dressed, and slept in my office, and that too without plate, mirror, or bed. The cushioned seat of a rickety old sofa in one corner bore t faint impress of a lean, reclining form. Rolled away under his desk, I found a blanket; under the empty grate, a blacking box and brush; on a chair, a tin basin, with soap and a ragged towel; in a newspaper a few crumbs of ginger-nuts and a morsel of cheese. Yet, thought I, it is evident enough that Bartleby has been making his home here, keeping bachelor's hallall by himself. Immediately then the thought came sweeping across me, What miserable friendlessness and loneliness are here revealed! His poverty is great; but his solitude, how horrible! Think of it. Of a Sunday, Wall-street is deserted as Petra; and every night of every day it is an emptiness. This building too, which of week-days hums with industry and life, at nightfall echoes with sheer vacancy, and all through Sunday is forlorn. And here Bartleby makes his home; sole spectator of a solitude which he has seen all populous--a sort of innocent and transformed Marius brooding among the ruins of Carthage! </p> + <p>For the first time in my life a feeling of overpowering stinging melancholy seized me. Before, I had never experienced aught but a not-unpleasing sadness. The bond of a common humanity now drew me irresistibly to gloom. A fraternal melancholy! For both I and Bartleby were sons of Adam. I remembered the bright silks and sparkling faces I had seen that day in gala trim, swan-like sailing down the Mississippi of Broadway; and I contrasted them with the pallid copyist, and thought to myself, Ah, happiness courts the light, so we deem the world is gay; but misery hides aloof, so we deem that misery there is none. These sad fancyings-- chimeras, doubtless, of a sick and silly brain--led on to other and more special thoughts, concerning the eccentricities of Bartleby. Presentiments of strange discoveries hovered round me. The scrivener's pale form appeared to me laid out, among uncaring strangers, in its shivering winding sheet.</p> + <p>Suddenly I was attracted by Bartleby's closed desk, the key in open sight left in the lock.</p> + <p> I mean no mischief, seek the gratification of no heartless curiosity, thought I; besides, the desk is mine, and its contents too, so I will make bold to look within. Every thing was methodically arranged, the papers smoothly placed. The pigeon holes were deep, and removing the files of documents, I groped into their recesses. Presently I felt something there, and dragged it out. It was an old bandanna handkerchief, heavy and knotted. I opened it, and saw it was a savings' bank.</p> + <p>I now recalled all the quiet mysteries which I had noted in the man. I remembered that he never spoke but to answer; that though at intervals he had considerable time to himself, yet I had never seen him reading--no, not even a newspaper; that for long periods he would stand looking out, at his pale window behind the screen, upon the dead brick wall; I was quite sure he never visited any refectory or eating house; while his pale face clearly indicated that he never drank beer like Turkey, or tea and coffee even, like other men; that he never went any where in particular that I could learn; never went out for a walk, unless indeed that was the case at present; that he had declined telling who he was, or whence he came, or whether he had any relatives in the world; that though so thin and pale, he never complained of ill health. And more than all, I remembered a certain unconscious air of pallid--how shall I call it?--of pallid haughtiness, say, or rather an austere reserve about him, which had positively awed me into my tame compliance with his eccentricities, when I had feared to ask him to do the slightest incidental thing for me, even though I might know, from his long-continued motionlessness, that behind his screen he must be standing in one of those dead-wall reveries of his.</p> + <p>Revolving all these things, and coupling them with the recently discovered fact that he made my office his constant abiding place and home, and not forgetful of his morbid moodiness; revolving all these things, a prudential feeling began to steal over me. My first emotions had been those of pure melancholy and sincerest pity; but just in proportion as the forlornness of Bartleby grew and grew to my imagination, did that same melancholy merge into fear, that pity into repulsion. So true it is, and so terrible too, that up to a certain point the thought or sight of misery enlists our best affections; but, in certain special cases, beyond that point it does not. They err who would assert that invariably this is owing to the inherent selfishness of the human heart. It rather proceeds from a certain hopelessness of remedying excessive and organic ill. To a sensitive being, pity is not seldom pain. And when at last it is perceived that such pity cannot lead to effectual succor, common sense bids the soul be rid of it. What I saw that morning persuaded me that the scrivener was the victim of innate and incurable disorder. I might give alms to his body; but his body did not pain him; it was his soul that suffered, and his soul I could not reach. </p> + <p>I did not accomplish the purpose of going to Trinity Church that morning. Somehow, the things I had seen disqualified me for the time from church-going. I walked homeward, thinking what I would do with Bartleby. Finally, I resolvedupon this;--I would put certain calm questions to him the next morning, touching his history, &c., and if he declined to answer then openly and reservedly (and I supposed he would prefer not), then to give him a twenty dollar bill over and above whatever I might owe him, and tell him his services were no longer required; but that if in any other way I could assist him, I would be happy to do so, especially if he desired to return to his native place, wherever that might be, I would willingly help to defray the expenses. Moreover, if after reaching home, he found himself at any time in want of aid, a letter from him would be sure of a reply.</p> + <p>The next morning came.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, gently calling to him behind the screen.</p> + <p>No reply.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, in a still gentler tone, "come here; I am not going to ask you to do any thing you would prefer not to do--I simply wish to speak to you."</p> + <p>Upon this he noiselessly slid into view.</p> + <p>"Will you tell me, Bartleby, where you were born?" </p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>"Will you tell me <i>anything </i>about yourself?"</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>"But what reasonable objection can you have to speak to me? I feel friendly towards you."</p> + <p>He did not look at me while I spoke, but kept his glance fixed upon my bust of Cicero, which as I then sat, was directly behind me, some six inches above my head. "What is your answer, Bartleby?" said I, after waiting a considerable time for a reply, during which his countenance remained immovable, only there was the faintest conceivable tremor of the white attenuated mouth.</p> + <p>"At present I prefer to give no answer," he said, and retired into his hermitage.</p> + <p>It was rather weak in me I confess, but his manner on this occasion nettled me. Not only did there seem to lurk in it a certain disdain, but his perverseness seemed ungrateful, considering the undeniable good usage and indulgence he had received from me.</p> + <p>Again I sat ruminating what I should do.Mortified as I was at his behavior, and resolved as I had been to dismiss him when I entered my office, nevertheless I strangely felt something superstitious knocking at my heart, and forbidding me to carry out my purpose, and denouncing me for a villain if I dared to breathe one bitter word against this forlornest of mankind. At last, familiarly drawing my chair behind his screen, I sat down and said: "Bartleby, never mind then about revealing your history; but let me entreat you, as a friend, to comply as far as may be with the usages of this office. Say now you will help to examine papers tomorrow or next day: in short, say now that in a day or two you will begin to be a little reasonable:--say so, Bartleby."</p> + <p>"At present I would prefer not to be a little reasonable was his idly cadaverous reply.,"</p> + <p>Just then the folding-doors opened, and Nippers approached. He seemed suffering from an unusually bad night's rest, induced by severer indigestion than common. He overheard those final words of Bartleby.</p> + <p><i>"Prefer</i> not, eh?" gritted Nippers--"I'd<i> prefer</i> him, if I were you, sir," addressing me--"I'd <i>prefer</i> him; I'd give him preferences, the stubborn mule! What is it, sir, pray, that he <i>prefers</i> not to do now?"</p> + <p>Bartleby moved not a limb.</p> + <p>"Mr. Nippers," said I, "I'd prefer that you would withdraw for the present." </p> + <p>Somehow, of late I had got into the way of involuntary using this word "prefer" upon all sorts of not exactly suitable occasions. And I trembled to think that my contact with the scrivener had already and seriously affected me in a mental way. And what further and deeper aberration might it not yet produce? This apprehension had not been without efficacy in determining me to summary means.</p> + <p>As Nippers, looking very sour and sulky, was departing, Turkey blandly and deferentially approached.</p> + <p>"With submission, sir," said he, "yesterday I was thinking about Bartleby here, and I think that if he would but prefer to take a quart of good ale every day, it would do much towards mending him, and enabling him to assist in examining his papers."</p> + <p>"So you have got the word too," said I, slightly excited.</p> + <p>"With submission, what word, sir," asked Turkey, respectfully crowding himself into the contracted space behind the screen, and by so doing, making me jostle the scrivener. "What word, sir?"</p> + <p>"I would prefer to be left alone here," said Bartleby, as if offended at being mobbed in his privacy. </p> + <p>"<i>That's</i> the word, Turkey," said I--<i>"that's</i> it."</p> + <p>"Oh,<i> prefer</i> oh yes--queer word. I never use it myself. But, sir as I was saying, if he would but prefer--"</p> + <p>"Turkey," interrupted I, "you will please withdraw."</p> + <p>"Oh, certainly, sir, if you prefer that I should."</p> + <p>As he opened the folding-door to retire, Nippers at his desk caught a glimpse of me, and asked whether I would prefer to have a certain paper copied on blue paper or white. He did not in the least roguishly accent the word prefer. It was plain that it involuntarily rolled from his tongue. I thought to myself, surely I must get rid of a demented man, who already has in some degree turned the tongues, if not the heads of myself and clerks. But I thought it prudent not to break the dismission at once.</p> + <p>The next day I noticed that Bartleby did nothing but stand at his window in his dead-wall revery. Upon asking him why he did not write, he said that he had decided upon doing no more writing.</p> + <p>"Why, how now? what next?" exclaimed I, "do no more writing?"</p> + <p>"No more."</p> + <p>"And what is the reason?"</p> + <p>"Do you not see the reason for yourself," he indifferently replied.</p> + <p>I looked steadfastly at him, and perceived that his eyes looked dull and glazed. Instantly it occurred to me, that his unexampled diligence in copying by his dim window for the first few weeks of his stay with me might have temporarily impaired his vision.</p> + <p>I was touched. I said something in condolence with him. I hinted that of course he did wisely in abstaining from writing for a while; and urged him to embrace that opportunity of taking wholesome exercise in the open air. This, however, he did not do. A few days after this, my other clerks being absent, and being in a great hurry to dispatch certain letters by the mail, I thought that, having nothing else earthly to do, Bartleby would surely be less inflexible than usual, and carry these letters to the post-office. But he blankly declined. So, much to my inconvenience, I went myself.</p> + <p>Still added days went by. Whether Bartleby's eyes improved or not, I could not say. To all appearance, I thought they did. But when I asked him if they did, he vouchsafed no answer. At all events, he would do no copying. At last, in reply to my urgings, he informed me that he had permanently given up copying.</p> + <p>"What!" exclaimed I; "suppose your eyes should get entirely well- better than ever before--would you not copy then?"</p> + <p>"I have given up copying," he answered, and slid aside. </p> + <p>He remained as ever, a fixture in my chamber. Nay--if that were possible--he became still more of a fixture than before. What was to be done? He would do nothing in the office: why should he stay there? In plain fact, he had now become a millstone to me, not only useless as a necklace, but afflictive to bear. Yet I was sorry for him. I speak less than truth when I say that, on his own account, he occasioned me uneasiness. If he would but have named a single relative or friend, I would instantly have written, and urged their taking the poor fellow away to some convenient retreat. But he seemed alone, absolutely alone in the universe. A bit of wreck</font> in the mid Atlantic. At length, necessities connected with my business tyrannized over all other considerations. Decently as I could, I told Bartleby that in six days' time he must unconditionally leave the office. I warned him to take measures, in the interval, for procuring some other abode. I offered to assist him in this endeavor, if he himself would but take the first step towards a removal. "And when you finally quit me, Bartleby," added I, "I shall see that you go not away entirely unprovided. Six days from this hour, remember."</p> + <p>At the expiration of that period, I peeped behind the screen, and lo! Bartleby was there. </p> + <p>I buttoned up my coat, balanced myself; advanced slowly towards him, touched his shoulder, and said, "The time has come; you must quit this place; I am sorry for you; here is money; but you must go."</p> + <p>"I would prefer not," he replied, with his back still towards me.</p> + <p>"You<i> must</i>."</p> + <p>He remained silent.</p> + <p>Now I had an unbounded confidence in this man's common honesty. He had frequently restored to me six pences and shillings carelessly dropped upon the floor, for I am apt to be very reckless in such shirt-button affairs. The proceeding then which followed will not be deemed extraordinary. "Bartleby," said I, "I owe you twelve dollars on account; here are thirty-two; the odd twenty are yours.--Will you take it? and I handed the bills towards him.</p> + <p>But he made no motion.</p> + <p>"I will leave them here then," putting them under a weight on the table. Then taking my hat and cane and going to the door I tranquilly turned and added--"After you have removed your things from these offices, Bartleby, you will of course lock the door--since every one is now gone for the day but you--and if you please, slip your key underneath the mat, so that I may have it in the morning. I shall not see you again; so good-bye to you. If hereafter in your new place of abode I can be of any service to you, do not fail to advise me by letter. Good-bye, Bartleby, and fare you well."</p> + <p>But he answered not a word; like the last column of some ruined temple, he remained standing mute and solitary in the middle of the otherwise deserted room.</p> + <p>As I walked home in a pensive mood, my vanity got the better of my pity. I could not but highly plume myself on my masterly management in getting rid of Bartleby. Masterly I call it, and such it must appear to any dispassionate thinker. The beauty of my procedure seemed to consist in its perfect quietness. There was no vulgar bullying, no bravado of any sort, no choleric hectoring and striding to and fro across the apartment, jerking out vehement commands for Bartleby to bundle himself off with his beggarly traps. Nothing of the kind. Without loudly bidding Bartleby depart--as an inferior genius might have done--I assumed the ground that depart he must; and upon the assumption built all I had to say. The more I thought over my procedure, the more I was charmed with it. Nevertheless, next morning, upon awakening, I had my doubts,--I had somehow slept off the fumes of vanity. One of the coolest and wisest hours a man has, is just after he awakes in the morning. My procedure seemed as sagacious as ever,--but only in theory. How it would prove in practice--there was the rub. It was truly a beautiful thought to have assumed Bartleby's departure; but, after all, that assumption was simply my own, and none of Bartleby's. The great point was, not whether I had assumed that he would quit me, but whether he would prefer so to do. He was more a man of preferences than assumptions.</p> + <p>After breakfast, I walked down town, arguing the probabilities pro and con. One moment I thought it would prove a miserable failure, and Bartleby would be found all alive at my office as usual; the next moment it seemed certain that I should see his chair empty. And so I kept veering about. At the corner of Broadway and Canal- street, I saw quite an excited group of people standing in earnest conversation.</p> + <p>"I'll take odds he doesn't," said a voice as I passed.</p> + <p>"Doesn't go?--done!" said I, "put up your money."</p> + <p>I was instinctively putting my hand in my pocket to produce my own, when I remembered that this was an election day. The words I had overheard bore no reference to Bartleby, but to the success or non-success of some candidate for the mayoralty. In my intent frame of mind, I had, as it were, imagined that all Broadway shared in my excitement, and were debating the same question with me. I passed on, very thankful that the uproar of the street screened my momentary absent-mindedness.</p> + <p>As I had intended, I was earlier than usual at my office door. I stood listening for a moment. All was still. He must be gone. I tried the knob. The door was locked. Yes, my procedure had worked to a charm; he indeed must be vanished. Yet a certain melancholy mixed with this: I was almost sorry for my brilliant success. I was fumbling under the door mat for the key, which Bartleby was to have left there for me, when accidentally my knee knocked against a panel, producing a summoning sound, and in response a voice came to me from within--"Not yet; I am occupied."</p> + <p>It was Bartleby.</p> + <p>I was thunderstruck. For an instant I stood like the man who, pipe in mouth, was killed one cloudless afternoon long ago in Virginia, by summer lightning; at his own warm open window he was killed, and remained leaning out there upon the dreamy afternoon, till some one touched him, when he fell. "Not gone!" I murmured at last. But again obeying that wondrous ascendancy which the inscrutable scrivener had over me, and from which ascendancy, for all my chafing, I could not completely escape, I slowly went down stairs and out into the street, and while walking round the block, considered what I should next do in this unheard-of-perplexity. Turn the man out by an actual thrusting I could not; to drive him away by calling him hard names would not do; calling in the police was an unpleasant idea; and yet, permit him to enjoy his cadaverous triumph over me,--this too I could not think of. What was to be done? or, if nothing could be done, was there any thing further that I could assume in the matter? Yes, as before I had prospectively assumed that Bartleby would depart, so now I might retrospectively assume that departed he was. In the legitimate carrying out of this assumption, I might enter my office in a great hurry, and pretending not to see Bartleby at all, walk straight against him as if he were air. Such a proceeding would in a singular degree have the appearance of a home-thrust. It was hardly possible that Bartleby could withstand such an application of the doctrine of assumptions. But upon second thoughts the success of the plan seemed rather dubious. I resolved to argue the matter over with him again.</p> + <p>Bartleby," said I, entering the office, with a quietly severe expression. "I am seriously displeased. I am pained, Bartleby. I had thought better of you. I had imagined you of such a gentlemanly organization, that in any delicate dilemma a slight hint would suffice--in short, an assumption. But it appears I am deceived. Why," I added, unaffectedly starting, "you have not even touched the money yet," pointing to it, just where I had left it the evening previous.</p> + <p>He answered nothing.</p> + <p>"Will you, or will you not, quit me?" I now demanded in a sudden passion, advancing close to him.</p> + <p>"I would prefer <i>not</i> to quit you," he replied, gently emphasizing the<i> not</i>.</p> + <p>"What earthly right have you to stay here? do you pay any rent? Do you pay my taxes? Or is this property yours?"</p> + <p>He answered nothing.</p> + <p>"Are you ready to go on and write now? Are your eyes recovered? Could you copy a small paper for me this morning? or help examine a few lines? or step round to the post-office? In a word, will you do any thing at all, to give a coloring to your refusal to depart the premises?"</p> + <p>He silently retired into his hermitage.</p> + <p>I was now in such a state of nervous resentment that I thought it but prudentto check myself at present from further demonstrations. Bartleby and I were alone. I remembered the tragedy of the unfortunate Adams and the still more unfortunate Colt in the solitary office of the latter; and how poor Colt, being dreadfully incensed by Adams, and imprudently permitting himself to get wildly excited, was at unawares hurried into his fatal act--an act which certainly no man could possibly deplore more than the actor himself. Often it had occurred to me in my ponderings upon the subject, that had that altercation taken place in the public street, or at a private residence, it would not have terminated as it did. It was the circumstance of being alone in a solitary office, up stairs, of a building entirely unhallowed by humanizing domestic associations--an uncarpeted office, doubtless of a dusty, haggard sort of appearance;--this it must have been, which greatly helped to enhance the irritable desperation of the hapless Colt.</p> + <p>But when this old Adam of resentment rose in me and tempted me concerning Bartleby, I grappled him and threw him. How? Why, simply by recalling the divine injunction: "A new commandment give I unto you, that ye love one another." Yes, this it was that saved me. Aside from higher considerations, charity often operates as a vastly wise and prudent principle--a great safeguard to its possessor. Men have committed murder for jealousy's sake, and anger's sake, and hatred's sake, and selfishness' sake, and spiritual pride's sake; but no man that ever I heard of, ever committed a diabolical murder for sweet charity's sake. Mere self-interest, then, if no better motive can be enlisted, should, especially with high-tempered men, prompt all beings to charity and philanthropy. At any rate, upon the occasion in question, I strove to drown my exasperated feelings towards the scrivener by benevolently construing his conduct. Poor fellow, poor fellow! thought I, he don't mean any thing; and besides, he has seen hard times, and ought to be indulged.</p> + <p>I endeavored also immediately to occupy myself, and at the same time to comfort my despondency.I tried to fancy that in the course of the morning, at such time as might prove agreeable to him, Bartleby, of his own free accord, would emerge from his hermitage, and take up some decided line of march in the direction of the door. But no. Half-past twelve o'clock came; Turkey began to glow in the face, overturn his inkstand, and become generally obstreperous; Nippers abated down into quietude and courtesy; Ginger Nut munched his noon apple; and Bartleby remained standing at his window in one of his profoundest deadwall reveries. Will it be credited? Ought I to acknowledge it? That afternoon I left the office without saying one further word to him.</p> + <p>Some days now passed, during which, at leisure intervals I looked a little into Edwards on the Will," and "Priestly on Necessity." Under the circumstances, those books induced a salutary feeling. Gradually I slid into the persuasion that these troubles of mine touching the scrivener, had been all predestinated from eternity, and Bartleby was billeted upon me for some mysterious purpose of an all-wise Providence, which it was not for a mere mortal like me to fathom. Yes, Bartleby, stay there behind your screen, thought I; I shall persecute you no more; you are harmless and noiseless as any of these old chairs; in short, I never feel so private as when I know you are here. At least I see it, I feel it; I penetrate to the predestinated purpose of my life. I am content. Others may have loftier parts to enact; but my mission in this world, Bartleby, is to furnish you with office-room for such period as you may see fit to remain.</p> + <p>I believe that this wise and blessed frame of mind would have continued with me, had it not been for the unsolicited and uncharitable remarks obtruded upon me by my professional friends who visited the rooms. But thus it often is, that the constant friction of illiberal minds wears out at last the best resolves of the more generous. Though to be sure, when I reflected upon it, it was not strange that people entering my office should be struck by the peculiar aspect of the unaccountable Bartleby, and so be tempted to throw out some sinister observations concerning him. Sometimes an attorney having business with me, and calling at my office, and finding no one but the scrivener there, would undertake to obtain some sort of precise information from him touching my whereabouts; but without heeding his idle talk, Bartleby would remain standing immovable in the middle of the room. So after contemplating him in that position for a time, the attorney would depart, no wiser than he came.</p> + <p>Also, when a Reference was going on, and the room full of lawyers and witnesses and business was driving fast; some deeply occupied legal gentleman present, seeing Bartleby wholly unemployed, would request him to run round to his (the legal gentleman's) office and fetch some papers for him. Thereupon, Bartleby would tranquilly decline, and remain idle as before. Then the lawyer would give a great stare, and turn to me. And what could I say? At last I was made aware that all through the circle of my professional acquaintance, a whisper of wonder was running round, having reference to the strange creature I kept at my office. This worried me very much. And as the idea came upon me of his possibly turning out a long-lived man, and keep occupying my chambers, and denying my authority; and perplexing my visitors; and scandalizing my professional reputation; and casting a general gloom over the premises; keeping soul and body together to the last upon his savings (for doubtless he spent but half a dime a day), and in the end perhaps outlive me, and claim possession of my office by right of his perpetual occupancy: as all these dark anticipations crowded upon me more and more, and my friends continually intruded their relentless remarks upon the apparition in my room; a great change was wrought in me. I resolved to gather all my faculties together, and for ever rid me of this intolerable incubus.</p> + <p>Ere revolving any complicated project, however, adapted to this end, I first simply suggested to Bartleby the propriety of his permanent departure. In a calm and serious tone, I commended the idea to his careful and mature consideration. But having taken three days to meditate upon it, he apprised me that his original determination remained the same; in short, that he still preferred to abide with me.</p> + <p>What shall I do? I now said to myself, buttoning up my coat to the last button. What shall I do? what ought I to do? what does conscience say I should do with this man, or rather ghost. Rid myself of him, I must; go, he shall. But how? You will not thrust him, the poor, pale, passive mortal,--you will not thrust such a helpless creature out of your door? you will not dishonor yourself by such cruelty? No, I will not, I cannot do that. Rather would I let him live and die here, and then mason up his remains in the wall. What then will you do? For all your coaxing, he will not budge. Bribes he leaves under your own paperweight on your table; in short, it is quite plain that he prefers to cling to you.</p> + <p>Then something severe, something unusual must be done. What! surely you will not have him collared by a constable, and commit his innocent pallor to the common jail? And upon what ground could you procure such a thing to be done?--a vagrant, is he? What! he a vagrant, a wanderer, who refuses to budge? It is because he will not be a vagrant, then, that you seek to count him as a vagrant. That is too absurd. No visible means of support: there I have him. Wrong again: for indubitably he does support himself, and that is the only unanswerable proof that any man can show of his possessing the means so to do. No more then. Since he will not quit me, I must quit him. I will change my offices; I will move elsewhere; and give him fair notice, that if I find him on my new premises I will then proceed against him as a common trespasser.</p> + <p>Acting accordingly, next day I thus addressed him: "I find these chambers too far from the City Hall; the air is unwholesome. In a word, I propose to remove my offices next week, and shall no longer require your services. I tell you this now, in order that you may seek another place."</p> + <p>He made no reply, and nothing more was said.</p> + <p>On the appointed day I engaged carts and men, proceeded to my chambers, and having but little furniture, every thing was removed in a few hours. Throughout, the scrivener remained standing behind the screen, which I directed to be removed the last thing. It was withdrawn; and being folded up like a huge folio, left him the motionless occupant of a naked room. I stood in the entry watching him a moment, while something from within me upbraided me.</p> + <p>I re-entered, with my hand in my pocket--and--and my heart in my mouth. </p> + <p>"Good-bye, Bartleby; I am going--good-bye, and God some way bless you; and take that," slipping something in his hand. But it dropped to the floor, and then,--strange to say--I tore myself from him whom I had so longed to be rid of.</p> + <p>Established in my new quarters, for a day or two I kept the door locked, and started at every footfall in the passages. When I returned to my rooms after any little absence, I would pause at the threshold for an instant, and attentively listen, ere applying my key. But these fears were needless. Bartleby never came nigh me.</p> + <p>I thought all was going well, when a perturbed looking stranger visited me, inquiring whether I was the person who had recently occupied rooms at No.--Wall-street.</p> + <p>Full of forebodings, I replied that I was.</p> + <p>"Then, sir," said the stranger, who proved a lawyer, "you are responsible for the man you left there. He refuses to do any copying; he refuses to do any thing; he says he prefers not to; and he refuses to quit the premises."</p> + <p>"I am very sorry, sir," said I, with assumed tranquillity, but an inward tremor, "but, really, the man you allude to is nothing to me --he is no relation or apprentice of mine, that you should hold me responsible for him."</p> + <p>"In mercy's name, who is he?"</p> + <p>"I certainly cannot inform you. I know nothing about him. Formerly I employed him as a copyist; but he has done nothing for me now for some time past."</p> + <p>"I shall settle him then,--good morning, sir."</p> + <p>Several days passed, and I heard nothing more; and though I often felt a charitable prompting to call at the place and see poor Bartleby, yet a certain squeamishness of I know not what withheld me.</p> + <p>All is over with him, by this time, thought I at last, when through another week no further intelligence reached me. But coming to my room the day after, I found several persons waiting at my door in a high state of nervous excitement.</p> + <p>"That's the man--here he comes," cried the foremost one, whom recognized as the lawyer who had previously called upon me alone.</p> + <p>"You must take him away, sir, at once," cried a portly person among them, advancing upon me, and whom I knew to be the landlord of No.--Wall-street. "These gentlemen, my tenants, cannot stand it any longer; Mr. B--" pointing to the lawyer, "has turned him out of his room, and he now persists in haunting the buildinggenerally, sitting upon the banisters of the stairs by day, and sleeping in the entry by night. Every body is concerned; clients are leaving the offices; some fears are entertained of a mob; something you must do, and that without delay."</p> + <p> Aghast at this torment, I fell back before it, and would fain have locked myselfin my new quarters. In vain I persisted that Bartleby was nothing to me--no more than to any one else. In vain:--I was the last person known to have any thing to do with him, and they held me to the terrible account. Fearful then of being exposed in the papers (as one person present obscurely threatened) I considered the matter, and at length said, that if the lawyer would give me a confidential interview with the scrivener, in his (the lawyer's) own room, I would that afternoon strive my best to rid them of the nuisance they complained of.</p> + <p>Going up stairs to my old haunt, there was Bartleby silently sitting upon the banister at the landing.</p> + <p>"What are you doing here, Bartleby?" said I.</p> + <p>"Sitting upon the banister," he mildly replied.</p> + <p>I motioned him into the lawyer's room, who then left us.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, "are you aware that you are the cause of great tribulation to me, by persisting in occupying the entry after being dismissed from the office?"</p> + <p>No answer.</p> + <p>"Now one of two things must take place. Either you must do something or something must be done to you. Now what sort of business would you like to engage in? Would you like to re-engage in copying for some one?"</p> + <p>"No; I would prefer not to make any change."</p> + <p>"Would you like a clerkship in a dry-goods store?"</p> + <p>"There is too much confinement about that. No, I would not like a clerkship; but I am not particular."</p> + <p>"Too much confinement," I cried, "why you keep yourself confined all the time!"</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to take a clerkship," he rejoined, as if to settle that little item at once.</p> + <p>"How would a bar-tender's business suit you? There is no trying of the eyesight in that."</p> + <p>"I would not like it at all; though, as I said before, I am not particular."</p> + <p>His unwonted wordiness inspirited me. I returned to the charge.</p> + <p>"Well then, would you like to travel through the country collecting bills for the merchants? That would improve your health."</p> + <p>"No, I would prefer to be doing something else."</p> + <p>"How then would going as a companion to Europe, to entertain some young gentleman with your conversation,--how would that suit you?"</p> + <p>"Not at all. It does not strike me that there is any thing definite about that. I like to be stationary. But I am not particular.</p> + <p>"Stationary you shall be then," I cried, now losing all patience, and for the first time in all my exasperating connection with him fairly flying into a passion. "If you do not go away from these premises before night, I shall feel bound--indeed I am bound--to-- to--to quit the premises myself!" I rather absurdly concluded, knowing not with what possible threat to try to frighten his immobility into compliance. Despairing of all further efforts, I was precipitately leaving him, when a final thought occurred to me--one which had not been wholly unindulged before. </p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, in the kindest tone I could assume under such exciting circumstances, "will you go home with me now--not to my office, but my dwelling--and remain there till we can conclude upon some convenient arrangement for you at our leisure? Come, let us start now, right away."</p> + <p>"No: at present I would prefer not to make any change at all."</p> + <p>I answered nothing; but effectualy dodging every one by the suddenness and rapidity of my flight, rushed from the building, ran up Wall-street towards Broadway, and jumping into the first omnibus was soon removed from pursuit. As soon as tranquility returned I distinctly perceived that I had now done all that I possibly could, both in respect to the demands of the landlord and his tenants, and with regard to my own desire and sense of duty, to benefit Bartleby, and shield him from rude persecution. I now strove to be entirely care-free and quiescent; and my conscience justified me in the attempt; though indeed it was not so successful as I could have wished. So fearful was I of being again hunted out by the incensed landlord and his exasperated tenants, that, surrendering my business to Nippers, for a few days I drove about the upper part of the town and through the suburbs, in my rockaway; crossed over to Jersey City and Hoboken, and paid fugitive visits to Manhattanville and Astoria. In fact I almost lived in my rockaway for the time.</p> + <p>When again I entered my office, lo, a note from the landlord lay upon desk. opened it with trembling hands. informed me that writer had sent to police, and Bartleby removed the Tombs as a vagrant. Moreover, since I knew more about him than any one else, he wished me to appear at that place, and make a suitable statement of the facts. These tidings had a conflicting effect upon me. At first I was indignant; but at last almost approved. The landlord's energetic, summary disposition, had led him to adopt a procedure which I do not think I would have decided upon myself; and yet as a last resort, under such peculiar circumstances, it seemed the only plan.</p> + <p>As I afterwards learned, the poor scrivener, when told that he must be conducted to the Tombs, offered not the slightest obstacle, but in his pale unmoving way, silently acquiesced. </p> + <p>Some of the compassionate and curious bystanders joined the party; and headed by one of the constables arm in arm with Bartleby, the silent procession filed its way through all the noise, and heat, and joy of the roaring thoroughfares at noon.</p> + <p>The same day I received the note I went to the Tombs, or to speak more properly, the Halls of Justice. Seeking the right officer, I stated the purpose of my call, and was informed that the individual I described was indeed within. I then assured the functionary that Bartleby was a perfectly honest man, and greatly to be compassionated, however unaccountably eccentric. I narrated all I knew,and closed by suggesting the idea of letting him remain in as indulgent confinement as possible till something less harsh might be done--though indeed I hardly knew what. At all events, if nothing else could be decided upon, the alms-house must receive him. I then begged to have an interview.</p> + <p>Being under no disgraceful charge, and quite serene and harmless in all his ways, they had permitted him freely to wander about the prison, and especially in the inclosed grass-platted yards thereof. And so I found him there, standing all alone in the quietest of the yards, his face towards a high wall, while all around, from the narrow slits of the jail windows, I thought I saw peering out upon him the eyes of murderers and thieves. </p> + <p>"Bartleby!"</p> + <p>"I know you," he said, without looking round,--"and I want nothing to say to you."</p> + <p>"It was not I that brought you here, Bartleby," said I, keenly pained at his implied suspicion. "And to you, this should not be so vile a place. Nothing reproachful attaches to you by being here. And see, it is not so sad a place as one might think. Look, there is the sky, and here is the grass."</p> + <p>"I know where I am," he replied, but would say nothing more, and so I left him.</p> + <p>As I entered the corridor again, a broad meat-like man in an apron, accosted me, and jerking his thumb over his shoulder said--"Is that your friend?"</p> + <p>"Yes."</p> + <p>"Does he want to starve? If he does, let him live on the prison fare, that's all.</p> + <p>"Who are you?" asked I, not knowing what to make of such an unofficially speaking person in such a place.</p> + <p>"I am the grub-man. Such gentlemen as have friends here, hire me to provide them with something good to eat."</p> + <p>"Is this so?" said I, turning to the turnkey.</p> + <p>He said it was.</p> + <p>"Well then," said I, slipping some silver into the grub-man's hands (for so they called him). "I want you to give particular attention to my friend there; let him have the best dinner you can get. And you must be as polite to him as possible."</p> + <p>"Introduce me, will you?" said the grub-man, looking at me with an expression which seemed to say he was all impatience for an opportunity to give a specimen of his breeding.</p> + <p>Thinking it would prove of benefit to the scrivener, I acquiesced; and asking the grub-man his name, went up with him to Bartleby.</p> + <p>"Bartleby, this is a friend; you will find him very useful to you."</p> + <p>"Your sarvant, sir, your sarvant," said the grub-man, making a low salutation behind his apron. "Hope you find it pleasant here, sir;--spacious grounds--cool apartments, sir--hope you'll stay with us some time--try to make it agreeable. What will you have for dinner today?"</p> + <p>"I prefer not to dine to-day," said Bartleby, turning away. "It would disagree with me; I am unused to dinners." So saying he slowly moved to the other side of the inclosure, and took up a position fronting the dead-wall.</p> + <p>"How's this?" said the grub-man, addressing me with a stare of astonishment. "He's odd, aint he?"</p> + <p>"I think he is a little deranged," said I, sadly.</p> + <p>"Deranged? deranged is it? Well now, upon my word, I thought that friend of yourn was a gentleman forger; they are always pale and genteel-like, them forgers. I can't help pity 'em--can't help it, sir. Did you know Monroe Edwards?" he added touchingly, and paused. Then, laying his hand pityingly on my shoulder, sighed, "he died of consumption at Sing-Sing. so you weren't acquainted with Monroe?"</p> + <p>"No, I was never socially acquainted with any forgers. But I cannot stop longer. Look to my friend yonder. You will not lose by it. I will see you again."</p> + <p>Some few days after this, I again obtained admission to the Tombs, and went through the corridors in quest of Bartleby; but without finding him.</p> + <p>"I saw him coming from his cell not long ago," said a turnkey, "may be he's gone to loiter in the yards."</p> + <p>So I went in that direction.</p> + <p>"Are you looking for the silent man?" said another turnkey passing me. "Yonder he lies--sleeping in the yard there. 'Tis not twenty minutes since I saw him lie down."</p> + <p>The yard was entirely quiet. It was not accessible to the common prisoners. The surrounding walls, of amazing thickness, kept off all sound behind them. The Egyptian character of the masonry weighed upon me with its gloom. But a soft imprisoned turf grew under foot. The heart of the eternal pyramids, it seemed, wherein, by some strange magic, through the clefts, grass-seed, dropped by birds, had sprung.</p> + <p>Strangely huddled at the base of the wall, his knees drawn up, and lying on his side, his head touching the cold stones, I saw the wasted Bartleby. But nothing stirred. I paused; then went close up to him; stooped over, and saw that his dim eyes were open; otherwise he seemed profoundly sleeping. Something prompted me to touch him. I felt his hand, when a tingling shiver ran up my arm and down my spine to my feet.</p> + <p>The round face of the grub-man peered upon me now. "His dinner is ready. Won't he dine to-day, either? Or does he live without dining?"</p> + <p>"Lives without dining," said I, and closed the eyes.</p> + <p>"Eh!--He's asleep, aint he?"</p> + <p>"With kings and counsellors," murmured I.</p> + <p>* * * * * * * *</p> + <p>There would seem little need for proceeding further in this history. Imagination will readily supply the meagre recital of poor Bartleby's interment. But ere parting with the reader, let me say, that if this little narrative has sufficiently interested him, to awaken curiosity as to who Bartleby was, and what manner of life he led prior to the present narrator's making his acquaintance, I can only reply, that in such curiosity I fully share, but am wholly unable to gratify it. Yet here I hardly know whether I should divulge one little item of rumor, which came to my ear a few months after the scrivener's decease. Upon what basis it rested, I could never ascertain; and hence how true it is I cannot now tell. But inasmuch as this vague report has not been without a certain strange suggestive interest to me, however said, it may prove the same with some others; and so I will briefly mention it. The report was this: that Bartleby had been a subordinate clerk in the Dead Letter Office at <a href="http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/%7Ezeke/bartleby/parker.html" target="_blank">Washington</a>, from which he had been suddenly removed by a change in the administration. When I think over this rumor, I cannot adequately express the emotions which seize me. Dead letters! does it not sound like dead men? Conceive a man by nature and misfortune prone to a pallid hopelessness, can any business seem more fitted to heighten it than that of continually handling these dead letters and assorting them for the flames? For by the cart-load they are annually burned. Sometimes from out the folded paper the pale clerk takes a ring:--the bank-note sent in swiftest charity:--he whom it would relieve, nor eats nor hungers any more; pardon for those who died despairing; hope for those who died unhoping; good tidings for those who died stifled by unrelieved calamities. On errands of life, these letters speed to death. </p> + <p> Ah Bartleby! Ah humanity!</p> + </td> + </div> +</div> diff --git a/test/test-pages/clean-links/source.html b/test/test-pages/clean-links/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..775023e --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/clean-links/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,1863 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + + <head> + <title>Bartleby the Scrivener Web Study Text</title> + <meta http-equiv="resource-type" + content="document"/> + <meta http-equiv="copyright" content="Copyright Ann Woodlief"/> + <meta name="generator" content="Me :)"/> + <LINK REL=" stylesheet "=" " type="text/css " href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/myweb.css "/> + <style type="text/css "> +<!-- +body { font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;} +--> +</style> + </head> +<body text="#000000 " background="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/papyrus.jpg + " bgcolor="#DCD1C0 " link="#990000 " vlink="#CC0000 "> + +<!-- BEGIN CODE FOR POP-UP NOTES --> +<div id="overDiv " style="position:absolute; visibility:hidden; z-index:1000; "></div> +<script language="JavaScript " src="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/popnote.js "></script> +<!-- END CODE FOR POP-UP NOTES --> + +<center> + <table width="675 " border="0 " cellpadding="2 "> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> + <h3 align="center ">Study Webtext</h3> + <h2 align="center "><font face="Lucida Handwriting " color="Maroon + ">"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street " </font>(1853) <br/> + Herman Melville</h2> + <h2 align="center "><a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby.html + " target="_blank "><img src="hmhome.gif " alt="To the story text without notes + " height="38 " width="38 " align="absmiddle "/></a> + </h2> + <h3 align="center ">Prepared by <a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb ">Ann + Woodlief,</a> Virginia Commonwealth University</h3> + <h5 align="center ">Click on text in red for hypertext notes and questions</h5> + <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( + 'Note that this story is told in first-person by this unnamed lawyer. That means that the reader has to figure out what sort of person he is in order to understand the "angle" or bias from which he presents his story. What sort of man would define himself immediately in terms of his age and nothing else?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">I</a> + am a <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( + 'Why does he stress that he is elderly? To show that he has had a wide range of experience? To suggest that he is very set in his ways?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup + ">rather elderly</a> man. The nature of my <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( + 'Why does he say that being a lawyer is an "avocation," meaning a hobby? Is it that Melville is suggesting that he does not take his career all that seriously?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">avocations</a> + for the last thirty years has brought me into more than ordinary contact + with what <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( + 'Notice how he qualifies his statement, as if he is not quite sure they are so interesting.', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup + ">would seem</a> an interesting and somewhat singular set of men of whom as yet + nothing that I know of has ever been written:-- I mean the <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( + 'The job of a law-copyist was to do exactly what the name suggests--to copy precisely, with pen (or quill) and ink, legal documents (rather like a human xerox machine or carbon paper).', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">law-copyists</a> + or <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( + 'The word means "writers." Some critics have looked at this story as Melville\'s lament that the work of (creative) writers is so little appreciated, + especially in financial terms. He struggled all his life to make a living + by writing, whereas his brother Gansevoort, who worked on Wall Street, + led a very comfortable life and never really understood why his brother + bothered to write. + ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">scriveners</a>. + I have known very many of them, professionally and privately, and if I + pleased, could relate divers histories, at which good-natured gentlemen + might smile, and sentimental souls might weep. But I waive the biographies + of all other scriveners for a few <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note the use of the word "passages" here (and only a few). He + is looking at Bartleby\ + 's life as a kind of literary production, but that production will be his, not Bartleby\'s. (Somewhat similar to the way that the copyists copy the lawyer\ + 's words, not their own.)', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">passages</a> + in the life of Bartleby, who was a scrivener the <a href="javascript:void(0); + " onclick="return overlib( + 'Immediately he judges Bartleby, causing the reader to accept the judgment without knowing more at this point about the person.', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">strangest</a> + I ever saw or heard of. While of other law-copyists I might write the + <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( + 'It is interesting that he assumes he knows "all about" other copyists, in spite of their great differences in class, education, experience, and power. Is this not presumptuous? Is part of his frustration with Bartleby because he will not reveal himself so that the lawyer can assume that he knows "all" about him?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">complete life</a>, of Bartleby nothing of that sort can be done. I believe that + no materials exist for a full and <a href="javascript:void(0); + " onclick="return overlib( + 'Satisfactory to whom? to the lawyer? to the reader? to both?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">satisfactory biography </a> of this man. It is an irreparable loss to literature. Bartleby + was one of those beings of whom nothing is ascertainable, except from + the original sources, and in his case those are very small. What my own + astonished eyes saw of Bartleby, that is all I know of him, except, indeed, + one vague report which will appear in the <a href="javascript:void(0); + " onclick="return overlib( + 'Note that he promises there will be some sort of answer toward the end. Why does he call it a "sequel"? Does he recruit the reader\'s patience with the story by making this promise? + ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sequel</a>. + <p>Ere introducing the scrivener, as he first appeared to me, it is fit + I make some mention of myself, my employees, my business, my chambers, + and general surroundings; because some such description is indispensable + to an adequate understanding of the chief character about to be presented. + </p><p> <i>Imprimis</i>: I am a man who, from his youth upwards, has been + filled with a profound conviction that <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What sort of person is he, according to this statement? How will this + change or be challenged in the story? + ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the easiest way of life is the best.</a>. Hence, though I belong to a profession + proverbially energetic and nervous, even to turbulence, at times, yet + nothing of that sort have I ever suffered to <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he use the word "invade"? Has he walled himself up? + from what? + ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">invade</a> + my peace. I am one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses + a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquillity + of a snug retreat, do a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What does "snug" suggest about him? He seems to be unwilling + to take risks in his work; how does this apply to his personal life? + ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">snug business</a> among rich men's bonds and mortgages and title-deeds. The late <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('John Jacob Astor, 1763-1848, a German immigrant, became quite wealthy because of his shrewd dealings with Canadian Indians, trading whiskey and rifles to establish a very properous fur trade. He also stripped all the sandalwood from the Hawaiian Islands and smuggled opium in China. He invested that money in New York, buying foreclosed mortgages during the Panic of 1837 and building tenements, becoming the wealthiest person in the U.S. at the time of his death. Some model!', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">John Jacob Astor</a>, a personage little given to poetic enthusiasm, had + no hesitation in pronouncing my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note how he builds a description of himself. How would you describe him? Would you consider him a "typical" lawyer, businessman, or "boss"?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">first + grand point</a> to be prudence; my next, method. I do not <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('By claiming not be to boasting, he draws attention to the fact that he is indeed boasting; he drops this famous name three times (just to make sure you get it!)', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">speak + it in vanity</a>, but simply record the fact, that I was not + unemployed in my profession by the last John Jacob Astor; a name which, + I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular sound to + it, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('gold. Clearly the lawyer is rather entranced by Astor\'s wealth. . As a "hero" for the narrator, he represents rapacious materialism.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">rings + like unto bullion.</a> I will freely add, that I was <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('In fact, he seems to have been very impressed by Astor and his opinion. Is he trying to convince the reader that he has secure standing in the business community here? Is he trying too hard? Maybe even trying to convince himself? Why does he repeatedly emphasize that Astor is deceased?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">not + insensible to</a> the late John Jacob Astor's good opinion.</p> + <p>Some time prior to the period at which this little history begins, my + avocations had been largely increased. The good old office, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib(' Evidently the job was abolished because it was a sinecure, requiring little of the holder of the job for a great deal of money. Very likely it was a political appointment. New York did abolish this office in 1846 as part of an outdated court system. This would be a perfect kind of job for a writer, supporting his true vocation, but Melville was unable to find such work. His job at the Customs House was too demanding for him to write much and did not pay very much.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">now + extinct</a> in the State of New York, of a Master in Chancery, + had been conferred upon me. It was not a very arduous office, but very + pleasantly remunerative. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, more description of his personality and character.Will we see these characteristics to be true in his encounter with Bartleby? If not, is it because he doesn\'t really know himself?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + seldom lose my temper</a>; much more seldom indulge in dangerous + indignation at wrongs and outrages; but I must be permitted to be rash + here and declare, that I consider the sudden and violent abrogation of + the office of Master of Chancery, by the new Constitution, as a----<a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Note that he does not challenge the reason for abolishing the office, only that it was premature, and should have been done later (after his pockets were "pleasantly" filled.).', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">premature + act</a>; inasmuch as I had counted upon a life-lease of the + profits, whereas I only received those of a few short years. But this is + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is it? It would seem to be rather vital to understand this man and what sort of person he was before his encounter with Bartleby. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">by the way</a>.</p> + <p>My chambers were up stairs at No.--Wall-street. At one end they looked + upon the white wall of the interior of a spacious sky-light shaft, penetrating + the building from top to bottom. This view might have been considered rather + tame than otherwise, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Landscape painters wouldn\'t be the only ones to find this blocked view not "life"! This seems to be an example of his kind of humor, tongue-in-cheek and a little factitious. On the other hand, perhaps the air of death in his chambers is more than a matter of setting.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">deficient + in what landscape painters call "life."</a> But if so, the view + from the other end of my chambers offered, at least, a contrast, if nothing + more. In that direction my windows commanded an unobstructed view of a + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Though it may contrast with the other brick wall, both are solid walls. Again, note his attempt to be humorous. But how funny is this fact of walls, for Bartleby or for him? Be alert that walls are also being used symbolically in this story (it is about "Wall Street!). Also, this office with its "high, blank walls" is prison-like.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">lofty brick wall,</a>black by age and everlasting shade; which wall required + no spy-glass to bring out its lurking beauties, but for the benefit of + all near-sighted spectators, was pushed up to within ten feet of my window + panes. Owing to the great height of the surrounding buildings, and my chambers + being on the second floor, the interval between this wall and mine not + a little resembled a huge square <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('An interesting comparison, since a cistern holds water, which is frequently an image for life. This one, of course, is dry. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">cistern</a>.</p> + <p>At the period just preceding the advent of Bartleby, I had two persons + as copyists in my employment, and a promising lad as an office-boy. First, + Turkey; second, Nippers; third, Ginger Nut.These may seem names, the like + of which are not usually found in the Directory. In truth they were <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He does not ever give their real names. Why would they give each other such nicknames? Does it show affection? lack of respect? equality? Names seem to be very important in this story (except, of course, we don\'t have a name for the lawyer--a significant absence), and perhaps symbolic. Consider how the names fit the persons. Note that none of the characters has a visible family or home.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">nicknames</a>, mutually conferred upon + each other by my three clerks, and were deemed expressive of their respective + persons or characters. Turkey was a short, pursy Englishman of about my + own age, that is, somewhere not far from sixty. In the morning, one might + say, his face was of a fine florid hue, but after twelve o'clock, meridian-- + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is the first of many references to eating (although probably not the most important one!). How do these references play out in the story (culminating in "he lives without eating?")? The only person who does not eat--although we may assume that he is well-fed--is the lawyer/narrator. Is this significant?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">his dinner hour</a>-- it blazed like a grate full of Christmas coals; + and continued blazing--but, as it were, with a gradual wane--till 6 o'clock, + P.M. or thereabouts, after which I saw no more of the proprietor of the + face, which gaining its meridian with the sun, seemed to set with it, to + rise, culminate, and decline the following day, with the like regularity + and undiminished glory. There are many singular coincidences I have known + in the course of my life, not the least among which was the fact that exactly + when Turkey displayed his fullest beams from his red and radiant countenance, + just then, too, at the critical moment, began the daily period when I considered + his business capacities as seriously disturbed for the remainder of the + twenty-four hours. Not that he was absolutely idle, or averse to business + then; far from it. The difficulty was, he was apt to be altogether <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('In other words, he is not much use when he is showing too much liveliness.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">too + energetic</a>. There was a strange, inflamed, flurried, flighty + recklessness of activity about him. He would be incautious in dipping his + pen into his inkstand. All his blots upon my documents, were dropped there + after twelve o'clock, meridian. Indeed, not only would he be reckless and + sadly given to making blots in the afternoon, but some days he went further, + and was rather <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Evidently the lawyer does not like to be disturbed with noise, especially noise of his clerks\' frustration.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">noisy</a>. At such times, too, his face + flamed with augmented blazonry, as if <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Cannel, or soft, coal burns quickly and brightly; anthracite, or hard, coal burns more slowly and intensely.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">cannel + coal</a> had been heaped on anthracite. He made an unpleasant + racket with his chair; spilled his sand-box; in mending his pens, impatiently + split them all to pieces, and threw them on the floor in a sudden passion; + stood up and leaned over his table, boxing his papers about in a most + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He does not behave in an orderly fashion, something the lawyer prizes. He is elderly, like the lawyer! In other words, they should both be more settled and calm because of their age?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">indecorous manner, very sad to behold in an elderly man</a>like him. Nevertheless, + as he was in many ways a most valuable person to me, and all the time before + twelve o'clock, meridian, was the quickest, steadiest creature too, accomplishing + a great deal of work in a style not easy to be matched--for these reasons, + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is he saying that he really should have fired him, and only out of the goodness of his heart has he kept him? How does this prepare the reader for his later relationship with Bartleby?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I was willing</a>to overlook his eccentricities, though indeed, occasionally, + I remonstrated with him. I did this very gently, however, because, though + the civilest, nay, the blandest and most reverential of men in the morning, + yet in the afternoon he was disposed, upon provocation, to be slightly + rash with his tongue, in fact, insolent. Now, valuing his morning services + as I did, and resolved not to lose them; yet, at the same time made uncomfortable + by his inflamed ways after twelve o'clock; and being a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('or at least a man who does not like to have his peace disturbed! Note his willingness to live with a worker who functions well only half of the time. He seems to have some sympathetic perception of Turkey\'s frustration.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">man + of peace</a>, unwilling by my admonitions to call forth unseemingly + retorts from him; I took upon me, one Saturday noon (he was always worse + on Saturdays), to hint to him, very kindly, that perhaps now that he was + growing old, it might be well to abridge his labors; in short, he need + not come to my chambers after twelve o'clock, but, dinner over, had best + go home to his lodgings and rest himself till tea-time. But no; he insisted + upon his afternoon <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he describe his afternoon excitability in these terms? Is he being ironic? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">devotions</a>. His countenance became + intolerably fervid, as he oratorically assured me--gesticulating with a + long ruler at the other end of the room--that if his services in the morning + were useful, how indispensible, then, in the afternoon?</p> + <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Turkey is careful to "keep his place" with his boss, though his "submission" actually seems to be more suited to his morning than his afternoon work.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">With + submission, sir,</a>" said Turkey on this occasion, "I consider + myself your right-hand man. In the morning I but marshal and deploy my + columns; but in the afternoon <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he use this military image? Why does he point out that he "puts himself at their head," in particular?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + put myself at their head</a>, and gallantly charge the foe, + thus!"--and he made a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Look out for more "violent thrusts" in the story. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">violent + thrust</a> with the ruler.</p> + <p>"But the blots, Turkey," intimated I.</p> + <p>"True,--but, with submission, sir, behold these hairs! I am getting old. + Surely, sir, a blot or two of a warm afternoon is not the page--is honorable. + With submission, sir, we both are getting old."</p> + <p><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here we can see his weak--or perhaps his more compassionate--side, and a suggestion of identification with the feelings of his employees.',STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">This + appeal to my fellow-feeling</a> was hardly to be resisted. At + all events, I saw that go he would not. So I made up my mind to let him + stay, resolving, nevertheless, to see to it, that during the afternoon + he had to do with my less important papers.</p> + <p>Nippers, the second on my list, was a whiskered, sallow, and, upon the + whole, rather <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Pirates rarely suffer from indigestion, do they? In what way could Nippers be considered like a pirate?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">piratical-looking</a> young man of about + five and twenty. I always deemed him the victim of two evil powers-- ambition + and indigestion. The ambition was evinced by a certain impatience of the + duties of a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note this word, one which seems to be attached to this job both by the boss (who actually could not function at all without his copyists) and the scriveners.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mere + copyist,</a> an unwarrantable usurpation of strictly profession + affairs, such as the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('taking over without permission In other words, he took it upon himself to draw up legal documents, which he is evidently able to do. Very likely he feels fully capable of doing the lawyer\'s work, though he is not "properly qualified" to do so.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">original + drawing up</a> of legal documents. The indigestion seemed betokened + in an occasional nervous testiness and grinning irritability, causing the + teeth to audibly grind together over mistakes committed in copying; unnecessary + maledictions, hissed, rather than spoken, in the heat of business; and + especially by a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why is he so unhappy about the table? What does this show about him and his job?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">continual + discontent</a> with the height of the table where he worked. + Though of a very ingenious mechanical turn, Nippers could never get this + table to suit him. He put chips under it, blocks of various sorts, bits + of pasteboard, and at last went so far as to attempt an exquisite adjustment + by final pieces of folded blotting-paper. But no invention would answer. + If, for the sake of easing his back, he brought the table lid at a sharp + angle well up towards his chin, and wrote there like a man using the steep + roof of a Dutch house for his desk:--then he declared that it stopped the + circulation in his arms. If now he lowered the table to his waistbands, + and stooped over it in writing, then there was a sore aching in his back. + In short, the truth of the matter was, Nippers knew not what he wanted. + Or, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This observation is probably quite true, and rather perceptive of the lawyer. He does seem to understand and sympathize with his employee\'s situation, but that does not mean he makes any move to change it (except to try rearranging so there are fewer blots for him to deal with).', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">if + he wanted anything</a>, it was to be rid of a scrivener's table + altogether. Among the manifestations of his diseased ambition was a fondness + he had for receiving visits from certain ambiguous-looking fellows in seedy + coats, whom he called his clients. Indeed I was aware that not only was + he, at times, considerable of a ward-politician, but he occasionally did + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In other words, he was practicing law with poorer clients. Remember that in that time one did not need to go to law school; all he had to do was to have enough knowledge of the law to pass the bar exam--and the examiners, who were anxious to keep "lower-class" people out of the profession.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a little business</a>at the Justices' courts, and was not unknown on the + steps of the Tombs. I have good reason to believe, however, that one individual + who called upon him at my chambers, and who, with a grand air, he insisted + was his client, was no other than a dun, and the alleged title-deed, a + bill. But with all his failings, and the annoyances he caused me, Nippers, + like his compatriot Turkey, was a very <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is probably his prime value as a human being, in the lawyer\'s eyes.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">useful + man </a>to me; wrote a neat, swift hand; and, when he chose, + was not deficient in a gentlemanly sort of deportment. Added to this, he + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Appearances are very important to the lawyer evidently. He makes it clear that he will forgive a person much who presents a good exterior to the public.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">always dressed</a>in a gentlemanly sort of way; and so, incidentally, + reflected credit upon my chambers. Whereas with respect to Turkey, I had + much ado to keep him from being a reproach to me. His clothes were apt + to look oily and smell of eating-houses. He wore his pantaloons very loose + and baggy in summer. His coats were execrable; his hat not to be handled. + But while the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In other words, the hat is okay because he doffs it as a sign of respect for his boss.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">hat</a> was a thing of indifference to + me, inasmuch as his natural civility and deference, as a dependent Englishman, + always led him to doff it the moment he entered the room, yet his coat + was another matter. Concerning his coats, I reasoned with him; but with + no effect. The truth was, I suppose, that a man with so small an income, + could not afford to sport such a lustrous face and a lustrous coat at one + and the same time. As Nippers once observed, Turkey's money went chiefly + for red ink. One winter day<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He gives him a coat primarily so he will appear better for him, not out of any real sense of charity. See how this kind of transaction will work with Bartleby. It doesn\'t seem to work so well with Turkey either!', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup"> + I presented Turkey</a> with a highly-respectable looking coat + of my own, a padded gray coat, of a most comfortable warmth, and which + buttoned straight up from the knee to the neck. I thought Turkey would + appreciate the favor, and abate his rashness and obstreperousness of afternoons. + But no. I verily believe that buttoning himself up in so downy and blanket-like + a coat had a pernicious effect upon him; upon the same principle that too + much oats are bad for horses. In fact, precisely as a rash, restive <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib(' "Feelings one\'s oats" has become a cliche today, for it has lost its original metaphorical force. Here, however, Melville is very aware of the original comparison. Evidently a horse with overabundant oats gets very frisky and out of control, even as Turkey seems to be beyond the lawyer\'s control with his new coat. Does Turkey resent this gift, even though he needs it? Is that what makes him "insolent" to his boss? Why would he resent it? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">horse + is said to feel his oats</a>, so Turkey felt his coat. It made + him insolent. He was a man whom prosperity harmed.</p> + <p>Though concerning the self-indulgent habits of Turkey I had my own private + surmises, yet touching Nippers I was well persuaded that whatever might + be his faults in other respects, he was, at least, a temperate young man. + But indeed, nature herself seemed to have been his <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('a maker of wine. In other words, Nippers does not have to drink (as Turkey must at his dinner) to be equally restive and discontent.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">vintner</a>, and at his birth charged + him so thoroughly with an irritable, brandy-like disposition, that all + subsequent potations were needless. When I consider how, amid the stillness + of my chambers, Nippers would sometimes impatiently rise from his seat, + and stooping over his table, spread his arms wide apart, seize the whole + desk, and move it, and jerk it, with a grim, grinding motion on the floor, + as if the table were a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What or whom is he substituting the table for? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">perverse + voluntary agent</a>, intent on thwarting and vexing him; I plainly + perceive that for Nippers, brandy and water were altogether superfluous.</p> + <p>It was fortunate for me that, owing to its course--indigestion--the irritability + and consequent nervousness of Nippers, were mainly observable in the morning, + while in the afternoon he was comparatively mild. So that Turkey's paroxysms + only coming on about twelve o'clock, I never had to do with their eccentricities + at one time. Their fits relieved each other like guards. When Nippers' + was on, Turkey's was off, and vice versa. This was a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Under what circumstances? That anyone employed in such a job will necessarily be discontent and feel less than human? Note that he accepts them with their flaws, perhaps understanding that they may "go with the job." ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">good + natural arrangement</a> under the circumstances.</p> + <p>Ginger Nut, the third on my list, was a lad some twelve years old. His + father was a carman, ambitious of seeing his son on the bench instead of + a cart, before he died. So he sent him to my office as a student at law, + errand boy, and cleaner and sweeper, at the rate of one dollar a week. + He had a little desk to himself, but he did not use it much. Upon inspection, + the drawer exhibited a great array of the shells of various sorts of nuts. + Indeed, to this quick-witted youth the whole noble science of the law was + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again he uses a cliche to make a joke at the expense of one of his employees.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">contained in a nut-shell</a>. Not the least among the employments of Ginger + Nut, as well as one which he discharged with the most alacrity, was his + duty as cake and apple purveyor for Turkey and Nippers. Copying law papers + being proverbially a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('an interesting metaphor, as it suggests emptiness', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">dry, + husky </a>sort of business, my two scriveners were fain to moisten + their mouths very often with Spitzenbergs to be had at the numerous stalls + nigh the Custom House and Post Office. Also, they sent Ginger Nut very + frequently for that peculiar cake--small, flat, round, and very spicy--after + which he had been named by them. Of a cold morning when business was but + dull, Turkey would gobble up scores of these cakes, as if they were mere + wafers--indeed they sell them at the rate of six or eight for a penny--the + scrape of his pen blending with the crunching of the crisp particles in + his mouth. Of all the fiery afternoon blunders and flurried rashnesses + of Turkey, was his once moistening a ginger-cake between his lips, and + clapping it on to a mortgage for a seal. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Would this have been adequate cause for firing a long-time employee? Does this show that the lawyer has a temper? Is he upset because he thinks that Turkey is not taking his business seriously enough?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + came within an ace </a>of dismissing him then. But he mollified + me by making an oriental bow, and saying--"With submission, sir, it was + generous of me <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('in other words, supply you with stationery at my own expense. It must be morning; note his ornate "submissiveness"! Such a response is one that even the angry lawyer will respond to. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to + find you</a> in stationery on my own account."</p> + <p>Now my original business--that of a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('A conveyancer does the paper work to legally transfer property; a title hunter makes certain that titles of ownership are free and clear. Note that his business deals strictly with legal paperwork, not with matters of justice. Such paperwork is necessary only in a society where a person\'s word is likely not to be trustworthy, in other words, a world with flawed and dishonest communications.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">conveyancer + and title hunter</a>, and drawer-up of recondite documents of + all sorts--was considerably increased by receiving the master's office. + There was now great work for scriveners. Not only must I push the clerks + already with me, but I must have additional help. In answer to my advertisement, + a motionless young man one morning, stood upon my office threshold, the + door being open, for it was summer. I can see that figure now--<a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('What an emotional as well as visual description is packed in these few words! We see more than a man; we see what he would become to the lawyer. Do you think that words like "pitiable" and "incurable" would have occurred to the lawyer at that moment? Or is he also juxtaposing his later understanding of Bartleby? (and himself?) ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">pallidly + neat</a>, pitiably respectable, incurably forlorn! It was Bartleby.</p> + <p>After a few words touching his qualifications, I engaged him, glad to + have among <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('here is used as a military image, appropriate for the hierarchy which clearly exists in this office.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my + corps</a> of copyists a man of so <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Note that he chooses Bartleby primarily for his sense of calm and lack of excitability and presentability, and for little else. He takes him at his word about his experience. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">singularly + sedate</a> an aspect, which I thought might operate beneficially + upon the flighty temper of Turkey, and the fiery one of Nippers.</p> + <p>I should have stated before that ground glass folding-doors divided my + premises into two parts, one of which was occupied by my scriveners, the + other by myself. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He has full control over the doors, and thus over the ability to communicate in the office. But he opens them not for logical reasons but almost on whim, depending on his mood or "humor."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">According + to my humor</a> I threw open these doors, or closed them. I resolved + to assign Bartleby a corner by the folding-doors, but on my side of them, + so as to have this quiet man within easy call, in case any <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He will put him on the "communicating" side primarily to take care of trifles, then, not because he cares to communicate with him. At the same time, he is dividing him from his fellow workers.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">trifling + thing</a> was to be done. I placed his desk close up to a small + side window in that part of the room, a window which originally had afforded + a lateral view of certain grimy back-yards and bricks, but which, owing + to <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('At this point, the reader is reminded that they are in New York City, and that the tall buildings block views from windows. (no glimpses of the green of Central Park in this office!) The connection of walls and the urban setting seems important in this story.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">subsequent + erections,</a> commanded at present no view at all, though it + gave some light. Within three feet of the panes was a wall, and the light + came down from far above, between two lofty buildings, as from a very small + opening in a dome. Still further to a satisfactory arrangement, I procured + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Although it is green, it is hardly "natural," especially since it walls Bartleby off from the lawyer\'s sight and his fellow workers. In fact, note that he is walled off, either by the screen, the doors, or the wall outside the window, on all sides. What do you think of this judgment: "Bartleby\'s cubicle faces a ded, blind wall that symbolizes the moral blindness of the laws and the invisibility of the underclass on whose labor prosperity depends." (Robertson-Lorant, 333)', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a high green folding screen</a>, which might entirely isolate Bartleby + from my sight, though not remove him from <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('And the primary function of that "voice" is to summon Bartleby to do "trifling things."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my + voice</a>. And thus, in a manner, privacy and society were + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Brought together for whom? the lawyer? Bartleby? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">conjoined.</a> + </p> + <p>At first Bartleby did an extraordinary quantity of writing. As if long + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is the first of many references to eating (although probably not the most important one!). How do these references play out in the story (culminating in "he lives without eating?")? The only person who does not eat--although we may assume that he is well-fed--is the lawyer/narrator. Is this significant?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">famishing</a>for something to copy, he seemed to <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Now we\'re getting some serious eating imagery', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">gorge</a> himself on my documents. There + was no pause for digestion. He ran a day and night line, copying by sun-light + and by candle-light. I should have been quite delighted with his application, + had be been <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He\'s a tough boss to please! Not only does he like Bartleby\'s extraordinary devotion to his job but he wants him to be happy in the process. Such a man--and the assumptions he has about the ideal employee (not unlike a "happy slave"?) would be most difficult to work for, for there\'s no way he would be pleased with any sort of normal work and attitude.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">cheerfully + industrious</a>. But he wrote on silently, palely, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('A key word for the scrivener who is essentially a human copying machine. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mechanically.</a> + </p> + <p>It is, of course, an indispensable part of a scrivener's business to verify + the accuracy of his copy, word by word. Where there are two or more scriveners + in an office, they assist each other in this examination, one reading from + the copy, the other holding the original. It is a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He is certainly correct, but how would he know? Surely he has never had to do such work!', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">very + dull, wearisome, and lethargic</a> affair. I can readily imagine + that to some <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('ardently optimistic, cheerful. In other words, he concedes that a certain melancholy or maladjustment makes for a better employee.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sanguine</a> temperaments it would be altogether + intolerable. For example, I cannot credit that the <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He has chosen a romantic poet, famed for his adventuresome spirit (although "mettlesome" suggests he doesn\'t care much for poets.) Some interpret this passage as suggesting that no creative person could survive such work, even though it might be necessary for making a decent living. He seems to recognize that legal copying is blinding, cramping, uncreativework. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mettlesome + poet Byron</a> would have contentedly sat down with Bartleby + to examine a law document of, say five hundred pages, closely written in + a crimpy hand.</p> + <p>Now and then, in the haste of business, it had been my habit to assist + in comparing some brief document myself, calling Turkey or Nippers for + this purpose. One object I had in placing Bartleby so handy to me behind + the screen, was to avail myself of his services on such <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Again he reminds the reader that he hopes Bartleby will be available for what he freely admits are trivialities.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">trivial + occasions</a>. It was on the third day, I think, of his being + with me, and before any necessity had arisen for having his own writing + examined, that, being much hurried to complete a small affair I had in + hand, I abruptly called to Bartleby. In my haste and <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('According to his theory of management, when the boss says "jump," his employees should say "how high?"', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">natural + expectancy of instant compliance</a>, I sat with my head bent + over the original on my desk, and my right hand sideways, and somewhat + nervously extended with the copy, so that immediately upon emerging from + his retreat, Bartleby might <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Evidently he doesn\'t know his man at all if he expects him to "snatch" anything! ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">snatch</a> it and proceed to business without + the least delay.</p> + <p>In this very attitude did I sit when I called to him, rapidly stating + what it was I wanted him to do--namely, to examine a small paper with me. + Imagine my surprise, nay, my consternation, when without moving from his + privacy, Bartleby in a singularly <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('These would seem to be very significant adjectives and they are used frequently to describe his voice and demeanor', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mild, + firm voice</a>, replied,<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note that he does not say "no" and that he is very polite. The underlying assumption is that his preferences should matter. Should they? Do they, in this business world? By voicing a personal preference, Bartleby throws a monkey wrench into the whole system." In "Civil Disobedience," Thoreau writes that a person who resists oppression acts as "a counter-friction to the machine" that crushes initiative and creativity. Bartleby is not Thoreau, but he seems to understand the power of passive resistance.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">"I + would prefer not to."</a> + </p> + <p>I sat awhile in perfect silence, rallying my stunned faculties. Immediately + it occurred to me that my ears had deceived me, or Bartleby had entirely + misunderstood my meaning. I repeated my request in the clearest tone I + could assume. But in quite as clear a one came the previous reply, "I would + prefer not to."</p> + <p>"Prefer not to," echoed I, rising in high excitement, and crossing the + room with a stride, "What do you mean? Are you <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('i.e. "looney" (from "lune-ey"). For some reason, there is a common tie between the moon and mild madness! Actually it\'s the lawyer who seems to be "struck," psychologically anyhow. Notice that the imagery of blows and thrusts (like fencing?) will be repeated. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">moon-struck</a>? I want you to help me + compare this sheet here--take it," and I thrust it towards him.</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to," said he.</p> + <p>I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed; his gray eye + dimly calm. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the + least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his manner; in other + words, had there been any thing <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('How is Bartleby not ordinarily human, at this point? Does this mean he is someh divine? saintly? or inhuman? or just very special in some sense because he does not show violent emotion (which the narrator has adjusted himself to with his other two employees.)', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">ordinarily + human</a> about him, doubtless <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Perhaps this is standard business behavior (although the "violence" might not be).', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + should have violently dismissed</a> him from the premises. But + as it was, I should have as soon thought of turning my pale <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('>How is Bartleby like this wise philosopher?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">plaster-of-paris + bust of Cicero</a> out of doors. I stood gazing at him awhile, + as he went on with his own writing, and then reseated myself at my desk. + This is very strange, thought I. What had <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Why does he use the impersonal pronoun here? After all, the real question is what should HE do. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">one</a> best do? But my business hurried + me. I concluded to forget the matter for the present, reserving it for + my future leisure. So calling Nippers from the other room, the paper was + speedily examined.</p> + <p>A few days after this, Bartleby concluded four lengthy documents, being + quadruplicates of a week's testimony taken before me in my High Court of + Chancery. It became necessary to examine them. It was an important suit, + and great accuracy was imperative. Having all things arranged I called + Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut from the next room, meaning to place the + four copies in the hands of my four clerks, while I should read from the + original. Accordingly Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut had taken their seats + in a row, each with his document in hand, when I called to Bartleby to + join this <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is he being ironic here', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">interesting + group</a>.</p> + <p>"Bartleby! quick, I am waiting."</p> + <p>I heard a low scrape of his chair legs on the unscraped floor, and soon + he appeared standing at the entrance of his <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('A telling word which will be used repeatedly. A hermitage is a secluded or hidden residence, in which a hermit may reside (although not necessarily). But the seclusion was actually arranged by the lawyer, not Bartleby (so maybe it encourages his being a "hermit"?) ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">hermitage.</a> + </p> + <p>"What is wanted?" said he mildly.</p> + <p>"The copies, the copies," said I hurriedly. "We are going to examine them. + There"--and I held towards him the fourth quadruplicate.</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to," he said, and gently disappeared behind the screen.</p> + <p>For a few moments I was turned into <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is a reference to Genesis 19:26, where Lot\'s wife was turned into a pillar of salt for disobeying God and looking back to Sodom. Ironically, it seems to be Bartleby who is disobedient. Again, he is "struck" still by astonishment. He is temporarily immobile; Bartleby is also immobile behind the screen.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a + pillar of salt,</a> standing at the head of my seated column + of clerks. Recovering myself, I <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('a military term again. Note that he advances to the screen, not to the man. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">advanced</a> towards the screen, and demanded + the reason for such extraordinary conduct.</p> + <p>"<i>Why</i> do you refuse?"</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>With any other man I should have <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Another reminder that he is susceptible to violent rages, although he considers himself a prudent and reasonable man. What about Bartleby restrains--or significantly, "disarms"--him?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">flown + outright into a dreadful passion,</a> scorned all further words, + and thrust him ignominiously from my presence. But there was something + about Bartleby that not only strangely disarmed me, but in a wonderful + manner touched and disconcerted me. I began to reason with him.</p> + <p>"These are your own copies we are about to examine. It is labor saving + to you, because one examination will answer for your four papers. <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Just because something is "common usage", does that make it humane or right?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">It + is common usage.</a> Every copyist is bound to help examine his + copy. Is it not so? Will you not speak? Answer!"</p> + <p>"I prefer not to," he replied in a flute-like tone. It seemed to me that + while I had been addressing him, he carefully revolved every statement + that I made; fully comprehended the meaning; could not gainsay the irresistible + conclusion; but, at the same time, some paramount consideration prevailed + with him to reply as he did.</p> + <p>"You are decided, then, not to comply with my request--a request made + according to common usage and common sense?"</p> + <p>He briefly gave me to understand that on that point <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib(' He does like to think of himself as reasonable. Whether that\'s what Bartleby thinks (the narrator is the one to use this phrase) is another question. Certainly Bartleby is calmer. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my + judgment was sound.</a> Yes: his decision was irreversible.</p> + <p>It is not seldom the case that when a man is <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Has he been browbeaten? (think about that word!) Why is he overreacting?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">browbeaten</a> in some unprecedented and + violently unreasonable way, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, he is struck, and now he doesn\'t even trust himself.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">he + begins to stagger</a> in his own plainest faith. He begins, as + it were, vaguely to surmise that, wonderful as it may be, all the justice + and all the reason is on the other side. Accordingly, if any disinterested + persons are present, he turns to them for some reinforcement for his own + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note his response here of self-doubt. Why is that? Why would he then turn to support to his other employees, whom he does not appear to respect very much? Is there desperation in his appeal?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">faltering mind.</a> + </p> + <p>"Turkey," said I, "what do you think of this? Am I not right?"</p> + <p>"With submission, sir," said Turkey, with his blandest tone, "I think + that you are."</p> + <p>"Nippers," said I, "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p> + <p>"I think I should kick him out of the office."</p> + <p>(The reader of nice perceptions will here perceive that, it being morning, + Turkey's answer is couched in polite and tranquil terms, but Nippers replies + in ill-tempered ones. Or, to repeat a previous sentence, Nipper's ugly + mood was on duty, and Turkey's off.)</p> + <p>"Ginger Nut," said I, willing to enlist the smallest suffrage in my behalf, + "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p> + <p>"I think, sir, he's a little<i> luny</i>," replied Ginger Nut, with a + grin.</p> + <p>"You hear what they say," said I, turning towards the screen, "come forth + and <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His "duty" here is verified by his fellow clerks then. What authority do they hold? As Turkey says repeatedly, he responds "with submission." The idea of "doing your duty" will come back to haunt the narrator toward the end', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">do + your duty</a>."</p> + <p>But he vouchsafed no reply. I pondered a moment in sore perplexity. But + once more business hurried me. I determined <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('This makes twice he decides to "think about it." This will become a pattern in his response to Bartleby. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">again</a> to postpone the consideration + of this dilemma to my future leisure. With a little trouble we made out + to examine the papers without Bartleby, though at every page or two, Turkey + deferentially dropped his opinion that this proceeding was quite out of + the common; while Nippers, twitching in his chair with a dyspeptic nervousness, + ground out between his set teeth occasional hissing maledictions against + the stubborn oaf behind the screen. And for his (Nipper's) part, this was + the first and the last time he would do another man's business without + pay.</p> + <p>Meanwhile Bartleby sat in his hermitage, oblivious to every thing but + his own peculiar business there.</p> + <p>Some days passed, the scrivener being employed upon another lengthy work. + His late remarkable conduct led me to regard his way narrowly. I observed + that he never went to dinner; indeed that he never went any where. As yet + I had never of my personal knowledge known him to be outside of my office. + He was a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again a military image, and a very immobile one at that. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">perpetual + sentry</a> in the corner. At about eleven o'clock though, in + the morning, I noticed that Ginger Nut would advance toward the opening + in Bartleby's screen, as if silently beckoned thither by a gesture invisible + to me where I sat. That boy would then leave the office jingling a few + pence, and reappear with a handful of ginger-nuts which he delivered in + the hermitage, receiving two of the cakes for his trouble.</p> + <p>He lives, then, on ginger-nuts, thought I; never eats a dinner, properly + speaking; he must be a vegetarian then, but no; he never eats even vegetables, + he <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('At this point he doesn\'t actually know that this is true, so why does he imagine that it is?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">eats + nothing but ginger-nuts</a>. My mind then ran on in reveries + concerning the probable effects upon the human constitution of living entirely + on ginger-nuts. Ginger-nuts are so called because they contain ginger as + one of their peculiar constituents, and the final flavoring one. Now what + was ginger? A hot, spicy thing. Was Bartleby hot and spicy? Not at all. + Ginger, then, had no effect upon Bartleby. Probably<a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He seems to be trying to be humorous about it all here. But notice that "the phrase" has already become part of his thinking, perhaps without his realizing it. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup"> + he preferred it should have none.</a> + </p> + <p>Nothing so aggravates an earnest person as a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Some readers see a reflection of Henry David Thoreau, author of "Civil Disobedience," in this stance. However, Thoreau was not passive; he just did not act violently. He refused to compromise to the business world, choosing to live cheaply as possible so that he would be able to write.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">passive + resistance.</a> If the individual so resisted be of a not inhumane + temper, and the resisting one perfectly harmless in his passivity; then, + in the better moods of the former, he will endeavor charitably to <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('This is exactly what he is going to do.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">construe + to his imagination</a> what proves impossible to be solved by + his judgment. Even so, for the most part, I regarded Bartleby and his ways. + Poor fellow! thought I, he means no mischief; it is plain he intends no + insolence; his aspect sufficiently evinces that his eccentricities are + involuntary. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This, of course, is the primary reason he keeps him at this point, not because of any respect or compassion.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">He + is useful to me</a>. I can get along with him. If I turn him + away, the chances are he will fall in with some less indulgent employer, + and then he will be rudely treated, and perhaps driven forth miserably + to starve. Yes. Here <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In other words, he will tolerate Bartleby not because he cares for him, but because he can gain points in heaven for it and feel good about being so benevolent. Note the words "purchase" and "delicious."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + can cheaply purchase</a> a delicious self-approval. To befriend + Bartleby; to humor him in his strange willfulness, will cost me little + or nothing, while I lay up in my soul what will eventually prove a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('An interesting instance of food imagery!', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sweet + morsel</a> for my conscience. But this mood was not invariable + with me. The passiveness of Bartleby sometimes irritated me. I felt strangely + goaded on to encounter him in new opposition, to elicit some angry spark + from him answerable to my own. But indeed I might as well have essayed + to strike fire with my knuckles against a bit of <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('a brand of soft hand soap', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" + class="popup">Windsor + soap</a>. But one afternoon the evil impulse in me mastered + me, and the following little scene ensued:</p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, "when those papers are all copied, I will compare + them with you."</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>"How? Surely you do not mean to persist in that <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('so he\'s a mule? No wonder there is no answer to this insult. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mulish + vagary?</a>"</p> + <p>No answer.</p> + <p>I threw open the folding-doors near by, and turning upon Turkey and Nippers, + exclaimed in an excited manner--</p> + <p>"He says, a second time, he won't examine his papers. What do you think + of it, Turkey?"</p> + <p>It was afternoon, be it remembered. Turkey sat glowing like a brass boiler, + his bald head steaming, his hands reeling among his blotted papers.</p> + <p>"Think of it?" roared Turkey; "I think I'll just step behind his screen, + and black his eyes for him!"</p> + <p>So saying, Turkey rose to his feet and threw his arms into a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('like a fighter. Again we have violent imagery. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">pugilistic + position</a>. He was hurrying away to make good his promise, + when I detained him, alarmed at the effect of incautiously rousing Turkey's + combativeness after dinner.</p> + <p>"Sit down, Turkey," said I, "and hear what Nippers has to say. What do + you think of it, Nippers? Would I not be justified in immediately dismissing + Bartleby?"</p> + <p>"Excuse me, that is for you to decide, sir. I think his conduct quite + unusual, and indeed unjust, as regards Turkey and myself. But it may only + be a passing whim."</p> + <p>"Ah," exclaimed I, "you have strangely changed your mind then--you speak + very gently of him now."</p> + <p>"All beer," cried Turkey; "gentleness is effects of beer--Nippers and + I dined together to-day. You see how gentle I am, sir. Shall I go and black + his eyes?"</p> + <p>"You refer to Bartleby, I suppose. No, not to-day, Turkey," I replied; + "pray, put up your fists."</p> + <p>I closed the doors, and again advanced towards Bartleby. I felt additional + incentives tempting me to my fate. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is provoking Bartleby to fulfill some personal needs of his own. What might they be?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + burned to be rebelled against again.</a> I remembered that Bartleby + never left the office.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, "Ginger Nut is away; just step round to the <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('As we will see later, Bartleby may have good reason for not going there. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Post + Office</a>, won't you? (it was but a three minutes walk,) and + see if there is any thing for me."</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>"You<i> will</i> not?"</p> + <p>"I <i>prefer</i> not."</p> + <p>I <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is clearly deeply shaken.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">staggered</a> to my desk, and sat there + in a deep study. My <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('tenacity. They are both being stubborn!', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">blind + inveteracy</a> returned. Was there any other thing in which I + could procure myself to be <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('dishonorably, disgracefully. Evidently he is sensitive about being humiliated.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">ignominiously</a> repulsed by this lean, + penniless with?--<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Not a troubled human being, but his "hired clerk" (almost his slave?) Why does he continue to try to provoke him? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my + hired clerk</a>? What added thing is there, perfectly reasonable, + that he will be sure to refuse to do?</p> + <p>"Bartleby!"</p> + <p>No answer.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," in a louder tone.</p> + <p>No answer.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," I roared.</p> + <p>Like <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('There will be several references to him as ghostly, perhaps showing death-in-life.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a + very ghost</a>, agreeably to the laws of magical invocation, + at the third summons, he appeared at the entrance of his hermitage.</p> + <p>"Go to the next room, and tell Nippers to come to me."</p> + <p>"I prefer not to," he <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is always polite and respectful, even when he is being insulted.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">respectfully + </a>and slowly said, and mildly disappeared.</p> + <p>"Very good, Bartleby," said I, in a quiet sort of serenely severe self-possessed + tone, intimating the unalterable purpose of some <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('What could he have in mind? Oh well, he\'s hungry and doesn\'t want to bother punishing Bartleby.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">terrible + retribution</a> very close at hand. At the moment I half intended + something of the kind. But upon the whole, as it was drawing towards my + dinner-hour, I thought it best to put on my hat and walk home for the day, + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why is he so very disturbed? Does he feel he is being personally attacked? punished? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">suffering much from perplexity and distress of mind</a>.</p> + <p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here he is openly appealing to the reader, perhaps even confessing. Is this whole story an effort to justify what he has done?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Shall + I acknowledge it?</a> The conclusion of this whole business was + that it soon became a fixed fact of my chambers, that a pale young scrivener, + by the name of Bartleby, had a desk there; that he copied for me at the + usual rate of <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This shows that Bartleby was not paid by the hour or salary, but "by the piece," as the others must be.mThat means that the lawyer did not have to pay for work done slowly and poorly, only for acceptable work.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">four + cents a folio </a>(one hundred words); but he was permanently + exempt from examining the work done by him, that duty being transferred + to Turkey and Nippers, one of compliment doubtless to their superior acuteness; + moreover, said Bartleby was never on any account to be dispatched on the + most trivial errand of any sort; and that even if entreated to take upon + him such a matter, it was generally understood that he would prefer not + to--in other words, that he would refuse <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Though he certainly refuses, is it "point blank"? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">point-blank.</a> + </p> + <p>32 As days passed on, I became considerably reconciled to Bartleby. His + steadiness, his freedom from all dissipation, his incessant industry (except + when he chose to throw himself into a standing revery behind his screen), + his great stillness, his unalterableness of demeanor under all circumstances, + made him <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The lawyer convinces himself of Bartleby\'s "virtues." Note that he speaks of him not as a person, but a "valuable acquisition"! Do you think Bartleby is aware of this dehumanizing attitude?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a + valuable acquisition</a>. One prime thing was this,--he was + always there;--first in the morning, continually through the day, and the + last at night. I had a singular confidence in his honesty. I felt my most + precious papers perfectly safe in his hands. Sometimes to be sure I could + not, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('what a curious statement! Is Bartleby in some way connected with the lawyer\'s soul?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">for + the very soul of me</a>, avoid falling into sudden spasmodic + passions with him. For it was exceeding difficult to bear in mind all the + time those strange peculiarities, privileges, and unheard of exemptions, + forming the tacit stipulations on Bartleby's part under which he remained + in my office. Now and then, in the eagerness of dispatching pressing business, + I would inadvertently summon Bartleby, in a short, rapid tone, to put his + finger, say, on the incipient tie of a bit of red tape with which I was + about compressing some papers. Of course, from behind the screen the usual + answer, "I prefer not to," was sure to come; and then, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Is he defending himself here? For whom? Why?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">how + could a human creature</a> with the common infirmities of our + nature, refrain from bitterly exclaiming upon such perverseness--such unreasonableness. + However, every added repulse of this sort which I received only <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Bartleby seems to be conditioning him very well. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">tended + to lessen</a> the probability of my repeating the inadvertence.</p> + <p>Here is must be said, that according to the custom of most legal gentlemen + occupying chambers in densely-populated law buildings, there were several + keys to my door. One was kept by a woman residing in the attic, which person + weekly scrubbed and daily swept and dusted my apartments. Another was kept + by Turkey for convenience sake. The third I sometimes carried in my own + pocket. The fourth I knew not who had.</p> + <p>Now, one Sunday morning I happened to go to Trinity Church, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('In other words, why else would he go to church? His moral condition does not seem to be very strong, or his generosity very deep.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to + hear a celebrated preacher</a>, and finding myself rather early + on the ground, I thought I would walk round to my chambers for a while. + Luckily I had my key with me; but upon applying it to the lock, I found + it resisted by something inserted from the inside. Quite surprised, I called + out; when to my consternation a key was turned from within; and thrusting + his lean visage at me, and holding the door ajar, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Recall that he has already called him a ghost', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the + apparition</a> of Bartleby appeared, in his shirt sleeves, and + otherwise in a strangely tattered dishabille, saying quietly that he was + sorry, but he was deeply engaged just then, and--preferred not admitting + me at present. In a brief word or two, he moreover added, that perhaps + I had better walk round the block two or three times, and by that time + he would probably have concluded his affairs. Now, the utterly <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Why is he so surprised? He has already commended Bartleby for working so many hours overtime--and for no extra pay.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">unsurmised + appearance</a> of Bartleby, tenanting my law-chambers of a Sunday + morning, with his <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This description adds to the idea of Bartleby as being somehow a "living dead" person.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">cadaverously</a> gentlemanly nonchalance, + yet withal firm and self-possessed, had such a strange effect upon me, + that incontinently I slunk away from my own door, and did as desired. But + not without sundry twinges of impotent rebellion against the mild effrontery + of this unaccountable scrivener. Indeed, it was his wonderful mildness + chiefly, which not only disarmed me, but <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('A "real man" would have dealt immediately and definitely with such defiance, right? This does seem to be a royal battle of wills at this point, and he\'s afraid he\'s losing--and losing face (a big kind of loss for a person who cherishes appearances).', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">unmanned</a> me, as it were. For I consider + that one, for the time, is a sort of unmanned when he tranquilly permits + his hired clerk to dictate to him, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Was what Bartleby said an "order"? Or does he just take it that way because his "inferior" is not showing proper respect for his property and rights?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">order + him</a> away from his own premises. Furthermore, I was full of + uneasiness as to what Bartleby could possibly be doing in my office in + his shirt sleeves, and in an otherwise dismantled condition of a Sunday + morning. Was any thing amiss going on? Nay, that was out of the question. + It was not to be thought of for a moment that Bartleby was an immoral person. + But what could he be doing there?--copying? Nay again, whatever might be + his eccentricities, Bartleby was an eminently decorous person. He would + be the last man to sit down to his desk in any state approaching to nudity. + Besides, it was Sunday; and there was something about Bartleby that forbade + the supposition that we would by any secular occupation violate <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('One thing he likes about Bartleby is his dress and observation of "proprieties," in short, how well he makes his boss to appear. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the + proprieties</a> of the day.</p> + <p>Nevertheless, my mind was not pacified; and full of a restless curiosity, + at last I returned to the door. Without hindrance I inserted my key, opened + it, and entered. Bartleby was not to be seen. I looked round anxiously, + peeped behind his screen; but it was very plain that he was gone. Upon + more closely examining the place, I surmised that for an indefinite period + Bartleby must have ate, dressed, and slept in my office, and that too without + plate, mirror, or bed. The cushioned seat of a rickety old sofa in one + corner bore t faint impress of a lean, reclining form. Rolled away under + his desk, I found a blanket; under the empty grate, a blacking box and + brush; on a chair, a tin basin, with soap and a ragged towel; in a newspaper + a few crumbs of ginger-nuts and a morsel of cheese. Yet, thought I, it + is evident enough that Bartleby has been making his home here, keeping + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Presumably the lawyer is also a bachelor. They may have more in common than immediately appears to be! Both are probably well acquainted with loneliness.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">bachelor's hall</a>all by himself. Immediately then the thought came sweeping + across me, What miserable friendlessness and loneliness are here revealed! + His poverty is great; but his solitude, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again his sympathy is aroused. Obviously he can imagine with great feeling--perhaps a feeling that he himself has experienced?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">how + horrible!</a> Think of it. Of a Sunday, Wall-street is deserted + as <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('an ancient ruined city', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Petra</a>; and every night of every day + it is an emptiness. This building too, which of week-days hums with industry + and life, at nightfall echoes with sheer vacancy, and all through Sunday + is forlorn. And here Bartleby makes his home; sole spectator of a solitude + which he has seen all populous--a sort of innocent and transformed <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Marius was a Roman general who was exiled from Rome, captured by enemies, and escaped to Africa, sending back a message to Rome that he was sitting "amid the ruins of Carthage," presumably feeling very much like a ruin himself. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Marius + brooding among the ruins of Carthage!</a> + </p> + <p>For the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The lawyer is changing, having feelingsof melancholy (about the human condition?) he never admitted to himself before.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">first + time in my life</a> a feeling of overpowering stinging melancholy + seized me. Before, I had never experienced aught but a not-unpleasing sadness. + The bond of a common humanity now drew me irresistibly to gloom. A fraternal + melancholy! For both I and Bartleby were <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here he truly connects with Bartleby and so has a new perspective on himself and the connections between human beings.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sons + of Adam</a>. I remembered the bright silks and sparkling faces + I had seen that day in gala trim, swan-like sailing down the Mississippi + of Broadway; and I contrasted them with the pallid copyist, and thought + to myself, Ah, happiness courts the light, so we deem the world is gay; + but misery hides aloof, so we deem that misery there is none. These sad + fancyings-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('fancies, illusions', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">chimeras</a>, doubtless, of a sick and + silly brain--led on to other and more special thoughts, concerning the + eccentricities of Bartleby. Presentiments of strange discoveries hovered + round me. The scrivener's pale form appeared to me <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He imagines Bartleby dead among uncaring people. What does this show about him at this point? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">laid + out</a>, among uncaring strangers, in its shivering winding + sheet.</p> + <p>Suddenly I was attracted by Bartleby's closed desk, the key in open sight + left in the lock.</p> + <p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, he is quite defensive before the reader. Isn\'t he invading Bartleby\'s territory? Or is he justified in poking around his desk? Does that explain the change that will come in Bartleby?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + mean no mischief, </a>seek the gratification of no heartless + curiosity, thought I; besides, the desk is mine, and its contents too, + so I will make bold to look within. Every thing was methodically arranged, + the papers smoothly placed. The pigeon holes were deep, and removing the + files of documents, I groped into their recesses. Presently I felt something + there, and dragged it out. It was an old bandanna handkerchief, heavy and + knotted. I opened it, and saw it was a savings' bank.</p> + <p>I now recalled all the quiet mysteries which I had noted in the man. I + remembered that he never spoke but to answer; that though at intervals + he had considerable time to himself, yet I had never seen him reading--no, + not even a newspaper; that for long periods he would stand looking out, + at his pale window behind the screen, upon the dead brick wall; I was quite + sure he never visited any refectory or eating house; while his pale face + clearly indicated that he never drank beer like Turkey, or tea and coffee + even, like other men; that he never went any where in particular that I + could learn; never went out for a walk, unless indeed that was the case + at present; that he had declined telling who he was, or whence he came, + or whether he had any relatives in the world; that though so thin and pale, + he never complained of ill health. And more than all, I remembered a certain + unconscious air of pallid--how shall I call it?--of <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He finds Bartleby proud but somehow lifeless. Has he yet realized that Bartleby may be fighting for respect?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">pallid + haughtiness</a>, say, or rather an austere reserve about him, + which had positively awed me into my tame compliance with his eccentricities, + when I had feared to ask him to do the slightest incidental thing for me, + even though I might know, from his long-continued motionlessness, that + behind his screen he must be standing in one of those <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('This is the first time he seems to have personally confronted the "view" that Bartleby sees, as well as its significance. He has evidently been watching Bartleby closely in his "hermitage." ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">dead-wall + reveries</a> of his.</p> + <p>Revolving all these things, and coupling them with the recently discovered + fact that he made my office his constant abiding place and home, and not + forgetful of his morbid moodiness; revolving all these things, a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Remember that prudence was his leading characteristic at the beginning of the story. How is this significant at this point? What is the link between prudence and the train of emotions he is experiencing?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">prudential + feeling</a> began to steal over me. My first emotions had been + those of pure melancholy and sincerest pity; but just in proportion as + the forlornness of Bartleby grew and grew to my imagination, did that same + melancholy merge into <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What is it that he is afraid of?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">fear</a>, that pity into repulsion. So + true it is, and so terrible too, that up to a certain point the thought + or sight of misery enlists our best affections; but, in certain special + cases, beyond that point it does not. They err who would assert that invariably + this is owing to the inherent selfishness of the human heart. It rather + proceeds from a certain hopelessness of remedying excessive and organic + ill. To a sensitive being, pity is not seldom pain. And when at last it + is perceived that such pity cannot lead to effectual succor, common sense + bids the soul be rid of it. What I saw that morning persuaded me that the + scrivener was the victim <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He sees him as hopelessly sick. Does this then relieve him of any responsibility for Bartleby\'s well-being? Or does it distance him from Bartleby, so he doesn\'t have to have those uncomfortable feelings? What alternatives would an employer have in such a situation? What would you expect him to do? Why?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">of + innate and incurable disorder.</a> I might give alms to his body; + but his body did not pain him; it was his soul that suffered, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('This is a touching sentence, and probably an accurate observation of Bartleby\'s state. What is interesting is that the lawyer wishes, even desperately, to somehow touch his soul. Is it because his own soul is tied up in Bartleby\'s condition at this point? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">his + soul I could not reach.</a> + </p> + <p>I did not accomplish the purpose of going to Trinity Church that morning. + Somehow, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('A curious statement. Does he feel soiled in some way? Or does he not feel that Trinity Church will help him with his moral dilemma?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the + things I had seen disqualified me</a> for the time from church-going. + I walked homeward, thinking what I would do with Bartleby. Finally, I + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He\'s quite happy that he\'s found a "reasonable" yet compassionate solution to this problem--fire him with severance pay and a promise of a recommendation. Yet he has just concluded that Bartleby\'s problems are not of the body but the soul. Why would he think this could possibly work?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">resolved</a>upon this;--I would put certain calm questions to him the + next morning, touching his history, &c., and if he declined to answer + then openly and reservedly (and I supposed he would prefer not), then to + give him a twenty dollar bill over and above whatever I might owe him, + and tell him his services were no longer required; but that if in any other + way I could assist him, I would be happy to do so, especially if he desired + to return to his native place, wherever that might be, I would willingly + help to defray the expenses. Moreover, if after reaching home, he found + himself at any time in want of aid, a letter from him would be sure of + a reply.</p> + <p>The next morning came.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, gently calling to him behind the screen.</p> + <p>No reply.</p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, in a still gentler tone, "come here; I am not going + to ask you to do any thing you would prefer not to do--I simply wish to + speak to you."</p> + <p>Upon this he noiselessly slid into view.</p> + <p>"Will you tell me, Bartleby, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib(' Is this any business of his? He seems to be trying to establish a personal connection with Bartleby, rather than the business one alone.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">where + you were born?"</a> + </p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>"Will you tell me <i>anything </i>about yourself?"</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> + <p>"But what <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, there\'s emphasis on "reason." Yet people--even the lawyer--often behave from unreasonable motivation (see his prudence and his consciousness of appearances, for example).', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">reasonable + objection</a> can you have to speak to me? I feel friendly towards + you."</p> + <p>He did not look at me while I spoke, but kept his glance fixed upon my + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Earlier he thought Bartleby resembled a bust of Cicero, a Roman philosopher. Why does he note this here? A reader may be reminded of Poe, especially his poem "The Raven" where the raven perches on a bust of Pallas, the Greek goddess of wisdom, saying repeatedly "Nevermore."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">bust of Cicero</a>, which as I then sat, was directly behind me, some + six inches above my head. "What is your answer, Bartleby?" said I, after + waiting a considerable time for a reply, during which his countenance remained + immovable, only there was the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Bartleby\'s first expression of emotion. What do you think has caused this? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">faintest + conceivable tremor</a> of the white attenuated mouth.</p> + <p>"At present I prefer to give no answer," he said, and retired into his + hermitage.</p> + <p>It was rather weak in me I confess, but his manner on this occasion nettled + me. Not only did there seem to lurk in it a certain disdain, but <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Again, he demands that Bartleby assume the proper "employee demeanor" and be grateful for his good treatment. In other words, he should be properly subservient and recognize what a good person his employer is. This is not disinterested moral behavior!', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">his + perverseness seemed ungrateful</a>, considering the undeniable + good usage and indulgence he had received from me.</p> + <p>Again I sat ruminating what I should do.<a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Very upset (but note that he uses a word with the Latin word for "death" in it)', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Mortified</a> as I was at his behavior, + and resolved as I had been to dismiss him when I entered my office, nevertheless + I strangely felt something superstitious knocking at my heart, and forbidding + me to carry out my purpose, and denouncing me for a villain if I dared + to breathe one bitter word against this forlornest of mankind. At last, + familiarly drawing my chair behind his screen, I sat down and said: "Bartleby, + never mind then about revealing your history; but let me entreat you, + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is he really his friend? Or is he just desperate? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">as a friend</a>, to comply as far as may be with the usages of this office. + Say now you will help to examine papers tomorrow or next day: in short, + say now that in a day or two you will begin to be a little reasonable:--say + so, Bartleby."</p> + <p>"At present I would prefer not to be a little <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Note the repetition and linking of these words.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">reasonable + was his idly cadaverous reply.</a>,"</p> + <p>Just then the folding-doors opened, and Nippers approached. He seemed + suffering from an unusually bad night's rest, induced by severer indigestion + than common. He overheard those final words of Bartleby.</p> + <p><i>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here\'s an outbreak of "prefer," consciously from Nippers and less consciously from the lawyer. The contagion is spreading, and the concept of "preferences" mattering has sunk in.', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Prefer</a></i> not, + eh?" gritted Nippers--"I'd<i> prefer</i> him, if I were you, sir," addressing + me--"I'd <i>prefer</i> him; I'd give him preferences, the stubborn mule! + What is it, sir, pray, that he <i>prefers</i> not to do now?"</p> + <p>Bartleby moved not a limb.</p> + <p><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is the first time that the lawyer uses Bartleby"s phrase in the story.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">"Mr. + Nippers," said I, "I'd prefer that you would withdraw for the present."</a> + </p> + <p>Somehow, of late I had got into the way of involuntary using this word + "prefer" upon all sorts of not exactly suitable occasions. And I trembled + to think that my contact with the scrivener had already and seriously affected + me in a mental way. And what further and deeper <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('e seems worried that he may be losing his sanity. Is he? Just because he assumes that it is all right to "prefer not" to do something?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">aberration</a> might it not yet produce? + This apprehension had not been without <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('effectiveness. Why is this sentence so complicated? Is he trying to avoid saying exactly what he means?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">efficacy</a> in determining me to summary + means.</p> + <p>As Nippers, looking very sour and sulky, was departing, Turkey blandly + and deferentially approached.</p> + <p>"With submission, sir," said he, "yesterday I was thinking about Bartleby + here, and I think that if he would but prefer to take a quart of good ale + every day, it would do much towards mending him, and enabling him to assist + in examining his papers."</p> + <p>"So you have got the word too," said I, slightly excited.</p> + <p>"With submission, what word, sir," asked Turkey, respectfully crowding + himself into the contracted space behind the screen, and by so doing, making + me <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He has crossed Bartleby\'s boundaries again.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">jostle + the scrivener.</a> "What word, sir?"</p> + <p>"I would prefer to be left alone here," said Bartleby, as if offended + at being <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In a sense, Bartleby is being ridiculed. Turkey doesn\'t seem to have any idea that he has adopted the word--or the concept of preferring.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mobbed + in his privacy.</a> + </p> + <p>"<i>That's</i> the word, Turkey," said I--<i>"that's</i> it."</p> + <p>"Oh,<i> prefer</i> oh yes--queer word. I never use it myself. But, sir + as I was saying, if he would but prefer--"</p> + <p>"Turkey," interrupted I, "you will please withdraw."</p> + <p>"Oh, certainly, sir, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('You should be at least smiling at this point! Yet this is quite serious; even the obsequious Turkey has been infected. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">if + you prefer that I should</a>."</p> + <p>As he opened the folding-door to retire, Nippers at his desk caught a + glimpse of me, and asked whether I would prefer to have a certain paper + copied on blue paper or white. He did not in the least roguishly accent + the word prefer. It was plain that it involuntarily rolled from his tongue. + I thought to myself, surely I must get rid of a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib(' By this definition, is Bartleby "demented"? Just because others start picking up his phrase? (Then we are all in trouble!) But this is a man who loves order and hierarchy; all of a sudden, his employees are getting quite "uppity" and hard to control.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">demented</a> man, who already has in some + degree turned the tongues, if not the heads of myself and clerks. But I + thought it <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib(' Why wouldn\'t it be "prudent"? Is he not admitting his need to delay?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">prudent</a> not to break the dismission + at once.</p> + <p>The next day I noticed that <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Obviously the intrusive encounter of the previous day has turned Bartleby\'s polite defiance into a fatal direction. Do you think he would have continued to work as before had the lawyer not confronted him?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Bartleby + did nothing </a>but stand at his window in his dead-wall revery. + Upon asking him why he did not write, he said that he had decided upon + doing no more writing.</p> + <p>"Why, how now? what next?" exclaimed I, "do no more writing?"</p> + <p>"No more."</p> + <p>"And what is the reason?"</p> + <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What should he be seeing? That Bartleby is staring at the dead wall? Or what that might mean? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Do + you not see the reason</a> for yourself," he indifferently replied.</p> + <p>I looked steadfastly at him, and perceived that his eyes looked dull and + glazed. Instantly it occurred to me, that his unexampled diligence in copying + by his dim window for the first few weeks of his stay with me might have + temporarily <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He immediately assumes that the problem is a physical one. Evidently his understanding of "seeing" is quite different from Bartleby\'s. Note that Bartleby is now the one talking about "reason." Why does he say it "indifferently"? Does he know the answer?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">impaired + his vision</a>.</p> + <p>I was touched. I said something in condolence with him. I hinted that + of course he did wisely in abstaining from writing for a while; and urged + him to embrace that opportunity of taking wholesome exercise in the open + air. This, however, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He seems to prefer not to leave the office. Surely the lawyer realizes that suggesting exercise is futile; again, he wishes to speak to the body, not the soul.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">he + did not do</a>. A few days after this, my other clerks being + absent, and being in a great hurry to dispatch certain letters by the mail, + I thought that, having nothing else earthly to do, Bartleby would surely + be less inflexible than usual, and carry these letters <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('again, he wants to send him here. He seems desperate to get Bartleby out of the office, but Bartleby refuses to go anywhere. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to + the post-office</a>. But he blankly declined. So, much to my + inconvenience, I went myself.</p> + <p>Still <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His reluctance to act is even more pronounced; he wants to believe everything will be all right if he gives it some time. Maybe his eyes will improve!', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">added + days went by.</a> Whether Bartleby's eyes improved or not, I + could not say. To all appearance, I thought they did. But when I asked + him if they did, he vouchsafed no answer. At all events, he would do no + copying. At last, in reply to my urgings, he informed me that he had permanently + given up copying.</p> + <p>"What!" exclaimed I; "suppose your eyes should get entirely well- better + than ever before--would you not copy then?"</p> + <p>"I have given up copying," he answered, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('No direct confrontation here! This action seems to reflect the willingness of the lawyer to "let things slide" also. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">slid + aside.</a> + </p> + <p>He remained as ever, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His physical immobility is emphasized, and it will remain his major characteristic. Have you seen hints of immobility leading up to this point? Does the lawyer share that tendency?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a + fixture</a> in my chamber. Nay--if that were possible--he became + still more of a fixture than before. What was to be done? He would do nothing + in the office: why should he stay there? In plain fact, he had now become + a millstone to me, not only useless as a necklace, but afflictive to bear. + Yet I was sorry for him. I speak less than truth when I say that, on his + own account, he occasioned me uneasiness. If he would but have named a + single relative or friend, I would instantly have written, and urged their + taking the poor fellow away to some convenient retreat. But he seemed alone, + absolutely alone in the universe. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again the image of ruin and utter loneliness. Yet Bartleby is in a busy office, separated only by a green "wall" of a screen. The narrator seems to be overdramatizing; why might that be? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">A + bit of wreck<</a>/font> in the mid Atlantic. At length, + necessities connected with my business tyrannized over all other considerations. + Decently as I could, I told Bartleby that in six days' time he must unconditionally + leave the office. I warned him to take measures, in the interval, for procuring + some other abode. I offered to assist him in this endeavor, if he himself + would but take the first step towards a removal. "And when you finally + quit me, Bartleby," added I, "I shall see that you go not away entirely + unprovided. Six days from this hour, remember."</p> + <p>At the expiration of that period, I peeped behind the screen, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Of course he was! What would make him expect anything else?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">lo! + Bartleby was there.</a> + </p> + <p>I <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('and his courage! This is not easy for him. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">buttoned + up my coat</a>, balanced myself; advanced slowly towards him, + touched his shoulder, and said, "The time has come; you must quit this + place; I am sorry for you; here is money; but you must go."</p> + <p>"I would prefer not," he replied, with his back still towards me.</p> + <p>"You<i> must</i>."</p> + <p>He remained silent.</p> + <p>Now I had an unbounded confidence in this man's common honesty. He had + frequently restored to me six pences and shillings carelessly dropped upon + the floor, for I am apt to be very reckless in such <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Though money means little to him, so little that he throws it around, it must seem quite different for his impoverished clerks. He seems rather insensitive in this case.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">shirt-button + affairs</a>. The proceeding then which followed will not be + deemed extraordinary. "<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This sounds like a speech he has practiced for some time. In fact, he seems rather proud that he has wrapped up the situation, and Bartleby, paid him off and kept his conscience clean.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Bartleby," + said I, "I owe you twelve dollars on account; here are thirty-two; the + odd twenty are yours.--Will you take it?</a> and I handed the + bills towards him.</p> + <p>But he made no motion.</p> + <p>"I will leave them here then," putting them under a weight on the table. + Then taking my hat and cane and going to the door I tranquilly turned and + added--"After you have removed your things from these offices, Bartleby, + you will of course lock the door--since every one is now gone for the day + but you--and if you please, slip your key underneath the mat, so that I + may have it in the morning. I shall not see you again; so good-bye to you. + If hereafter in your new place of abode I can be of any service to you, + do not fail to advise me by letter. Good-bye, Bartleby, and fare you well."</p> + <p>But he answered not a word; like <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, the image of ruin, immobility, and solitude. This is further emphasized by the rest of the sentence. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the + last column of some ruined temple</a>, he remained standing + mute and solitary in the middle of the otherwise deserted room.</p> + <p>As I walked home in a pensive mood, my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('These two emotions have been very prominent in his relation with Bartleby. He is extremely proud of what he has done. "Masterly" seems very significant, as he feels he has established his rightful authority over Bartleby and mollified his conscience with the money.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">vanity + got the better of my pity</a>. I could not but highly plume + myself on my masterly management in getting rid of Bartleby. Masterly I + call it, and such it must appear to any dispassionate thinker. The beauty + of my procedure seemed to consist in its perfect quietness. There was + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This detailed list of what he did NOT do suggests that he had considered each of these actions thoroughly, but each would have been emotional and "disorderly."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">no vulgar bullying</a>, no bravado of any sort, no choleric hectoring + and striding to and fro across the apartment, jerking out vehement commands + for Bartleby to bundle himself off with his beggarly traps. Nothing of + the kind. Without loudly bidding Bartleby depart--as <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Wow, he IS proud of himself. Such pride "goeth before a fall."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">an + inferior genius</a> might have done--I assumed the ground that + depart he must; and upon the assumption built all I had to say. The more + I thought over my procedure, the more I was charmed with it. Nevertheless, + next morning, upon awakening, I had my doubts,--I had somehow slept off + the fumes of vanity. One of the coolest and wisest hours a man has, is + just after he awakes in the morning. My procedure seemed as sagacious as + ever,--but only in theory. How it would prove in practice--there was the + rub. It was truly a beautiful thought to have assumed Bartleby's departure; + but, after all, that assumption was simply my own, and none of Bartleby's. + The great point was, not whether I had assumed that he would quit me, but + whether he would prefer so to do. He was more a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Bartleby prefers; the lawyer assumes! Clearly the question here is which has the most power, and deep down, the lawyer knows that Bartleby is the stronger. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">man + of preferences than assumptions</a>.</p> + <p>After breakfast, I walked down town, arguing the probabilities pro and + con. One moment I thought it would prove a miserable failure, and Bartleby + would be found all alive at my office as usual; the next moment it seemed + certain that I should see his chair empty. And so I kept veering about. + At the corner of Broadway and Canal- street, I saw quite an excited group + of people standing in earnest conversation.</p> + <p>"I'll take odds he doesn't," said a voice as I passed.</p> + <p>"Doesn't go?--done!" said I, "put up your money."</p> + <p>I was instinctively putting my hand in my pocket to produce my own, when + I remembered that this was an election day. The words I had overheard bore + no reference to Bartleby, but to the success or non-success of some candidate + for the mayoralty. In my intent frame of mind, I had, as it were, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('His obsession with Bartleby has led him to assume it is shared by everyone.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">imagined + that all Broadway shared in my excitement</a>, and were debating + the same question with me. I passed on, very thankful that the uproar of + the street screened my momentary absent-mindedness.</p> + <p>As I had intended, I was earlier than usual at my office door. I stood + listening for a moment. All was still. He must be gone. I tried the knob. + The door was locked. Yes, my procedure had worked to a charm; he indeed + must be vanished. Yet a certain melancholy mixed with this: I was <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Again, he is experiencing conflicting emotions. He wants Bartleby to leave but he has also bonded with him without meaning to. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">almost + sorry for my brilliant success</a>. I was fumbling under the + door mat for the key, which Bartleby was to have left there for me, when + accidentally my knee knocked against a panel, producing a summoning sound, + and in response a voice came to me from within--"Not yet; I am occupied."</p> + <p>It was Bartleby.</p> + <p>I was thunderstruck. For an instant I stood <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('This happened at Berkeley plantation to the young statesman, Benjamin Harrison. He was holding a child and another was hanging on to his leg as he lowered a window; all were killed by the lightning. Perhaps Melville knew this story.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">like + the man who, pipe in mouth, was killed</a> one cloudless afternoon + long ago in Virginia, by summer lightning; at his own warm open window + he was killed, and remained leaning out there upon the dreamy afternoon, + till some one touched him, when he fell. "Not gone!" I murmured at last. + But again obeying that <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here he is acknowledging Bartleby\'s strange power over him. He can no longer avoid the issue and talk his way out of it.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">wondrous + ascendancy</a> which the inscrutable scrivener had over me, and + from which ascendancy, for all my chafing, I could not completely escape, + I slowly went down stairs and out into the street, and while walking round + the block, considered what I should next do in this unheard-of-perplexity. + Turn the man out by an actual thrusting I could not; to drive him away + by calling him hard names would not do; calling in the police was an unpleasant + idea; and yet, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here it becomes quite clear that this has been a power struggle, and that Bartleby in some way is winning. Yet he is "cadaverous," deathlike. Does he represent a death-in-life? Is this what terrifies the lawyer?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">permit + him</a> to enjoy his cadaverous triumph over me,--this too I + could not think of. What was to be done? or, if nothing could be done, + was there any thing further that I could <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The idea of making assumptions about Bartleby has become very important. He cannot assume that he understands Bartleby\'s behavior, and can thus change it, because that behavior is not usual and "rational."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">assume</a> in the matter? Yes, as before + I had prospectively assumed that Bartleby would depart, so now I might + retrospectively assume that departed he was. In the legitimate carrying + out of this assumption, I might enter my office in a great hurry, and pretending + not to see Bartleby at all, walk straight against him as if he were air. + Such a proceeding would in a singular degree have the appearance of a + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is the second time this word has been used in the paragraph. Some readers see sexual undertones in this struggle between the two. Or it could be military imagery again (the thrust of the sword?) ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">home-thrust</a>. It was hardly possible that Bartleby could withstand + such an application of the doctrine of assumptions. But upon second thoughts + the success of the plan seemed rather dubious. I resolved to argue the + matter over with him again.</p> + <p>Bartleby," said I, entering the office, with a quietly severe expression. + "I am seriously displeased. I am pained, Bartleby. I had thought better + of you. I had imagined you of such a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Bartleby is far beyond responding to insults, even gentle ones like this. He cannot be humiliated; his determined self-respect is too strong for that.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">gentlemanly + organization</a>, that in any delicate dilemma a slight hint + would suffice--in short, an assumption. But it appears I am deceived. Why," + I added, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His shock at seeing the money lying there shows that he just now realizes that he cannot buy Bartleby off.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">unaffectedly + starting</a>, "you have not even touched the money yet," pointing + to it, just where I had left it the evening previous.</p> + <p>He answered nothing.</p> + <p>"Will you, or will you not, quit me?" I now demanded in a <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('His strong feelings are now exposed, and he invades Bartleby\'s territory again.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sudden + passion</a>, advancing close to him.</p> + <p>"I would prefer <i>not</i> to quit you," he replied, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Notice the contrasting emotion here. In fact, the word "gentle" has been applied to him several times already. He is no raving maniac!', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">gently + emphasizing</a> the<i> not</i>.</p> + <p>"What <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In a society based on the power of private property, he is correct. But does it not imply that there may be other, even higher rights?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">earthly + right</a> have you to stay here? do you pay any rent? Do you + pay my taxes? Or is this property yours?"</p> + <p>He answered nothing.</p> + <p>"Are you ready to go on and write now? Are your eyes recovered? Could + you copy a small paper for me this morning? or help examine a few lines? + or step round to the post-office? In a word, will you do any thing at all, + to give a coloring to your refusal to depart the premises?"</p> + <p>He <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Bartleby has no answer to these questions because he does not recognize their validity. Note that hermitage is used again. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">silently + retired into his hermitage</a>.</p> + <p>I was now in such a state of nervous resentment that I thought it but + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why is this prudent? Isn\'t this a rather mild word considering the force of his anger? Evidently he does not trust himself at this point to be "reasonable."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">prudent</a>to check myself at present from further demonstrations. Bartleby + and I were alone. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The printer Samuel Adams was ax murdered by John C. Colt in 1841 when Adams tried to collect a debt. Colt apparently crated Adams\'s body to ship to New Orleans. Shortly before he was scheduled to hang, he married his mistress in his jail cell and was found stabbed to death soon afterward. Colt would seem to have led a far more interesting life than the lawyer!', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + remembered</a> the tragedy of the unfortunate Adams and the still + more unfortunate Colt in the solitary office of the latter; and how poor + Colt, being dreadfully incensed by Adams, and imprudently permitting himself + to get wildly excited, was at unawares hurried into his <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He probably fears that he would be tempted to do the same rash act.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">fatal + act</a>--an act which certainly <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('This is his assumption; there\'s no particular evidence that it was true for Colt (as it would have been true for the lawyer had he done something similar).', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">no + man could possibly deplore</a> more than the actor himself. Often + it had occurred to me in my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why would he have spent so much time thinking about this case?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">ponderings</a> upon the subject, that had + that altercation taken place in the public street, or at a private residence, + it would not have terminated as it did. It was the circumstance of being + alone in a solitary office, up stairs, of a building entirely unhallowed + by humanizing domestic associations--an <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Undoubtedly he sees parallels here. He seems to be learning how to imagine a situation of someone quite different from himself very vividly. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">uncarpeted + office</a>, doubtless of a dusty, haggard sort of appearance;--this + it must have been, which greatly helped to enhance the irritable desperation + of the hapless Colt.</p> + <p>But when this <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Perhaps he is speaking of original sin, finding in himself a urge to murder. However, it was Adam\'s son, Cain, who resented and then murdered his brother.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">old + Adam of resentment</a> rose in me and tempted me concerning Bartleby, + I grappled him and threw him. How? Why, simply by recalling the <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('This Christian injunction conflicts with the principles of private property, ownership, and power he has been operating from previously. He is reminded that he is Bartleby\'s brother, in a sense, not a vengeful god', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">divine + injunction</a>: "A new commandment give I unto you, that ye + love one another." Yes, this it was that saved me. Aside from higher considerations, + charity often operates as <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He misses the point. The "injunction" says one should love one another (as brothers), not with the promise that it will be advantageous and prudent to do so. Is it love for Bartleby that motivates him or fear that he might be "imprudent" enough to murder him?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a + vastly wise and prudent</a> principle--a great safeguard to its + possessor. Men have committed murder for jealousy's sake, and anger's sake, + and hatred's sake, and selfishness' sake, and spiritual pride's sake; but + no man that ever I heard of, ever <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('which he seems to feel he is on the ver', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">committed + a diabolical murder</a> for sweet charity's sake. <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('That was not what Jesus had in mind! If Bartleby has been "sent" to teach him the lesson of brotherhood, the lawyer hasn\'t yet fully comprehended it, and is still deeply concerned with his own welfare. Is this true charity, to do something for "mere self interest"? Is that the kind of charity you would like to be the beneficiary of?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Mere + self-interest</a>, then, if no better motive can be enlisted, + should, especially with high-tempered men, prompt all beings to charity + and philanthropy. At any rate, upon the occasion in question, I strove + to <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He may say that Bartleby is a "poor fellow," but at this point he is primarily interested in calming himself down so that he won\'t murder him. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">drown + my exasperated feelings</a> towards the scrivener by benevolently + construing his conduct. Poor fellow, poor fellow! thought I, he don't mean + any thing; and besides, he has seen hard times, and ought to be indulged.</p> + <p>I endeavored also immediately to occupy myself, and at the same time + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is very deeply affected by what has happened, but again he tries to ignore it, and wallow in wishful fantasy.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to comfort my despondency.</a>I tried to fancy that in the course of the + morning, at such time as might prove agreeable to him, Bartleby, of his + own free accord, would emerge from his hermitage, and take up some decided + line of march in the direction of the door. But no. Half-past twelve o'clock + came; Turkey began to glow in the face, overturn his inkstand, and become + generally obstreperous; Nippers abated down into quietude and courtesy; + Ginger Nut munched his noon apple; and Bartleby remained standing at his + window in one of his profoundest <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('These two words are completely linked by this point. Bartleby is facing a real wall; the lawyer is facing the equally immovable wall that Bartleby presents him.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">deadwall</a> reveries. <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('This is a strange phrase, one which has financial tones. Does he mean that he might be credited with his good behavior (for not killing Bartleby\ either on earth, by his employees and others recognizing his great restraint?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Will + it be credited?</a> Ought I to acknowledge it? That afternoon + I left the office without saying one further word to him.</p> + <p>Some days now passed, during which, at leisure intervals I looked a little + into <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Neither Jonathan Edwards, a Puritan minister, or Joseph Priestley, an English scientist, believed that man has totally free will. Perhaps the lawyer would like to believe that none of this is his fault, and that it was fated to happen. This way he would have to take no responsibility for what has happened and will happen.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Edwards + on the Will,</a>" and "Priestly on Necessity." Under the circumstances, + those books induced a salutary feeling. Gradually I <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('now look who\'s sliding! He doesn\'t exactly choose to believe this, but it certainly does work for him to appease his conscience.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">slid + into the persuasion</a> that these troubles of mine touching + the scrivener, had been all <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('By whom? God? fate? natural law? That does get him off the hook though.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">predestinated + from eternity</a>, and Bartleby was <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('sent to live with, as soldiers may be billeted with citizens. Again, he uses military imagery. As you think about why, consider that the military is highly hierarchical, with superiors giving orders to inferiors which are supposed to be accepted without question.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">billeted</a> upon me for some mysterious + purpose of an all-wise Providence, which it was not for a mere mortal like + me to fathom. Yes, Bartleby, stay there behind your screen, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('However, he does not say this.', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" + class="popup">thought + I</a>; I shall persecute you no more; you are harmless and noiseless + as any of these old chairs; in short, I never feel so private as when I + know you are here. At least I see it, I feel it; I penetrate to the predestinated + purpose of my life. I am content. Others may have loftier parts to enact; + but <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He\'s being very philosophical, resigning himself to the will of fate or Providence. Of course, he may also be being ironic, even laughing at himself. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my + mission</a> in this world, Bartleby, is to furnish you with office-room + for such period as you may see fit to remain.</p> + <p>I believe that this wise and blessed frame of mind would have continued + with me, had it not been for the unsolicited and uncharitable remarks obtruded + upon me by <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The lawyer is very aware of the opinions of others (recall his feelings about how his clerks dressed). Since his benevolence is primarily based on self-interest, it seems logical that it will also be challenged by other self-interests.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my + professional friends</a> who visited the rooms. But thus it often + is, that the constant friction of illiberal minds wears out at last the + best resolves of the more <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is he generous? Or avoiding the issue--again?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">generous</a>. Though to be sure, when + I reflected upon it, it was not strange that people entering my office + should be struck by the peculiar aspect of the unaccountable Bartleby, + and so be tempted to throw out some sinister observations concerning him. + Sometimes an attorney having business with me, and calling at my office, + and finding no one but the scrivener there, would undertake to obtain some + sort of precise information from him touching my whereabouts; but without + heeding his <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('"Idle" is very much like "trivial," the sort of business Bartleby will have nothing to do with.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">idle + talk,</a> Bartleby would remain standing immovable in the middle + of the room. So after contemplating him in that position for a time, the + attorney would depart, no wiser than he came.</p> + <p>Also, when a Reference was going on, and the room full of lawyers and + witnesses and business was driving fast; some deeply occupied legal gentleman + present, seeing Bartleby wholly unemployed, would request him to run round + to his (the legal gentleman's) office and fetch some papers for him. Thereupon, + Bartleby would tranquilly decline, and remain idle as before. Then the + lawyer would give a great stare, and turn to me. And what could I say? + At last I was made aware that all through the circle of my professional + acquaintance, a whisper of wonder was running round, having reference to + the strange creature I kept at my office. This <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('as it would any prudent man anxious to keep up good appearances.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">worried + me very much</a>. And as the idea came upon me of his possibly + turning out a long-lived man, and keep occupying my chambers, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Is this the crux of the problem', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" + class="popup">denying + my authority</a>; and perplexing my visitors; and scandalizing + my professional reputation; and casting a general gloom over the premises; + keeping soul and body together to the last upon his savings (for doubtless + he spent but half a dime a day), and in the end perhaps <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Why would he fancy that Bartleby would outlive him and "claim possession"? Notice that he is worried that Bartleby would continue to live. Is he thus wishing his death as a way of solving his problem?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">outlive + me</a>, and claim possession of my office by right of his perpetual + occupancy: as all these dark anticipations crowded upon me more and more, + and my friends continually intruded their relentless remarks upon the apparition + in my room; a great change was wrought in me. I resolved to gather all + my faculties together, and for ever rid me of this <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('an evil spirit or person who oppresses like a nightmare. Clearly he\'s not feeling Christian brotherhood at this point, for he has demonized him. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">intolerable + incubus</a>.</p> + <p>Ere revolving any complicated project, however, adapted to this end, I + first simply suggested to Bartleby the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is definitely a man who believes in propriety above all; Bartleby is not.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">propriety</a> of his permanent departure. + In a calm and serious tone, I commended the idea to his careful and mature + consideration. But having taken three days to meditate upon it, he apprised + me that his original determination remained the same; in short, that he + still preferred to <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note the Biblical language here. Is that significant?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">abide + with me</a>.</p> + <p>What shall I do? I now said to myself, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This seems to be his way of summoning courage to confront Bartleby! In a way, he is hiding behind his coat (a kind of wall?)', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">buttoning + up my coat</a> to the last button. What shall I do? what ought + I to do? what does conscience say I should do with this man, or rather + ghost. Rid myself of him, I must; go, he shall. But how? You will not thrust + him, the poor, pale, passive mortal,--you will not thrust such a helpless + creature out of your door? you will not <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His primary concern here seems to be dishonor to himself, not true conscience about the moral way to act. Again, he is most concerned about how others will judge him.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">dishonor + yourself</a> by such cruelty? No, I will not, I cannot do that. + Rather would I let him live and die here, and then <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Melville probably knew Poe\'s story "The Cask of Amontillado" in which the main character does exactly this--but before his "enemy" is dead. This image of "living" or "premature death" in Poe\'s story is rather appropriate for this one also. The lawyer still seems to be contemplating murder, in a way.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mason + up his remains</a> in the wall. What then will you do? For all + your coaxing, he will not budge. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('At least he acknowledges that\'s what he\'s trying to do! Yet he also reluctantly admires Bartleby for his resisting temptation and sticking to his "preferences."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Bribes</a> he leaves under your own paperweight + on your table; in short, it is quite plain that he prefers<a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Bartleby isn\'t exactly "clinging," so why does the lawyer say this? This may represent more the psychological burden that he feels! ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup"> + to cling to you</a>.</p> + <p>Then something severe, something unusual must be done. What! surely you + will not have him collared by a constable, and commit his innocent pallor + to the common jail? And upon what ground could you procure such a thing + to be done?--a vagrant, is he? <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His inner struggle goes on, as he considers possible legal, but inhumane, ways of solving the problem. It\'s true: he\'s not a vagrant! His answer is a legal one, based on the idea of trespassing on private property, which is the only legal answer. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">What!</a> he a vagrant, a wanderer, who + refuses to budge? It is because he will not be a vagrant, then, that you + seek to count him as a vagrant. That is too absurd. No visible means of + support: there I have him. Wrong again: for indubitably he does support + himself, and that is the only unanswerable proof that any man can show + of his possessing the means so to do. No more then. Since he will not quit + me, I must quit him. I will change my offices; I will move elsewhere; and + give him fair notice, that if I find him on my new premises I will then + proceed against him as a common trespasser.</p> + <p>Acting accordingly, next day I thus addressed him: "I find these chambers + too far from the City Hall; the air is unwholesome. In a word, I propose + to remove my offices next week, and shall no longer require your services. + I tell you this now, in order that you may seek another place."</p> + <p>He made no reply, and nothing more was said.</p> + <p>On the appointed day I engaged carts and men, proceeded to my chambers, + and having but little furniture, every thing was removed in a few hours. + Throughout, the scrivener remained standing behind <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Again we are reminded of this wall in the office. Why does he leave it for the end?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the + screen,</a> which I directed to be removed the last thing. It + was withdrawn; and being folded up like a huge folio, left him the <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Only at this point is the wall taken down, both in the room and to some degree, in the lawyer. Again, note the conjunction of immobility and aloneness.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">motionless + occupant of a naked room.</a> I stood in the entry watching him + a moment, while something from within me upbraided me.</p> + <p>I re-entered, with my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('A symbolic connection of money and his strong emotion.Why is his heart in his mouth? Is that because his smooth talking has not worked?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">hand + in my pocket--and--and my heart in my mouth.</a> + </p> + <p>"Good-bye, Bartleby; I am going--good-bye, and God some way bless you; + and take that," slipping something in his hand. But it dropped to the floor, + and then,<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why is it "strange to say"? What is this strong bond between them? Here we see his great conflict in feelings toward Bartleby. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">--strange + to say</a>--I tore myself from him whom I had so longed to be + rid of.</p> + <p>Established in my new quarters, for a day or two I kept the door locked, + and started at every footfall in the passages. When I returned to my rooms + after any little absence, I would pause at the threshold for an instant, + and attentively listen, ere applying my key. But these fears were needless. + Bartleby never came nigh me.</p> + <p>I thought all was going well, when a perturbed looking stranger visited + me, inquiring whether I was the person who had recently occupied rooms + at No.--Wall-street.</p> + <p>Full of forebodings, I replied that I was.</p> + <p>"Then, sir," said the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Certainly he is taking the legalistic stance, insisting that legally the lawyer is responsible for his employee. This is the other side of the hierarchical equation; the master has some obligation to care for his servant. Note that the man uses the word "refuses" three times. That is much stronger than anything we have heard thus far about Bartleby\'s adamant stance.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">stranger, + who proved a lawyer</a>, "you are responsible for the man you + left there. He refuses to do any copying; he refuses to do any thing; he + says he prefers not to; and he refuses to quit the premises."</p> + <p>"I am very sorry, sir," said I, with assumed tranquillity, but an inward + tremor, "but, really, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is this true? Does he feel no responsibility for Bartleby? Even though technically he has none, is that how he feels? His statement here is said to echo Saint Peter\'s denial of Christ in Mark 14:68, 70-71).', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the + man you allude to is nothing to me</a> --he is no relation or + apprentice of mine, that you should hold me responsible for him."</p> + <p>"In mercy's name, who is he?"</p> + <p>"I certainly cannot inform you. I know nothing about him. Formerly I employed + him as a copyist; but he has done nothing for me now for some time past."</p> + <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('An ironic phrase, considering that Bartleby is nothing if not thoroughly settled. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + shall settle him</a> then,--good morning, sir."</p> + <p>Several days passed, and I heard nothing more; and though I often felt + a charitable prompting to call at the place and see poor Bartleby, yet + a certain <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('For whatever reason, we have seen many examples of this "squeamish" unwillingness to confront Bartleby.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">squeamishness</a> of I know not what withheld + me.</p> + <p>All is over with him, by this time, thought I at last, when through another + week no further intelligence reached me. But coming to my room the day + after, I found several persons waiting at my door in a high state of nervous + excitement.</p> + <p>"That's the man--here he comes," cried the foremost one, whom recognized + as the lawyer who had previously called upon me alone.</p> + <p>"You must take him away, sir, at once," cried a portly person among them, + advancing upon me, and whom I knew to be the landlord of No.--Wall-street. + "These gentlemen, my tenants, cannot stand it any longer; Mr. B--" pointing + to the lawyer, "has turned him out of his room, and he now persists in + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What else would a "ghost" or "apparition" do?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">haunting the building</a>generally, sitting upon the banisters of the + stairs by day, and sleeping in the entry by night. Every body is concerned; + clients are leaving the offices; <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Doesn\'t this seem a bit exaggerated? They seem to be as desperate as the lawyer was. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">some + fears are entertained of a mob</a>; something you must do, and + that without delay."</p> + <p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('They aren\'t the only people exaggerating! It does show how deep the narator\'s feelings are though.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Aghast + at this torment</a>, I fell back before it, and would fain have + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('They will not let him hide this time. Note that he wishes to hide behind the walls of his office to escape the problem.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">locked myself</a>in my new quarters. In vain I persisted that Bartleby + was nothing to me--no more than to any one else. In vain:--I was the last + person known to have any thing to do with him, and they held me to the + terrible account. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('For such a prudent man, this is a major threat. Exposure, or being thrust out from behind walls (of respectability) frightens him greatly. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Fearful + then of being exposed</a> in the papers (as one person present + obscurely threatened) I considered the matter, and at length said, that + if the lawyer would give me a confidential interview with the scrivener, + in his (the lawyer's) own room, I would that afternoon strive my best to + rid them of the nuisance they complained of.</p> + <p>Going up stairs to my old haunt, there was Bartleby silently sitting upon + the banister at the landing.</p> + <p>"What are you doing here, Bartleby?" said I.</p> + <p>"Sitting upon the banister," he mildly replied.</p> + <p>I motioned him into the lawyer's room, who then left us.</p> + <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This interchange is the most extended one they have ever had. Why does Bartleby say he is not particular? Is the problem that the lawyer cannot come up with a job that would suit Bartleby? Is there such a job? Note that he gets increasingly ironic, but Bartleby remains calm and serious, and adamant as ever.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Bartleby," + said I</a>, "are you aware that you are the cause of great tribulation + to me, by persisting in occupying the entry after being dismissed from + the office?"</p> + <p>No answer.</p> + <p>"Now one of two things must take place. Either you must do something or + something must be done to you. Now what sort of business would you like + to engage in? Would you like to re-engage in copying for some one?"</p> + <p>"No; I would prefer not to make any change."</p> + <p>"Would you like a clerkship in a dry-goods store?"</p> + <p>"There is too much confinement about that. No, I would not like a clerkship; + but I am not particular."</p> + <p>"Too much confinement," I cried, "why you keep yourself confined all the + time!"</p> + <p>"I would prefer not to take a clerkship," he rejoined, as if to settle + that little item at once.</p> + <p>"How would a bar-tender's business suit you? There is no trying of the + eyesight in that."</p> + <p>"I would not like it at all; though, as I said before, I am not particular."</p> + <p>His unwonted wordiness inspirited me. I returned to the charge.</p> + <p>"Well then, would you like to travel through the country collecting bills + for the merchants? That would improve your health."</p> + <p>"No, I would prefer to be doing something else."</p> + <p>"How then would going as a companion to Europe, to entertain some young + gentleman with your conversation,--how would that suit you?"</p> + <p>"Not at all. It does not strike me that there is any thing definite about + that. I like to be stationary. But I am not particular.</p> + <p>"Stationary you shall be then," I cried, now losing all patience, and + for the first time in all my exasperating connection with him fairly flying + into a passion. "If you do not go away from these premises before night, + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Perhaps this may be taken two ways, since he is clearly--and unwillingly--bound to Bartleby.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I shall feel bound</a>--indeed I am bound--to-- to--to quit the premises + myself!" I rather absurdly concluded, knowing not with what <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Again, he tries to use psychological force, wanting compliance but met but immobility.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">possible + threat to try to frighten</a> his immobility into compliance. + Despairing of all further efforts, I was precipitately leaving him, when + a final thought occurred to me--<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why then has he never mentioned it? Is this offer made out of love or out of desperation? Also, note the highly negative construction of the sentence. Perhaps he has been affected by Bartleby\'s negativism so much that it affects his language. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">one + which had not been wholly unindulged before.</a> + </p> + <p>"Bartleby," said I, in the kindest <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This indicates that his hospitality is all a ruse, an act. Perhaps Bartleby senses that. He\'s not going to give him an easy way out which will ease his conscience.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">tone + I could assume</a> under such exciting circumstances, "will you + go home with me now--not to my office, but my dwelling--and remain there + till we can conclude upon some convenient arrangement for you at our leisure? + Come, let us start now, right away."</p> + <p>"No: at present I would prefer not to make any change at all."</p> + <p>I answered nothing; but effectualy dodging every one by the <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He is in motion, but escaping from his problem as hard as he can. Is that so different from Bartleby\'s immobility, which is also a kind of escape?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">suddenness + and rapidity of my flight,</a> rushed from the building, ran + up Wall-street towards Broadway, and jumping into the first omnibus was + soon removed from pursuit. As soon as tranquility returned I distinctly + perceived that I had now done all that I possibly could, both in respect + to the demands of the landlord and his tenants, and with regard to my own + desire and sense of duty, to benefit Bartleby, and shield him from rude + persecution. I now strove to be entirely care-free and quiescent; and my + conscience justified me in the attempt; though indeed it was not so successful + as I could have wished. So fearful was I of being again hunted out by the + incensed landlord and his exasperated tenants, that, surrendering my business + to Nippers, for a few days I drove about the upper part of the town and + through the suburbs, in my rockaway; crossed over to Jersey City and Hoboken, + and paid fugitive visits to Manhattanville and Astoria. In fact I almost + lived in my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('a carriage with open sides and top--not perhaps the most comfortable place to live! It is interesting that he meets Bartleby\'s "stationary" stance with pointless motion of his own. Also, note that he needs this because he lives in the suburbs, away from the callous materialism and injustices of the city.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">rockaway</a> for the time.</p> + <p>When again I entered my office, lo, a note from the landlord lay upon + desk. opened it with trembling hands. informed me that writer had sent + to police, and Bartleby removed <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The Tombs is a name for the Halls of Justice (jail). However, it also carries symbolic power here, considering the death-in-life theme.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the + Tombs</a> as a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is ironic, since the word means "a wanderer," and Bartleby is anything but that (although he is homeless). Note the previous comments the lawyer made on this subject.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">vagrant</a>. Moreover, since I knew more + about him than any one else, he wished me to appear at that place, and + make a suitable statement of the facts. These tidings had a conflicting + effect upon me. At first I was indignant; but at last almost approved. + The landlord's energetic, summary disposition, had led him to adopt a procedure + which I do not think I would have decided upon myself; and yet as a last + resort, under such peculiar circumstances, it seemed the only plan.</p> + <p>As I afterwards learned, the poor scrivener, when told that he must be + conducted to the Tombs, offered not the slightest obstacle, but in his + pale unmoving way, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Surely he preferred not to go! Why does he agree instead of resisting? Is it because it IS called the Tombs, and he knows that there (in death) he will not be disturbed? Also note the repeated use of "pale" throughout the story. Why is it used? One meaning of "pale" is "an area enclosed by a fence or boundary"; a "vagrant" would go "beyond the pale."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">silently + acquiesced.</a> + </p> + <p>Some of the compassionate and curious bystanders joined the party; and + headed by one of the constables arm in arm with Bartleby, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Note the contrast between their (funereal?) silence and the city noises. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the + silent procession</a> filed its way through all the noise, and + heat, and joy of the roaring thoroughfares at noon.</p> + <p>The same day I received the note I went to the Tombs, or to speak more + properly, the Halls of Justice. Seeking the right officer, I stated the + purpose of my call, and was informed that the individual I described was + indeed within. I then assured the functionary that Bartleby was a perfectly + honest man, and greatly to be compassionated, however unaccountably eccentric. + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is trying to personalize Bartleby to a "functionary," whose job, like Bartleby\'s, requires that he not make any personal attachment. Is this likely to do any good? Or does it just relieve his conscience?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I narrated all I knew,</a>and closed by suggesting the idea of letting + him remain in as indulgent confinement as possible till something less + harsh might be done--though indeed I hardly knew what. At all events, if + nothing else could be decided upon, the alms-house must receive him. I + then begged to have an interview.</p> + <p>Being under no disgraceful charge, and quite serene and harmless in all + his ways, they had permitted him freely to wander about the prison, and + especially in the inclosed grass-platted yards thereof. And so I found + him there, standing all alone in the quietest of the yards, his face + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is outside, yet even in this natural setting he is enclosed and facing a wall. There is grass here though (remember the green screen?)', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">towards a high wall</a>, while all around, from the narrow slits of the + jail windows, I thought <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This may be his vivid imagination at work. They may be looking out windows but they are seeing a person, not a dead brick wall.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + saw peering out upon him the eyes of murderers and thieves.</a> + </p> + <p>"Bartleby!"</p> + <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Perhaps he does, even better than the lawyer knows himself.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I + know you</a>," he said, without looking round,--"and I want + nothing to say to you."</p> + <p>"It was not I that brought you here, Bartleby," said I, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Note his strong emotion here; Bartleby\'s opinion of him matters very much to him.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">keenly + pained</a> at his implied suspicion. "And to you, this should + not be so vile a place. Nothing reproachful attaches to you by being here. + And see, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Who does he think he\'s fooling? ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">it + is not so sad</a> a place as one might think. Look, there is + the sky, and here is the grass."</p> + <p>"I know where I am," he replied, but would say nothing more, and so I + left him.</p> + <p>As I entered the corridor again, a broad <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Again, an image of food.', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" + class="popup">meat-like + </a>man in an apron, accosted me, and jerking his thumb over + his shoulder said--"Is that <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Notice that he is now claiming Bartleby as a friend, not a former employee.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">your + friend</a>?"</p> + <p>"Yes."</p> + <p>"Does he want to starve? If he does, let him live on the prison fare, + that's all.</p> + <p>"Who are you?" asked I, not knowing what to make of such an <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('The lawyer is much more comfortable with officials.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">unofficially + speaking person</a> in such a place.</p> + <p>"I am the grub-man. Such gentlemen as have friends here, hire me to provide + them with something good to eat."</p> + <p>"Is this so?" said I, turning to the turnkey.</p> + <p>He said it was.</p> + <p>"Well then," said I, slipping some silver into the grub-man's hands (for + so they called him). "I want you to give particular attention to my friend + there; let him have the best dinner you can get. And you must be as polite + to him as possible."</p> + <p>"Introduce me, will you?" said the grub-man, looking at me with an expression + which seemed to say he was all impatience for an opportunity to give a + specimen of his breeding.</p> + <p>Thinking it would prove of benefit to the scrivener, I acquiesced; and + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('But he doesn\'t use the name, and keeps calling him the "grub-man."', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">asking the grub-man his name</a>, went up with him to Bartleby.</p> + <p>"Bartleby, this is <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he call him that? It seems to devalue his own claiming of friendship with Bartleby.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a + friend; </a>you will find him very useful to you."</p> + <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Like Turkey, he makes all the sounds of subservience.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Your + sarvant</a>, sir, your sarvant," said the grub-man, making a + low salutation behind his apron. "Hope you find it <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Why does he say this? Is he assuming that Bartleby is too crazy to know where he really is?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">pleasant + here</a>, sir;--spacious grounds--cool apartments, sir--hope + you'll stay with us some time--try to make it agreeable. What will you + have for dinner today?"</p> + <p>"I prefer not to dine to-day," said Bartleby, turning away. "It would + disagree with me; I am unused to dinners." So saying he slowly moved to + the other side of the inclosure, and took up <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Just like the position he had assumed in the lawyer\'s office (although at the beginning, the placement of the desk forced him to look at the dead wall). Now it is clearly voluntary. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a + position</a> fronting the dead-wall.</p> + <p>"How's this?" said the grub-man, addressing me with a stare of astonishment. + "He's odd, aint he?"</p> + <p>"I think he is a little deranged," said I, sadly.</p> + <p>"Deranged? deranged is it? Well now, upon my word, I thought that friend + of yourn was a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('a forger is someone who also writes the words of others, representing them as his own. There is a relationship with the scrivener, but he is honest about the words not being his own; he does not plagiarize.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">gentleman + forger</a>; they are always pale and genteel-like, them forgers. + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is like the lawyer here, except that the lawyer would not pity a dishonest person. Perhaps the grub-man is even more compassionate. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I can't help pity 'em</a>--can't help it, sir. Did you know Monroe Edwards?" + he added touchingly, and paused. Then, laying his hand pityingly on my + shoulder, sighed, "he died of consumption at Sing-Sing. so you weren't + acquainted with Monroe?"</p> + <p>"No, I was never socially acquainted with any forgers. But I cannot stop + longer. Look to my friend yonder. You will not lose by it. I will see you + again."</p> + <p>Some few days after this, I again obtained admission to the Tombs, and + went through the corridors in quest of Bartleby; but without finding him.</p> + <p>"I saw him coming from his cell not long ago," said a turnkey, "may be + he's gone to loiter in the yards."</p> + <p>So I went in that direction.</p> + <p>"Are you looking for the silent man?" said another turnkey passing me. + "Yonder he lies--sleeping in the yard there. 'Tis not twenty minutes since + I saw him lie down."</p> + <p>The yard was entirely quiet. It was not accessible to the common prisoners. + The surrounding walls, of amazing thickness, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Again there is silence behind walls.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">kept + off all sound</a> behind them. The <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('The Egyptians, of course, were obsessed with death (and masonry). This is appropriate architecture for the Tombs.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Egyptian + character</a> of the masonry weighed upon me with its gloom. + But a soft <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In the midst of death there is life. Perhaps even in this sad death there is some hope and life for the narrator. Is that possible? At the "heart" of the "eternal pyramids," where death lies enshrined, is life from above?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">imprisoned + turf</a> grew under foot. The heart of the eternal pyramids, + it seemed, wherein, by some strange magic, through the clefts, grass-seed, + dropped by birds, had sprung.</p> + <p>Strangely huddled at the base of the wall, <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('He\'s in a fetal position, and at the base of the impenetrable wall. In the Brittanica film, his hands are pressed together, as if praying---obviously an interpretive directorial decision.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">his + knees drawn up</a>, and lying on his side, his head touching + the cold stones, I saw the wasted Bartleby. But nothing stirred. I paused; + then went close up to him; stooped over, and saw that his dim eyes were + open; otherwise he seemed profoundly sleeping. Something prompted me + <a + href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Only when he is dead does he touch him, and the touch affects his whole body.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to touch him</a>. I felt his hand, when a tingling shiver ran up my arm + and down my spine to my feet.</p> + <p>The round face of the grub-man peered upon me now. "His dinner is ready. + Won't he dine to-day, either? Or does he live without dining?"</p> + <p>"Lives without dining," said I, and closed the eyes.</p> + <p>"Eh!--He's asleep, aint he?"</p> + <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In other words, he is dead and with the great. The phrase comes from Job 3:14 where Job, in his sufferings, wishes he were "at rest, With kings and counsellors of the earth which built desolate places for themselve', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">With + kings and counsellors</a>," murmured I.</p> + <p>* * * * * * * *</p> + <p>There would seem little need for proceeding further in this history. Imagination + will readily supply the meagre recital of poor Bartleby's interment. But + ere parting with the reader, let me say, that if this little narrative + has sufficiently interested him, to awaken curiosity as to who Bartleby + was, and what manner of life he led prior to the present narrator's making + his acquaintance, I can only reply, that in such curiosity I fully share, + but am wholly unable to gratify it. Yet here I hardly know whether I should + divulge <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note that he does not know if this is true. Perhaps his hesitancy in reporting it is because he sees it in such emotional terms, and he doesn\'t wish to reveal himself.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">one + little item of rumor</a>, which came to my ear a few months + after the scrivener's decease. Upon what basis it rested, I could never + ascertain; and hence how true it is I cannot now tell. But inasmuch as + this vague report has not been without a certain strange <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('In other words, it elicits ideas and feelings which reverberate with his own.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">suggestive + interest</a> to me, however said, it may prove the same with + some others; and so I will briefly mention it. The report was this: that + Bartleby had been a subordinate clerk in the <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('"Dead letters" are those which cannot be delivered for various reasons. Since this was in Washington, D.C. perhaps it indicts the legal profession and/or politicians who were passing laws to buttress the dying institution of slavery.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Dead + Letter Office</a> at <a href="http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/%7Ezeke/bartleby/parker.html" + target="_blank">Washington</a>, from which he had been suddenly removed + by a change in the administration. When I think over this rumor, I cannot + adequately express the emotions which seize me. <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib('Perhaps it does sound like dead men, in the context of this story and what the narrator has come to understand about himself and humanity.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Dead + letters!</a> does it not sound like dead men? Conceive a man + by nature and misfortune prone to a pallid hopelessness, can any business + seem more fitted to heighten it than that of continually handling these + dead letters and assorting them for the flames? For by the cart-load they + are annually burned. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Notice the stories which the narrator associates with these letters--all tragic stories of blocked communications. Since he is creating the stories, it seems clear that he has been touched deeply by his experience with Bartleby. Could the lawyer at the beginning of the story, as he pictured himself, have imagined such personal tragedies?', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Sometimes</a> from out the folded paper + the pale clerk takes a ring:--the bank-note sent in swiftest charity:--he + whom it would relieve, nor eats nor hungers any more; pardon for those + who died despairing; hope for those who died unhoping; good tidings for + those who died stifled by unrelieved calamities. <a href="javascript:void(0);" + onclick="return overlib(' Some readers interpret this as suggesting that Bartleby has sped to death on an errand of bringing life to the narrator, and thus see him as a kind of Christ figure. Certainly the narrator has come to experience the reality of death deeply. ', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">On + errands of life, these letters speed to death.</a> + </p> + <p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he equate Bartleby with humanity? What does the "Ah" suggest? This statement, which seems to be very emotional, seems to reveal a person quite changed from the one who began this story. Has he been transformed? Some readers think not, and that he despairs for the fate of humanity. Others find this a mockery of the typical sentimental ending of stories published in<i> Harper\'s</i> (as this one was.) Your decision.', STICKY)" + onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Ah + Bartleby! Ah humanity</a>!</p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </center> + <p></p> + <center> + <img src="../bar.gif" width="535" height="15" border="0" align="middle"/> + <p> +<a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby/bartleby.html">Text Without Notes</a> +<br/> <a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby/web-hm.htm">Melville Web Links</a> + </p> + <p> + <img src="../bar.gif" width="535" height="15" border="0" align="middle"/> + </p> + <p> <a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb"><img src="../myhome.jpg" width="50" height="21" border="0" align="middle"/></a> + </p> + </center> + </body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/comment-inside-script-parsing/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/comment-inside-script-parsing/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3857ba --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/comment-inside-script-parsing/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Test script parsing", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/comment-inside-script-parsing/expected.html b/test/test-pages/comment-inside-script-parsing/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f731d75 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/comment-inside-script-parsing/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/comment-inside-script-parsing/source.html b/test/test-pages/comment-inside-script-parsing/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59b7a02 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/comment-inside-script-parsing/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +<html> + <head><title>Test script parsing</title></head> +<body> + <script> + <!-- + Silly test + <script src="foo.js"></script> + --> + </script> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. + Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/daringfireball-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/daringfireball-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18f4c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/daringfireball-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Daring Fireball: Colophon", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Daring Fireball is written and produced by John Gruber.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/daringfireball-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/daringfireball-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e8d29c --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/daringfireball-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="article"> + <p>Daring Fireball is written and produced by John Gruber.</p> + <p> + <a href="http://fakehost/graphics/author/addison-bw.jpg"> <img src="http://fakehost/graphics/author/addison-bw-425.jpg" alt="Photograph of the author."/></a> + <br/><em>Portrait by <a href="http://superbiate.com/inquiries/">George Del Barrio</a></em> </p> + <h2>Mac Apps</h2> + <ul> + <li><a href="http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/">BBEdit</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.flyingmeat.com/acorn/">Acorn</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.red-sweater.com/marsedit/">MarsEdit</a></li> + <li><a href="http://aged-and-distilled.com/napkin/">Napkin</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.barebones.com/products/Yojimbo/">Yojimbo</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.panic.com/transmit/">Transmit</a></li> + <li><a href="http://latenightsw.com/sd4/index.html">Script Debugger</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.ambrosiasw.com/utilities/snapzprox/">Snapz Pro X</a></li> + <li><a href="http://nightly.webkit.org/">WebKit</a></li> + </ul> + <h2>iPhone Apps</h2> + <ul> + <li><a href="http://vesperapp.co/">Vesper</a></li> + </ul> + <h2>Server Software</h2> + <p>The Daring Fireball website is hosted by <a href="http://joyent.com/">Joyent</a>.</p> + <p>Articles and links are published through <a href="http://movabletype.org/">Movable Type</a>. In addition to my own SmartyPants and Markdown plug-ins, Daring Fireball uses several excellent Movable Type plug-ins, including Brad Choate’s <a href="http://bradchoate.com/weblog/2003/06/24/regular-expressions">MT-Regex</a> and <a href="http://bradchoate.com/weblog/2004/10/20/mtifempty">MT-IfEmpty</a>, and <a href="http://bumppo.net/projects/amputator/">Nat Irons’s Amputator</a>.</p> + <p>Stats are tracked using <a href="http://haveamint.com/">Mint</a>. Additional web nerdery, including the membership system, is fueled by <a href="http://perl.org/">Perl</a>, <a href="http://www.php.net/">PHP</a>, and <a href="http://www.mysql.com/">MySQL</a>.</p> + <h2>Web Standards</h2> + <p>Web standards are important, and Daring Fireball adheres to them. Specifically, Daring Fireball’s HTML markup should validate as either <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/">HTML 5</a> or XHTML 4.01 Transitional, its layout is constructed using <a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/validator?uri=http://daringfireball.net/css/fireball_screen.css">valid CSS</a>, and its syndicated feed is <a href="http://feedvalidator.org/check?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdaringfireball.net%2Findex.xml">valid Atom</a>.</p> + <p>If Daring Fireball looks goofy in your browser, you’re likely using a shitty browser that doesn’t support web standards. Internet Explorer, I’m looking in your direction. If you complain about this, I will laugh at you, because I do not care. If, however, you are using a modern, standards-compliant browser and have trouble viewing or reading Daring Fireball, please do let me know.</p> + </div> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/daringfireball-1/source.html b/test/test-pages/daringfireball-1/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c68f390 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/daringfireball-1/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + +<head> + <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> + <title>Daring Fireball: Colophon</title> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=600, initial-scale=0.5, minimum-scale=0.45"/> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/graphics/apple-touch-icon.png"/> + <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/graphics/favicon.ico?v=005"/> + <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="/css/fireball_screen.css?v1.6"/> + <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="/css/ie_sucks.php"/> + <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="/css/fireball_print.css?v01"/> + <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/feeds/main"/> + <script src="/js/js-global/FancyZoom.js" type="text/javascript"></script> + <script src="/js/js-global/FancyZoomHTML.js" type="text/javascript"></script> + <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> </head> + +<body onload="setupZoom()"> + <div id="Box"> + <div id="Banner"> + <a href="/" title="Daring Fireball: Home"><img src="/graphics/logos/" alt="Daring Fireball" height="56"/></a> + </div> + <div id="Sidebar"> + <p>By <strong>John Gruber</strong></p> + <ul> + <!--★--> + <li><a href="/archive/" title="Previous articles.">Archive</a></li> + <li> + <script type="text/javascript"> + // <![CDATA[ + function ReadCookie(name) { + var nameEQ = name + "="; + var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); + for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { + var c = ca[i]; + while (c.charAt(0) == ' ') c = c.substring(1, c.length); + if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) == 0) return c.substring(nameEQ.length, c.length); + } + return null; + } + var display_linked_list = ReadCookie('displayLinkedList'); + var li_linked = '<a href="/linked/" title="The Linked List.">Linked List<\/a>'; + if (display_linked_list == "hide") { + // Linked List is off on home page, so show it in menu: + document.write(li_linked + "<\/li>\n<li>"); + } else { + // Default to not putting separate LL item in sidebar: + } + // ]]> + </script> + </li> + <li><a href="/thetalkshow/" title="The world’s most popular podcast.">The Talk Show</a></li> + <li><a href="http://vesperapp.co/" title="A simple, elegant iOS app for collecting notes, ideas, thoughts, and images.">Vesper: <em>Now for iPad</em></a></li> + <li><a href="/projects/" title="Software projects, including SmartyPants and Markdown.">Projects</a></li> + <li><a href="/contact/" title="How to send email regarding Daring Fireball.">Contact</a></li> + <li><a href="/colophon/" title="About this site and the tools used to produce it.">Colophon</a></li> + <li><a href="/feeds/">RSS Feed</a></li> + <li><a href="https://twitter.com/daringfireball">Twitter</a></li> + <li><a href="/feeds/sponsors/">Sponsorship</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + <!-- Sidebar --> + <div id="Main"> + <div class="article"> + <h1>About This Site</h1> + <p>Daring Fireball is written and produced by John Gruber.</p> + <p> + <a href="/graphics/author/addison-bw.jpg"> <img src="/graphics/author/addison-bw-425.jpg" alt="Photograph of the author." style="border: 0;"/></a> + <br/><em>Portrait by <a href="http://superbiate.com/inquiries/">George Del Barrio</a></em> </p> + <h2>Mac Apps</h2> + <ul> + <li><a href="http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/">BBEdit</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.flyingmeat.com/acorn/">Acorn</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.red-sweater.com/marsedit/">MarsEdit</a></li> + <li><a href="http://aged-and-distilled.com/napkin/">Napkin</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.barebones.com/products/Yojimbo/">Yojimbo</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.panic.com/transmit/">Transmit</a></li> + <li><a href="http://latenightsw.com/sd4/index.html">Script Debugger</a></li> + <li><a href="http://www.ambrosiasw.com/utilities/snapzprox/">Snapz Pro X</a></li> + <li><a href="http://nightly.webkit.org/">WebKit</a></li> + </ul> + <h2>iPhone Apps</h2> + <ul> + <li><a href="http://vesperapp.co/">Vesper</a></li> + </ul> + <h2>Server Software</h2> + <p>The Daring Fireball website is hosted by <a href="http://joyent.com/">Joyent</a>.</p> + <p>Articles and links are published through <a href="http://movabletype.org/">Movable Type</a>. In addition to my own SmartyPants and Markdown plug-ins, Daring Fireball uses several excellent Movable Type plug-ins, including Brad Choate’s <a href="http://bradchoate.com/weblog/2003/06/24/regular-expressions">MT-Regex</a> and <a href="http://bradchoate.com/weblog/2004/10/20/mtifempty">MT-IfEmpty</a>, and <a href="http://bumppo.net/projects/amputator/">Nat Irons’s Amputator</a>.</p> + <p>Stats are tracked using <a href="http://haveamint.com/">Mint</a>. Additional web nerdery, including the membership system, is fueled by <a href="http://perl.org/">Perl</a>, <a href="http://www.php.net/">PHP</a>, and <a href="http://www.mysql.com/">MySQL</a>.</p> + <h2>Web Standards</h2> + <p>Web standards are important, and Daring Fireball adheres to them. Specifically, Daring Fireball’s HTML markup should validate as either <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/">HTML 5</a> or XHTML 4.01 Transitional, its layout is constructed using <a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/validator?uri=http://daringfireball.net/css/fireball_screen.css">valid CSS</a>, and its syndicated feed is <a href="http://feedvalidator.org/check?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdaringfireball.net%2Findex.xml">valid Atom</a>.</p> + <p>If Daring Fireball looks goofy in your browser, you’re likely using a shitty browser that doesn’t support web standards. Internet Explorer, I’m looking in your direction. If you complain about this, I will laugh at you, because I do not care. If, however, you are using a modern, standards-compliant browser and have trouble viewing or reading Daring Fireball, please do let me know.</p> + </div> + <!-- article --> + <div id="Footer"> + <form id="SiteSearch" action="https://daringfireball.net/search" method="get" style="margin-bottom: 2.5em;"> + <div> + <input name="q" type="text" value="" style="margin-right: 8px; width: 66%;"/> + <input type="submit" value="Search"/> </div> + </form> + <p class="smallprint"> <a href="/preferences/" title="Customize the font size and presentation options for this web site.">Display Preferences</a> + <br/> + <br/> Copyright © 2002–2015 The Daring Fireball Company LLC. </p> + </div> + <div id="SidebarTheDeck"> + <script type="text/javascript"> + // <![CDATA[ + (function(id) { + document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="' + '//connect.decknetwork.net/deck' + id + '_js.php?' + (new Date().getTime()) + '"></' + 'script>'); + })("DF"); + var deckDiv = document.getElementById("SidebarTheDeck"); + var sidebarDiv = document.getElementById("Sidebar"); + sidebarDiv.appendChild(deckDiv); + // ]]> + </script> + <p id="ViaTheDeck"> + <a href="http://decknetwork.net/"> <img src="//daringfireball.net/graphics/madison/via_the_deck.png" alt="Ads via The Deck" class="the_deck_promo" width="70"/> <span>Ads via The Deck</span> </a> + </p> + </div> + <!-- Google Analytics --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var _gaq = _gaq || []; + _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-593949-1']); + _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); + (function() { + var ga = document.createElement('script'); + ga.type = 'text/javascript'; + ga.async = true; + ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; + var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; + s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); + })(); + </script> + <!-- Asynchronously load Mint --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + (function() { + var ma = document.createElement('script'); + ma.type = 'text/javascript'; + ma.src = '/mint/?js'; + ma.async = true; + var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; + s.parentNode.insertBefore(ma, s); + })(); + </script> + </div> + <!-- Main --> + </div> + <!-- box --> +</body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/ehow-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/ehow-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4791011 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/ehow-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "How to Build a Terrarium | eHow", + "byline": "Lucy Akins", + "excerpt": "How to Build a Terrarium. Glass cloche terrariums are not only appealing to the eye, but they also preserve a bit of nature in your home and serve as a simple, yet beautiful, piece of art. Closed terrariums are easy to care for, as they retain much of their own moisture and provide a warm environment with a consistent level of humidity. You...", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/ehow-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/ehow-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e68c52 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/ehow-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="col-main"> + <header class="page-head bordered"> </header> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent mod"> + <p>Glass cloche terrariums are not only appealing to the eye, but they also preserve a bit of nature in your home and serve as a simple, yet beautiful, piece of art. Closed terrariums are easy to care for, as they retain much of their own moisture and provide a warm environment with a consistent level of humidity. You won’t have to water the terrariums unless you see that the walls are not misting up. Small growing plants that don’t require a lot of light work best such as succulents, ferns, moss, even orchids.</p> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/640/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/16149374-814f-40bc-baf3-ca20f149f0ba.jpg" alt="Glass cloche terrariums" title="Glass cloche terrariums" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins " longdesc="http://s3.amazonaws.com/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/16149374-814f-40bc-baf3-ca20f149f0ba.jpg"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Glass cloche terrariums (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">What You'll Need:</span> + <ul class="markdown-ul"> + <li>Cloche</li> + <li>Planter saucer, small shallow dish or desired platform</li> + <li>Floral foam oasis</li> + <li>Ruler </li> + <li>Spoon</li> + <li>Floral wire pins or paper clips</li> + <li>Small plants (from a florist or nursery)</li> + <li>Moss</li> + <li>Tweezers</li> + <li>Other small decorative items (optional)</li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 1</span> + <p>Measure the circumference of your cloche and cut the foam oasis about 3/4 inch (2 cm) smaller. Place the foam oasis into a container full of water and allow to soak until it sinks to the bottom. Dig out a hole on the oasis large enough to fit your plant, being careful not to pierce all the way through to the bottom.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/fc249ef6-4d27-41b4-8c21-15f7a8512b50.jpg" alt="Dig a hole in the oasis." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Dig a hole in the oasis. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 2</span> + <p>Insert your plant into the hole.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/aae11d4d-a4aa-4251-a4d9-41023ebf6d84.jpg" alt="Orchid in foam oasis" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Orchid in foam oasis (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 3</span> + <p>You can add various plants if you wish.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/7afdfa1e-da74-44b5-b89c-ca8123516272.jpg" alt="Various foliage" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Various foliage (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 4</span> + <p>Using floral pins, attach enough moss around the oasis to cover it.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/4f6612c0-316a-4c74-bb03-cb4e778f6d72.jpg" alt="Attach moss." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Attach moss. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 5</span> + <p>Gently place the cloche over the oasis. The glass may push some of the moss upward, exposing some of the foam.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/eeb1e0b4-e573-40a3-8db1-2c76f0b13b84.jpg" alt="Place cloche over oasis." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Place cloche over oasis. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 6</span> + <p>Simply pull down the moss with tweezers or insert more moss to fill in the empty spaces.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/812d4649-4152-4363-97c0-f181d02e709a.jpg" alt="Rearrange moss." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Rearrange moss. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 7</span> + <p>You can use any platform you wish. In this case, a small saucer was used.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/0cb3988c-9318-47d6-bc9c-c798da1ede72.jpg" alt="Place cloche on a platform to sit on." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Place cloche on a platform to sit on. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 8</span> + <p>This particular terrarium rests on a planter saucer and features a small white pumpkin.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/640/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/e3e18f0b-ab2c-4ffb-9988-a1ea63faef8b.jpg" alt="Cloche placed on a terracotta saucer" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Cloche placed on a terracotta saucer (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 9</span> + <p>This particular terrarium was placed on a wood slice and a little toy squirrel was placed inside to add a little whimsy.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/640/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/2cd79f8d-0d16-4573-8861-e47fb74b0638.jpg" alt="Placed on a wooden slice" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Placed on a wooden slice (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"><span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Finished Terrarium</span> + <p>Displayed alone or in a group, these pretty arrangements allow you to add a little nature to your decor or tablescape.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/640/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/78670312-8636-4c42-a75c-3029f7aa6c73.jpg" alt="Cloche terrarium" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Cloche terrarium (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <aside class="mod related clearfix" data-module="rcp_bottom"> + <h3 class="head headline2 mg-2">More Like This</h3> + <ul class="unstyled"> + <li class="item fl "> + <a href="http://www.ehow.com/how_4431062_convert-aquarium-terrarium.html"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/200x133/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/90f9f3d7-6e4f-4be8-b379-3d994ccbf69c.jpg" class="img" alt=""/> + <p class="headline6 mg-0">How to Convert an Aquarium to a Terrarium</p> + </a> + </li> + <li class="item fl even"> + <a href="http://www.ehow.com/video_12263138_plant-terrarium-ideas.html"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/200x133/viper/media/2b3830ca-4eb6-4bfd-a1cd-d430b3e28d59/jpeg/a7edbb0f-86a7-4c73-9c2d-f85f87b49efa_0.jpg" class="img" alt=""/> + <p class="headline6 mg-0">Plant Terrarium Ideas</p> + </a> + </li> + <li class="item fl "> + <a href="http://www.ehow.com/video_9374_make-terrarium.html"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/200x133/ehow/images/a00/09/4u/make-terrarium-800x800.jpg" class="img" alt=""/> + <p class="headline6 mg-0">How to Make a Terrarium</p> + </a> + </li> + </ul> + </aside> + <figure id="Comments" class="mod FLC" data-module="comments"> </figure> + <section id="FeaturedTombstone" class="mod" data-module="rcp_tombstone"> </section> + </div> +</div>
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type="text/html" data-element="template"> + <footer class="AuthorProfileWrap footer"> + <div class="AuthorProfileModal" data-element="modal"> + <div class="wrapper"> + <div class="ModalClose close" data-action="hideModal" data-element="closeButton">X</div> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/100x100/studio-image/ver1.0/Content/images/store/3/11/a3407c7f-fdf9-4ae6-8bac-48007b0109ea.Medium.jpg" onerror="this.className = 'hide'" /> + <div class="headline3 head mg-2" itemprop="name"> Lucy Akins </div> + <p class="bio"> Lucy Akins is an artist/photographer/blogger living in Toronto, Ontario. Her blog, Craftberry Bush, has blossomed into a business, having gained domestic and international recognition. Her work has been published in several magazines, including: Cottages and Bungalows, American Farmlife Style, National Geographic Kids, Artful Blogger, Somerset Life, and most recently graced the cover of Somerset Home. </p> + <p class="portfolio"> <a class="profile" itemprop="url" rel="author" href="http://www.demandstudios.com/profile-3959b24c-Lucy-Akins/" target="_blank">View my portfolio</a> </p> + </div> + </div> + </footer> + </script> + <div class="post-meta clearfix headline6 mg-2 "> + <div class="meta"> + <a class="byline trigger gtm_contributorByline head-alt nb-name" rel="author" itemprop="author" href="/contributor/lucy_akins/" target="_top"> <span itemprop="name">By Lucy Akins</span> </a> + <div class="nb-byline">eHow Contributor</div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="article-meta"> </div> + <div data-element="container"></div> + </div> + <div class="clearfix"> + <ul class="social-icons js-social-icons inline flcb" data-url="http://www.ehow.com/how_2042752_build-terrarium.html"> + <li class="item btnPinterest"> + <a class="js-btn btn gtm_socialShare" data-social="pinterest" data-url="http://www.ehow.com/how_2042752_build-terrarium.html?p=d" data-title="How to Build a Terrarium" data-media="http://s3.amazonaws.com/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/16149374-814f-40bc-baf3-ca20f149f0ba.jpg"> <span class="social-icon elegant-icons"></span> <span class="action js-pins">Pin</span> </a> + </li> + <li class="item btnFacebook"> + <a class="js-btn btn gtm_socialShare" data-social="facebook" data-url="http://www.ehow.com/how_2042752_build-terrarium.html" data-title="How to Build a Terrarium" data-media="http://s3.amazonaws.com/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/16149374-814f-40bc-baf3-ca20f149f0ba.jpg" data-description="Glass cloche terrariums are not only appealing to the eye, but they also preserve a bit of nature in your home and serve as a simple, yet beautiful, piece of art. Closed terrariums are easy to care for, as they retain much of their own moisture and provide a warm environment with a consistent level of humidity. You won’t have to water the..."> <span class="social-icon elegant-icons"></span> <span class="action js-facebook_shares">Share</span> </a> + </li> + <li class="item btnTwitter"> + <a class="js-btn btn gtm_socialShare" data-social="twitter" data-url="http://www.ehow.com/how_2042752_build-terrarium.html" data-title="How to Build a Terrarium" data-media="http://s3.amazonaws.com/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/16149374-814f-40bc-baf3-ca20f149f0ba.jpg"> <span class="social-icon elegant-icons"></span> <span class="action js-tweets">Tweet</span> </a> + </li> + <li class="item btnGoogle"> + <a class="js-btn btn gtm_socialShare" data-social="google" data-url="http://www.ehow.com/how_2042752_build-terrarium.html" data-title="How to Build a Terrarium"> <span class="social-icon elegant-icons"></span> <span class="action js-plusones">Share</span> </a> + </li> + </ul> + <div class="pagescore js-pagescore page-heading" data-score="true" data-url="http://www.ehow.com/how_2042752_build-terrarium.html"> <span class="headline3 num js-num"></span> <span class="icon"></span> <span class="msg">Found This Helpful</span> </div> + </div> + </header> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent mod"> + <div class="content lead"> + <p>Glass cloche terrariums are not only appealing to the eye, but they also preserve a bit of nature in your home and serve as a simple, yet beautiful, piece of art. Closed terrariums are easy to care for, as they retain much of their own moisture and provide a warm environment with a consistent level of humidity. You won’t have to water the terrariums unless you see that the walls are not misting up. Small growing plants that don’t require a lot of light work best such as succulents, ferns, moss, even orchids.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/640/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/16149374-814f-40bc-baf3-ca20f149f0ba.jpg" alt="Glass cloche terrariums" title="Glass cloche terrariums" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins " longdesc="http://s3.amazonaws.com/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/16149374-814f-40bc-baf3-ca20f149f0ba.jpg"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Glass cloche terrariums (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div id="relatedContentUpper" class="RelatedContent Module" data-module="rcp_top"> + <header class=""> + <h3 class="head headline2 mg-2">Other People Are Reading</h3> </header> + <ul class="unstyled inline box box-inner people-reading mod FLC" data-type="more-relatedArticles"> + <li class="fl item headline5 first"> + <a class="gtm_otherPeopleReading" href="http://www.ehow.com/video_12263138_plant-terrarium-ideas.html"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/105x70/viper/media/2b3830ca-4eb6-4bfd-a1cd-d430b3e28d59/jpeg/a7edbb0f-86a7-4c73-9c2d-f85f87b49efa_0.jpg" class="thumb fl"/> </a> <a class="title gtm_otherPeopleReading headline5" href="http://www.ehow.com/video_12263138_plant-terrarium-ideas.html">Plant Terrarium Ideas</a> </li> + <li class="fl item headline5 mid"> + <a class="gtm_otherPeopleReading" href="http://www.ehow.com/how_4885344_build-terrarium-succulent-plants.html"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/105x70/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/619daaaa-7991-4fc6-9b62-dfeab8a285b4.jpg" class="thumb fl"/> </a> <a class="title gtm_otherPeopleReading headline5" href="http://www.ehow.com/how_4885344_build-terrarium-succulent-plants.html">How to Build a Terrarium With Succulent Plants</a> </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">What You'll Need:</span> + <ul class="markdown-ul"> + <li>Cloche</li> + <li>Planter saucer, small shallow dish or desired platform</li> + <li>Floral foam oasis</li> + <li>Ruler </li> + <li>Spoon</li> + <li>Floral wire pins or paper clips</li> + <li>Small plants (from a florist or nursery)</li> + <li>Moss</li> + <li>Tweezers</li> + <li>Other small decorative items (optional)</li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 1</span> + <p>Measure the circumference of your cloche and cut the foam oasis about 3/4 inch (2 cm) smaller. Place the foam oasis into a container full of water and allow to soak until it sinks to the bottom. Dig out a hole on the oasis large enough to fit your plant, being careful not to pierce all the way through to the bottom.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/fc249ef6-4d27-41b4-8c21-15f7a8512b50.jpg" alt="Dig a hole in the oasis." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Dig a hole in the oasis. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div id="m1"></div> + <div class="mod Inline"> + <div id="DMINSTR" type="adimpression" data-type="adTracking" name="&adunit_id=ca-ehow_300x250&ad_unit_type=CNT&ad_unit_network=GAP&revenue_basis=CPC&ad_position=-&revenue_tag=craft_other_diy"> + <div id="GoogleAdsense300x250"></div> + <script> + dmjs.revenueTags.push('ca-ehow_300x250;craft_other_diy,text,suggested7'); + googleAds.addAdUnit({ + priority: 3, + adUnitId: 'GoogleAdsense300x250', + google_ad_channel: 'craft_other_diy,text,suggested7', + google_ad_client: 'ca-ehow_300x250', + google_page_url: 'http://www.ehow.com/how_2042752_build-terrarium.html', + google_max_num_ads: '1', + google_ad_type: 'text', + templates: { + text: '<div class="GoogleTextAd GoogleAd300x250 ad-300"> \ + <p><a class="header" href="{!= google_info.feedback_url !}">Sponsored Links</a></p> \ + <ul> \ + {! for (var i = 0; i < ads.length; i++) { !} \ + <li class="Ad"> \ + <a rel="nofollow" href="{!= ads[i].url !}" target="_blank" title="go to {!= clean(ads[i].visible_url) !}" class="title"> \ + {!= ads[i].line1 !} \ + </a> \ + <p class="copy">{!= ads[i].line2 !} {!= ads[i].line3 !}</p> \ + <a rel="nofollow" href="{!= ads[i].url !}" target="_blank" title="go to {!= clean(ads[i].visible_url) !}" class="baseurl url"> \ + {!= ads[i].visible_url !} \ + </a> \ + </li> \ + {! } !} \ + </ul> \ + </div>', + image: '<div class="GoogleImageAd GoogleImageAdNew"> \ + <a class="header" href="{!= google_info.feedback_url !}">Sponsored Links</a> \ + <a href="{!= ads[0].url !}" title="go to {!= clean(ads[0].visible_url) !}" target="_blank" class="Ad" >\ + <img src="{!= ads[0].image_url !}" width="{!= ads[0].image_width !}" height="{!= ads[0].image_height !}" border="0" alt="" />\ + </a> \ + </div>', + flash: '<div class="GoogleFlashAd GoogleFlashAdNew">\ + <a class="header" href="{!= google_info.feedback_url !}">Sponsored Links</a> \ + <div class="Ad">\ + <object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0" width="{!= ads[0].image_width !}" height="{!= ads[0].image_height !}"><param name="movie" value="{!= ads[0].image_url !}"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="AllowScriptAccess" value="never"><embed src="{!= ads[0].image_url !}" width="{!= ads[0].image_width !}" height="{!= ads[0].image_height !}" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" AllowScriptAccess="never" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></embed></object>\ + </div>\ + </div>' + }, + google_image_size: '300x250' + }); + </script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 2</span> + <p>Insert your plant into the hole.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/aae11d4d-a4aa-4251-a4d9-41023ebf6d84.jpg" alt="Orchid in foam oasis" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Orchid in foam oasis (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 3</span> + <p>You can add various plants if you wish.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/7afdfa1e-da74-44b5-b89c-ca8123516272.jpg" alt="Various foliage" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Various foliage (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 4</span> + <p>Using floral pins, attach enough moss around the oasis to cover it.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/4f6612c0-316a-4c74-bb03-cb4e778f6d72.jpg" alt="Attach moss." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Attach moss. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 5</span> + <p>Gently place the cloche over the oasis. The glass may push some of the moss upward, exposing some of the foam.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/eeb1e0b4-e573-40a3-8db1-2c76f0b13b84.jpg" alt="Place cloche over oasis." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Place cloche over oasis. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 6</span> + <p>Simply pull down the moss with tweezers or insert more moss to fill in the empty spaces.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/812d4649-4152-4363-97c0-f181d02e709a.jpg" alt="Rearrange moss." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Rearrange moss. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 7</span> + <p>You can use any platform you wish. In this case, a small saucer was used.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/default/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/0cb3988c-9318-47d6-bc9c-c798da1ede72.jpg" alt="Place cloche on a platform to sit on." class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Place cloche on a platform to sit on. (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 8</span> + <p>This particular terrarium rests on a planter saucer and features a small white pumpkin.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/640/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/e3e18f0b-ab2c-4ffb-9988-a1ea63faef8b.jpg" alt="Cloche placed on a terracotta saucer" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Cloche placed on a terracotta saucer (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Step 9</span> + <p>This particular terrarium was placed on a wood slice and a little toy squirrel was placed inside to add a little whimsy.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/640/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/2cd79f8d-0d16-4573-8861-e47fb74b0638.jpg" alt="Placed on a wooden slice" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Placed on a wooden slice (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div class="mod step"> + <div class="stepContent"> + <div class="content"> <span class="headline2 head mg-1 block">Finished Terrarium</span> + <p>Displayed alone or in a group, these pretty arrangements allow you to add a little nature to your decor or tablescape.</p> + </div> + <figure class="stepThumb"> <img src="http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/640/cme/photography.prod.demandstudios.com/78670312-8636-4c42-a75c-3029f7aa6c73.jpg" alt="Cloche terrarium" class="photo" data-credit="Lucy Akins"/> </figure> + <figcaption class="small caption"> Cloche terrarium (Lucy Akins) </figcaption> + </div> + </div> + <div id="m2"></div> + <div id="DMINSTR" type="adimpression" data-type="adTracking" 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</script> + <script defer="" src="http://static.ehownowcdn.com/widget/ehow/auth.js"></script> + <div id="fb-root"></div> + <div class="view-mobile"></div> +</body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/embedded-videos/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/embedded-videos/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d38424 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/embedded-videos/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Embedded videos test", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,\n quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo\n consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse\n cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non\n proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.", + "readerable": false +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/embedded-videos/expected.html b/test/test-pages/embedded-videos/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..96b1094 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/embedded-videos/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <article> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <h2>Videos</h2> + <p>At root</p> + <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LtOGa5M8AuU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> + <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/LtOGa5M8AuU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> + <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/32246206?color=ffffff+title=0+byline=0+portrait=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> + <p>In a paragraph</p> + <p> + <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/LtOGa5M8AuU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> + </p> + <p>In a div</p> + <p> + <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LtOGa5M8AuU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> + </p> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <p> Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + </article> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/embedded-videos/source.html b/test/test-pages/embedded-videos/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff43acf --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/embedded-videos/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Embedded videos test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <h2>Videos</h2> + <p>At root</p> + <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LtOGa5M8AuU" + frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> + <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/LtOGa5M8AuU" + frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> + <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/32246206?color=ffffff+title=0+byline=0+portrait=0" + width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" + webkitallowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> + <p>In a paragraph</p> + <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/LtOGa5M8AuU" + frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> + <p>In a div</p> + <div><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LtOGa5M8AuU" + frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/heise/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/heise/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48a5655 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/heise/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "1Password für Mac generiert Einmal-Passwörter", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Das in der iOS-Version bereits enthaltene TOTP-Feature ist nun auch für OS X 10.10 verfügbar. Zudem gibt es neue Zusatzfelder in der Datenbank und weitere Verbesserungen.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/heise/expected.html b/test/test-pages/heise/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9cf000 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/heise/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="meldung_wrapper"> + <figure class="aufmacherbild"> <img src="http://3.f.ix.de/scale/geometry/600/q75/imgs/18/1/4/6/2/3/5/1/Barcode-Scanner-With-Border-fc08c913da5cea5d.jpeg"/> + <figcaption> + <p class="caption">1Password scannt auch QR-Codes.</p> + <p class="source">(Bild: Hersteller)</p> + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p class="meldung_anrisstext"><strong>Das in der iOS-Version bereits enthaltene TOTP-Feature ist nun auch für OS X 10.10 verfügbar. Zudem gibt es neue Zusatzfelder in der Datenbank und weitere Verbesserungen.</strong></p> + <p><a rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://itunes.apple.com/de/app/1password-password-manager/id443987910">AgileBits hat Version 5.3 seines bekannten Passwortmanagers 1Password für OS X freigegeben.</a> Mit dem Update wird eine praktische Funktion nachgereicht, die <a href="http://fakehost/mac-and-i/meldung/Passwortmanager-1Password-mit-groesseren-Updates-fuer-OS-X-und-iOS-2529204.html">die iOS-Version der Anwendung bereits seit längerem beherrscht</a>: Das direkte Erstellen von Einmal-Passwörtern. Unterstützt wird dabei der <a rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://blog.agilebits.com/2015/01/26/totp-for-1password-users/">TOTP-Standard</a> (Time-Based One-Time Passwords), den unter anderem Firmen wie Evernote, Dropbox oder Google einsetzen, um ihre Zugänge besser abzusichern. Neben Account und regulärem Passwort wird dabei dann ein Zusatzcode verlangt, der nur kurze Zeit gilt.</p> + <p>Zur TOTP-Nutzung muss zunächst ein Startwert an 1Password übergeben werden. Das geht unter anderem per QR-Code, den die App über ein neues Scanfenster selbst einlesen kann – etwa aus dem Webbrowser. Eine Einführung in die Technik gibt <a rel="external" target="_blank" href="http://1pw.ca/TOTPvideoMac">ein kurzes Video</a>. Die TOTP-Unterstützung in 1Password erlaubt es, auf ein zusätzliches Gerät (z.B. ein iPhone) neben dem Mac zu verzichten, das den Code liefert – was allerdings auch die Sicherheit verringert, weil es keinen "echten" zweiten Faktor mehr gibt.</p> + <p>Update 5.3 des Passwortmanagers liefert auch noch weitere Verbesserungen. So gibt es die Möglichkeit, FaceTime-Audio- oder Skype-Anrufe aus 1Password zu starten, die Zahl der Zusatzfelder in der Datenbank wurde erweitert und der Umgang mit unterschiedlichen Zeitzonen klappt besser. Die Engine zur Passworteingabe im Browser soll beschleunigt worden sein.</p> + <p>1Password kostet aktuell knapp 50 Euro im Mac App Store und setzt in seiner aktuellen Version mindestens OS X 10.10 voraus. <span class="ISI_IGNORE">(<a title="Ben Schwan" href="mailto:[email protected]">bsc</a>)</span> + <br class="clear"/> </p> + </div> +</div>
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/></a></dd> + </dl> + </li> + </ul> + + <div id="breadcrumb"> + + <a title="Mac & i" href="/mac-and-i/">Mac & i</a> + <span class="bread_gt">></span> + + <a title="News" href="/mac-and-i/news/">News</a> + <span class="bread_gt">></span> + + <a title="2015" href="/mac-and-i/news/archiv/?jahr=2015">2015</a> + <span class="bread_gt">></span> + + <a title="KW 15" href="/mac-and-i/news/archiv/?jahr=2015;woche=15">KW 15</a> + <span class="bread_gt">></span> + + <span class="titel">1Password für Mac generiert Einmal-Passwörter</span> + + + </div> + + + <div id="mitte"> + <div id="mitte_links"> + + +<div id="mitte_news"> + <p class="news_navi"> <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/HBO-Zugriff-per-Apple-Geraet-verfuegbar-2596982.html"><span class="rsaquo">«</span> Vorige</a> | <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/GPS-Streckenerfasser-Speed-PRO-aktuell-kostenlos-2597093.html">Nächste <span class="rsaquo">»</span></a> </p> <article> + <p class="news_datum">08.04.2015 12:46</p> + <!--googleon: all--> + <!-- RSPEAK_START --> + <h1> 1Password für Mac generiert Einmal-Passwörter</h1> + <div class="meldung_wrapper"> + + <!-- RSPEAK_STOP --> + <figure class="aufmacherbild"> + <img src="//3.f.ix.de/scale/geometry/600/q75/imgs/18/1/4/6/2/3/5/1/Barcode-Scanner-With-Border-fc08c913da5cea5d.jpeg" /> + + <figcaption> + + <p class="caption">1Password scannt auch QR-Codes.</p> + + + <p class="source">(Bild: Hersteller)</p> + + </figcaption> + + </figure> + <!-- RSPEAK_START --> + + + <p class="meldung_anrisstext"><strong>Das in der iOS-Version bereits enthaltene TOTP-Feature ist nun auch für OS X 10.10 verfügbar. Zudem gibt es neue Zusatzfelder in der Datenbank und weitere Verbesserungen.</strong></p> + <p><a rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://itunes.apple.com/de/app/1password-password-manager/id443987910">AgileBits hat Version 5.3 seines bekannten Passwortmanagers 1Password für OS X freigegeben.</a> Mit dem Update wird eine praktische Funktion nachgereicht, die <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Passwortmanager-1Password-mit-groesseren-Updates-fuer-OS-X-und-iOS-2529204.html">die iOS-Version der Anwendung bereits seit längerem beherrscht</a>: Das direkte Erstellen von Einmal-Passwörtern. Unterstützt wird dabei der <a rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://blog.agilebits.com/2015/01/26/totp-for-1password-users/">TOTP-Standard</a> (Time-Based One-Time Passwords), den unter anderem Firmen wie Evernote, Dropbox oder Google einsetzen, um ihre Zugänge besser abzusichern. Neben Account und regulärem Passwort wird dabei dann ein Zusatzcode verlangt, der nur kurze Zeit gilt.</p> +<p>Zur TOTP-Nutzung muss zunächst ein Startwert an 1Password übergeben werden. Das geht unter anderem per QR-Code, den die App über ein neues Scanfenster selbst einlesen kann – etwa aus dem Webbrowser. Eine Einführung in die Technik gibt <a rel="external" target="_blank" href="http://1pw.ca/TOTPvideoMac">ein kurzes Video</a>. Die TOTP-Unterstützung in 1Password erlaubt es, auf ein zusätzliches Gerät (z.B. ein iPhone) neben dem Mac zu verzichten, das den Code liefert – was allerdings auch die Sicherheit verringert, weil es keinen "echten" zweiten Faktor mehr gibt.</p> +<p>Update 5.3 des Passwortmanagers liefert auch noch weitere Verbesserungen. So gibt es die Möglichkeit, FaceTime-Audio- oder Skype-Anrufe aus 1Password zu starten, die Zahl der Zusatzfelder in der Datenbank wurde erweitert und der Umgang mit unterschiedlichen Zeitzonen klappt besser. Die Engine zur Passworteingabe im Browser soll beschleunigt worden sein.</p> +<p>1Password kostet aktuell knapp 50 Euro im Mac App Store und setzt in seiner aktuellen Version mindestens OS X 10.10 voraus.<!-- AUTHOR-DATA-MARKER-BEGIN --> + + +<!-- RSPEAK_STOP --> +<span class="ISI_IGNORE">(<a title="Ben Schwan" href="mailto:[email protected]">bsc</a>)</span> +<br class="clear" /> +<!-- RSPEAK_START --> +<!-- AUTHOR-DATA-MARKER-END --> +</p> + + </div> + + <!-- RSPEAK_STOP --> + <!--googleoff: all--> + + <footer class="article-footer"> <p class="news_navi"> <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/HBO-Zugriff-per-Apple-Geraet-verfuegbar-2596982.html"><span class="rsaquo">«</span> Vorige</a> | <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/GPS-Streckenerfasser-Speed-PRO-aktuell-kostenlos-2597093.html">Nächste <span class="rsaquo">»</span></a> </p> + <div class="link_forum_beitrag news"> + + + + <p> + <a 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Sicherheitsaktualisierungen gibt es auch für OS X 10.8, 10.9 und Apple TV. <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Apple-stopft-Sicherheitsluecken-in-iOS-und-mehreren-OS-X-Versionen-2597723.html"><span class="mehr_schnipsel">Mehr…</span></a></a></p> </div> + <div class="anriss_mit_bild_links"> + <h3><a title="Ex-HP-Chefin kritisiert Tim Cooks Kritik an Gesetz zur Religionsfreiheit" href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Ex-HP-Chefin-kritisiert-Tim-Cooks-Kritik-an-Gesetz-zur-Religionsfreiheit-2597091.html">Ex-HP-Chefin kritisiert Tim Cooks Kritik an Gesetz zur Religionsfreiheit</a></h3> + + <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Ex-HP-Chefin-kritisiert-Tim-Cooks-Kritik-an-Gesetz-zur-Religionsfreiheit-2597091.html"><img alt="Ehemalige HP-Chefin kritisiert Tim Cooks Kritik an Gesetz zur Religionsfreiheit" src="//3.f.ix.de/scale/geometry/160x90/q75/imgs/18/1/4/6/2/4/2/4/1024px-Carly_Fiorina_by_Gage_Skidmore-e15691fffb93dd28.jpeg" /></a> + + <p><a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Ex-HP-Chefin-kritisiert-Tim-Cooks-Kritik-an-Gesetz-zur-Religionsfreiheit-2597091.html">Der Apple-Chef hatte sich gegen die Gesetzgebung eines US-Bundesstaates ausgesprochen, der die Diskriminierung von Schwulen und Lesben unter bestimmten Umständen erlauben soll. Carly Fiorina hält dies für "heuchlerisch". <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Ex-HP-Chefin-kritisiert-Tim-Cooks-Kritik-an-Gesetz-zur-Religionsfreiheit-2597091.html"><span class="mehr_schnipsel">Mehr…</span></a></a></p> </div> + <div class="anriss_mit_bild_links"> + <h3><a title="Apple Watch: Bestellungen können offenbar dauern" href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Apple-Watch-Bestellungen-koennen-offenbar-dauern-2597741.html">Apple Watch: Bestellungen können offenbar dauern</a></h3> + + <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Apple-Watch-Bestellungen-koennen-offenbar-dauern-2597741.html"><img alt="Apple Watch: Bestellungen können offenbar dauern" src="//2.f.ix.de/scale/geometry/160x90/q75/imgs/18/1/4/6/2/8/1/7/apple_watch_liefer1-ecb875926df4a41b.jpeg" /></a> + + <p><a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Apple-Watch-Bestellungen-koennen-offenbar-dauern-2597741.html">Im deutschen und im britischen Apple Online Store sind kurzzeitig Liefertermine für die Computeruhr aufgetaucht. Manche Modelle brauchen demnach bis zu sechs Wochen. <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Apple-Watch-Bestellungen-koennen-offenbar-dauern-2597741.html"><span class="mehr_schnipsel">Mehr…</span></a></a></p> </div> + <div class="anriss_mit_bild_links"> + <h3><a title="Apple aktualisiert Xcode, OS X Server und Apple Configurator" href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Apple-aktualisiert-Xcode-OS-X-Server-und-Apple-Configurator-2597739.html">Apple aktualisiert Xcode, OS X Server und Apple Configurator</a></h3> + + <a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Apple-aktualisiert-Xcode-OS-X-Server-und-Apple-Configurator-2597739.html"><img alt="Apple aktualisiert Xcode, OS X Server und Apple Configurator" src="//3.f.ix.de/scale/geometry/160x90/q75/imgs/18/1/4/6/2/8/1/5/screen800x500-ed2bb768f9ab35c2.jpeg" /></a> + + <p><a href="/mac-and-i/meldung/Apple-aktualisiert-Xcode-OS-X-Server-und-Apple-Configurator-2597739.html">Neben iOS 8.3 und OS X 10.10.3 hat der Hersteller auch drei weitere hauseigene Anwendungen auf den neuesten Stand gebracht. 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It failed.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/herald-sun-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/herald-sun-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ead4a8f --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/herald-sun-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="story-body "> + <div class="article-media article-media-main"> + <div class="image"> + <div class="image-frame"><img data-src="http://api.news.com.au/content/1.0/heraldsun/images/1227261885862?format=jpg&group=iphone&size=medium" alt="A new Bill would require telecommunications service providers to store so-called ‘metadat"/></div> + <p class="caption"> <span id="imgCaption" class="caption-text">A new Bill would require telecommunications service providers to store so-called ‘metadata’ for two years.</span> <span class="image-source"><em>Source:</em> + Supplied</span> </p> + </div> + </div> + <p><strong> + A HIGH-powered federal government team has been doing the rounds of media organisations in the past few days in an attempt to allay concerns about the impact of new surveillance legislation on press freedom. It failed. + </strong></p> + <p>The roadshow featured the Prime Minister’s national security adviser, Andrew Shearer, Justin Bassi, who advises Attorney-General George Brandis on crime and security matters, and Australian Federal Police Commissioner Andrew Colvin. Staffers from the office of Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull also took part.</p> + <p>They held meetings with executives from News Corporation and Fairfax, representatives of the TV networks, the ABC top brass and a group from the media union and the Walkley journalism foundation. I was involved as a member of the Walkley board.</p> + <p>The initiative, from Tony Abbott’s office, is evidence that the Government has been alarmed by the strength of criticism from media of the Data Retention Bill it wants passed before Parliament rises in a fortnight. Bosses, journalists, even the Press Council, are up in arms, not only over this measure, but also over aspects of two earlier pieces of national security legislation that interfere with the ability of the media to hold government to account.</p> + <div id="read-more"> + <div id="read-more-content"> + <p>The Bill would require telecommunications service providers to store so-called “metadata” — the who, where, when and how of a communication, but not its content — for two years so security and law enforcement agencies can access it without warrant. Few would argue against the use of such material to catch criminals or terrorists. But, as Parliament’s Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security has pointed out, it would also be used “for the purpose of determining the identity of a journalist’s sources”.</p> + <p>And that should ring warning bells for anyone genuinely concerned with the health of our democracy. Without the ability to protect the identity of sources, journalists would be greatly handicapped in exposing corruption, dishonesty, waste, incompetence and misbehaviour by public officials.</p> + <p>The Press Council is concerned the laws would crush investigative journalism.</p> + <p>“These legitimate concerns cannot be addressed effectively short of exempting journalists and media organisations,” says president David Weisbrot.</p> + <p>The media union is adamant journalists’ metadata must be exempted from the law. That’s what media bosses want, too, though they have a fallback position based on new safeguards being implemented in Britain.</p> + <p>That would prevent access to the metadata of journalists or media organisations without a judicial warrant. There would be a code including — according to the explanatory notes of the British Bill — “provision to protect the public interest in the confidentiality of journalistic sources”.</p> + <p>In their meetings this week, the government team boasted of concessions in the new Data Retention Bill. The number of agencies able to access metadata will be reduced by excluding such organisations as the RSPCA and local councils. And whenever an authorisation is issued for access to information about a journalist’s sources, the Ombudsman (or, where ASIO is involved, the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security) will receive a copy.</p> + <p>That does nothing to solve the problem. The Government has effectively admitted as much by agreeing that the parliamentary committee should conduct a separate review of how to deal with the issue of journalists’ sources.</p> + <p>But another inquiry would be a waste of time — the committee has already received and considered dozens of submissions on the subject. The bottom line is that the Government does not deny that the legislation is flawed, but is demanding it be passed anyway with the possibility left open of a repair job down the track. That is a ridiculous approach.</p> + <p>Claims that immediate action is imperative do not stand up. These are measures that won’t come into full effect for two years. Anyway, amending the Bill to either exempt journalists or adopt the UK model could be done quickly, without any risk to national security.</p> + <p>AS Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said in a letter to Abbott last month: “Press freedom concerns about mandatory data retention would ideally be addressed in this Bill to avoid the need for future additional amendments or procedures to be put in place in the future.”</p> + <p>The Data Retention Bill will be debated in the House of Representatives this week. Then, on Friday, CEOs from leading media organisations will front the parliamentary committee to air their concerns before the legislation goes to the Senate.</p> + <p>Those CEOs should make it clear they are just as angry about this as they were about Stephen Conroy’s attempt to impinge on press freedom through media regulation under the previous Labor government.</p> + <p>Memories of the grief Conroy brought down on his head would undoubtedly make Abbott sit up and take notice.</p> + <p><b>LAURIE OAKES IS THE NINE NETWORK POLITICAL EDITOR </b></p> + </div> + </div> + </div> +</div>
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It failed."/> + <meta name="keywords" content=" mandatory data retention, legitimate concerns, investigative journalism, journalistic sources, freedom concerns, federal Government team, Inspector General, News Corporation, House of Representatives, RSPCA, Tony Abbott, Bill Shorten, media organisations, national security, media union, press freedom, Government team, Angry media, telecommunications service providers, national security legislation, immediate action, media regulation, national security adviser, journalism foundation, surveillance legislation, media bosses, political editor, exempt journalists, law enforcement agencies, ,,,United Kingdom, Malcolm Bligh Turnbull, George Brandis, Justin Bassi, Andrew Colvin, Stephen Conroy, Laurie Oakes"/> + <!-- primary is not empty--> + <meta property="og:image" content="http://api.news.com.au/content/1.0/heraldsun/images/1227261885862?format=jpg&group=iphone&size=medium"/> + <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> + <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="http://api.news.com.au/content/1.0/heraldsun/images/1227261885862?format=jpg&group=iphone&size=medium"/> + <meta property="og:title" content="Angry media won’t buckle over new surveillance laws"/> + <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> + <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/opinion/angry-media-wont-buckle-over-new-surveillance-laws/story-fni0fha6-1227261886014"/> + <meta property="og:site_name" content="HeraldSun"/> + <meta property="fb:app_id" content="135469303148773"/> + <meta property="og:description" content="A HIGH-powered federal government team has been doing the rounds of media organisations in the past few days in an attempt to allay concerns about the impact of new surveillance legislation on press freedom. It failed."/> + <meta property="og:country-name" content="Australia"/> + <meta name="article:publisher" content="News Limited"/> + <meta name="article:author" content="Laurie Oakes"/> + <meta name="article:publicationdate" content="Fri Mar 13 21:30:09 EST 2015"/> + <meta property="fb:admins" content=",100000875899514"/> + <link rel="canonical" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/opinion/angry-media-wont-buckle-over-new-surveillance-laws/story-fni0fha6-1227261886014"/> + <meta name="twitter:site" content="@theheraldsun"/> + <meta name="twitter:site:id" content="@theheraldsun"/> + <script type="text/javascript"> + //<![CDATA[ + window.ndm = window.ndm || {}; + window.ndm.fwResourcesNewscdn = 'http://resources.newscdn.com.au'; + window.ndm.social = window.ndm.social || {}; + window.ndm.social.activity = "{'activitycenter':'','historytab':'','quicklinks':'','readlist':''}"; + window.ndm.social.section = { + 'url': '/news/opinion/laurie-oakes/', + 'sections': ["News","Opinion","Laurie 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class="story-headline"> + <h1 class="heading"> + Angry media won’t buckle over new surveillance laws + </h1> + </div> + <div class="story-info"> + <ul> + <li class="byline first "> + <span class="source-prefix">by:</span> + <cite class="author author-laurie-oakes "> Laurie Oakes</cite> + </li> + <li class="source "> + <span class="source-prefix">From:</span> + <cite> + Herald Sun + </cite> + </li> + <li class="date-and-time last" title="2015-03-13T21:00:00+11:00"> + <span class="datestamp">March 13, 2015</span> + <span class="timestamp">9:00PM</span> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> +<div class="story-body "> + <div class="article-media article-media-main"> + <div class="image"> + <div class="image-frame"> + <img data-src="http://api.news.com.au/content/1.0/heraldsun/images/1227261885862?format=jpg&group=iphone&size=medium" alt="A new Bill would require telecommunications service providers to store so-called ‘metadat"/> + </div> + <p class="caption"> + <span id="imgCaption" class="caption-text">A new Bill would require telecommunications service providers to store so-called ‘metadata’ for two years.</span> + <span class="image-source"><em>Source:</em> + Supplied</span> + </p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="story-intro"> + <p><strong> + A HIGH-powered federal government team has been doing the rounds of media organisations in the past few days in an attempt to allay concerns about the impact of new surveillance legislation on press freedom. It failed. + </strong></p> + </div> + <p>The roadshow featured the Prime Minister’s national security adviser, Andrew Shearer, Justin Bassi, who advises Attorney-General George Brandis on crime and security matters, and Australian Federal Police Commissioner Andrew Colvin. Staffers from the office of Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull also took part.</p><p>They held meetings with executives from News Corporation and Fairfax, representatives of the TV networks, the ABC top brass and a group from the media union and the Walkley journalism foundation. I was involved as a member of the Walkley board.</p><p>The initiative, from Tony Abbott’s office, is evidence that the Government has been alarmed by the strength of criticism from media of the Data Retention Bill it wants passed before Parliament rises in a fortnight. Bosses, journalists, even the Press Council, are up in arms, not only over this measure, but also over aspects of two earlier pieces of national security legislation that interfere with the ability of the media to hold government to account.</p> + + <div class="story-promo story-promo-middle"> + </div> + +<div id="read-more"> + <div id="read-more-link"> + <a href="">Read more</a> + </div> + <div id="middleAd"> + <!-- new.adkit --> + <div class="ad-block ad-m-mrec" id="ad-m-mrec"></div> + </div> + <div id="read-more-content"> + <p>The Bill would require telecommunications service providers to store so-called “metadata” — the who, where, when and how of a communication, but not its content — for two years so security and law enforcement agencies can access it without warrant. Few would argue against the use of such material to catch criminals or terrorists. But, as Parliament’s Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security has pointed out, it would also be used “for the purpose of determining the identity of a journalist’s sources”.</p><p>And that should ring warning bells for anyone genuinely concerned with the health of our democracy. Without the ability to protect the identity of sources, journalists would be greatly handicapped in exposing corruption, dishonesty, waste, incompetence and misbehaviour by public officials.</p><p>The Press Council is concerned the laws would crush investigative journalism.</p><p>“These legitimate concerns cannot be addressed effectively short of exempting journalists and media organisations,” says president David Weisbrot.</p><p>The media union is adamant journalists’ metadata must be exempted from the law. That’s what media bosses want, too, though they have a fallback position based on new safeguards being implemented in Britain.</p><p>That would prevent access to the metadata of journalists or media organisations without a judicial warrant. There would be a code including — according to the explanatory notes of the British Bill — “provision to protect the public interest in the confidentiality of journalistic sources”.</p><p>In their meetings this week, the government team boasted of concessions in the new Data Retention Bill. The number of agencies able to access metadata will be reduced by excluding such organisations as the RSPCA and local councils. And whenever an authorisation is issued for access to information about a journalist’s sources, the Ombudsman (or, where ASIO is involved, the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security) will receive a copy.</p><p>That does nothing to solve the problem. The Government has effectively admitted as much by agreeing that the parliamentary committee should conduct a separate review of how to deal with the issue of journalists’ sources.</p><p>But another inquiry would be a waste of time — the committee has already received and considered dozens of submissions on the subject. The bottom line is that the Government does not deny that the legislation is flawed, but is demanding it be passed anyway with the possibility left open of a repair job down the track. That is a ridiculous approach.</p><p>Claims that immediate action is imperative do not stand up. These are measures that won’t come into full effect for two years. Anyway, amending the Bill to either exempt journalists or adopt the UK model could be done quickly, without any risk to national security.</p><p>AS Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said in a letter to Abbott last month: “Press freedom concerns about mandatory data retention would ideally be addressed in this Bill to avoid the need for future additional amendments or procedures to be put in place in the future.”</p><p>The Data Retention Bill will be debated in the House of Representatives this week. Then, on Friday, CEOs from leading media organisations will front the parliamentary committee to air their concerns before the legislation goes to the Senate.</p><p>Those CEOs should make it clear they are just as angry about this as they were about Stephen Conroy’s attempt to impinge on press freedom through media regulation under the previous Labor government.</p><p>Memories of the grief Conroy brought down on his head would undoubtedly make Abbott sit up and take notice.</p><p><b>LAURIE OAKES IS THE NINE NETWORK POLITICAL EDITOR </b></p> + </div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="share-tools share-tools-story"> +</div> +<!-- new.adkit adsense --> +<div class="ad-block ad-adsense-medium" id="ad-adsense-medium-1"></div> +<!-- End new.adkit adsense --> + <div id="social-comments" data-livefyre-collectionmeta="eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ0YWdzIjoiTGF1cmllIE9ha2VzLExhdXJpZSBPYWtlcyIsInRpdGxlIjoiQW5ncnkgbWVkaWEgd29uJiM4MjE3O3QgYnVja2xlIG9uIHN1cnZlaWxsYW5jZSBsYXdzIiwiY2hlY2tzdW0iOiIwZmRhYWVkYzY0Nzk4NDYyMWM0M2FjODNkODE4ZDk5ZSIsImFydGljbGVJZCI6IkZXMTIyNzI2MTg4NjAxNCIsInVybCI6Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cuaGVyYWxkc3VuLmNvbS5hdS9uZXdzL29waW5pb24vYW5ncnktbWVkaWEtd29udC1idWNrbGUtb3Zlci1uZXctc3VydmVpbGxhbmNlLWxhd3Mvc3RvcnktZm5pMGZoYTYtMTIyNzI2MTg4NjAxNCJ9.sA4RqU0tVSYKJUzSFIHvG-JBw6I5jMf2Jj9Wb4Hz4lY" data-livefyre-checksum="0fdaaedc647984621c43ac83d818d99e" data-articleid="FW1227261886014" data-siteid="342836"> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + utag_data = window.utag_data || {}; + utag_data.net_content_type = (utag_data.net_content_type ? utag_data.net_content_type + "+" : "") + "comments"; + </script> + + <div class="story-promo story-promo-bottom"> + </div> + + + +<!-- [Group:1226671432961] on [fwprodcontent02.ni.news.com.au] @ [March 21, 2015 11:05AM] --> +<div class="group text-g-news-ms-group-adsense-medium item-count-1 group-id-1226671432961"> + <div class="group-content"> + <div class="item ipos-1 irpos-1"> + <div class="custom-html "> + <div class="ad-block ad-adsense-medium" id="ad-adsense-medium-1"></div> + </div><!-- // .custom-html --> + </div><!-- // .item ipos-1 irpos-1 --> + </div><!-- // .group-content.item-count-1 --> +</div><!-- // .group --> + + +<!-- [Group:1226721033461] on [fwprodcontent10.ni.news.com.au] @ [March 21, 2015 11:30AM] --> +<div class="group outbrain-group text-g-more-stories item-count-1 group-id-1226721033461"> + <div class="group-header"> + <h2 class="heading">more stories</h2> + </div><!-- // .group-header --> + <div class="group-content"> + <div class="item ipos-1 irpos-1"> + <div class="custom-html "> + </div><!-- // .custom-html --> + </div><!-- // .item ipos-1 irpos-1 --> + </div><!-- // .group-content.item-count-1 --> +</div><!-- // .group --> + + +<!-- [Group:1226615951541] on [fwprodcontent08.ni.news.com.au] @ [March 21, 2015 11:26AM] --> +<div class="group text-g-other-opinion-columns item-count-1 group-id-1226615951541"> + <div class="group-header"> + <h2 class="heading">Other Opinion Columns</h2> + </div><!-- // .group-header --> + <div class="group-content"> + <div class="item ipos-1 irpos-1"> + <div class="module default sectionref-hs-opinion first-image-100w75h collection mpos-1 mrpos-1 text-m-nn-mob-pmnt-news-opinion-story-x5 id1226615938269" id="id1226615938269"> + <div class="module-content "> + <div class="story-block sectionref-news sbpos-1 sbrpos-5 id1227272078989"> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272078989 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272078989 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272078989 --> + <h4 class="heading"> + <strong class="kicker">Editorial</strong> + <a href="/news/opinion/malcolm-frasers-lasting-legacy/story-fni0ffsx-1227272078989">Fraser’s lasting legacy</a> + </h4> + <a href="/news/opinion/malcolm-frasers-lasting-legacy/story-fni0ffsx-1227272078989" class="thumb-link"><img data-src="http://api.news.com.au/content/1.0/heraldsun/images/1227272077962?format=jpg&group=iphone&size=small" alt="Fraser’s lasting legacy" class="thumbnail"/></a> + <!-- Locale from Config : . Locale from Request : en. Locale from Response : en_US --> + <p class="standfirst"> + <span class="article-info"> + <span class="date-and-time" title="2015-03-21T00:00:00+11:00"> + </span> <!-- // .date-and-time --> + <em class="byline"> </em> + </span> <!-- // .article-info --> + MALCOLM Fraser — an effective prime minister controversially installed, soundly elected and re-elected, a relentless contributor, thinker and reformer, a blue-blooded egalitarian. + </p> <!-- // .standfirst11 --> + <div class="storyblock-footer"> + <span class="share"></span> + <span class="bookmark"></span> + <ul class="related related-media"> + </ul> + </div> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272078989 --> + </div> <!-- // .story-block pos-1 rpos-5 id1227272078989 --> + <div class="story-block sectionref-news sbpos-2 sbrpos-4 id1227272060915"> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272060915 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272060915 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272060915 --> + <h4 class="heading"> + <strong class="kicker">Wave of stupidity</strong> + <a href="/news/opinion/doctor-knows-best-not-starbeam-fantapants/story-fni0ffsx-1227272060915">Doctor knows best, not Starbeam Fantapants</a> + </h4> + <a href="/news/opinion/doctor-knows-best-not-starbeam-fantapants/story-fni0ffsx-1227272060915" class="thumb-link"><img data-src="http://api.news.com.au/content/1.0/heraldsun/images/1227272071432?format=jpg&group=iphone&size=small" alt="Doctor knows best, not Starbeam Fantapants" class="thumbnail"/></a> + <!-- Locale from Config : . Locale from Request : en. Locale from Response : en_US --> + <p class="standfirst"> + <span class="article-info"> + <span class="date-and-time" title="2015-03-21T00:00:00+11:00"> + </span> <!-- // .date-and-time --> + <em class="byline">JOE HILDEBRAND </em> + </span> <!-- // .article-info --> + HOW is it that ideas and philosophies that are patently absurd capture people’s imagination? It seems we’re being swamped by a wave of stupidity. + </p> <!-- // .standfirst11 --> + <div class="storyblock-footer"> + <span class="share"></span> + <span class="bookmark"></span> + <ul class="related related-media"> + <li class="comments"> + <a href="/news/opinion/doctor-knows-best-not-starbeam-fantapants/story-fni0ffsx-1227272060915"> + <span class="livefyre-commentcount" data-lf-site-id="342836" data-lf-article-id="FW1227272060915"></span> + </a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272060915 --> + </div> <!-- // .story-block pos-2 rpos-4 id1227272060915 --> + <div class="story-block sectionref-news sbpos-3 sbrpos-3 id1227272050794"> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272050794 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272050794 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272050794 --> + <h4 class="heading"> + <strong class="kicker">Ikea challenge</strong> + <a href="/news/opinion/ikea-is-good-for-some-but-im-not-buying-it/story-fni0fhie-1227272050794">Good for some, but I’m not buying it</a> + </h4> + <a href="/news/opinion/ikea-is-good-for-some-but-im-not-buying-it/story-fni0fhie-1227272050794" class="thumb-link"><img data-src="http://api.news.com.au/content/1.0/heraldsun/images/1227272050710?format=jpg&group=iphone&size=small" alt="Good for some, but I’m not buying it" class="thumbnail"/></a> + <!-- Locale from Config : . Locale from Request : en. Locale from Response : en_US --> + <p class="standfirst"> + <span class="article-info"> + <span class="date-and-time" title="2015-03-21T00:00:00+11:00"> + </span> <!-- // .date-and-time --> + <em class="byline">SUSIE O’BRIEN </em> + </span> <!-- // .article-info --> + THE good thing about Ikea is that it’s cheap and good quality. The bad thing is the whole, exhausting business of shopping at their stores. + </p> <!-- // .standfirst11 --> + <div class="storyblock-footer"> + <span class="share"></span> + <span class="bookmark"></span> + <ul class="related related-media"> + <li class="comments"> + <a href="/news/opinion/ikea-is-good-for-some-but-im-not-buying-it/story-fni0fhie-1227272050794"> + <span class="livefyre-commentcount" data-lf-site-id="342836" data-lf-article-id="FW1227272050794"></span> + </a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272050794 --> + </div> <!-- // .story-block pos-3 rpos-3 id1227272050794 --> + <div class="story-block sectionref-news sbpos-4 sbrpos-2 id1227272039501"> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272039501 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272039501 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272039501 --> + <h4 class="heading"> + <strong class="kicker">True liberal</strong> + <a href="/news/opinion/malcolm-fraser-was-a-man-of-contrasts/story-fni0fha6-1227272039501">Ex-PM a man of contrasts</a> + </h4> + <a href="/news/opinion/malcolm-fraser-was-a-man-of-contrasts/story-fni0fha6-1227272039501" class="thumb-link"><img data-src="http://api.news.com.au/content/1.0/heraldsun/images/1227272037318?format=jpg&group=iphone&size=small" alt="Ex-PM a man of contrasts" class="thumbnail"/></a> + <!-- Locale from Config : . Locale from Request : en. Locale from Response : en_US --> + <p class="standfirst"> + <span class="article-info"> + <span class="date-and-time" title="2015-03-21T00:00:00+11:00"> + </span> <!-- // .date-and-time --> + <em class="byline">LAURIE OAKES </em> + </span> <!-- // .article-info --> + IT was said that Malcolm Fraser moved to the Left after losing office but the former PM didn’t change - he was always a “small l” liberal. + </p> <!-- // .standfirst11 --> + <div class="storyblock-footer"> + <span class="share"></span> + <span class="bookmark"></span> + <ul class="related related-media"> + <li class="comments"> + <a href="/news/opinion/malcolm-fraser-was-a-man-of-contrasts/story-fni0fha6-1227272039501"> + <span class="livefyre-commentcount" data-lf-site-id="342836" data-lf-article-id="FW1227272039501"></span> + </a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272039501 --> + </div> <!-- // .story-block pos-4 rpos-2 id1227272039501 --> + <div class="story-block sectionref-news sbpos-5 sbrpos-1 id1227272010784"> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272010784 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272010784 --> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272010784 --> + <h4 class="heading"> + <strong class="kicker">Own backyard</strong> + <a href="/news/opinion/lets-make-local-issues-a-priority/story-fni0ffsx-1227272010784">Let’s make local issues a priority</a> + </h4> + <a href="/news/opinion/lets-make-local-issues-a-priority/story-fni0ffsx-1227272010784" class="thumb-link"><img data-src="http://api.news.com.au/content/1.0/heraldsun/images/1227272009394?format=jpg&group=iphone&size=small" alt="Let’s make local issues a priority" class="thumbnail"/></a> + <!-- Locale from Config : . Locale from Request : en. Locale from Response : en_US --> + <p class="standfirst"> + <span class="article-info"> + <span class="date-and-time" title="2015-03-21T00:00:00+11:00"> + </span> <!-- // .date-and-time --> + <em class="byline">TOM ELLIOTT </em> + </span> <!-- // .article-info --> + IT’S nice to think Australia is a player on the world stage but, really, we’re not. So forget global posturing and let’s sort out our own backyard. + </p> <!-- // .standfirst11 --> + <div class="storyblock-footer"> + <span class="share"></span> + <span class="bookmark"></span> + <ul class="related related-media"> + <li class="comments"> + <a href="/news/opinion/lets-make-local-issues-a-priority/story-fni0ffsx-1227272010784"> + <span class="livefyre-commentcount" data-lf-site-id="342836" data-lf-article-id="FW1227272010784"></span> + </a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <!-- PC related summary IDs: 1227272010784 --> + </div> <!-- // .story-block pos-5 rpos-1 id1227272010784 --> + </div> <!-- // .module-content --> + </div> <!-- // .module .collection --> + </div><!-- // .item ipos-1 irpos-1 --> + </div><!-- // .group-content.item-count-1 --> +</div><!-- // .group --> + + +<!-- [Group:1226586873038] on [fwprodcontent07.ni.news.com.au] @ [March 21, 2015 11:30AM] --> +<div class="group collection text-g-nn-mob-group-mostread item-count-1 group-id-1226586873038"> + <div 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As technologists, tasked with delivering content and services to users, we lost track of the user experience. Twenty years ago we saw an explosion of websites, built by developers around the world, providing all forms of content. This was the beginning of an age of enlightenment, the intersection of content and technology. … Continued", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/iab-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/iab-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cc5afb --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/iab-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="article__content"> + <p>We messed up. As technologists, tasked with delivering content and services to users, we lost track of the user experience.</p> + <p>Twenty years ago we saw an explosion of websites, built by developers around the world, providing all forms of content. This was the beginning of an age of enlightenment, the intersection of content and technology. Many of us in the technical field felt compelled, and even empowered, to produce information as the distribution means for mass communication were no longer restricted by a high barrier to entry.</p> + <p>In 2000, the dark ages came when the dot-com bubble burst. We were told that our startups were gone or that our divisions sustained by corporate parent companies needed to be in the black. It was a wakeup call that led to a renaissance age. Digital advertising became the foundation of an economic engine that, still now, sustains the free and democratic World Wide Web. In digital publishing, we strived to balance content, commerce, and technology. The content management systems and communication gateways we built to inform and entertain populations around the world disrupted markets and in some cases governments, informed communities of imminent danger, and liberated new forms of art and entertainment—all while creating a digital middle class of small businesses.</p> + <p>We engineered not just the technical, but also the social and economic foundation that users around the world came to lean on for access to real time information. And users came to expect this information whenever and wherever they needed it. And more often than not, for anybody with a connected device, it was free.</p> + <p>This was choice—powered by digital advertising—and premised on user experience.</p> + <p>But we messed up.</p> + <p>Through our pursuit of further automation and maximization of margins during the industrial age of media technology, we built advertising technology to optimize publishers’ yield of marketing budgets that had eroded after the last recession. Looking back now, our scraping of dimes may have cost us dollars in consumer loyalty. The fast, scalable systems of targeting users with ever-heftier advertisements have slowed down the public internet and drained more than a few batteries. We were so clever and so good at it that we over-engineered the capabilities of the plumbing laid down by, well, ourselves. This steamrolled the users, depleted their devices, and tried their patience.</p> + <p>The rise of ad blocking poses a threat to the internet and could potentially drive users to an enclosed platform world dominated by a few companies. We have let the fine equilibrium of content, commerce, and technology get out of balance in the open web. We had, and still do have, a responsibility to educate the business side, and in some cases to push back. We lost sight of our social and ethical responsibility to provide a safe, usable experience for anyone and everyone wanting to consume the content of their choice.</p> + <p>We need to bring that back into alignment, starting right now.</p> + <p> + <a href="http://www.iab.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/getting-lean-with-digital-ad-ux.jpg"><img width="300" height="250" alt="Getting LEAN with Digital Ad UX" src="http://www.iab.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/getting-lean-with-digital-ad-ux-300x250.jpg" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-15403"/></a>Today, the IAB Tech Lab is launching the L.E.A.N. Ads program. Supported by the Executive Committee of the IAB Tech Lab Board, IABs around the world, and hundreds of member companies, L.E.A.N. stands for Light, Encrypted, Ad choice supported, Non-invasive ads. These are principles that will help guide the next phases of advertising technical standards for the global digital advertising supply chain.</p> + <p>As with any other industry, standards should be created by non-profit standards-setting bodies, with many diverse voices providing input. We will invite all parties for public comment, and make sure consumer interest groups have the opportunity to provide input.</p> + <p>L.E.A.N. Ads do not replace the current advertising standards many consumers still enjoy and engage with while consuming content on our sites across all IP enabled devices. Rather, these principles will guide an alternative set of standards that provide choice for marketers, content providers, and consumers.</p> + <p>Among the many areas of concentration, we must also address frequency capping on retargeting in Ad Tech and make sure a user is targeted appropriately before, but never AFTER they make a purchase. If we are so good at reach and scale, we can be just as good, if not better, at moderation. Additionally, we must address volume of ads per page as well as continue on the path to viewability. The dependencies here are critical to an optimized user experience.</p> + <p>The consumer is demanding these actions, challenging us to do better, and we must respond.</p> + <p>The IAB Tech Lab will continue to provide the tools for publishers in the digital supply chain to have a dialogue with users about their choices so that content providers can generate revenue while creating value. Publishers should have the opportunity to provide rich advertising experiences, L.E.A.N. advertising experiences, and subscription services. Or publishers can simply deny their service to users who choose to keep on blocking ads. That is all part of elasticity of consumer tolerance and choice.</p> + <p>Finally, we must do this in an increasingly fragmented market, across screens. We must do this in environments where entire sites are blocked, purposefully or not. Yes, it is disappointing that our development efforts will have to manage with multiple frameworks while we work to supply the economic engine to sustain an open internet. However, our goal is still to provide diverse content and voices to as many connected users as possible around the world.</p> + <p>That is user experience.</p> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td>IAB Tech Lab Members can join the IAB Tech Lab Ad Blocking Working Group, please email <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> for more information.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p>Read <a target="_blank" href="http://www.iab.com/insights/ad-blocking/">more about ad blocking here</a>.</p> + </div> +</div>
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class="article__author">By + Scott Cunningham </div> + </div> + + <div class="article__image"> + <img alt="Getting LEAN with Digital Ad UX 1" src="http://www.iab.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/getting-lean-with-digital-ad-ux-2-1000x305.jpg" /> + <div class="social-sharing"> + <a href="#" class="icon--red-bg"> + <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use xlink:href="#icon-share" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/></svg> + </a> + <ul class="social-sharing__icons"> + <li class="social-sharing__icon"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iab.com%2Fnews%2Flean&title=Getting%20LEAN%20with%20Digital%20Ad%20UX" data-pagepath="http://www.iab.com/news/lean" data-target="Getting LEAN with Digital Ad UX" data-action="share" data-network="facebook" class="js-social-share"> + <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use xlink:href="#icon-facebook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/></svg> + </a> + </li> + <li class="social-sharing__icon"> + <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet/?text=Getting+LEAN+with+Digital+Ad+UX&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iab.com%2Fnews%2Flean&via=iab" data-pagepath="http://www.iab.com/news/lean" data-target="Getting LEAN with Digital Ad UX" data-action="share" data-network="twitter" class="js-social-share"> + <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use xlink:href="#icon-twitter" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/></svg> + </a> + </li> + <li class="social-sharing__icon"> + <a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&title=Getting+LEAN+with+Digital+Ad+UX&url=http://www.iab.com/news/lean&summary=We+messed+up.+As+technologists%2C+tasked+with+delivering+content+and+services+to+users%2C+we+lost+track+of+the+user+experience.+Twenty+years+ago+we+saw+an+explosion+of+websites%2C+built+by+developers+around+the+world%2C+providing+all+forms+of+content.+This+was+the+beginning+of+an+age+of+enlightenment%2C+the+intersection+of+content+and+technology.+%26hellip%3B+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iab.com%2Fnews%2Flean%22%3EContinued%3C%2Fa%3E" data-pagepath="http://www.iab.com/news/lean" data-target="Getting LEAN with Digital Ad UX" data-action="share" class="js-social-share"> + <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use xlink:href="#icon-linkedin" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/></svg> + </a> + </li> + </ul> +</div> + <!-- --> + </div> + + <div class="container module--news"> + <div class="article__content"> + <p>We messed up. As technologists, tasked with delivering content and services to users, we lost track of the user experience.</p> +<p>Twenty years ago we saw an explosion of websites, built by developers around the world, providing all forms of content. This was the beginning of an age of enlightenment, the intersection of content and technology. Many of us in the technical field felt compelled, and even empowered, to produce information as the distribution means for mass communication were no longer restricted by a high barrier to entry.</p> +<p>In 2000, the dark ages came when the dot-com bubble burst. We were told that our startups were gone or that our divisions sustained by corporate parent companies needed to be in the black. It was a wakeup call that led to a renaissance age. Digital advertising became the foundation of an economic engine that, still now, sustains the free and democratic World Wide Web. In digital publishing, we strived to balance content, commerce, and technology. The content management systems and communication gateways we built to inform and entertain populations around the world disrupted markets and in some cases governments, informed communities of imminent danger, and liberated new forms of art and entertainment—all while creating a digital middle class of small businesses.</p> +<p>We engineered not just the technical, but also the social and economic foundation that users around the world came to lean on for access to real time information. And users came to expect this information whenever and wherever they needed it. And more often than not, for anybody with a connected device, it was free.</p> +<p>This was choice—powered by digital advertising—and premised on user experience.</p> +<p>But we messed up.</p> +<p>Through our pursuit of further automation and maximization of margins during the industrial age of media technology, we built advertising technology to optimize publishers’ yield of marketing budgets that had eroded after the last recession. Looking back now, our scraping of dimes may have cost us dollars in consumer loyalty. The fast, scalable systems of targeting users with ever-heftier advertisements have slowed down the public internet and drained more than a few batteries. We were so clever and so good at it that we over-engineered the capabilities of the plumbing laid down by, well, ourselves. This steamrolled the users, depleted their devices, and tried their patience.</p> +<p>The rise of ad blocking poses a threat to the internet and could potentially drive users to an enclosed platform world dominated by a few companies. We have let the fine equilibrium of content, commerce, and technology get out of balance in the open web. We had, and still do have, a responsibility to educate the business side, and in some cases to push back. We lost sight of our social and ethical responsibility to provide a safe, usable experience for anyone and everyone wanting to consume the content of their choice.</p> +<p>We need to bring that back into alignment, starting right now.</p> +<p><a href="http://www.iab.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/getting-lean-with-digital-ad-ux.jpg"><img width="300" height="250" alt="Getting LEAN with Digital Ad UX" src="http://www.iab.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/getting-lean-with-digital-ad-ux-300x250.jpg" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-15403" /></a>Today, the IAB Tech Lab is launching the L.E.A.N. Ads program. Supported by the Executive Committee of the IAB Tech Lab Board, IABs around the world, and hundreds of member companies, L.E.A.N. stands for Light, Encrypted, Ad choice supported, Non-invasive ads. These are principles that will help guide the next phases of advertising technical standards for the global digital advertising supply chain.</p> +<p>As with any other industry, standards should be created by non-profit standards-setting bodies, with many diverse voices providing input. We will invite all parties for public comment, and make sure consumer interest groups have the opportunity to provide input.</p> +<p>L.E.A.N. Ads do not replace the current advertising standards many consumers still enjoy and engage with while consuming content on our sites across all IP enabled devices. Rather, these principles will guide an alternative set of standards that provide choice for marketers, content providers, and consumers.</p> +<p>Among the many areas of concentration, we must also address frequency capping on retargeting in Ad Tech and make sure a user is targeted appropriately before, but never AFTER they make a purchase. If we are so good at reach and scale, we can be just as good, if not better, at moderation. Additionally, we must address volume of ads per page as well as continue on the path to viewability. The dependencies here are critical to an optimized user experience.</p> +<p>The consumer is demanding these actions, challenging us to do better, and we must respond.</p> +<p>The IAB Tech Lab will continue to provide the tools for publishers in the digital supply chain to have a dialogue with users about their choices so that content providers can generate revenue while creating value. Publishers should have the opportunity to provide rich advertising experiences, L.E.A.N. advertising experiences, and subscription services. Or publishers can simply deny their service to users who choose to keep on blocking ads. That is all part of elasticity of consumer tolerance and choice.</p> +<p>Finally, we must do this in an increasingly fragmented market, across screens. We must do this in environments where entire sites are blocked, purposefully or not. Yes, it is disappointing that our development efforts will have to manage with multiple frameworks while we work to supply the economic engine to sustain an open internet. However, our goal is still to provide diverse content and voices to as many connected users as possible around the world.</p> +<p>That is user experience.</p> +<p> </p> +<table style="background-color: #cccccc;"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>IAB Tech Lab Members can join the IAB Tech Lab Ad Blocking Working Group, please email <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> for more information.</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p>Read <a target="_blank" href="http://www.iab.com/insights/ad-blocking/">more about ad blocking here</a>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + +<aside id="post-author" class="author container"> + <div class="clearfix"> + <figure class="author__img"><img alt="Auto Draft 14" src="http://www.iab.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/auto-draft-16-150x150.jpg" /></figure> + <div class="author__text"> + <h4 class="author__text__heading">About the author</h4> + <div class="author__text__content"><strong>Scott Cunningham</strong></div> + <div class="author__text__content">Senior Vice President of Technology and Ad Operations at IAB, and General Manager of the IAB Tech Lab</div> + </div> + </div> +</aside> +</article> +<div class="module module--related"> + + <h2 class="heading--block">Related Content</h2> + + <div class="article-list container"> + + <article data-sort="2015-09-28T16:06:35+00:00" class="media article-list__item" id="related-13427"> + <a href="http://www.iab.com/news/iab-tech-lab-releases-updated-iab-html5-for-digital-advertising-guide-for-public-comment" class="media__link"> + + <div class="media__details no-featured-image"> + <h2 class="media__details__title article-list__item__title">IAB Tech Lab Releases Updated ‘IAB HTML5 for Digital Advertising Guide’ for Public Comment</h2> + <div class="media__details__meta"> + <time>09.28.15</time> + </div> + </div> + </a> + </article> + + <article data-sort="2015-09-22T15:16:51+00:00" class="media--inset article-list__item" id="related-13027"> + <a 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Kooman +Intended Status: Proposed Standard (independent) +Expires: 18 June 2015 15 December 2014 + + + <span class="h1">remoteStorage</span> + +Abstract + + This draft describes a protocol by which client-side applications, + running inside a web browser, can communicate with a data storage + server that is hosted on a different domain name. This way, the + provider of a web application need not also play the role of data + storage provider. The protocol supports storing, retrieving, and + removing individual documents, as well as listing the contents of an + individual folder, and access control is based on bearer tokens. + +Status of this Memo + + This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the + provisions of <a href="http://fakehost/test/bcp78">BCP 78</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/test/bcp79">BCP 79</a>. + + Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering + Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute + working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- + Drafts is at <a href="http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/">http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/</a>. + + Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months + and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any + time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference + material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." + + This Internet-Draft will expire on 15 December 2014. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to <a href="http://fakehost/test/bcp78">BCP 78</a> and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (<a href="http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info">http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info</a>) in effect on the date of + publication of this document. Please review these documents + carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect + to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must + include Simplified BSD License text as described in <a href="#section-4">Section 4</a>.e of + the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as + described in the Simplified BSD License. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 1]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-2" id="page-2" href="#page-2" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + +Table of Contents + + <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction...................................................<a href="#page-2">2</a> + <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Terminology....................................................<a href="#page-3">3</a> + <a href="#section-3">3</a>. Storage model..................................................<a href="#page-3">3</a> + <a href="#section-4">4</a>. Requests.......................................................<a href="#page-4">4</a> + <a href="#section-5">5</a>. Response codes.................................................<a href="#page-7">7</a> + <a href="#section-6">6</a>. Versioning.....................................................<a href="#page-7">7</a> + <a href="#section-7">7</a>. CORS headers...................................................<a href="#page-8">8</a> + <a href="#section-8">8</a>. Session description............................................<a href="#page-8">8</a> + <a href="#section-9">9</a>. Bearer tokens and access control...............................<a href="#page-9">9</a> + <a href="#section-10">10</a>. Application-first bearer token issuance.......................<a href="#page-10">10</a> + <a href="#section-11">11</a>. Storage-first bearer token issuance...........................<a href="#page-11">11</a> + <a href="#section-12">12</a>. Example wire transcripts......................................<a href="#page-12">12</a> + <a href="#section-12.1">12.1</a>. WebFinger................................................<a href="#page-12">12</a> + <a href="#section-12.2">12.2</a>. OAuth dialog form........................................<a href="#page-13">13</a> + <a href="#section-12.3">12.3</a>. OAuth dialog form submission.............................<a href="#page-14">14</a> + <a href="#section-12.4">12.4</a>. OPTIONS preflight........................................<a href="#page-15">15</a> + <a href="#section-12.5">12.5</a>. Initial PUT..............................................<a href="#page-15">15</a> + <a href="#section-12.6">12.6</a>. Subsequent PUT...........................................<a href="#page-16">16</a> + <a href="#section-12.7">12.7</a>. GET......................................................<a href="#page-16">16</a> + <a href="#section-12.8">12.8</a>. DELETE...................................................<a href="#page-17">17</a> + <a href="#section-13">13</a>. Distributed versioning........................................<a href="#page-17">17</a> + <a href="#section-14">14</a>. Security Considerations.......................................<a href="#page-19">19</a> + <a href="#section-15">15</a>. IANA Considerations...........................................<a href="#page-20">20</a> + <a href="#section-16">16</a>. Acknowledgments...............................................<a href="#page-20">20</a> + <a href="#section-17">17</a>. References....................................................<a href="#page-21">21</a> + <a href="#section-17.1">17.1</a>. Normative References.....................................<a href="#page-21">21</a> + <a href="#section-17.2">17.2</a>. Informative References...................................<a href="#page-21">21</a> + <a href="#section-18">18</a>. Authors' addresses............................................<a href="#page-22">22</a> + + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span> + + Many services for data storage are available over the internet. This + specification describes a vendor-independent interface for such + services. It is based on https, CORS and bearer tokens. The + metaphor for addressing data on the storage is that of folders + containing documents and subfolders. The actions the interface + exposes are: + + * GET a folder: retrieve the names and current versions of the + documents and subfolders currently contained by the folder + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 2]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-3" id="page-3" href="#page-3" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + * GET a document: retrieve its content type, current version, + and contents + + * PUT a document: store a new version, its content type, and + contents, conditional on the current version + + * DELETE a document: remove it from the storage, conditional on + the current version + + * HEAD a folder or document: like GET, but omitting the response + body + + The exact details of these four actions are described in this + specification. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Terminology</span> + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc2119">RFC 2119</a> [<a href="#ref-WORDS">WORDS</a>]. + + "SHOULD" and "SHOULD NOT" are appropriate when valid exceptions to a + general requirement are known to exist or appear to exist, and it is + infeasible or impractical to enumerate all of them. However, they + should not be interpreted as permitting implementors to fail to + implement the general requirement when such failure would result in + interoperability failure. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Storage model</span> + + The server stores data in nodes that form a tree structure. + Internal nodes are called 'folders' and leaf nodes are called + 'documents'. For a folder, the server stores references to nodes + contained in the folder, and it should be able to produce a list of + them, with for each contained item: + + * item name + * item type (folder or document) + * current version + * content type + * content length + + For a document, the server stores, and should be able to produce: + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 3]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-4" id="page-4" href="#page-4" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + * current version + * content type + * content length + * content + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Requests</span> + + Client-to-server requests SHOULD be made over https [<a href="#ref-HTTPS">HTTPS</a>], and + servers MUST comply with HTTP/1.1 [<a href="#ref-HTTP">HTTP</a>]. Specifically, they + MUST support chunked transfer coding on PUT requests. Servers MAY + also offer an optional switch from https to SPDY [<a href="#ref-SPDY">SPDY</a>]. + + A request is considered successful if the HTTP response code is in + the 2xx range (e.g. 200 OK, 201 Created), and unsuccessful if an + error occurred or a condition was not met (response code e.g. 404 + Not Found, 304 Not Modified). + + The root folder of the storage tree is represented by the following + URL: + + URI_ENCODE( <storage_root> '/' ) + + Subsequently, if <parent_folder> is the URL of a folder, then the + URL of an item contained in it is: + + URI_ENCODE( <parent_folder> <document_name> ) + + for a document, or: + + URI_ENCODE( <parent_folder> <folder_name> '/' ) + + for a folder. Item names MAY contain all characters except '/' and + the null character, and MUST NOT have zero length. + + A document description is a map containing one string-valued 'ETag' + field, one string-valued 'Content-Type' and one integer-valued + 'Content-Length' field. They represent the document's current + version, its content type, and its content length respectively. Note + that content length is measured in octets (bytes), not in + characters. + + A folder description is a map containing a string-valued 'ETag' + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 4]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-5" id="page-5" href="#page-5" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + field, representing the folder's current version. + + A successful GET request to a folder MUST be responded to with a + JSON-LD [<a href="#ref-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a>] document (content type 'application/ld+json'), + containing as its 'items' field a map in which contained documents + appear as entries <item_name> to a document description, and + contained non-empty folders appear as entries <item_name> '/' to a + folder description. It MUST also contain an '@context' field with + the value 'http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-description'. For + instance: + + { + "@context": "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-description">http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-description</a>", + "items": { + "abc": { + "ETag": "DEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEF", + "Content-Type": "image/jpeg", + "Content-Length": 82352 + }, + "def/": { + "ETag": "1337ABCD1337ABCD1337ABCD" + } + } + } + + All folders are treated as existing, and therefore GET requests to + untouched folders SHOULD be responded to with a folder description + with no items (the items field set to '{}'). However, an empty + folder MUST NOT be listed as an item in its parent folder. + + Also, since folders exist automatically, PUT and DELETE requests + only need to be made to documents, and never to folders. A document + PUT will make all ancestor folders along its path become non-empty; + deleting the last document from a subtree will make that whole + subtree become empty. Folders will therefore show up in their parent + folder descriptions if and only if their subtree contains at least + one document. + + A successful GET request to a document SHOULD be responded to with + the full document contents in the body, the document's content type + in a 'Content-Type' header, its content length in octets (not in + characters) in a 'Content-Length' header, and the document's current + version as a strong ETag in an 'ETag' header. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 5]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-6" id="page-6" href="#page-6" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + Note that the use of strong ETags prohibits changing the response + body based on request headers; in particular, the server will not be + able to serve the same document uncompressed to some clients and + gzipped when requested by the client, since the two bodies would not + be identical byte-for-byte. + + Servers MAY support Content-Range headers [<a href="#ref-RANGE">RANGE</a>] on GET requests, + but whether or not they do SHOULD be announced through the <ranges> + variable mentioned below in <a href="#section-10">section 10</a>. + + A successful PUT request to a document MUST result in: + + * the request body being stored as the document's new content, + * parent and further ancestor folders being silently created as + necessary, with the document (name and version) being added to + its parent folder, and each folder added to its subsequent + parent, + * the value of its Content-Type header being stored as the + document's new content type, + * its version being updated, as well as that of its parent folder + and further ancestor folders, using a strong validator [HTTP, + <a href="#section-7.2">section 7.2</a>]. + + The response MUST contain a strong ETag header, with the document's + new version (for instance a hash of its contents) as its value. + + A successful DELETE request to a document MUST result in: + + * the deletion of that document from the storage, and from its + parent folder, + * silent deletion of the parent folder if it is left empty by + this, and so on for further ancestor folders, + * the version of its parent folder being updated, as well as that + of further ancestor folders. + + A successful OPTIONS request SHOULD be responded to as described in + the CORS section below. + + A successful HEAD request SHOULD be responded to like to the + equivalent GET request, but omitting the response body. + + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 6]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-7" id="page-7" href="#page-7" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Response codes</span> + + Response codes SHOULD be given as defined by [HTTP, <a href="#section-6">section 6</a>] and + [BEARER, <a href="#section-3.1">section 3.1</a>]. The following is a non-normative checklist + of status codes that are likely to occur in practice: + + * 500 if an internal server error occurs, + * 429 if the client makes too frequent requests or is suspected + of malicious activity, + * 414 if the request URI is too long, + * 416 if Range requests are supported by the server and the Range + request can not be satisfied, + * 401 for all requests that don't have a bearer token with + sufficient permissions, + * 404 for all DELETE and GET requests to documents that do not + exist on the storage, + * 304 for a conditional GET request whose pre-condition + fails (see "Versioning" below), + * 409 for a PUT request where any folder name in the path + clashes with an existing document's name at the same + level, or where the document name coincides with an + existing folder's name at the same level. + * 412 for a conditional PUT or DELETE request whose pre-condition + fails (see "Versioning" below), + * 507 in case the account is over its storage quota, + * 4xx for all malformed requests (e.g. foreign characters in the + path), as well as for all PUT and DELETE requests to + folders, + * 2xx for all successful requests. + + Clients SHOULD also handle the case where a response takes too long + to arrive, or where no response is received at all. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. Versioning</span> + + All successful requests MUST return an 'ETag' header [<a href="#ref-HTTP">HTTP</a>] with, in + the case of GET, the current version, in the case of PUT, the new + version, and in case of DELETE, the version that was deleted. All + successful GET requests MUST return an 'Expires: 0' header. PUT and + DELETE requests MAY have an 'If-Match' request header [<a href="#ref-COND">COND</a>], and + MUST fail with a 412 response code if that doesn't match the + document's current version. + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 7]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-8" id="page-8" href="#page-8" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + GET requests MAY have a comma-separated list of revisions in an + 'If-None-Match' header [<a href="#ref-COND">COND</a>], and SHOULD be responded to with a 304 + response if that list includes the document or folder's current + version. A PUT request MAY have an 'If-None-Match: *' header [<a href="#ref-COND">COND</a>], + in which case it MUST fail with a 412 response code if the document + already exists. + + In all 'ETag', 'If-Match' and 'If-None-Match' headers, revision + strings should appear inside double quotes ("). + + A provider MAY offer version rollback functionality to its users, + but this specification does not define the user interface for that. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. CORS headers</span> + + All responses MUST carry CORS headers [<a href="#ref-CORS">CORS</a>]. The server MUST also + reply to OPTIONS requests as per CORS. For GET requests, a wildcard + origin MAY be returned, but for PUT and DELETE requests, the + response MUST echo back the Origin header sent by the client. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Session description</span> + + The information that a client needs to receive in order to be able + to connect to a server SHOULD reach the client as described in the + 'bearer token issuance' sections below. It consists of: + + * <storage_root>, consisting of 'https://' followed by a server + host, and optionally a server port and a path prefix as per + [<a href="#ref-IRI">IRI</a>]. Examples: + * 'https://example.com' (host only) + * 'https://example.com:8080' (host and port) + * 'https://example.com/path/to/storage' (host, port and + path prefix; note there is no trailing slash) + * <access_token> as per [<a href="#ref-OAUTH">OAUTH</a>]. The token SHOULD be hard to + guess and SHOULD NOT be reused from one client to another. It + can however be reused in subsequent interactions with the same + client, as long as that client is still trusted. Example: + * 'ofb24f1ac3973e70j6vts19qr9v2eei' + * <storage_api>, always '<a href="http://fakehost/test/draft-dejong-remotestorage-04">draft-dejong-remotestorage-04</a>' for this + alternative version of the specification. + + The client can make its requests using https with CORS and bearer + tokens, to the URL that is the concatenation of <storage_root> with + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 8]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-9" id="page-9" href="#page-9" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + '/' plus one or more <folder> '/' strings indicating a path in the + folder tree, followed by zero or one <document> strings, indicating + a document. For example, if <storage_root> is + "https://storage.example.com/bob", then to retrieve the folder + contents of the /public/documents/ folder, or to retrieve a + 'draft.txt' document from that folder, the client would make + requests to, respectively: + + * https://storage.example.com/bob/public/documents/ + * https://storage.example.com/bob/public/documents/draft.txt + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. Bearer tokens and access control</span> + + A bearer token represents one or more access scopes. These access + scopes are represented as strings of the form <module> <level>, + where the <module> string SHOULD be lower-case alphanumerical, other + than the reserved word 'public', and <level> can be ':r' or ':rw'. + The access the bearer token gives is the sum of its access scopes, + with each access scope representing the following permissions: + + '*:rw') any request, + + '*:r') any GET or HEAD request, + + <module> ':rw') any requests to paths that start with + '/' <module> '/' or '/public/' <module> '/', + + <module> ':r') any GET or HEAD requests to paths that start with + '/' <module> '/' or '/public/' <module> '/', + + As a special exceptions, GET requests to a document (but not a + folder) whose path starts with '/public/' are always allowed. They, + as well as OPTIONS requests, can be made without a bearer token. + Unless [<a href="#ref-KERBEROS">KERBEROS</a>] is used (see <a href="#section-10">section 10</a> below), all other requests + SHOULD present a bearer token with sufficient access scope, using a + header of the following form (no double quotes here): + + Authorization: Bearer <access_token> + + In addition, providing the access token via a HTTP query parameter + for GET requests MAY be supported by the server, although its use + is not recommended, due to its security deficiencies; see [BEARER, + <a href="#section-2.3">section 2.3</a>]. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 9]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-10" id="page-10" href="#page-10" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. Application-first bearer token issuance</span> + + To make a remoteStorage server available as 'the remoteStorage of + <account> at <host>', exactly one link of the following format + SHOULD be added to the WebFinger record [<a href="#ref-WEBFINGER">WEBFINGER</a>] of <account> at + <host>: + + { + "href": <storage_root>, + "rel": "remotestorage", + "properties": { + "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/version">http://remotestorage.io/spec/version</a>": <storage_api>, + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2</a>": <auth-dialog>, + ... : ... , + } + } + + Here <storage_root> and <storage_api> are as per "Session + description" above, and <auth-dialog> SHOULD be either null or a + URL where an OAuth 2.0 implicit-grant flow dialog [<a href="#ref-OAUTH">OAUTH</a>] is + presented. + + If <auth-dialog> is a URL, the user can supply their credentials + for accessing the account (how, is out of scope), and allow or + reject a request by the connecting application to obtain a bearer + token for a certain list of access scopes. Note that an account + will often belong to just one human user, but may also belong to a + group of multiple users (the remoteStorage of <group> at <host>). + + If <auth-dialog> is null, the client will not have a way to obtain + an access token, and SHOULD send all requests without Authorization + header, and rely on Kerberos [<a href="#ref-KERBEROS">KERBEROS</a>] instead for requests that + would normally be sent with a bearer token, but servers SHOULD NOT + impose any such access barriers for resources that would normally + not require an access token. + + The '...' ellipses indicate that more properties may be present. + Non-breaking examples that have been proposed so far, include a + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3</a>" property, set to + the string value "true" if the server supports passing the bearer + token in the URI query parameter as per section 2.3 of [<a href="#ref-BEARER">BEARER</a>], + instead of in the request header. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 10]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-11" id="page-11" href="#page-11" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + Another example is "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233</a>" with a + string value of "GET" if Content-Range headers are supported for + GET requests as per [<a href="#ref-RANGE">RANGE</a>], "PUT" if they are supported for PUT + requests, and "GET,PUT" if supported for both. + + Both these proposals are non-breaking extensions, since the client + will have a way to work around it if these features are not present + (e.g. retrieve the protected resource asynchronously in the first + case, or request the entire resource in the second case). + + A "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring">http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring</a>" property has been + proposed with a string value of the fully qualified domain name to + which web authoring content is published if the server supports web + authoring as per [<a href="#ref-AUTHORING">AUTHORING</a>]. Note that this extension is a breaking + extension in the sense that it divides users into "haves", whose + remoteStorage accounts allow them to author web content, and + "have-nots", whose remoteStorage account does not support this + functionality. + + The server MAY expire bearer tokens, and MAY require the user to + register applications as OAuth clients before first use; if no + client registration is required, then the server MAY ignore the + client_id parameter in favor of relying on the redirect_uri + parameter for client identification. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. Storage-first bearer token issuance</span> + + The provider MAY also present a dashboard to the user, where they + have some way to add open web app manifests [<a href="#ref-MANIFEST">MANIFEST</a>]. Adding a + manifest to the dashboard is considered equivalent to clicking + 'accept' in the dialog of the application-first flow. Removing one + is considered equivalent to revoking its access token. + + As an equivalent to OAuth's 'scope' parameter, a 'datastores-access' + field SHOULD be present in the root of such an application manifest + document, with entries <module> -> '{"access": "readonly"}' for + <level> 'r' or '{"access": "readwrite"}' for <level> 'rw', as + prescribed in [<a href="#ref-DATASTORE">DATASTORE</a>]. + + When the user gestures they want to use a certain application whose + manifest is present on the dashboard, the dashboard SHOULD redirect + to the application or open it in a new window. To mimic coming back + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 11]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-12" id="page-12" href="#page-12" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + from the OAuth dialog, it MAY add 'access_token' and 'scope' + fields to the URL fragment. + + Regardless of whether 'access_token' and 'scope' are specified, it + SHOULD add a 'remotestorage' field to the URL fragment, with a + value of the form <account> '@' <host>. When the application detects + this parameter, it SHOULD resolve the WebFinger record for <account> + at <host> and extract the <storage_root> and <storage_api> + information. + + If no access_token was given, then the application SHOULD also + extract the <auth_endpoint> information from WebFinger, and continue + as per application-first bearer token issuance. + + Note that whereas a remoteStorage server SHOULD offer support for + the application-first flow with WebFinger and OAuth, it MAY choose + not to support the storage-first flow, provided that users will + easily remember their <account> '@' <host> WebFinger address at that + provider. Applications SHOULD, however, support both flows, which + means checking the URL for a 'remotestorage' parameter, but giving + the user a way to specify the WebFinger address if there is none. + + If a server provides an application manifest dashboard, then it + SHOULD merge the list of applications there with the list of + issued access tokens as specified by OAuth into one list. Also, + the interface for revoking an access token as specified by OAuth + SHOULD coincide with removing an application from the dashboard. + + Servers MAY also provide a way to create access tokens directly from + their user interface. Such functionality would be aimed mainly at + developers, to manually copy and paste a token into a script or + debug tool, thus bypassing the need for an OAuth dance. Clients + SHOULD NOT rely on this in production. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. Example wire transcripts</span> + + The following examples are not normative ("\" indicates a line was + wrapped). + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.1" href="#section-12.1">12.1</a>. WebFinger</span> + + In application-first, an in-browser application might issue the + following request, using XMLHttpRequest and CORS: + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 12]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-13" id="page-13" href="#page-13" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + GET /.well-known/webfinger?resource=acct:michiel@michielbdejon\ +g.com HTTP/1.1 + Host: michielbdejong.com + + and the server's response might look like this: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * + Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET + Access-Control-Allow-Headers: If-Match, If-None-Match + Access-Control-Expose-Headers: ETag, Content-Length + Content-Type: application/jrd+json + + { + "links":[{ + "href": "<a href="https://michielbdejong.com:7678/inbox">https://michielbdejong.com:7678/inbox</a>", + "rel": "post-me-anything" + }, { + "href": "<a href="https://michielbdejong.com/me.jpg">https://michielbdejong.com/me.jpg</a>", + "rel": "avatar" + }, { + "href": "<a href="https://3pp.io:4439/storage/michiel">https://3pp.io:4439/storage/michiel</a>", + "rel": "remotestorage", + "properties": { + "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/version">http://remotestorage.io/spec/version</a>": "<a href="http://fakehost/test/draft-dejong-re">draft-dejong-re</a>\ +motestorage-04", + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2</a>": "https\ +://3pp.io:4439/oauth/michiel", + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3</a>": false, + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233</a>": false, + "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring">http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring</a>": false + } + }] + } + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.2" href="#section-12.2">12.2</a>. OAuth dialog form</span> + + Once the in-browser application has discovered the server's OAuth + end-point, it will typically redirect the user to this URL, in + order to obtain a bearer token. Say the application is hosted on + <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/</a> and wants read-write access to + the account's "myfavoritedrinks" scope: + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 13]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-14" id="page-14" href="#page-14" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + GET /oauth/michiel?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5\ +apps.com%2F&scope=myfavoritedrinks%3Arw&client_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-\ +unhosted.5apps.com&response_type=token HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io + + The server's response might look like this (truncated for brevity): + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + + <!DOCTYPE html> + <html lang="en"> + <head> + <title>Allow access?</title> + ... + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.3" href="#section-12.3">12.3</a>. OAuth dialog form submission</span> + + When the user submits the form, the request would look something + like this: + + POST /oauth HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Origin: <a href="https://3pp.io:4439">https://3pp.io:4439</a> + Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded + Referer: <a href="https://3pp">https://3pp</a>.io:4439/oauth/michiel?redirect_uri=https%3\ +A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5apps.com%2F&scope=myfavoritedrinks%3Arw&client_\ +id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5apps.com&response_type=token + + client_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5apps.com&redirect_uri=\ +https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5apps.com%2F&response_type=token&scope=my\ +favoritedrinks%3Arw&state=&username=michiel&password=something&allow=Al\ +low + + To which the server could respond with a 302 redirect, back to the + origin of the requesting application: + + HTTP/1.1 302 Found + Location:https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/#access_token=j2YnGt\ +XjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o%3D&token_type=bearer&state= + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.4" href="#section-12.4">12.4</a>. OPTIONS preflight</span> + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 14]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-15" id="page-15" href="#page-15" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + When an in-browser application makes a cross-origin request which + may affect the server-state, the browser will make a preflight + request first, with the OPTIONS verb, for instance: + + OPTIONS /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/ HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Access-Control-Request-Method: GET + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Access-Control-Request-Headers: Authorization + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/</a> + + To which the server can for instance respond: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, PUT, DELETE + Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Authorization, Content-Length, Co\ +ntent-Type, Origin, X-Requested-With, If-Match, If-None-Match + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.5" href="#section-12.5">12.5</a>. Initial PUT</span> + + An initial PUT may contain an 'If-None-Match: *' header, like this: + + PUT /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/test HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Content-Length: 91 + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Authorization: Bearer j2YnGtXjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o= + Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8 + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?</a> + If-None-Match: * + + {"name":"test","@context":"<a href="http://remotestorage">http://remotestorage</a>.io/spec/modules\ +/myfavoritedrinks/drink"} + + And the server may respond with either a 201 Created or a 200 OK + status: + + HTTP/1.1 201 Created + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + ETag: "1382694045000" + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.6" href="#section-12.6">12.6</a>. Subsequent PUT</span> + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 15]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-16" id="page-16" href="#page-16" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + A subsequent PUT may contain an 'If-Match' header referring to the + ETag previously returned, like this: + + PUT /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/test HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Content-Length: 91 + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Authorization: Bearer j2YnGtXjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o= + Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8 + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?</a> + If-Match: "1382694045000" + + {"name":"test", "updated":true, "@context":"http://remotestorag\ +e.io/spec/modules/myfavoritedrinks/drink"} + + And the server may respond with a 412 Conflict or a 200 OK status: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + ETag: "1382694048000" + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.7" href="#section-12.7">12.7</a>. GET</span> + + A GET request would also include the bearer token, and optionally + an If-None-Match header: + + GET /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/test HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Authorization: Bearer j2YnGtXjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o= + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?</a> + If-None-Match: "1382694045000", "1382694048000" + + And the server may respond with a 304 Not Modified status: + + HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + ETag: "1382694048000" + + Or a 200 OK status, plus a response body: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 16]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-17" id="page-17" href="#page-17" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8 + Content-Length: 106 + ETag: "1382694048000" + Expires: 0 + + {"name":"test", "updated":true, "@context":"http://remotestora\ +ge.io/spec/modules/myfavoritedrinks/drink"} + + If the GET URL would have been "/storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/", + a 200 OK response would have a folder description as the response + body: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Content-Type: application/ld+json + Content-Length: 171 + ETag: "1382694048000" + Expires: 0 + + {"@context":"<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-version">http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-version</a>","ite\ +ms":{"test":{"ETag":"1382694048000","Content-Type":"application/json; \ +charset=UTF-8","Content-Length":106}}} + + If the GET URL would have been a non-existing document like + "/storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/x", the response would have a 404 + Not Found status, and no ETag header: + + HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.8" href="#section-12.8">12.8</a>. DELETE</span> + + A DELETE request may look like this: + + DELETE /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/test HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Authorization: Bearer j2YnGtXjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o= + Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8 + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?</a> + If-Match: "1382694045000" + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 17]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-18" id="page-18" href="#page-18" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + And the server may respond with a 412 Conflict or a 200 OK status: + + HTTP/1.1 412 Conflict + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + ETag: "1382694048000" + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>. Distributed versioning</span> + + This section is non-normative, and is intended to explain some of + the design choices concerning ETags and folder listings. At the + same time it will hopefully help readers who intend to develop an + application that uses remoteStorage as its per-user data storage. + When multiple clients have read/write access to the same document, + versioning conflicts may occur. For instance, client A may make + a PUT request that changes the document from version 1 to version + 2, after which client B may make a PUT request attempting to change + the same document from version 1 to version 3. + + In this case, client B can add an 'If-Match: "1"' header, which + would trigger a 412 Conflict response code, since the current + version ("2") does not match the version required as a condition by + the header If-Match header ("1"). + + Client B is now aware of the conflict, and may consult the user, + saying the update to version 3 failed. The user may then choose, + through the user interface of client B, whether version 2 or + version 3 should be kept, or maybe the document should be reverted + on the server to version 1, or a merged version 4 is needed. Client + B may then make a request that puts the document to the version the + user wishes; this time setting an 'If-Match: "2"' header instead. + + Both client A and client B would periodically poll the root + folder of each scope they have access to, to see if the version + of the root folder changed. If it did, then one of the versions + listed in there will necessarily have changed, and the client can + make a GET request to that child folder or document, to obtain + its latest version. + + Because an update in a document will result in a version change of + its containing folder, and that change will propagate all the way + to the root folder, it is not necessary to poll each document for + changes individually. + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 18]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-19" id="page-19" href="#page-19" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + As an example, the root folder may contain 10 directories, + each of which contain 10 directories, which each contain 10 + documents, so their paths would be for instance '/0/0/1', '/0/0/2', + etcetera. Then one GET request to the root folder '/' will be + enough to know if any of these 1000 documents has changed. + + Say document '/7/9/2' has changed; then the GET request to '/' will + come back with a different ETag, and entry '7/' will have a + different value in its JSON content. The client could then request + '/7/', '/7/9/', and '/7/9/2' to narrow down the one document that + caused the root folder's ETag to change. + + Note that the remoteStorage server does not get involved in the + conflict resolution. It keeps the canonical current version at all + times, and allows clients to make conditional GET and PUT requests, + but it is up to whichever client discovers a given version + conflict, to resolve it. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-14" href="#section-14">14</a>. Security Considerations</span> + + To prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, the use of https instead of + http is important for both the interface itself and all end-points + involved in WebFinger, OAuth, and (if present) the storage-first + application launch dashboard. + + A malicious party could link to an application, but specifying a + remoteStorage account address that it controls, thus tricking the + user into using a trusted application to send sensitive data to the + wrong remoteStorage server. To mitigate this, applications SHOULD + clearly display to which remoteStorage server they are sending the + user's data. + + Applications could request scopes that the user did not intend to + give access to. The user SHOULD always be prompted to carefully + review which scopes an application is requesting. + + An application may upload malicious html pages and then trick the + user into visiting them, or upload malicious client-side scripts, + that take advantage of being hosted on the user's domain name. The + origin on which the remoteStorage server has its interface SHOULD + therefore NOT be used for anything else, and the user SHOULD be + warned not to visit any web pages on that origin. In particular, the + OAuth dialog and launch dashboard or token revokation interface + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 19]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-20" id="page-20" href="#page-20" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + SHOULD be on a different origin than the remoteStorage interface. + + Where the use of bearer tokens is impractical, a user may choose to + store documents on hard-to-guess URLs whose path after + <storage_root> starts with '/public/', while sharing this URL only + with the intended audience. That way, only parties who know the + document's hard-to-guess URL, can access it. The server SHOULD + therefore make an effort to detect and stop brute-force attacks that + attempt to guess the location of such documents. + + The server SHOULD also detect and stop denial-of-service attacks + that aim to overwhelm its interface with too much traffic. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-15" href="#section-15">15</a>. IANA Considerations</span> + + This document registers the 'remotestorage' link relation, as well + as the following WebFinger properties: + * "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/version">http://remotestorage.io/spec/version</a>" + * "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2</a>" + * "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3</a>" + * "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233</a>" + * "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring">http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring</a>" + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-16" href="#section-16">16</a>. Acknowledgements</span> + + The authors would like to thank everybody who contributed to the + development of this protocol, including Kenny Bentley, Javier Diaz, + Daniel Groeber, Bjarni Runar, Jan Wildeboer, Charles Schultz, Peter + Svensson, Valer Mischenko, Michiel Leenaars, Jan-Christoph + Borchardt, Garret Alfert, Sebastian Kippe, Max Wiehle, Melvin + Carvalho, Martin Stadler, Geoffroy Couprie, Niklas Cathor, Marco + Stahl, James Coglan, Ken Eucker, Daniel Brolund, elf Pavlik, Nick + Jennings, Markus Sabadello, Steven te Brinke, Matthias Treydte, + Rick van Rein, Mark Nottingham, Julian Reschke, and Markus + Lanthaler, among many others. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-17" href="#section-17">17</a>. References</span> + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-17.1" href="#section-17.1">17.1</a>. Normative References</span> + + [<a name="ref-WORDS" id="ref-WORDS">WORDS</a>] + Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement + Levels", <a href="http://fakehost/test/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 20]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-21" id="page-21" href="#page-21" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + [<a name="ref-IRI" id="ref-IRI">IRI</a>] + Duerst, M., "Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)", + <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc3987">RFC 3987</a>, January 2005. + + [<a name="ref-WEBFINGER" id="ref-WEBFINGER">WEBFINGER</a>] + Jones, P., Salguerio, G., Jones, M, and Smarr, J., + "WebFinger", <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc7033">RFC7033</a>, September 2013. + + [<a name="ref-OAUTH" id="ref-OAUTH">OAUTH</a>] + "<a href="#section-4.2">Section 4.2</a>: Implicit Grant", in: Hardt, D. (ed), "The OAuth + 2.0 Authorization Framework", <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc6749">RFC6749</a>, October 2012. + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-17.2" href="#section-17.2">17.2</a>. Informative References</span> + + [<a name="ref-HTTPS" id="ref-HTTPS">HTTPS</a>] + Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc2818">RFC2818</a>, May 2000. + + [<a name="ref-HTTP" id="ref-HTTP">HTTP</a>] + Fielding et al., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): + Semantics and Content", <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc7231">RFC7231</a>, June 2014. + + [<a name="ref-COND" id="ref-COND">COND</a>] + Fielding et al., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): + Conditional Requests", <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc7232">RFC7232</a>, June 2014. + + [<a name="ref-RANGE" id="ref-RANGE">RANGE</a>] + Fielding et al., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): + Conditional Requests", <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc7233">RFC7233</a>, June 2014. + + [<a name="ref-SPDY" id="ref-SPDY">SPDY</a>] + Mark Belshe, Roberto Peon, "SPDY Protocol - Draft 3.1", <a href="http://www.chromium.org/spdy/spdy-protocol/spdy-protocol-draft3-1">http://</a> + <a href="http://www.chromium.org/spdy/spdy-protocol/spdy-protocol-draft3-1">www.chromium.org/spdy/spdy-protocol/spdy-protocol-draft3-1</a>, + September 2013. + + [<a name="ref-JSON-LD" id="ref-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a>] + M. Sporny, G. Kellogg, M. Lanthaler, "JSON-LD 1.0", W3C + Proposed Recommendation, + <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-json-ld-20140116/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-json-ld-20140116/</a>, January 2014. + + [<a name="ref-CORS" id="ref-CORS">CORS</a>] + van Kesteren, Anne (ed), "Cross-Origin Resource Sharing -- + W3C Candidate Recommendation 29 January 2013", + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 21]</span> +</pre><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-22" id="page-22" href="#page-22" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/">http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/</a>, January 2013. + + [<a name="ref-MANIFEST" id="ref-MANIFEST">MANIFEST</a>] + Mozilla Developer Network (ed), "App manifest -- Revision + 330541", <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-">https://developer.mozilla.org/en-</a> + US/Apps/Build/Manifest$revision/566677, April 2014. + + [<a name="ref-DATASTORE" id="ref-DATASTORE">DATASTORE</a>] + "WebAPI/DataStore", MozillaWiki, retrieved May 2014. + <a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/WebAPI/DataStore#Manifest">https://wiki.mozilla.org/WebAPI/DataStore#Manifest</a> + + [<a name="ref-KERBEROS" id="ref-KERBEROS">KERBEROS</a>] + C. Neuman et al., "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service + (V5)", <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc4120">RFC4120</a>, July 2005. + + [<a name="ref-BEARER" id="ref-BEARER">BEARER</a>] + M. Jones, D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework: + Bearer Token Usage", <a href="http://fakehost/test/rfc6750">RFC6750</a>, October 2012. + + [] + "Using remoteStorage for web authoring", reSite wiki, retrieved + September 2014. <a href="https://github.com/michielbdejong/resite/wiki">https://github.com/michielbdejong/resite/wiki</a> + /Using-remoteStorage-for-web-authoring + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-18" href="#section-18">18</a>. Authors' addresses</span> + + Michiel B. de Jong + IndieHosters + + Email: [email protected] + + + F. Kooman + (independent) + + Email: [email protected] + + + + + + + + + +de Jong [Page 22] + +</pre> + <br/> <span class="noprint"><small><small>Html markup produced by rfcmarkup 1.111, available from +<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/">https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/</a> +</small></small></span> </div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/ietf-1/source.html b/test/test-pages/ietf-1/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ded744e --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/ietf-1/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,1269 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head profile="http://dublincore.org/documents/2008/08/04/dc-html/"> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + <meta name="robots" content="index,follow" /> + <meta name="creator" content="rfcmarkup version 1.111" /> + <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> +<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="urn:ietf:id:dejong-remotestorage" /> +<meta name="DC.Description.Abstract" content="This draft describes a protocol by which client-side applications, +running inside a web browser, can communicate with a data storage +server that is hosted on a different domain name. This way, the +provider of a web application need not also play the role of data +storage provider. The protocol supports storing, retrieving, and +removing individual documents, as well as listing the contents of an +individual folder, and access control is based on bearer tokens." /> +<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Kooman, F." /> +<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Jong, Michiel de" /> +<meta name="DC.Date.Issued" content="2014-12-15" /> +<meta name="DC.Title" content="remoteStorage" /> + + <link rel="icon" href="/images/id.png" type="image/png" /> + <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/id.png" type="image/png" /> + <title>draft-dejong-remotestorage-04 - remoteStorage</title> + + + <style type="text/css"> + body { + margin: 0px 8px; + font-size: 1em; + } + h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, .h1, .h2, .h3, .h4, .h5, .h6 { + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 0pt; + display: inline; + white-space: pre; + font-family: monospace; + font-size: 1em; + font-weight: bold; + } + pre { + font-size: 1em; + margin-top: 0px; + margin-bottom: 0px; + } + .pre { + white-space: pre; + font-family: monospace; 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+ function showElem(id) { + var elem = document.getElementById(id); + elem.innerHTML = eval(id+"_html"); + elem.style.visibility='visible'; + } + function hideElem(id) { + var elem = document.getElementById(id); + elem.style.visibility='hidden'; + elem.innerHTML = ""; + } + // --> + </script> +</head> +<body onload="addHeaderTags()"> + <div style="height: 13px;"> + <div onmouseover="this.style.cursor='pointer';" + onclick="showElem('legend');" + onmouseout="hideElem('legend')" + style="height: 6px; position: absolute;" + class="pre noprint docinfo bgred" + title="Click for colour legend." > </div> + <div id="legend" + class="docinfo noprint pre legend" + style="position:absolute; top: 4px; left: 4ex; visibility:hidden; background-color: white; padding: 4px 9px 5px 7px; border: solid #345 1px; " + onmouseover="showElem('legend');" + onmouseout="hideElem('legend');"> + </div> + </div> +<span class="pre noprint docinfo top">[<a href="../html/" title="Document search and retrieval page">Docs</a>] [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-dejong-remotestorage-04.txt" title="Plaintext version of this document">txt</a>|<a href="/pdf/draft-dejong-remotestorage-04.txt" title="PDF version of this document">pdf</a>] [<a href='https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-dejong-remotestorage' title='IESG Datatracker information for this document'>Tracker</a>] [<a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=draft-dejong-remotestorage%20" title="Send email to the document authors">Email</a>] [<a href="/rfcdiff?difftype=--hwdiff&url2=draft-dejong-remotestorage-04.txt" title="Inline diff (wdiff)">Diff1</a>] [<a href="/rfcdiff?url2=draft-dejong-remotestorage-04.txt" title="Side-by-side diff">Diff2</a>] [<a href="/idnits?url=https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-dejong-remotestorage-04.txt" title="Run an idnits check of this document">Nits</a>] </span><br /> +<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> </span><br /> +<span class="pre noprint docinfo">Versions: <a href="./draft-dejong-remotestorage-00">00</a> <a href="./draft-dejong-remotestorage-01">01</a> <a href="./draft-dejong-remotestorage-02">02</a> <a href="./draft-dejong-remotestorage-03">03</a> <a href="./draft-dejong-remotestorage-04">04</a> </span><br /> +<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> </span><br /> +<pre>INTERNET DRAFT Michiel B. de Jong +Document: <a href="./draft-dejong-remotestorage-04">draft-dejong-remotestorage-04</a> IndieHosters + F. Kooman +Intended Status: Proposed Standard (independent) +Expires: 18 June 2015 15 December 2014 + + + <span class="h1">remoteStorage</span> + +Abstract + + This draft describes a protocol by which client-side applications, + running inside a web browser, can communicate with a data storage + server that is hosted on a different domain name. This way, the + provider of a web application need not also play the role of data + storage provider. The protocol supports storing, retrieving, and + removing individual documents, as well as listing the contents of an + individual folder, and access control is based on bearer tokens. + +Status of this Memo + + This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the + provisions of <a href="./bcp78">BCP 78</a> and <a href="./bcp79">BCP 79</a>. + + Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering + Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute + working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- + Drafts is at <a href="http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/">http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/</a>. + + Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months + and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any + time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference + material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." + + This Internet-Draft will expire on 15 December 2014. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to <a href="./bcp78">BCP 78</a> and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (<a href="http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info">http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info</a>) in effect on the date of + publication of this document. Please review these documents + carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect + to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must + include Simplified BSD License text as described in <a href="#section-4">Section 4</a>.e of + the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as + described in the Simplified BSD License. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 1]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-2" id="page-2" href="#page-2" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + +Table of Contents + + <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction...................................................<a href="#page-2">2</a> + <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Terminology....................................................<a href="#page-3">3</a> + <a href="#section-3">3</a>. Storage model..................................................<a href="#page-3">3</a> + <a href="#section-4">4</a>. Requests.......................................................<a href="#page-4">4</a> + <a href="#section-5">5</a>. Response codes.................................................<a href="#page-7">7</a> + <a href="#section-6">6</a>. Versioning.....................................................<a href="#page-7">7</a> + <a href="#section-7">7</a>. CORS headers...................................................<a href="#page-8">8</a> + <a href="#section-8">8</a>. Session description............................................<a href="#page-8">8</a> + <a href="#section-9">9</a>. Bearer tokens and access control...............................<a href="#page-9">9</a> + <a href="#section-10">10</a>. Application-first bearer token issuance.......................<a href="#page-10">10</a> + <a href="#section-11">11</a>. Storage-first bearer token issuance...........................<a href="#page-11">11</a> + <a href="#section-12">12</a>. Example wire transcripts......................................<a href="#page-12">12</a> + <a href="#section-12.1">12.1</a>. WebFinger................................................<a href="#page-12">12</a> + <a href="#section-12.2">12.2</a>. OAuth dialog form........................................<a href="#page-13">13</a> + <a href="#section-12.3">12.3</a>. OAuth dialog form submission.............................<a href="#page-14">14</a> + <a href="#section-12.4">12.4</a>. OPTIONS preflight........................................<a href="#page-15">15</a> + <a href="#section-12.5">12.5</a>. Initial PUT..............................................<a href="#page-15">15</a> + <a href="#section-12.6">12.6</a>. Subsequent PUT...........................................<a href="#page-16">16</a> + <a href="#section-12.7">12.7</a>. GET......................................................<a href="#page-16">16</a> + <a href="#section-12.8">12.8</a>. DELETE...................................................<a href="#page-17">17</a> + <a href="#section-13">13</a>. Distributed versioning........................................<a href="#page-17">17</a> + <a href="#section-14">14</a>. Security Considerations.......................................<a href="#page-19">19</a> + <a href="#section-15">15</a>. IANA Considerations...........................................<a href="#page-20">20</a> + <a href="#section-16">16</a>. Acknowledgments...............................................<a href="#page-20">20</a> + <a href="#section-17">17</a>. References....................................................<a href="#page-21">21</a> + <a href="#section-17.1">17.1</a>. Normative References.....................................<a href="#page-21">21</a> + <a href="#section-17.2">17.2</a>. Informative References...................................<a href="#page-21">21</a> + <a href="#section-18">18</a>. Authors' addresses............................................<a href="#page-22">22</a> + + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span> + + Many services for data storage are available over the internet. This + specification describes a vendor-independent interface for such + services. It is based on https, CORS and bearer tokens. The + metaphor for addressing data on the storage is that of folders + containing documents and subfolders. The actions the interface + exposes are: + + * GET a folder: retrieve the names and current versions of the + documents and subfolders currently contained by the folder + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 2]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-3" id="page-3" href="#page-3" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + * GET a document: retrieve its content type, current version, + and contents + + * PUT a document: store a new version, its content type, and + contents, conditional on the current version + + * DELETE a document: remove it from the storage, conditional on + the current version + + * HEAD a folder or document: like GET, but omitting the response + body + + The exact details of these four actions are described in this + specification. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Terminology</span> + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a> [<a href="#ref-WORDS">WORDS</a>]. + + "SHOULD" and "SHOULD NOT" are appropriate when valid exceptions to a + general requirement are known to exist or appear to exist, and it is + infeasible or impractical to enumerate all of them. However, they + should not be interpreted as permitting implementors to fail to + implement the general requirement when such failure would result in + interoperability failure. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Storage model</span> + + The server stores data in nodes that form a tree structure. + Internal nodes are called 'folders' and leaf nodes are called + 'documents'. For a folder, the server stores references to nodes + contained in the folder, and it should be able to produce a list of + them, with for each contained item: + + * item name + * item type (folder or document) + * current version + * content type + * content length + + For a document, the server stores, and should be able to produce: + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 3]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-4" id="page-4" href="#page-4" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + * current version + * content type + * content length + * content + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Requests</span> + + Client-to-server requests SHOULD be made over https [<a href="#ref-HTTPS">HTTPS</a>], and + servers MUST comply with HTTP/1.1 [<a href="#ref-HTTP">HTTP</a>]. Specifically, they + MUST support chunked transfer coding on PUT requests. Servers MAY + also offer an optional switch from https to SPDY [<a href="#ref-SPDY">SPDY</a>]. + + A request is considered successful if the HTTP response code is in + the 2xx range (e.g. 200 OK, 201 Created), and unsuccessful if an + error occurred or a condition was not met (response code e.g. 404 + Not Found, 304 Not Modified). + + The root folder of the storage tree is represented by the following + URL: + + URI_ENCODE( <storage_root> '/' ) + + Subsequently, if <parent_folder> is the URL of a folder, then the + URL of an item contained in it is: + + URI_ENCODE( <parent_folder> <document_name> ) + + for a document, or: + + URI_ENCODE( <parent_folder> <folder_name> '/' ) + + for a folder. Item names MAY contain all characters except '/' and + the null character, and MUST NOT have zero length. + + A document description is a map containing one string-valued 'ETag' + field, one string-valued 'Content-Type' and one integer-valued + 'Content-Length' field. They represent the document's current + version, its content type, and its content length respectively. Note + that content length is measured in octets (bytes), not in + characters. + + A folder description is a map containing a string-valued 'ETag' + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 4]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-5" id="page-5" href="#page-5" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + field, representing the folder's current version. + + A successful GET request to a folder MUST be responded to with a + JSON-LD [<a href="#ref-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a>] document (content type 'application/ld+json'), + containing as its 'items' field a map in which contained documents + appear as entries <item_name> to a document description, and + contained non-empty folders appear as entries <item_name> '/' to a + folder description. It MUST also contain an '@context' field with + the value 'http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-description'. For + instance: + + { + "@context": "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-description">http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-description</a>", + "items": { + "abc": { + "ETag": "DEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEF", + "Content-Type": "image/jpeg", + "Content-Length": 82352 + }, + "def/": { + "ETag": "1337ABCD1337ABCD1337ABCD" + } + } + } + + All folders are treated as existing, and therefore GET requests to + untouched folders SHOULD be responded to with a folder description + with no items (the items field set to '{}'). However, an empty + folder MUST NOT be listed as an item in its parent folder. + + Also, since folders exist automatically, PUT and DELETE requests + only need to be made to documents, and never to folders. A document + PUT will make all ancestor folders along its path become non-empty; + deleting the last document from a subtree will make that whole + subtree become empty. Folders will therefore show up in their parent + folder descriptions if and only if their subtree contains at least + one document. + + A successful GET request to a document SHOULD be responded to with + the full document contents in the body, the document's content type + in a 'Content-Type' header, its content length in octets (not in + characters) in a 'Content-Length' header, and the document's current + version as a strong ETag in an 'ETag' header. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 5]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-6" id="page-6" href="#page-6" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + Note that the use of strong ETags prohibits changing the response + body based on request headers; in particular, the server will not be + able to serve the same document uncompressed to some clients and + gzipped when requested by the client, since the two bodies would not + be identical byte-for-byte. + + Servers MAY support Content-Range headers [<a href="#ref-RANGE">RANGE</a>] on GET requests, + but whether or not they do SHOULD be announced through the <ranges> + variable mentioned below in <a href="#section-10">section 10</a>. + + A successful PUT request to a document MUST result in: + + * the request body being stored as the document's new content, + * parent and further ancestor folders being silently created as + necessary, with the document (name and version) being added to + its parent folder, and each folder added to its subsequent + parent, + * the value of its Content-Type header being stored as the + document's new content type, + * its version being updated, as well as that of its parent folder + and further ancestor folders, using a strong validator [HTTP, + <a href="#section-7.2">section 7.2</a>]. + + The response MUST contain a strong ETag header, with the document's + new version (for instance a hash of its contents) as its value. + + A successful DELETE request to a document MUST result in: + + * the deletion of that document from the storage, and from its + parent folder, + * silent deletion of the parent folder if it is left empty by + this, and so on for further ancestor folders, + * the version of its parent folder being updated, as well as that + of further ancestor folders. + + A successful OPTIONS request SHOULD be responded to as described in + the CORS section below. + + A successful HEAD request SHOULD be responded to like to the + equivalent GET request, but omitting the response body. + + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 6]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-7" id="page-7" href="#page-7" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Response codes</span> + + Response codes SHOULD be given as defined by [HTTP, <a href="#section-6">section 6</a>] and + [BEARER, <a href="#section-3.1">section 3.1</a>]. The following is a non-normative checklist + of status codes that are likely to occur in practice: + + * 500 if an internal server error occurs, + * 429 if the client makes too frequent requests or is suspected + of malicious activity, + * 414 if the request URI is too long, + * 416 if Range requests are supported by the server and the Range + request can not be satisfied, + * 401 for all requests that don't have a bearer token with + sufficient permissions, + * 404 for all DELETE and GET requests to documents that do not + exist on the storage, + * 304 for a conditional GET request whose pre-condition + fails (see "Versioning" below), + * 409 for a PUT request where any folder name in the path + clashes with an existing document's name at the same + level, or where the document name coincides with an + existing folder's name at the same level. + * 412 for a conditional PUT or DELETE request whose pre-condition + fails (see "Versioning" below), + * 507 in case the account is over its storage quota, + * 4xx for all malformed requests (e.g. foreign characters in the + path), as well as for all PUT and DELETE requests to + folders, + * 2xx for all successful requests. + + Clients SHOULD also handle the case where a response takes too long + to arrive, or where no response is received at all. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. Versioning</span> + + All successful requests MUST return an 'ETag' header [<a href="#ref-HTTP">HTTP</a>] with, in + the case of GET, the current version, in the case of PUT, the new + version, and in case of DELETE, the version that was deleted. All + successful GET requests MUST return an 'Expires: 0' header. PUT and + DELETE requests MAY have an 'If-Match' request header [<a href="#ref-COND">COND</a>], and + MUST fail with a 412 response code if that doesn't match the + document's current version. + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 7]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-8" id="page-8" href="#page-8" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + GET requests MAY have a comma-separated list of revisions in an + 'If-None-Match' header [<a href="#ref-COND">COND</a>], and SHOULD be responded to with a 304 + response if that list includes the document or folder's current + version. A PUT request MAY have an 'If-None-Match: *' header [<a href="#ref-COND">COND</a>], + in which case it MUST fail with a 412 response code if the document + already exists. + + In all 'ETag', 'If-Match' and 'If-None-Match' headers, revision + strings should appear inside double quotes ("). + + A provider MAY offer version rollback functionality to its users, + but this specification does not define the user interface for that. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. CORS headers</span> + + All responses MUST carry CORS headers [<a href="#ref-CORS">CORS</a>]. The server MUST also + reply to OPTIONS requests as per CORS. For GET requests, a wildcard + origin MAY be returned, but for PUT and DELETE requests, the + response MUST echo back the Origin header sent by the client. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Session description</span> + + The information that a client needs to receive in order to be able + to connect to a server SHOULD reach the client as described in the + 'bearer token issuance' sections below. It consists of: + + * <storage_root>, consisting of 'https://' followed by a server + host, and optionally a server port and a path prefix as per + [<a href="#ref-IRI">IRI</a>]. Examples: + * 'https://example.com' (host only) + * 'https://example.com:8080' (host and port) + * 'https://example.com/path/to/storage' (host, port and + path prefix; note there is no trailing slash) + * <access_token> as per [<a href="#ref-OAUTH">OAUTH</a>]. The token SHOULD be hard to + guess and SHOULD NOT be reused from one client to another. It + can however be reused in subsequent interactions with the same + client, as long as that client is still trusted. Example: + * 'ofb24f1ac3973e70j6vts19qr9v2eei' + * <storage_api>, always '<a href="./draft-dejong-remotestorage-04">draft-dejong-remotestorage-04</a>' for this + alternative version of the specification. + + The client can make its requests using https with CORS and bearer + tokens, to the URL that is the concatenation of <storage_root> with + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 8]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-9" id="page-9" href="#page-9" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + '/' plus one or more <folder> '/' strings indicating a path in the + folder tree, followed by zero or one <document> strings, indicating + a document. For example, if <storage_root> is + "https://storage.example.com/bob", then to retrieve the folder + contents of the /public/documents/ folder, or to retrieve a + 'draft.txt' document from that folder, the client would make + requests to, respectively: + + * https://storage.example.com/bob/public/documents/ + * https://storage.example.com/bob/public/documents/draft.txt + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. Bearer tokens and access control</span> + + A bearer token represents one or more access scopes. These access + scopes are represented as strings of the form <module> <level>, + where the <module> string SHOULD be lower-case alphanumerical, other + than the reserved word 'public', and <level> can be ':r' or ':rw'. + The access the bearer token gives is the sum of its access scopes, + with each access scope representing the following permissions: + + '*:rw') any request, + + '*:r') any GET or HEAD request, + + <module> ':rw') any requests to paths that start with + '/' <module> '/' or '/public/' <module> '/', + + <module> ':r') any GET or HEAD requests to paths that start with + '/' <module> '/' or '/public/' <module> '/', + + As a special exceptions, GET requests to a document (but not a + folder) whose path starts with '/public/' are always allowed. They, + as well as OPTIONS requests, can be made without a bearer token. + Unless [<a href="#ref-KERBEROS">KERBEROS</a>] is used (see <a href="#section-10">section 10</a> below), all other requests + SHOULD present a bearer token with sufficient access scope, using a + header of the following form (no double quotes here): + + Authorization: Bearer <access_token> + + In addition, providing the access token via a HTTP query parameter + for GET requests MAY be supported by the server, although its use + is not recommended, due to its security deficiencies; see [BEARER, + <a href="#section-2.3">section 2.3</a>]. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 9]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-10" id="page-10" href="#page-10" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. Application-first bearer token issuance</span> + + To make a remoteStorage server available as 'the remoteStorage of + <account> at <host>', exactly one link of the following format + SHOULD be added to the WebFinger record [<a href="#ref-WEBFINGER">WEBFINGER</a>] of <account> at + <host>: + + { + "href": <storage_root>, + "rel": "remotestorage", + "properties": { + "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/version">http://remotestorage.io/spec/version</a>": <storage_api>, + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2</a>": <auth-dialog>, + ... : ... , + } + } + + Here <storage_root> and <storage_api> are as per "Session + description" above, and <auth-dialog> SHOULD be either null or a + URL where an OAuth 2.0 implicit-grant flow dialog [<a href="#ref-OAUTH">OAUTH</a>] is + presented. + + If <auth-dialog> is a URL, the user can supply their credentials + for accessing the account (how, is out of scope), and allow or + reject a request by the connecting application to obtain a bearer + token for a certain list of access scopes. Note that an account + will often belong to just one human user, but may also belong to a + group of multiple users (the remoteStorage of <group> at <host>). + + If <auth-dialog> is null, the client will not have a way to obtain + an access token, and SHOULD send all requests without Authorization + header, and rely on Kerberos [<a href="#ref-KERBEROS">KERBEROS</a>] instead for requests that + would normally be sent with a bearer token, but servers SHOULD NOT + impose any such access barriers for resources that would normally + not require an access token. + + The '...' ellipses indicate that more properties may be present. + Non-breaking examples that have been proposed so far, include a + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3</a>" property, set to + the string value "true" if the server supports passing the bearer + token in the URI query parameter as per section 2.3 of [<a href="#ref-BEARER">BEARER</a>], + instead of in the request header. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 10]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-11" id="page-11" href="#page-11" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + Another example is "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233</a>" with a + string value of "GET" if Content-Range headers are supported for + GET requests as per [<a href="#ref-RANGE">RANGE</a>], "PUT" if they are supported for PUT + requests, and "GET,PUT" if supported for both. + + Both these proposals are non-breaking extensions, since the client + will have a way to work around it if these features are not present + (e.g. retrieve the protected resource asynchronously in the first + case, or request the entire resource in the second case). + + A "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring">http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring</a>" property has been + proposed with a string value of the fully qualified domain name to + which web authoring content is published if the server supports web + authoring as per [<a href="#ref-AUTHORING">AUTHORING</a>]. Note that this extension is a breaking + extension in the sense that it divides users into "haves", whose + remoteStorage accounts allow them to author web content, and + "have-nots", whose remoteStorage account does not support this + functionality. + + The server MAY expire bearer tokens, and MAY require the user to + register applications as OAuth clients before first use; if no + client registration is required, then the server MAY ignore the + client_id parameter in favor of relying on the redirect_uri + parameter for client identification. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. Storage-first bearer token issuance</span> + + The provider MAY also present a dashboard to the user, where they + have some way to add open web app manifests [<a href="#ref-MANIFEST">MANIFEST</a>]. Adding a + manifest to the dashboard is considered equivalent to clicking + 'accept' in the dialog of the application-first flow. Removing one + is considered equivalent to revoking its access token. + + As an equivalent to OAuth's 'scope' parameter, a 'datastores-access' + field SHOULD be present in the root of such an application manifest + document, with entries <module> -> '{"access": "readonly"}' for + <level> 'r' or '{"access": "readwrite"}' for <level> 'rw', as + prescribed in [<a href="#ref-DATASTORE">DATASTORE</a>]. + + When the user gestures they want to use a certain application whose + manifest is present on the dashboard, the dashboard SHOULD redirect + to the application or open it in a new window. To mimic coming back + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 11]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-12" id="page-12" href="#page-12" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + from the OAuth dialog, it MAY add 'access_token' and 'scope' + fields to the URL fragment. + + Regardless of whether 'access_token' and 'scope' are specified, it + SHOULD add a 'remotestorage' field to the URL fragment, with a + value of the form <account> '@' <host>. When the application detects + this parameter, it SHOULD resolve the WebFinger record for <account> + at <host> and extract the <storage_root> and <storage_api> + information. + + If no access_token was given, then the application SHOULD also + extract the <auth_endpoint> information from WebFinger, and continue + as per application-first bearer token issuance. + + Note that whereas a remoteStorage server SHOULD offer support for + the application-first flow with WebFinger and OAuth, it MAY choose + not to support the storage-first flow, provided that users will + easily remember their <account> '@' <host> WebFinger address at that + provider. Applications SHOULD, however, support both flows, which + means checking the URL for a 'remotestorage' parameter, but giving + the user a way to specify the WebFinger address if there is none. + + If a server provides an application manifest dashboard, then it + SHOULD merge the list of applications there with the list of + issued access tokens as specified by OAuth into one list. Also, + the interface for revoking an access token as specified by OAuth + SHOULD coincide with removing an application from the dashboard. + + Servers MAY also provide a way to create access tokens directly from + their user interface. Such functionality would be aimed mainly at + developers, to manually copy and paste a token into a script or + debug tool, thus bypassing the need for an OAuth dance. Clients + SHOULD NOT rely on this in production. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. Example wire transcripts</span> + + The following examples are not normative ("\" indicates a line was + wrapped). + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.1" href="#section-12.1">12.1</a>. WebFinger</span> + + In application-first, an in-browser application might issue the + following request, using XMLHttpRequest and CORS: + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 12]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-13" id="page-13" href="#page-13" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + GET /.well-known/webfinger?resource=acct:michiel@michielbdejon\ +g.com HTTP/1.1 + Host: michielbdejong.com + + and the server's response might look like this: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * + Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET + Access-Control-Allow-Headers: If-Match, If-None-Match + Access-Control-Expose-Headers: ETag, Content-Length + Content-Type: application/jrd+json + + { + "links":[{ + "href": "<a href="https://michielbdejong.com:7678/inbox">https://michielbdejong.com:7678/inbox</a>", + "rel": "post-me-anything" + }, { + "href": "<a href="https://michielbdejong.com/me.jpg">https://michielbdejong.com/me.jpg</a>", + "rel": "avatar" + }, { + "href": "<a href="https://3pp.io:4439/storage/michiel">https://3pp.io:4439/storage/michiel</a>", + "rel": "remotestorage", + "properties": { + "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/version">http://remotestorage.io/spec/version</a>": "<a href="./draft-dejong-re">draft-dejong-re</a>\ +motestorage-04", + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2</a>": "https\ +://3pp.io:4439/oauth/michiel", + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3</a>": false, + "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233</a>": false, + "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring">http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring</a>": false + } + }] + } + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.2" href="#section-12.2">12.2</a>. OAuth dialog form</span> + + Once the in-browser application has discovered the server's OAuth + end-point, it will typically redirect the user to this URL, in + order to obtain a bearer token. Say the application is hosted on + <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/</a> and wants read-write access to + the account's "myfavoritedrinks" scope: + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 13]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-14" id="page-14" href="#page-14" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + GET /oauth/michiel?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5\ +apps.com%2F&scope=myfavoritedrinks%3Arw&client_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-\ +unhosted.5apps.com&response_type=token HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io + + The server's response might look like this (truncated for brevity): + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + + <!DOCTYPE html> + <html lang="en"> + <head> + <title>Allow access?</title> + ... + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.3" href="#section-12.3">12.3</a>. OAuth dialog form submission</span> + + When the user submits the form, the request would look something + like this: + + POST /oauth HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Origin: <a href="https://3pp.io:4439">https://3pp.io:4439</a> + Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded + Referer: <a href="https://3pp">https://3pp</a>.io:4439/oauth/michiel?redirect_uri=https%3\ +A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5apps.com%2F&scope=myfavoritedrinks%3Arw&client_\ +id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5apps.com&response_type=token + + client_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5apps.com&redirect_uri=\ +https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks-unhosted.5apps.com%2F&response_type=token&scope=my\ +favoritedrinks%3Arw&state=&username=michiel&password=something&allow=Al\ +low + + To which the server could respond with a 302 redirect, back to the + origin of the requesting application: + + HTTP/1.1 302 Found + Location:https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/#access_token=j2YnGt\ +XjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o%3D&token_type=bearer&state= + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.4" href="#section-12.4">12.4</a>. OPTIONS preflight</span> + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 14]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-15" id="page-15" href="#page-15" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + When an in-browser application makes a cross-origin request which + may affect the server-state, the browser will make a preflight + request first, with the OPTIONS verb, for instance: + + OPTIONS /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/ HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Access-Control-Request-Method: GET + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Access-Control-Request-Headers: Authorization + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/</a> + + To which the server can for instance respond: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, PUT, DELETE + Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Authorization, Content-Length, Co\ +ntent-Type, Origin, X-Requested-With, If-Match, If-None-Match + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.5" href="#section-12.5">12.5</a>. Initial PUT</span> + + An initial PUT may contain an 'If-None-Match: *' header, like this: + + PUT /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/test HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Content-Length: 91 + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Authorization: Bearer j2YnGtXjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o= + Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8 + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?</a> + If-None-Match: * + + {"name":"test","@context":"<a href="http://remotestorage">http://remotestorage</a>.io/spec/modules\ +/myfavoritedrinks/drink"} + + And the server may respond with either a 201 Created or a 200 OK + status: + + HTTP/1.1 201 Created + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + ETag: "1382694045000" + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.6" href="#section-12.6">12.6</a>. Subsequent PUT</span> + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 15]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-16" id="page-16" href="#page-16" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + A subsequent PUT may contain an 'If-Match' header referring to the + ETag previously returned, like this: + + PUT /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/test HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Content-Length: 91 + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Authorization: Bearer j2YnGtXjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o= + Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8 + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?</a> + If-Match: "1382694045000" + + {"name":"test", "updated":true, "@context":"http://remotestorag\ +e.io/spec/modules/myfavoritedrinks/drink"} + + And the server may respond with a 412 Conflict or a 200 OK status: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + ETag: "1382694048000" + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.7" href="#section-12.7">12.7</a>. GET</span> + + A GET request would also include the bearer token, and optionally + an If-None-Match header: + + GET /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/test HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Authorization: Bearer j2YnGtXjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o= + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?</a> + If-None-Match: "1382694045000", "1382694048000" + + And the server may respond with a 304 Not Modified status: + + HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + ETag: "1382694048000" + + Or a 200 OK status, plus a response body: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 16]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-17" id="page-17" href="#page-17" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8 + Content-Length: 106 + ETag: "1382694048000" + Expires: 0 + + {"name":"test", "updated":true, "@context":"http://remotestora\ +ge.io/spec/modules/myfavoritedrinks/drink"} + + If the GET URL would have been "/storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/", + a 200 OK response would have a folder description as the response + body: + + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Content-Type: application/ld+json + Content-Length: 171 + ETag: "1382694048000" + Expires: 0 + + {"@context":"<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-version">http://remotestorage.io/spec/folder-version</a>","ite\ +ms":{"test":{"ETag":"1382694048000","Content-Type":"application/json; \ +charset=UTF-8","Content-Length":106}}} + + If the GET URL would have been a non-existing document like + "/storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/x", the response would have a 404 + Not Found status, and no ETag header: + + HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-12.8" href="#section-12.8">12.8</a>. DELETE</span> + + A DELETE request may look like this: + + DELETE /storage/michiel/myfavoritedrinks/test HTTP/1.1 + Host: 3pp.io:4439 + Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + Authorization: Bearer j2YnGtXjzzzHNjkd1CJxoQubA1o= + Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8 + Referer: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com/?</a> + If-Match: "1382694045000" + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 17]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-18" id="page-18" href="#page-18" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + And the server may respond with a 412 Conflict or a 200 OK status: + + HTTP/1.1 412 Conflict + Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <a href="https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com">https://drinks-unhosted.5apps.com</a> + ETag: "1382694048000" + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>. Distributed versioning</span> + + This section is non-normative, and is intended to explain some of + the design choices concerning ETags and folder listings. At the + same time it will hopefully help readers who intend to develop an + application that uses remoteStorage as its per-user data storage. + When multiple clients have read/write access to the same document, + versioning conflicts may occur. For instance, client A may make + a PUT request that changes the document from version 1 to version + 2, after which client B may make a PUT request attempting to change + the same document from version 1 to version 3. + + In this case, client B can add an 'If-Match: "1"' header, which + would trigger a 412 Conflict response code, since the current + version ("2") does not match the version required as a condition by + the header If-Match header ("1"). + + Client B is now aware of the conflict, and may consult the user, + saying the update to version 3 failed. The user may then choose, + through the user interface of client B, whether version 2 or + version 3 should be kept, or maybe the document should be reverted + on the server to version 1, or a merged version 4 is needed. Client + B may then make a request that puts the document to the version the + user wishes; this time setting an 'If-Match: "2"' header instead. + + Both client A and client B would periodically poll the root + folder of each scope they have access to, to see if the version + of the root folder changed. If it did, then one of the versions + listed in there will necessarily have changed, and the client can + make a GET request to that child folder or document, to obtain + its latest version. + + Because an update in a document will result in a version change of + its containing folder, and that change will propagate all the way + to the root folder, it is not necessary to poll each document for + changes individually. + + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 18]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-19" id="page-19" href="#page-19" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + As an example, the root folder may contain 10 directories, + each of which contain 10 directories, which each contain 10 + documents, so their paths would be for instance '/0/0/1', '/0/0/2', + etcetera. Then one GET request to the root folder '/' will be + enough to know if any of these 1000 documents has changed. + + Say document '/7/9/2' has changed; then the GET request to '/' will + come back with a different ETag, and entry '7/' will have a + different value in its JSON content. The client could then request + '/7/', '/7/9/', and '/7/9/2' to narrow down the one document that + caused the root folder's ETag to change. + + Note that the remoteStorage server does not get involved in the + conflict resolution. It keeps the canonical current version at all + times, and allows clients to make conditional GET and PUT requests, + but it is up to whichever client discovers a given version + conflict, to resolve it. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-14" href="#section-14">14</a>. Security Considerations</span> + + To prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, the use of https instead of + http is important for both the interface itself and all end-points + involved in WebFinger, OAuth, and (if present) the storage-first + application launch dashboard. + + A malicious party could link to an application, but specifying a + remoteStorage account address that it controls, thus tricking the + user into using a trusted application to send sensitive data to the + wrong remoteStorage server. To mitigate this, applications SHOULD + clearly display to which remoteStorage server they are sending the + user's data. + + Applications could request scopes that the user did not intend to + give access to. The user SHOULD always be prompted to carefully + review which scopes an application is requesting. + + An application may upload malicious html pages and then trick the + user into visiting them, or upload malicious client-side scripts, + that take advantage of being hosted on the user's domain name. The + origin on which the remoteStorage server has its interface SHOULD + therefore NOT be used for anything else, and the user SHOULD be + warned not to visit any web pages on that origin. In particular, the + OAuth dialog and launch dashboard or token revokation interface + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 19]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-20" id="page-20" href="#page-20" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + SHOULD be on a different origin than the remoteStorage interface. + + Where the use of bearer tokens is impractical, a user may choose to + store documents on hard-to-guess URLs whose path after + <storage_root> starts with '/public/', while sharing this URL only + with the intended audience. That way, only parties who know the + document's hard-to-guess URL, can access it. The server SHOULD + therefore make an effort to detect and stop brute-force attacks that + attempt to guess the location of such documents. + + The server SHOULD also detect and stop denial-of-service attacks + that aim to overwhelm its interface with too much traffic. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-15" href="#section-15">15</a>. IANA Considerations</span> + + This document registers the 'remotestorage' link relation, as well + as the following WebFinger properties: + * "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/version">http://remotestorage.io/spec/version</a>" + * "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.2</a>" + * "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-2.3</a>" + * "<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233</a>" + * "<a href="http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring">http://remotestorage.io/spec/web-authoring</a>" + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-16" href="#section-16">16</a>. Acknowledgements</span> + + The authors would like to thank everybody who contributed to the + development of this protocol, including Kenny Bentley, Javier Diaz, + Daniel Groeber, Bjarni Runar, Jan Wildeboer, Charles Schultz, Peter + Svensson, Valer Mischenko, Michiel Leenaars, Jan-Christoph + Borchardt, Garret Alfert, Sebastian Kippe, Max Wiehle, Melvin + Carvalho, Martin Stadler, Geoffroy Couprie, Niklas Cathor, Marco + Stahl, James Coglan, Ken Eucker, Daniel Brolund, elf Pavlik, Nick + Jennings, Markus Sabadello, Steven te Brinke, Matthias Treydte, + Rick van Rein, Mark Nottingham, Julian Reschke, and Markus + Lanthaler, among many others. + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-17" href="#section-17">17</a>. References</span> + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-17.1" href="#section-17.1">17.1</a>. Normative References</span> + + [<a name="ref-WORDS" id="ref-WORDS">WORDS</a>] + Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement + Levels", <a href="./bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997. + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 20]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-21" id="page-21" href="#page-21" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + + [<a name="ref-IRI" id="ref-IRI">IRI</a>] + Duerst, M., "Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)", + <a href="./rfc3987">RFC 3987</a>, January 2005. + + [<a name="ref-WEBFINGER" id="ref-WEBFINGER">WEBFINGER</a>] + Jones, P., Salguerio, G., Jones, M, and Smarr, J., + "WebFinger", <a href="./rfc7033">RFC7033</a>, September 2013. + + [<a name="ref-OAUTH" id="ref-OAUTH">OAUTH</a>] + "<a href="#section-4.2">Section 4.2</a>: Implicit Grant", in: Hardt, D. (ed), "The OAuth + 2.0 Authorization Framework", <a href="./rfc6749">RFC6749</a>, October 2012. + +<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" name="section-17.2" href="#section-17.2">17.2</a>. Informative References</span> + + [<a name="ref-HTTPS" id="ref-HTTPS">HTTPS</a>] + Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", <a href="./rfc2818">RFC2818</a>, May 2000. + + [<a name="ref-HTTP" id="ref-HTTP">HTTP</a>] + Fielding et al., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): + Semantics and Content", <a href="./rfc7231">RFC7231</a>, June 2014. + + [<a name="ref-COND" id="ref-COND">COND</a>] + Fielding et al., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): + Conditional Requests", <a href="./rfc7232">RFC7232</a>, June 2014. + + [<a name="ref-RANGE" id="ref-RANGE">RANGE</a>] + Fielding et al., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): + Conditional Requests", <a href="./rfc7233">RFC7233</a>, June 2014. + + [<a name="ref-SPDY" id="ref-SPDY">SPDY</a>] + Mark Belshe, Roberto Peon, "SPDY Protocol - Draft 3.1", <a href="http://www.chromium.org/spdy/spdy-protocol/spdy-protocol-draft3-1">http://</a> + <a href="http://www.chromium.org/spdy/spdy-protocol/spdy-protocol-draft3-1">www.chromium.org/spdy/spdy-protocol/spdy-protocol-draft3-1</a>, + September 2013. + + [<a name="ref-JSON-LD" id="ref-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a>] + M. Sporny, G. Kellogg, M. Lanthaler, "JSON-LD 1.0", W3C + Proposed Recommendation, + <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-json-ld-20140116/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-json-ld-20140116/</a>, January 2014. + + [<a name="ref-CORS" id="ref-CORS">CORS</a>] + van Kesteren, Anne (ed), "Cross-Origin Resource Sharing -- + W3C Candidate Recommendation 29 January 2013", + + +<span class="grey">de Jong [Page 21]</span> +</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><a name="page-22" id="page-22" href="#page-22" class="invisible"> </a> +<span class="grey">Internet-Draft remoteStorage December 2014</span> + + + <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/">http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/</a>, January 2013. + + [<a name="ref-MANIFEST" id="ref-MANIFEST">MANIFEST</a>] + Mozilla Developer Network (ed), "App manifest -- Revision + 330541", <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-">https://developer.mozilla.org/en-</a> + US/Apps/Build/Manifest$revision/566677, April 2014. + + [<a name="ref-DATASTORE" id="ref-DATASTORE">DATASTORE</a>] + "WebAPI/DataStore", MozillaWiki, retrieved May 2014. + <a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/WebAPI/DataStore#Manifest">https://wiki.mozilla.org/WebAPI/DataStore#Manifest</a> + + [<a name="ref-KERBEROS" id="ref-KERBEROS">KERBEROS</a>] + C. Neuman et al., "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service + (V5)", <a href="./rfc4120">RFC4120</a>, July 2005. + + [<a name="ref-BEARER" id="ref-BEARER">BEARER</a>] + M. Jones, D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework: + Bearer Token Usage", <a href="./rfc6750">RFC6750</a>, October 2012. + + [<a name="ref-AUTHORING" id="ref-AUTHORING">AUTHORING</a>] + "Using remoteStorage for web authoring", reSite wiki, retrieved + September 2014. <a href="https://github.com/michielbdejong/resite/wiki">https://github.com/michielbdejong/resite/wiki</a> + /Using-remoteStorage-for-web-authoring + +<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" name="section-18" href="#section-18">18</a>. Authors' addresses</span> + + Michiel B. de Jong + IndieHosters + + Email: [email protected] + + + F. Kooman + (independent) + + Email: [email protected] + + + + + + + + + +de Jong [Page 22] + +</pre><br /> +<span class="noprint"><small><small>Html markup produced by rfcmarkup 1.111, available from +<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/">https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/</a> +</small></small></span> +</body></html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/keep-images/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/keep-images/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1933990 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/keep-images/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Inside the Deep Web Drug Lab", + "byline": "Joseph Cox", + "excerpt": "Welcome to DoctorX’s Barcelona lab, where the drugs you bought online are tested for safety and purity. No questions ask…", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/keep-images/expected.html b/test/test-pages/keep-images/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87ede0b --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/keep-images/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="postField postField--body"> + <section name="ef8c" class=" section--first section--last"> + <div class="section-content"> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="b9ad" id="b9ad" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage graf--first"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*sLDnS1UWEFIS33uLMxq3cw.jpeg" data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*sLDnS1UWEFIS33uLMxq3cw.jpeg"/></div> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <h4 name="9736" id="9736" data-align="center" class="graf--h4">Welcome to DoctorX’s Barcelona lab, where the drugs you bought online are tested for safety and purity. No questions asked.</h4> + <figure name="7417" id="7417" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*3vIhkoHIzcxvUdijoCVx6w.png" data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*3vIhkoHIzcxvUdijoCVx6w.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*3vIhkoHIzcxvUdijoCVx6w.png"/></div> + </figure> + <p name="8a83" id="8a83" class="graf--p">Standing at a table in a chemistry lab in Barcelona, Cristina Gil Lladanosa tears open a silver, smell-proof protective envelope. She slides out a transparent bag full of crystals. Around her, machines whir and hum, and other researchers mill around in long, white coats.</p> + <p name="b675" id="b675" class="graf--p">She is holding the lab’s latest delivery of a drug bought from the “deep web,” the clandestine corner of the internet that isn’t reachable by normal search engines, and is home to some sites that require special software to access. Labeled as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" data-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">MDMA</a> (the street term is ecstasy), this sample has been shipped from Canada. Lladanosa and her colleague Iván Fornís Espinosa have also received drugs, anonymously, from people in China, Australia, Europe and the United States.</p> + <p name="3c0b" id="3c0b" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“Here we have speed, MDMA, cocaine, pills,” Lladanosa says, pointing to vials full of red, green, blue and clear solutions sitting in labeled boxes.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="c4e6" id="c4e6" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*4gN1-fzOwCniw-DbqQjDeQ.jpeg" data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*4gN1-fzOwCniw-DbqQjDeQ.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Cristina Gil Lladanosa, at the Barcelona testing lab | photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="7a54" id="7a54" class="graf--p">Since 2011, with the launch of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_%28marketplace%29" data-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_%28marketplace%29" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Silk Road</a>, anybody has been able to safely buy illegal drugs from the deep web and have them delivered to their door. Though the FBI shut down that black market in October 2013, other outlets have emerged to fill its role. For the last 10 months the lab at which Lladanosa and Espinosa work has offered a paid testing service of those drugs. By sending in samples for analysis, users can know exactly what it is they are buying, and make a more informed decision about whether to ingest the substance. The group, called <a href="http://energycontrol.org/" data-href="http://energycontrol.org/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Energy Control</a>, which has being running “harm reduction” programs since 1999, is the first to run a testing service explicitly geared towards verifying those purchases from the deep web.</p> + <p name="4395" id="4395" class="graf--p">Before joining Energy Control, Lladanosa briefly worked at a pharmacy, whereas Espinosa spent 14 years doing drug analysis. Working at Energy Control is “more gratifying,” and “rewarding” than her previous jobs, Lladanosa told me. They also receive help from a group of volunteers, made up of a mixture of “squatters,” as Espinosa put it, and medical students, who prepare the samples for testing.</p> + <p name="0c18" id="0c18" class="graf--p">After weighing out the crystals, aggressively mixing it with methanol until dissolved, and delicately pouring the liquid into a tiny brown bottle, Lladanosa, a petite woman who is nearly engulfed by her lab coat, is now ready to test the sample. She loads a series of three trays on top of a large white appliance sitting on a table, called a gas chromatograph (GC). A jungle of thick pipes hang from the lab’s ceiling behind it.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="559c" id="559c" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*2KPmZkIBUrhps-2uwDvYFQ.jpeg" data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*2KPmZkIBUrhps-2uwDvYFQ.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="1549" id="1549" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“Chromatography separates all the substances,” Lladanosa says as she loads the machine with an array of drugs sent from the deep web and local Spanish users. It can tell whether a sample is pure or contaminated, and if the latter, with what.</p> + <p name="5d0f" id="5d0f" class="graf--p">Rushes of hot air blow across the desk as the gas chromatograph blasts the sample at 280 degrees Celsius. Thirty minutes later the machine’s robotic arm automatically moves over to grip another bottle. The machine will continue cranking through the 150 samples in the trays for most of the work week.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="d6aa" id="d6aa" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*PU40bbbox2Ompc5I3RE99A.jpeg" data-width="2013" data-height="1241" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*PU40bbbox2Ompc5I3RE99A.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="15e0" id="15e0" class="graf--p">To get the drugs to Barcelona, a user mails at least 10 milligrams of a substance to the offices of the Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, the non-government organization that oversees Energy Control. The sample then gets delivered to the testing service’s laboratory, at the Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, a futuristic, seven story building sitting metres away from the beach. Energy Control borrows its lab space from a biomedical research group for free.</p> + <p name="2574" id="2574" class="graf--p">The tests cost 50 Euro per sample. Users pay, not surprisingly, with Bitcoin. In the post announcing Energy Control’s service on the deep web, the group promised that “All profits of this service are set aside of maintenance of this project.”</p> + <p name="2644" id="2644" class="graf--p">About a week after testing, those results are sent in a PDF to an email address provided by the anonymous client.</p> + <p name="9f91" id="9f91" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“The process is quite boring, because you are in a routine,” Lladanosa says. But one part of the process is consistently surprising: that moment when the results pop up on the screen. “Every time it’s something different.” For instance, one cocaine sample she had tested also contained phenacetin, a painkiller added to increase the product’s weight; lidocaine, an anesthetic that numbs the gums, giving the impression that the user is taking higher quality cocaine; and common caffeine.</p> + <figure name="b821" id="b821" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png"/></div> + </figure> + <p name="39a6" id="39a6" class="graf--p">The deep web drug lab is the brainchild of Fernando Caudevilla, a Spanish physician who is better known as “DoctorX” on the deep web, a nickname given to him by his Energy Control co-workers because of his earlier writing about the history, risks and recreational culture of MDMA. In the physical world, Caudevilla has worked for over a decade with Energy Control on various harm reduction focused projects, most of which have involved giving Spanish illegal drug users medical guidance, and often writing leaflets about the harms of certain substances.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="eebc" id="eebc" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*mKvUNOAVQxl6atCbxbCZsg.jpeg" data-width="2100" data-height="1241" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*mKvUNOAVQxl6atCbxbCZsg.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Fernando Caudevilla, AKA DoctorX. Photo: Joseph Cox</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="c099" id="c099" class="graf--p">Caudevilla first ventured into Silk Road forums in April 2013. “I would like to contribute to this forum offering professional advice in topics related to drug use and health,” he wrote in an <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131015051405/https://dkn255hz262ypmii.onion.to/index.php?topic=147607.0" data-href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131015051405/https://dkn255hz262ypmii.onion.to/index.php?topic=147607.0" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">introductory post</a>, using his DoctorX alias. Caudevilla offered to provide answers to questions that a typical doctor is not prepared, or willing, to respond to, at least not without a lecture or a judgment. “This advice cannot replace a complete face-to-face medical evaluation,” he wrote, “but I know how difficult it can be to talk frankly about these things.”</p> + <p name="ff1d" id="ff1d" class="graf--p">The requests flooded in. A diabetic asked what effect MDMA has on blood sugar; another what the risks of frequent psychedelic use were for a young person. Someone wanted to know whether amphetamine use should be avoided during lactation. In all, Fernando’s thread received over 50,000 visits and 300 questions before the FBI shut down Silk Road.</p> + <p name="1f35" id="1f35" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“He’s amazing. A gift to this community,” one user wrote on the Silk Road 2.0 forum, a site that sprang up after the original. “His knowledge is invaluable, and never comes with any judgment.” Up until recently, Caudevilla answered questions on the marketplace “Evolution.” Last week, however, the administrators of that site <a href="http://motherboard.vice.com/read/one-of-the-darknets-biggest-markets-may-have-just-stole-all-its-users-bitcoin" data-href="http://motherboard.vice.com/read/one-of-the-darknets-biggest-markets-may-have-just-stole-all-its-users-bitcoin" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">pulled a scam</a>, shutting the market down and escaping with an estimated $12 million worth of Bitcoin.</p> + <p name="b20f" id="b20f" class="graf--p">Caudevilla’s transition from dispensing advice to starting up a no-questions-asked drug testing service came as a consequence of his experience on the deep web. He’d wondered whether he could help bring more harm reduction services to a marketplace without controls. The Energy Control project, as part of its mandate of educating drug users and preventing harm, had already been carrying out drug testing for local Spanish users since 2001, at music festivals, night clubs, or through a drop-in service at a lab in Madrid.</p> + <p name="f739" id="f739" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“I thought, we are doing this in Spain, why don’t we do an international drug testing service?” Caudevilla told me when I visited the other Energy Control lab, in Madrid. Caudevilla, a stocky character with ear piercings and short, shaved hair, has eyes that light up whenever he discusses the world of the deep web. Later, via email, he elaborated that it was not a hard sell. “It was not too hard to convince them,” he wrote me. Clearly, Energy Control believed that the reputation he had earned as an unbiased medical professional on the deep web might carry over to the drug analysis service, where one needs to establish “credibility, trustworthiness, [and] transparency,” Caudevilla said. “We could not make mistakes,” he added.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="4058" id="4058" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*knT10_FNVUmqQIBLnutmzQ.jpeg" data-width="4400" data-height="3141" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*knT10_FNVUmqQIBLnutmzQ.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo: Joseph Cox</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <figure name="818c" id="818c" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png"/></div> + </figure> + <p name="7b5e" id="7b5e" class="graf--p">While the Energy Control lab in Madrid lab only tests Spanish drugs from various sources, it is the Barcelona location which vets the substances bought in the shadowy recesses of of the deep web. Caudevilla no longer runs it, having handed it over to his colleague Ana Muñoz. She maintains a presence on the deep web forums, answers questions from potential users, and sends back reports when they are ready.</p> + <p name="0f0e" id="0f0e" class="graf--p">The testing program exists in a legal grey area. The people who own the Barcelona lab are accredited to experiment with and handle drugs, but Energy Control doesn’t have this permission itself, at least not in writing.</p> + <p name="e002" id="e002" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“We have a verbal agreement with the police and other authorities. They already know what we are doing,” Lladanosa tells me. It is a pact of mutual benefit. Energy Control provides the police with information on batches of drugs in Spain, whether they’re from the deep web or not, Espinosa says. They also contribute to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction’s early warning system, a collaboration that attempts to spread information about dangerous drugs as quickly as possible.</p> + <p name="db1b" id="db1b" class="graf--p">By the time of my visit in February, Energy Control had received over 150 samples from the deep web and have been receiving more at a rate of between 4 and 8 a week. Traditional drugs, such as cocaine and MDMA, make up about 70 percent of the samples tested, but the Barcelona lab has also received samples of the prescription pill codeine, research chemicals and synthetic cannabinoids, and even pills of Viagra.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="b885" id="b885" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*Vr61dyCTRwk6CemmVF8YAQ.jpeg" data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*Vr61dyCTRwk6CemmVF8YAQ.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="e76f" id="e76f" class="graf--p">So it’s fair to make a tentative judgement on what people are paying for on the deep web. The verdict thus far? Overall, drugs on the deep web appear to be of much higher quality than those found on the street.</p> + <p name="5352" id="5352" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“In general, the cocaine is amazing,” says Caudevilla, saying that the samples they’ve seen have purities climbing towards 80 or 90 percent, and some even higher. To get an idea of how unusual this is, take a look at the <a href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/Cocaine_2014_web.pdf" data-href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/Cocaine_2014_web.pdf" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report 2014</a>, which reports that the average quality of street cocaine in Spain is just over 40 percent, while in the United Kingdom it is closer to 30 percent.“We have found 100 percent [pure] cocaine,” he adds. “That’s really, really strange. That means that, technically, this cocaine has been purified, with clandestine methods.”</p> + <p name="a71c" id="a71c" class="graf--p">Naturally, identifying vendors who sell this top-of-the-range stuff is one of the reasons that people have sent samples to Energy Control. Caudevilla was keen to stress that, officially, Energy Control’s service “is not intended to be a control of drug quality,” meaning a vetting process for identifying the best sellers, but that is exactly how some people have been using it.</p> + <p name="cb5b" id="cb5b" class="graf--p">As one buyer on the Evolution market, elmo666, wrote to me over the site’s messaging system, “My initial motivations were selfish. My primary motivation was to ensure that I was receiving and continue to receive a high quality product, essentially to keep the vendor honest as far as my interactions with them went.”</p> + <p name="d80d" id="d80d" class="graf--p">Vendors on deep web markets advertise their product just like any other outlet does, using flash sales, gimmicky giveaways and promises of drugs that are superior to those of their competitors. The claims, however, can turn out to be empty: despite the test results that show that deep web cocaine vendors typically sell product that is of a better quality than that found on the street, in plenty of cases, the drugs are nowhere near as pure as advertised.</p> + <p name="36de" id="36de" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“You won’t be getting anything CLOSE to what you paid for,” one user complained about the cocaine from ‘Mirkov’, a vendor on Evolution. “He sells 65% not 95%.”</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="8544" id="8544" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*a-1_13xE6_ErQ-QSlz6myw.jpeg" data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*a-1_13xE6_ErQ-QSlz6myw.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <figure name="d521" id="d521" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png"/></div> + </figure> + <p name="126b" id="126b" class="graf--p">Despite the prevalence of people using the service to gauge the quality of what goes up their nose, many users send samples to Energy Control in the spirit of its original mission: keeping themselves alive and healthy. The worst case scenario from drugs purchased on the deep web is, well the worst case. That was the outcome when <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/teenager-patrick-mcmullen-who-died-while-on-skype-had-bought-drugs-from-silk-road-8942329.html" data-href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/teenager-patrick-mcmullen-who-died-while-on-skype-had-bought-drugs-from-silk-road-8942329.html" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Patrick McMullen,</a> a 17-year-old Scottish student, ingested half a gram of MDMA and three tabs of LSD, reportedly purchased from the Silk Road. While talking to his friends on Skype, his words became slurred and he passed out. Paramedics could not revive him. The coroner for that case, Sherrif Payne, who deemed the cause of death ecstasy toxicity, told <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">The Independent</em> “You never know the purity of what you are taking and you can easily come unstuck.”</p> + <p name="5e9e" id="5e9e" class="graf--p">ScreamMyName, a deep web user who has been active since the original Silk Road, wants to alert users to the dangerous chemicals that are often mixed with drugs, and is using Energy Control as a means to do so.</p> + <p name="19a6" id="19a6" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“We’re at a time where some vendors are outright sending people poison. Some do it unknowingly,” ScreamMyName told me in an encrypted message. “Cocaine production in South America is often tainted with either levamisole or phenacetine. Both poison to humans and both with severe side effects.”</p> + <p name="9fef" id="9fef" class="graf--p">In the case of Levamisole, those prescribing it are often not doctors but veterinarians, as Levamisole is commonly used on animals, primarily for the treatment of worms. If ingested by humans it can lead to cases of extreme eruptions of the skin, as <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127712" data-href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127712" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">documented in a study</a> from researchers at the University of California, San Francisco. But Lladanosa has found Levamisole in cocaine samples; dealers use it to increase the product weight, allowing them to stretch their batch further for greater profit — and also, she says, because Levamisole has a strong stimulant effect.</p> + <p name="7886" id="7886" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“It got me sick as fuck,” Dr. Feel, an Evolution user, wrote on the site’s forums after consuming cocaine that had been cut with 23 percent Levamisole, and later tested by Energy Control. “I was laid up in bed for several days because of that shit. The first night I did it, I thought I was going to die. I nearly drove myself to the ER.”</p> + <p name="18d3" id="18d3" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“More people die because of tainted drugs than the drugs themselves,” Dr. Feel added. “It’s the cuts and adulterants that are making people sick and killing them.”</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="552a" id="552a" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*IWXhtSsVv0gNnCwnDEXk-Q.jpeg" data-width="2100" data-height="1192" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*IWXhtSsVv0gNnCwnDEXk-Q.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="839a" id="839a" class="graf--p">The particular case of cocaine cut with Levamisole is one of the reasons that ScreamMyName has been pushing for more drug testing on the deep web markets. “I recognize that drug use isn’t exactly healthy, but why exacerbate the problem?” he told me when I contacted him after his post. “[Energy Control] provides a way for users to test the drugs they’ll use and for these very users to know what it is they’re putting in their bodies. Such services are in very short supply.”</p> + <p name="18dc" id="18dc" class="graf--p">After sending a number of Energy Control tests himself, ScreamMyName started a de facto crowd-sourcing campaign to get more drugs sent to the lab, and then shared the results, after throwing in some cash to get the ball rolling. <a href="https://blockchain.info/address/1Mi6VjMFqjcD48FPV7cnPB24MAtQQenRy3" data-href="https://blockchain.info/address/1Mi6VjMFqjcD48FPV7cnPB24MAtQQenRy3" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">He set up a Bitcoin wallet</a>, with the hope that users might chip in to fund further tests. At the time of writing, the wallet has received a total of 1.81 bitcoins; around $430 at today’s exchange rates.</p> + <p name="dcbd" id="dcbd" class="graf--p">In posts to the Evolution community, ScreamMyName pitched this project as something that will benefit users and keep drug dealer honest. “When the funds build up to a point where we can purchase an [Energy Control] test fee, we’ll do a US thread poll for a few days and try to cohesively decide on what vendor to test,” he continued.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="9d32" id="9d32" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*NGcrjfkV0l37iQH2uyYjEw.jpeg" data-width="1368" data-height="913" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*NGcrjfkV0l37iQH2uyYjEw.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="bff6" id="bff6" class="graf--p">Other members of the community have been helping out, too. PlutoPete, a vendor from the original Silk Road who sold cannabis seeds and other legal items, has provided ScreamMyName with packaging to safely send the samples to Barcelona. “A box of baggies, and a load of different moisture barrier bags,” PlutoPete told me over the phone. “That’s what all the vendors use.”</p> + <p name="bb78" id="bb78" class="graf--p">It’s a modest program so far. ScreamMyName told me that so far he had gotten enough public funding to purchase five different Energy Control tests, in addition to the ten or so he’s sent himself so far. “The program created is still in its infancy and it is growing and changing as we go along but I have a lot of faith in what we’re doing,” he says.</p> + <p name="5638" id="5638" class="graf--p">But the spirit is contagious: elmo666, the other deep web user testing cocaine, originally kept the results of the drug tests to himself, but he, too, saw a benefit to distributing the data. “It is clear that it is a useful service to other users, keeping vendors honest and drugs (and their users) safe,” he told me. He started to report his findings to others on the forums, and then created a thread with summaries of the test results, as well as comments from the vendors if they provided it. Other users were soon basing their decisions on what to buy on elmo666‘s tests.</p> + <p name="de75" id="de75" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“I’m defo trying the cola based on the incredibly helpful elmo and his energy control results and recommendations,” wrote user jayk1984. On top of this, elmo666 plans to launch an independent site on the deep web that will collate all of these results, which should act as a resource for users of all the marketplaces.</p> + <p name="6b72" id="6b72" class="graf--p">As word of elmo666's efforts spread, he began getting requests from drug dealers who wanted him to use their wares for testing. Clearly, they figured that a positive result from Energy Control would be a fantastic marketing tool to draw more customers. They even offered elmo666 free samples. (He passed.)</p> + <p name="b008" id="b008" class="graf--p">Meanwhile, some in the purchasing community are arguing that those running markets on the deep web should be providing quality control themselves. PlutoPete told me over the phone that he had been in discussions about this with Dread Pirate Roberts, the pseudonymous owner of the original Silk Road site. “We [had been] talking about that on a more organized basis on Silk Road 1, doing lots of anonymous buys to police each category. But of course they took the thing [Silk Road] down before we got it properly off the ground,” he lamented.</p> + <p name="49c8" id="49c8" class="graf--p">But perhaps it is best that the users, those who are actually consuming the drugs, remain in charge of shaming dealers and warning each other. “It’s our responsibility to police the market based on reviews and feedback,” elmo666 wrote in an Evolution forum post. It seems that in the lawless space of the deep web, where everything from child porn to weapons are sold openly, users have cooperated in an organic display of self-regulation to stamp out those particular batches of drugs that are more likely to harm users.</p> + <p name="386d" id="386d" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“That’s always been the case with the deep web,” PlutoPete told me. Indeed, ever since Silk Road, a stable of the drug markets has been the review system, where buyers can leave a rating and feedback for vendors, letting others know about the reliability of the seller. But DoctorX’s lab, rigorously testing the products with scientific instruments, takes it a step further.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="890b" id="890b" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*WRlKt3q3mt7utmwxcbl3sQ.jpeg" data-width="2100" data-height="1373" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*WRlKt3q3mt7utmwxcbl3sQ.jpeg"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="b109" id="b109" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“In the white market, they have quality control. In the dark market, it should be the same,” Cristina Gil Lladanosa says to me before I leave the Barcelona lab.</p> + <p name="e3a4" id="e3a4" class="graf--p">A week after I visit the lab, the results of the MDMA arrive in my inbox: it is 85 percent pure, with no indications of other active ingredients. Whoever ordered that sample from the digital shelves of the deep web, and had it shipped to their doorstep in Canada, got hold of some seriously good, and relatively safe drugs. And now they know it.</p> + <figure name="31cf" id="31cf" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*320_4I0lxbn5x3bx4XPI5Q.png" data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*320_4I0lxbn5x3bx4XPI5Q.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*320_4I0lxbn5x3bx4XPI5Q.png"/></div> + </figure> + <p name="9b87" id="9b87" data-align="center" class="graf--p"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">Top photo by Joan Bardeletti</em> </p> + <p name="c30a" id="c30a" data-align="center" class="graf--p graf--last">Follow Backchannel: <a href="https://twitter.com/backchnnl" data-href="https://twitter.com/backchnnl" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">Twitter</em></a> <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">|</em><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Backchannel/1488568504730671" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Backchannel/1488568504730671" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">Facebook</em></a> </p> + </div> + </div> + </section> + </div> +</div>
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Are you sure you want to share it? + <button class="button button--chromeless" + data-action="ignore-share-drawer-warning">Yes, show me sharing options</button> + </div> + <div class="metabar-drawerContent"> + <h4 class="metabar-drawerTitle">Inside the Deep Web Drug Lab</h4> + <ul class="list"> + <li> + <button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="share-on-twitter" + data-action-value="9718cd0fe504" data-action-source="metabar_mobile"><span class="icon icon--twitter"></span> Share on Twitter</button> + </li> + <li> + <button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="share-on-facebook" + data-action-value="9718cd0fe504" data-action-source="metabar_mobile"><span class="icon icon--facebook"></span> Share on Facebook</button> + </li> + <li> + <button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="share-by-email" + data-action-value="9718cd0fe504" data-action-source="metabar_mobile"><span class="icon icon--email"></span> Share by email</button> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <article class="u-sizeViewHeightMin100 postArticle postArticle--full is-languageTier1" + lang="en" data-allow-notes="true"> + <section class="postWrapper postWrapper--contain"> + <div class="postWrapper-inner"> + <div class="postContent"> + <div class="postContent-inner"> + <div class="notesSource"> + <div class="postField postField--body"> + <section name="ef8c" class=" section--first section--last"> + <div class="section-divider layoutSingleColumn"> + <hr class="section-divider"/> + </div> + <div class="section-content"> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="b9ad" id="b9ad" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage graf--first"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 66.8%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*sLDnS1UWEFIS33uLMxq3cw.jpeg" + data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*sLDnS1UWEFIS33uLMxq3cw.jpeg"/> + </div> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <h2 name="9ebb" id="9ebb" data-align="center" class="graf--h2">Inside the Deep Web Drug Lab</h2> + <p name="1f41" id="1f41" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <h4 name="9736" id="9736" data-align="center" class="graf--h4">Welcome to DoctorX’s Barcelona lab, where the drugs you bought online are tested for safety and purity. No questions asked.</h4> + <p name="fc64" id="fc64" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <figure name="7417" id="7417" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 14px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 2%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*3vIhkoHIzcxvUdijoCVx6w.png" + data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*3vIhkoHIzcxvUdijoCVx6w.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*3vIhkoHIzcxvUdijoCVx6w.png"/> + </div> + </figure> + <p name="8a83" id="8a83" class="graf--p">Standing at a table in a chemistry lab in Barcelona, Cristina Gil Lladanosa + tears open a silver, smell-proof protective envelope. She slides out a + transparent bag full of crystals. Around her, machines whir and hum, and + other researchers mill around in long, white coats.</p> + <p name="b675" id="b675" + class="graf--p">She is holding the lab’s latest delivery of a drug bought from the “deep + web,” the clandestine corner of the internet that isn’t reachable by normal + search engines, and is home to some sites that require special software + to access. Labeled as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" data-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">MDMA</a> (the street + term is ecstasy), this sample has been shipped from Canada. Lladanosa and + her colleague Iván Fornís Espinosa have also received drugs, anonymously, + from people in China, Australia, Europe and the United States.</p> + <p name="3c0b" + id="3c0b" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“Here we have speed, MDMA, cocaine, pills,” Lladanosa says, pointing to + vials full of red, green, blue and clear solutions sitting in labeled boxes.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="c4e6" id="c4e6" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 66.8%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*4gN1-fzOwCniw-DbqQjDeQ.jpeg" + data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*4gN1-fzOwCniw-DbqQjDeQ.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Cristina Gil Lladanosa, at the Barcelona testing lab | photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="7a54" id="7a54" class="graf--p">Since 2011, with the launch of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_%28marketplace%29" + data-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_%28marketplace%29" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" + rel="nofollow">Silk Road</a>, anybody has been able to safely buy illegal + drugs from the deep web and have them delivered to their door. Though the + FBI shut down that black market in October 2013, other outlets have emerged + to fill its role. For the last 10 months the lab at which Lladanosa and + Espinosa work has offered a paid testing service of those drugs. By sending + in samples for analysis, users can know exactly what it is they are buying, + and make a more informed decision about whether to ingest the substance. + The group, called <a href="http://energycontrol.org/" data-href="http://energycontrol.org/" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Energy Control</a>, + which has being running “harm reduction” programs since 1999, is the first + to run a testing service explicitly geared towards verifying those purchases + from the deep web.</p> + <p name="4395" id="4395" class="graf--p">Before joining Energy Control, Lladanosa briefly worked at a pharmacy, + whereas Espinosa spent 14 years doing drug analysis. Working at Energy + Control is “more gratifying,” and “rewarding” than her previous jobs, Lladanosa + told me. They also receive help from a group of volunteers, made up of + a mixture of “squatters,” as Espinosa put it, and medical students, who + prepare the samples for testing.</p> + <p name="0c18" id="0c18" class="graf--p">After weighing out the crystals, aggressively mixing it with methanol + until dissolved, and delicately pouring the liquid into a tiny brown bottle, + Lladanosa, a petite woman who is nearly engulfed by her lab coat, is now + ready to test the sample. She loads a series of three trays on top of a + large white appliance sitting on a table, called a gas chromatograph (GC). + A jungle of thick pipes hang from the lab’s ceiling behind it.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="559c" id="559c" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 66.8%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*2KPmZkIBUrhps-2uwDvYFQ.jpeg" + data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*2KPmZkIBUrhps-2uwDvYFQ.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="1549" id="1549" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“Chromatography separates all the substances,” Lladanosa says as she loads + the machine with an array of drugs sent from the deep web and local Spanish + users. It can tell whether a sample is pure or contaminated, and if the + latter, with what.</p> + <p name="5d0f" id="5d0f" class="graf--p">Rushes of hot air blow across the desk as the gas chromatograph blasts + the sample at 280 degrees Celsius. Thirty minutes later the machine’s robotic + arm automatically moves over to grip another bottle. The machine will continue + cranking through the 150 samples in the trays for most of the work week.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="d6aa" id="d6aa" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 61.6%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*PU40bbbox2Ompc5I3RE99A.jpeg" + data-width="2013" data-height="1241" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*PU40bbbox2Ompc5I3RE99A.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="15e0" id="15e0" class="graf--p">To get the drugs to Barcelona, a user mails at least 10 milligrams of + a substance to the offices of the Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, the + non-government organization that oversees Energy Control. The sample then + gets delivered to the testing service’s laboratory, at the Barcelona Biomedical + Research Park, a futuristic, seven story building sitting metres away from + the beach. Energy Control borrows its lab space from a biomedical research + group for free.</p> + <p name="2574" id="2574" class="graf--p">The tests cost 50 Euro per sample. Users pay, not surprisingly, with Bitcoin. + In the post announcing Energy Control’s service on the deep web, the group + promised that “All profits of this service are set aside of maintenance + of this project.”</p> + <p name="2644" id="2644" class="graf--p">About a week after testing, those results are sent in a PDF to an email + address provided by the anonymous client.</p> + <p name="9f91" id="9f91" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“The process is quite boring, because you are in a routine,” Lladanosa + says. But one part of the process is consistently surprising: that moment + when the results pop up on the screen. “Every time it’s something different.” + For instance, one cocaine sample she had tested also contained phenacetin, + a painkiller added to increase the product’s weight; lidocaine, an anesthetic + that numbs the gums, giving the impression that the user is taking higher + quality cocaine; and common caffeine.</p> + <figure name="b821" id="b821" + class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 14px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 2%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" + data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png"/> + </div> + </figure> + <p name="39a6" id="39a6" class="graf--p">The deep web drug lab is the brainchild of Fernando Caudevilla, a Spanish + physician who is better known as “DoctorX” on the deep web, a nickname + given to him by his Energy Control co-workers because of his earlier writing + about the history, risks and recreational culture of MDMA. In the physical + world, Caudevilla has worked for over a decade with Energy Control on various + harm reduction focused projects, most of which have involved giving Spanish + illegal drug users medical guidance, and often writing leaflets about the + harms of certain substances.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="eebc" id="eebc" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 59.099999999999994%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*mKvUNOAVQxl6atCbxbCZsg.jpeg" + data-width="2100" data-height="1241" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*mKvUNOAVQxl6atCbxbCZsg.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Fernando Caudevilla, AKA DoctorX. Photo: Joseph Cox</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="c099" id="c099" class="graf--p">Caudevilla first ventured into Silk Road forums in April 2013. “I would + like to contribute to this forum offering professional advice in topics + related to drug use and health,” he wrote in an <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131015051405/https://dkn255hz262ypmii.onion.to/index.php?topic=147607.0" + data-href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131015051405/https://dkn255hz262ypmii.onion.to/index.php?topic=147607.0" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">introductory post</a>, + using his DoctorX alias. Caudevilla offered to provide answers to questions + that a typical doctor is not prepared, or willing, to respond to, at least + not without a lecture or a judgment. “This advice cannot replace a complete + face-to-face medical evaluation,” he wrote, “but I know how difficult it + can be to talk frankly about these things.”</p> + <p name="ff1d" id="ff1d" + class="graf--p">The requests flooded in. A diabetic asked what effect MDMA has on blood + sugar; another what the risks of frequent psychedelic use were for a young + person. Someone wanted to know whether amphetamine use should be avoided + during lactation. In all, Fernando’s thread received over 50,000 visits + and 300 questions before the FBI shut down Silk Road.</p> + <p name="1f35" + id="1f35" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“He’s amazing. A gift to this community,” one user wrote on the Silk Road + 2.0 forum, a site that sprang up after the original. “His knowledge is + invaluable, and never comes with any judgment.” Up until recently, Caudevilla + answered questions on the marketplace “Evolution.” Last week, however, + the administrators of that site <a href="http://motherboard.vice.com/read/one-of-the-darknets-biggest-markets-may-have-just-stole-all-its-users-bitcoin" + data-href="http://motherboard.vice.com/read/one-of-the-darknets-biggest-markets-may-have-just-stole-all-its-users-bitcoin" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">pulled a scam</a>, + shutting the market down and escaping with an estimated $12 million worth + of Bitcoin.</p> + <p name="b20f" id="b20f" class="graf--p">Caudevilla’s transition from dispensing advice to starting up a no-questions-asked + drug testing service came as a consequence of his experience on the deep + web. He’d wondered whether he could help bring more harm reduction services + to a marketplace without controls. The Energy Control project, as part + of its mandate of educating drug users and preventing harm, had already + been carrying out drug testing for local Spanish users since 2001, at music + festivals, night clubs, or through a drop-in service at a lab in Madrid.</p> + <p + name="f739" id="f739" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“I thought, we are doing this in Spain, why don’t we do an international + drug testing service?” Caudevilla told me when I visited the other Energy + Control lab, in Madrid. Caudevilla, a stocky character with ear piercings + and short, shaved hair, has eyes that light up whenever he discusses the + world of the deep web. Later, via email, he elaborated that it was not + a hard sell. “It was not too hard to convince them,” he wrote me. Clearly, + Energy Control believed that the reputation he had earned as an unbiased + medical professional on the deep web might carry over to the drug analysis + service, where one needs to establish “credibility, trustworthiness, [and] + transparency,” Caudevilla said. “We could not make mistakes,” he added.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="4058" id="4058" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 71.39999999999999%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*knT10_FNVUmqQIBLnutmzQ.jpeg" + data-width="4400" data-height="3141" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*knT10_FNVUmqQIBLnutmzQ.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo: Joseph Cox</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <figure name="818c" id="818c" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 14px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 2%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" + data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png"/> + </div> + </figure> + <p name="7b5e" id="7b5e" class="graf--p">While the Energy Control lab in Madrid lab only tests Spanish drugs from + various sources, it is the Barcelona location which vets the substances + bought in the shadowy recesses of of the deep web. Caudevilla no longer + runs it, having handed it over to his colleague Ana Muñoz. She maintains + a presence on the deep web forums, answers questions from potential users, + and sends back reports when they are ready.</p> + <p name="0f0e" id="0f0e" + class="graf--p">The testing program exists in a legal grey area. The people who own the + Barcelona lab are accredited to experiment with and handle drugs, but Energy + Control doesn’t have this permission itself, at least not in writing.</p> + <p + name="e002" id="e002" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“We have a verbal agreement with the police and other authorities. They + already know what we are doing,” Lladanosa tells me. It is a pact of mutual + benefit. Energy Control provides the police with information on batches + of drugs in Spain, whether they’re from the deep web or not, Espinosa says. + They also contribute to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug + Addiction’s early warning system, a collaboration that attempts to spread + information about dangerous drugs as quickly as possible.</p> + <p name="db1b" + id="db1b" class="graf--p">By the time of my visit in February, Energy Control had received over + 150 samples from the deep web and have been receiving more at a rate of + between 4 and 8 a week. Traditional drugs, such as cocaine and MDMA, make + up about 70 percent of the samples tested, but the Barcelona lab has also + received samples of the prescription pill codeine, research chemicals and + synthetic cannabinoids, and even pills of Viagra.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="b885" id="b885" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 66.8%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*Vr61dyCTRwk6CemmVF8YAQ.jpeg" + data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*Vr61dyCTRwk6CemmVF8YAQ.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="e76f" id="e76f" class="graf--p">So it’s fair to make a tentative judgement on what people are paying for + on the deep web. The verdict thus far? Overall, drugs on the deep web appear + to be of much higher quality than those found on the street.</p> + <p name="5352" + id="5352" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“In general, the cocaine is amazing,” says Caudevilla, saying that the + samples they’ve seen have purities climbing towards 80 or 90 percent, and + some even higher. To get an idea of how unusual this is, take a look at + the <a href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/Cocaine_2014_web.pdf" + data-href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/Cocaine_2014_web.pdf" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report 2014</a>, + which reports that the average quality of street cocaine in Spain is just + over 40 percent, while in the United Kingdom it is closer to 30 percent.“We + have found 100 percent [pure] cocaine,” he adds. “That’s really, really + strange. That means that, technically, this cocaine has been purified, + with clandestine methods.”</p> + <p name="a71c" id="a71c" class="graf--p">Naturally, identifying vendors who sell this top-of-the-range stuff is + one of the reasons that people have sent samples to Energy Control. Caudevilla + was keen to stress that, officially, Energy Control’s service “is not intended + to be a control of drug quality,” meaning a vetting process for identifying + the best sellers, but that is exactly how some people have been using it.</p> + <p + name="cb5b" id="cb5b" class="graf--p">As one buyer on the Evolution market, elmo666, wrote to me over the site’s + messaging system, “My initial motivations were selfish. My primary motivation + was to ensure that I was receiving and continue to receive a high quality + product, essentially to keep the vendor honest as far as my interactions + with them went.”</p> + <p name="d80d" id="d80d" class="graf--p">Vendors on deep web markets advertise their product just like any other + outlet does, using flash sales, gimmicky giveaways and promises of drugs + that are superior to those of their competitors. The claims, however, can + turn out to be empty: despite the test results that show that deep web + cocaine vendors typically sell product that is of a better quality than + that found on the street, in plenty of cases, the drugs are nowhere near + as pure as advertised.</p> + <p name="36de" id="36de" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“You won’t be getting anything CLOSE to what you paid for,” one user complained + about the cocaine from ‘Mirkov’, a vendor on Evolution. “He sells 65% not + 95%.”</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="8544" id="8544" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 66.8%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*a-1_13xE6_ErQ-QSlz6myw.jpeg" + data-width="2100" data-height="1402" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*a-1_13xE6_ErQ-QSlz6myw.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <figure name="d521" id="d521" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 14px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 2%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" + data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png"/> + </div> + </figure> + <p name="126b" id="126b" class="graf--p">Despite the prevalence of people using the service to gauge the quality + of what goes up their nose, many users send samples to Energy Control in + the spirit of its original mission: keeping themselves alive and healthy. + The worst case scenario from drugs purchased on the deep web is, well the + worst case. That was the outcome when <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/teenager-patrick-mcmullen-who-died-while-on-skype-had-bought-drugs-from-silk-road-8942329.html" + data-href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/teenager-patrick-mcmullen-who-died-while-on-skype-had-bought-drugs-from-silk-road-8942329.html" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Patrick McMullen,</a> a + 17-year-old Scottish student, ingested half a gram of MDMA and three tabs + of LSD, reportedly purchased from the Silk Road. While talking to his friends + on Skype, his words became slurred and he passed out. Paramedics could + not revive him. The coroner for that case, Sherrif Payne, who deemed the + cause of death ecstasy toxicity, told <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">The Independent</em> “You + never know the purity of what you are taking and you can easily come unstuck.”</p> + <p + name="5e9e" id="5e9e" class="graf--p">ScreamMyName, a deep web user who has been active since the original Silk + Road, wants to alert users to the dangerous chemicals that are often mixed + with drugs, and is using Energy Control as a means to do so.</p> + <p name="19a6" + id="19a6" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“We’re at a time where some vendors are outright sending people poison. + Some do it unknowingly,” ScreamMyName told me in an encrypted message. + “Cocaine production in South America is often tainted with either levamisole + or phenacetine. Both poison to humans and both with severe side effects.”</p> + <p + name="9fef" id="9fef" class="graf--p">In the case of Levamisole, those prescribing it are often not doctors + but veterinarians, as Levamisole is commonly used on animals, primarily + for the treatment of worms. If ingested by humans it can lead to cases + of extreme eruptions of the skin, as <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127712" + data-href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127712" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" + rel="nofollow">documented in a study</a> from researchers at the University + of California, San Francisco. But Lladanosa has found Levamisole in cocaine + samples; dealers use it to increase the product weight, allowing them to + stretch their batch further for greater profit — and also, she says, because + Levamisole has a strong stimulant effect.</p> + <p name="7886" id="7886" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“It got me sick as fuck,” Dr. Feel, an Evolution user, wrote on the site’s + forums after consuming cocaine that had been cut with 23 percent Levamisole, + and later tested by Energy Control. “I was laid up in bed for several days + because of that shit. The first night I did it, I thought I was going to + die. I nearly drove myself to the ER.”</p> + <p name="18d3" id="18d3" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“More people die because of tainted drugs than the drugs themselves,” + Dr. Feel added. “It’s the cuts and adulterants that are making people sick + and killing them.”</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="552a" id="552a" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 56.8%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*IWXhtSsVv0gNnCwnDEXk-Q.jpeg" + data-width="2100" data-height="1192" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*IWXhtSsVv0gNnCwnDEXk-Q.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="839a" id="839a" class="graf--p">The particular case of cocaine cut with Levamisole is one of the reasons + that ScreamMyName has been pushing for more drug testing on the deep web + markets. “I recognize that drug use isn’t exactly healthy, but why exacerbate + the problem?” he told me when I contacted him after his post. “[Energy + Control] provides a way for users to test the drugs they’ll use and for + these very users to know what it is they’re putting in their bodies. Such + services are in very short supply.”</p> + <p name="18dc" id="18dc" class="graf--p">After sending a number of Energy Control tests himself, ScreamMyName started + a de facto crowd-sourcing campaign to get more drugs sent to the lab, and + then shared the results, after throwing in some cash to get the ball rolling. + <a + href="https://blockchain.info/address/1Mi6VjMFqjcD48FPV7cnPB24MAtQQenRy3" + data-href="https://blockchain.info/address/1Mi6VjMFqjcD48FPV7cnPB24MAtQQenRy3" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">He set up a Bitcoin wallet</a>, with the hope that users might chip in + to fund further tests. At the time of writing, the wallet has received + a total of 1.81 bitcoins; around $430 at today’s exchange rates.</p> + <p + name="dcbd" id="dcbd" class="graf--p">In posts to the Evolution community, ScreamMyName pitched this project + as something that will benefit users and keep drug dealer honest. “When + the funds build up to a point where we can purchase an [Energy Control] + test fee, we’ll do a US thread poll for a few days and try to cohesively + decide on what vendor to test,” he continued.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="9d32" id="9d32" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 66.7%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*NGcrjfkV0l37iQH2uyYjEw.jpeg" + data-width="1368" data-height="913" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*NGcrjfkV0l37iQH2uyYjEw.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="bff6" id="bff6" class="graf--p">Other members of the community have been helping out, too. PlutoPete, + a vendor from the original Silk Road who sold cannabis seeds and other + legal items, has provided ScreamMyName with packaging to safely send the + samples to Barcelona. “A box of baggies, and a load of different moisture + barrier bags,” PlutoPete told me over the phone. “That’s what all the vendors + use.”</p> + <p name="bb78" id="bb78" class="graf--p">It’s a modest program so far. ScreamMyName told me that so far he had + gotten enough public funding to purchase five different Energy Control + tests, in addition to the ten or so he’s sent himself so far. “The program + created is still in its infancy and it is growing and changing as we go + along but I have a lot of faith in what we’re doing,” he says.</p> + <p name="5638" + id="5638" class="graf--p">But the spirit is contagious: elmo666, the other deep web user testing + cocaine, originally kept the results of the drug tests to himself, but + he, too, saw a benefit to distributing the data. “It is clear that it is + a useful service to other users, keeping vendors honest and drugs (and + their users) safe,” he told me. He started to report his findings to others + on the forums, and then created a thread with summaries of the test results, + as well as comments from the vendors if they provided it. Other users were + soon basing their decisions on what to buy on elmo666‘s tests.</p> + <p name="de75" + id="de75" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“I’m defo trying the cola based on the incredibly helpful elmo and his + energy control results and recommendations,” wrote user jayk1984. On top + of this, elmo666 plans to launch an independent site on the deep web that + will collate all of these results, which should act as a resource for users + of all the marketplaces.</p> + <p name="6b72" id="6b72" class="graf--p">As word of elmo666's efforts spread, he began getting requests from drug + dealers who wanted him to use their wares for testing. Clearly, they figured + that a positive result from Energy Control would be a fantastic marketing + tool to draw more customers. They even offered elmo666 free samples. (He + passed.)</p> + <p name="b008" id="b008" class="graf--p">Meanwhile, some in the purchasing community are arguing that those running + markets on the deep web should be providing quality control themselves. + PlutoPete told me over the phone that he had been in discussions about + this with Dread Pirate Roberts, the pseudonymous owner of the original + Silk Road site. “We [had been] talking about that on a more organized basis + on Silk Road 1, doing lots of anonymous buys to police each category. But + of course they took the thing [Silk Road] down before we got it properly + off the ground,” he lamented.</p> + <p name="49c8" id="49c8" class="graf--p">But perhaps it is best that the users, those who are actually consuming + the drugs, remain in charge of shaming dealers and warning each other. + “It’s our responsibility to police the market based on reviews and feedback,” + elmo666 wrote in an Evolution forum post. It seems that in the lawless + space of the deep web, where everything from child porn to weapons are + sold openly, users have cooperated in an organic display of self-regulation + to stamp out those particular batches of drugs that are more likely to + harm users.</p> + <p name="386d" id="386d" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“That’s always been the case with the deep web,” PlutoPete told me. Indeed, + ever since Silk Road, a stable of the drug markets has been the review + system, where buyers can leave a rating and feedback for vendors, letting + others know about the reliability of the seller. But DoctorX’s lab, rigorously + testing the products with scientific instruments, takes it a step further.</p> + </div> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="890b" id="890b" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 65.4%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*WRlKt3q3mt7utmwxcbl3sQ.jpeg" + data-width="2100" data-height="1373" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*WRlKt3q3mt7utmwxcbl3sQ.jpeg"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Photo by Joan Bardeletti</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <p name="b109" id="b109" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“In the white market, they have quality control. In the dark market, it + should be the same,” Cristina Gil Lladanosa says to me before I leave the + Barcelona lab.</p> + <p name="e3a4" id="e3a4" class="graf--p">A week after I visit the lab, the results of the MDMA arrive in my inbox: + it is 85 percent pure, with no indications of other active ingredients. + Whoever ordered that sample from the digital shelves of the deep web, and + had it shipped to their doorstep in Canada, got hold of some seriously + good, and relatively safe drugs. And now they know it.</p> + <figure name="31cf" + id="31cf" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 14px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 2%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*320_4I0lxbn5x3bx4XPI5Q.png" + data-width="1200" data-height="24" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*320_4I0lxbn5x3bx4XPI5Q.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*320_4I0lxbn5x3bx4XPI5Q.png"/> + </div> + </figure> + <p name="9b87" id="9b87" data-align="center" class="graf--p"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">Top photo by Joan Bardeletti</em> + </p> + <p name="c30a" id="c30a" data-align="center" class="graf--p graf--last">Follow Backchannel: <a href="https://twitter.com/backchnnl" data-href="https://twitter.com/backchnnl" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">Twitter</em></a> + <em + class="markup--em markup--p-em">|</em><a 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No questions asked.","image":{"backgroundSize":"full","strategy":"crop-fixed"},"bodyModel":{"paragraphs":[{"name":"b9ad","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*sLDnS1UWEFIS33uLMxq3cw.jpeg","originalWidth":2100,"originalHeight":1402}},{"name":"9ebb","type":2,"text":"Inside the Deep Web Drug Lab","markups":[],"alignment":2},{"name":"1f41","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"9736","type":13,"text":"Welcome to DoctorX’s Barcelona lab, where the drugs you bought online are tested for safety and purity. No questions asked.","markups":[],"alignment":2},{"name":"fc64","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"7417","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*3vIhkoHIzcxvUdijoCVx6w.png","originalWidth":1200,"originalHeight":24}},{"name":"8a83","type":1,"text":"Standing at a table in a chemistry lab in Barcelona, Cristina Gil Lladanosa tears open a silver, smell-proof protective envelope. She slides out a transparent bag full of crystals. Around her, machines whir and hum, and other researchers mill around in long, white coats.","markups":[]},{"name":"b675","type":1,"text":"She is holding the lab’s latest delivery of a drug bought from the “deep web,” the clandestine corner of the internet that isn’t reachable by normal search engines, and is home to some sites that require special software to access. Labeled as MDMA (the street term is ecstasy), this sample has been shipped from Canada. Lladanosa and her colleague Iván Fornís Espinosa have also received drugs, anonymously, from people in China, Australia, Europe and the United States.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":243,"end":247,"href":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"3c0b","type":1,"text":"“Here we have speed, MDMA, cocaine, pills,” Lladanosa says, pointing to vials full of red, green, blue and clear solutions sitting in labeled boxes.","markups":[]},{"name":"c4e6","type":4,"text":"Cristina Gil Lladanosa, at the Barcelona testing lab | photo by Joan Bardeletti","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*4gN1-fzOwCniw-DbqQjDeQ.jpeg","originalWidth":2100,"originalHeight":1402}},{"name":"7a54","type":1,"text":"Since 2011, with the launch of Silk Road, anybody has been able to safely buy illegal drugs from the deep web and have them delivered to their door. Though the FBI shut down that black market in October 2013, other outlets have emerged to fill its role. For the last 10 months the lab at which Lladanosa and Espinosa work has offered a paid testing service of those drugs. By sending in samples for analysis, users can know exactly what it is they are buying, and make a more informed decision about whether to ingest the substance. The group, called Energy Control, which has being running “harm reduction” programs since 1999, is the first to run a testing service explicitly geared towards verifying those purchases from the deep web.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":31,"end":40,"href":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_%28marketplace%29","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0},{"type":3,"start":551,"end":565,"href":"http://energycontrol.org/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"4395","type":1,"text":"Before joining Energy Control, Lladanosa briefly worked at a pharmacy, whereas Espinosa spent 14 years doing drug analysis. Working at Energy Control is “more gratifying,” and “rewarding” than her previous jobs, Lladanosa told me. They also receive help from a group of volunteers, made up of a mixture of “squatters,” as Espinosa put it, and medical students, who prepare the samples for testing.","markups":[]},{"name":"0c18","type":1,"text":"After weighing out the crystals, aggressively mixing it with methanol until dissolved, and delicately pouring the liquid into a tiny brown bottle, Lladanosa, a petite woman who is nearly engulfed by her lab coat, is now ready to test the sample. She loads a series of three trays on top of a large white appliance sitting on a table, called a gas chromatograph (GC). A jungle of thick pipes hang from the lab’s ceiling behind it.","markups":[]},{"name":"559c","type":4,"text":"Photo by Joan Bardeletti","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*2KPmZkIBUrhps-2uwDvYFQ.jpeg","originalWidth":2100,"originalHeight":1402}},{"name":"1549","type":1,"text":"“Chromatography separates all the substances,” Lladanosa says as she loads the machine with an array of drugs sent from the deep web and local Spanish users. It can tell whether a sample is pure or contaminated, and if the latter, with what.","markups":[]},{"name":"5d0f","type":1,"text":"Rushes of hot air blow across the desk as the gas chromatograph blasts the sample at 280 degrees Celsius. Thirty minutes later the machine’s robotic arm automatically moves over to grip another bottle. The machine will continue cranking through the 150 samples in the trays for most of the work week.","markups":[]},{"name":"d6aa","type":4,"text":"Photo by Joan Bardeletti","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*PU40bbbox2Ompc5I3RE99A.jpeg","originalWidth":2013,"originalHeight":1241}},{"name":"15e0","type":1,"text":"To get the drugs to Barcelona, a user mails at least 10 milligrams of a substance to the offices of the Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, the non-government organization that oversees Energy Control. The sample then gets delivered to the testing service’s laboratory, at the Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, a futuristic, seven story building sitting metres away from the beach. Energy Control borrows its lab space from a biomedical research group for free.","markups":[]},{"name":"2574","type":1,"text":"The tests cost 50 Euro per sample. Users pay, not surprisingly, with Bitcoin. In the post announcing Energy Control’s service on the deep web, the group promised that “All profits of this service are set aside of maintenance of this project.”","markups":[]},{"name":"2644","type":1,"text":"About a week after testing, those results are sent in a PDF to an email address provided by the anonymous client.","markups":[]},{"name":"9f91","type":1,"text":"“The process is quite boring, because you are in a routine,” Lladanosa says. But one part of the process is consistently surprising: that moment when the results pop up on the screen. “Every time it’s something different.” For instance, one cocaine sample she had tested also contained phenacetin, a painkiller added to increase the product’s weight; lidocaine, an anesthetic that numbs the gums, giving the impression that the user is taking higher quality cocaine; and common caffeine.","markups":[]},{"name":"b821","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png","originalWidth":1200,"originalHeight":24}},{"name":"39a6","type":1,"text":"The deep web drug lab is the brainchild of Fernando Caudevilla, a Spanish physician who is better known as “DoctorX” on the deep web, a nickname given to him by his Energy Control co-workers because of his earlier writing about the history, risks and recreational culture of MDMA. In the physical world, Caudevilla has worked for over a decade with Energy Control on various harm reduction focused projects, most of which have involved giving Spanish illegal drug users medical guidance, and often writing leaflets about the harms of certain substances.","markups":[]},{"name":"eebc","type":4,"text":"Fernando Caudevilla, AKA DoctorX. Photo: Joseph Cox","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*mKvUNOAVQxl6atCbxbCZsg.jpeg","originalWidth":2100,"originalHeight":1241}},{"name":"c099","type":1,"text":"Caudevilla first ventured into Silk Road forums in April 2013. “I would like to contribute to this forum offering professional advice in topics related to drug use and health,” he wrote in an introductory post, using his DoctorX alias. Caudevilla offered to provide answers to questions that a typical doctor is not prepared, or willing, to respond to, at least not without a lecture or a judgment. “This advice cannot replace a complete face-to-face medical evaluation,” he wrote, “but I know how difficult it can be to talk frankly about these things.”","markups":[{"type":3,"start":192,"end":209,"href":"http://web.archive.org/web/20131015051405/https://dkn255hz262ypmii.onion.to/index.php?topic=147607.0","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"ff1d","type":1,"text":"The requests flooded in. A diabetic asked what effect MDMA has on blood sugar; another what the risks of frequent psychedelic use were for a young person. Someone wanted to know whether amphetamine use should be avoided during lactation. In all, Fernando’s thread received over 50,000 visits and 300 questions before the FBI shut down Silk Road.","markups":[]},{"name":"1f35","type":1,"text":"“He’s amazing. A gift to this community,” one user wrote on the Silk Road 2.0 forum, a site that sprang up after the original. “His knowledge is invaluable, and never comes with any judgment.” Up until recently, Caudevilla answered questions on the marketplace “Evolution.” Last week, however, the administrators of that site pulled a scam, shutting the market down and escaping with an estimated $12 million worth of Bitcoin.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":326,"end":339,"href":"http://motherboard.vice.com/read/one-of-the-darknets-biggest-markets-may-have-just-stole-all-its-users-bitcoin","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"b20f","type":1,"text":"Caudevilla’s transition from dispensing advice to starting up a no-questions-asked drug testing service came as a consequence of his experience on the deep web. He’d wondered whether he could help bring more harm reduction services to a marketplace without controls. The Energy Control project, as part of its mandate of educating drug users and preventing harm, had already been carrying out drug testing for local Spanish users since 2001, at music festivals, night clubs, or through a drop-in service at a lab in Madrid.","markups":[]},{"name":"f739","type":1,"text":"“I thought, we are doing this in Spain, why don’t we do an international drug testing service?” Caudevilla told me when I visited the other Energy Control lab, in Madrid. Caudevilla, a stocky character with ear piercings and short, shaved hair, has eyes that light up whenever he discusses the world of the deep web. Later, via email, he elaborated that it was not a hard sell. “It was not too hard to convince them,” he wrote me. Clearly, Energy Control believed that the reputation he had earned as an unbiased medical professional on the deep web might carry over to the drug analysis service, where one needs to establish “credibility, trustworthiness, [and] transparency,” Caudevilla said. “We could not make mistakes,” he added.","markups":[]},{"name":"4058","type":4,"text":"Photo: Joseph Cox","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*knT10_FNVUmqQIBLnutmzQ.jpeg","originalWidth":4400,"originalHeight":3141}},{"name":"818c","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png","originalWidth":1200,"originalHeight":24}},{"name":"7b5e","type":1,"text":"While the Energy Control lab in Madrid lab only tests Spanish drugs from various sources, it is the Barcelona location which vets the substances bought in the shadowy recesses of of the deep web. Caudevilla no longer runs it, having handed it over to his colleague Ana Muñoz. She maintains a presence on the deep web forums, answers questions from potential users, and sends back reports when they are ready.","markups":[]},{"name":"0f0e","type":1,"text":"The testing program exists in a legal grey area. The people who own the Barcelona lab are accredited to experiment with and handle drugs, but Energy Control doesn’t have this permission itself, at least not in writing.","markups":[]},{"name":"e002","type":1,"text":"“We have a verbal agreement with the police and other authorities. They already know what we are doing,” Lladanosa tells me. It is a pact of mutual benefit. Energy Control provides the police with information on batches of drugs in Spain, whether they’re from the deep web or not, Espinosa says. They also contribute to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction’s early warning system, a collaboration that attempts to spread information about dangerous drugs as quickly as possible.","markups":[]},{"name":"db1b","type":1,"text":"By the time of my visit in February, Energy Control had received over 150 samples from the deep web and have been receiving more at a rate of between 4 and 8 a week. Traditional drugs, such as cocaine and MDMA, make up about 70 percent of the samples tested, but the Barcelona lab has also received samples of the prescription pill codeine, research chemicals and synthetic cannabinoids, and even pills of Viagra.","markups":[]},{"name":"b885","type":4,"text":"Photo by Joan Bardeletti","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*Vr61dyCTRwk6CemmVF8YAQ.jpeg","originalWidth":2100,"originalHeight":1402}},{"name":"e76f","type":1,"text":"So it’s fair to make a tentative judgement on what people are paying for on the deep web. The verdict thus far? Overall, drugs on the deep web appear to be of much higher quality than those found on the street.","markups":[]},{"name":"5352","type":1,"text":"“In general, the cocaine is amazing,” says Caudevilla, saying that the samples they’ve seen have purities climbing towards 80 or 90 percent, and some even higher. To get an idea of how unusual this is, take a look at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report 2014, which reports that the average quality of street cocaine in Spain is just over 40 percent, while in the United Kingdom it is closer to 30 percent.“We have found 100 percent [pure] cocaine,” he adds. “That’s really, really strange. That means that, technically, this cocaine has been purified, with clandestine methods.”","markups":[{"type":3,"start":221,"end":284,"href":"http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/Cocaine_2014_web.pdf","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"a71c","type":1,"text":"Naturally, identifying vendors who sell this top-of-the-range stuff is one of the reasons that people have sent samples to Energy Control. Caudevilla was keen to stress that, officially, Energy Control’s service “is not intended to be a control of drug quality,” meaning a vetting process for identifying the best sellers, but that is exactly how some people have been using it.","markups":[]},{"name":"cb5b","type":1,"text":"As one buyer on the Evolution market, elmo666, wrote to me over the site’s messaging system, “My initial motivations were selfish. My primary motivation was to ensure that I was receiving and continue to receive a high quality product, essentially to keep the vendor honest as far as my interactions with them went.”","markups":[]},{"name":"d80d","type":1,"text":"Vendors on deep web markets advertise their product just like any other outlet does, using flash sales, gimmicky giveaways and promises of drugs that are superior to those of their competitors. The claims, however, can turn out to be empty: despite the test results that show that deep web cocaine vendors typically sell product that is of a better quality than that found on the street, in plenty of cases, the drugs are nowhere near as pure as advertised.","markups":[]},{"name":"36de","type":1,"text":"“You won’t be getting anything CLOSE to what you paid for,” one user complained about the cocaine from ‘Mirkov’, a vendor on Evolution. “He sells 65% not 95%.”","markups":[]},{"name":"8544","type":4,"text":"Photo by Joan Bardeletti","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*a-1_13xE6_ErQ-QSlz6myw.jpeg","originalWidth":2100,"originalHeight":1402}},{"name":"d521","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*ohyycinH18fz98TCyUzVgQ.png","originalWidth":1200,"originalHeight":24}},{"name":"126b","type":1,"text":"Despite the prevalence of people using the service to gauge the quality of what goes up their nose, many users send samples to Energy Control in the spirit of its original mission: keeping themselves alive and healthy. The worst case scenario from drugs purchased on the deep web is, well the worst case. That was the outcome when Patrick McMullen, a 17-year-old Scottish student, ingested half a gram of MDMA and three tabs of LSD, reportedly purchased from the Silk Road. While talking to his friends on Skype, his words became slurred and he passed out. Paramedics could not revive him. The coroner for that case, Sherrif Payne, who deemed the cause of death ecstasy toxicity, told The Independent “You never know the purity of what you are taking and you can easily come unstuck.”","markups":[{"type":3,"start":331,"end":348,"href":"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/teenager-patrick-mcmullen-who-died-while-on-skype-had-bought-drugs-from-silk-road-8942329.html","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0},{"type":2,"start":685,"end":700}]},{"name":"5e9e","type":1,"text":"ScreamMyName, a deep web user who has been active since the original Silk Road, wants to alert users to the dangerous chemicals that are often mixed with drugs, and is using Energy Control as a means to do so.","markups":[]},{"name":"19a6","type":1,"text":"“We’re at a time where some vendors are outright sending people poison. Some do it unknowingly,” ScreamMyName told me in an encrypted message. “Cocaine production in South America is often tainted with either levamisole or phenacetine. Both poison to humans and both with severe side effects.”","markups":[]},{"name":"9fef","type":1,"text":"In the case of Levamisole, those prescribing it are often not doctors but veterinarians, as Levamisole is commonly used on animals, primarily for the treatment of worms. If ingested by humans it can lead to cases of extreme eruptions of the skin, as documented in a study from researchers at the University of California, San Francisco. But Lladanosa has found Levamisole in cocaine samples; dealers use it to increase the product weight, allowing them to stretch their batch further for greater profit — and also, she says, because Levamisole has a strong stimulant effect.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":250,"end":271,"href":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127712","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"7886","type":1,"text":"“It got me sick as fuck,” Dr. Feel, an Evolution user, wrote on the site’s forums after consuming cocaine that had been cut with 23 percent Levamisole, and later tested by Energy Control. “I was laid up in bed for several days because of that shit. The first night I did it, I thought I was going to die. I nearly drove myself to the ER.”","markups":[]},{"name":"18d3","type":1,"text":"“More people die because of tainted drugs than the drugs themselves,” Dr. Feel added. “It’s the cuts and adulterants that are making people sick and killing them.”","markups":[]},{"name":"552a","type":4,"text":"Photo by Joan Bardeletti","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*IWXhtSsVv0gNnCwnDEXk-Q.jpeg","originalWidth":2100,"originalHeight":1192}},{"name":"839a","type":1,"text":"The particular case of cocaine cut with Levamisole is one of the reasons that ScreamMyName has been pushing for more drug testing on the deep web markets. “I recognize that drug use isn’t exactly healthy, but why exacerbate the problem?” he told me when I contacted him after his post. “[Energy Control] provides a way for users to test the drugs they’ll use and for these very users to know what it is they’re putting in their bodies. Such services are in very short supply.”","markups":[]},{"name":"18dc","type":1,"text":"After sending a number of Energy Control tests himself, ScreamMyName started a de facto crowd-sourcing campaign to get more drugs sent to the lab, and then shared the results, after throwing in some cash to get the ball rolling. He set up a Bitcoin wallet, with the hope that users might chip in to fund further tests. At the time of writing, the wallet has received a total of 1.81 bitcoins; around $430 at today’s exchange rates.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":229,"end":255,"href":"https://blockchain.info/address/1Mi6VjMFqjcD48FPV7cnPB24MAtQQenRy3","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"dcbd","type":1,"text":"In posts to the Evolution community, ScreamMyName pitched this project as something that will benefit users and keep drug dealer honest. “When the funds build up to a point where we can purchase an [Energy Control] test fee, we’ll do a US thread poll for a few days and try to cohesively decide on what vendor to test,” he continued.","markups":[]},{"name":"9d32","type":4,"text":"Photo by Joan Bardeletti","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*NGcrjfkV0l37iQH2uyYjEw.jpeg","originalWidth":1368,"originalHeight":913}},{"name":"bff6","type":1,"text":"Other members of the community have been helping out, too. PlutoPete, a vendor from the original Silk Road who sold cannabis seeds and other legal items, has provided ScreamMyName with packaging to safely send the samples to Barcelona. “A box of baggies, and a load of different moisture barrier bags,” PlutoPete told me over the phone. “That’s what all the vendors use.”","markups":[]},{"name":"bb78","type":1,"text":"It’s a modest program so far. ScreamMyName told me that so far he had gotten enough public funding to purchase five different Energy Control tests, in addition to the ten or so he’s sent himself so far. “The program created is still in its infancy and it is growing and changing as we go along but I have a lot of faith in what we’re doing,” he says.","markups":[]},{"name":"5638","type":1,"text":"But the spirit is contagious: elmo666, the other deep web user testing cocaine, originally kept the results of the drug tests to himself, but he, too, saw a benefit to distributing the data. “It is clear that it is a useful service to other users, keeping vendors honest and drugs (and their users) safe,” he told me. He started to report his findings to others on the forums, and then created a thread with summaries of the test results, as well as comments from the vendors if they provided it. Other users were soon basing their decisions on what to buy on elmo666‘s tests.","markups":[]},{"name":"de75","type":1,"text":"“I’m defo trying the cola based on the incredibly helpful elmo and his energy control results and recommendations,” wrote user jayk1984. On top of this, elmo666 plans to launch an independent site on the deep web that will collate all of these results, which should act as a resource for users of all the marketplaces.","markups":[]},{"name":"6b72","type":1,"text":"As word of elmo666's efforts spread, he began getting requests from drug dealers who wanted him to use their wares for testing. Clearly, they figured that a positive result from Energy Control would be a fantastic marketing tool to draw more customers. They even offered elmo666 free samples. (He passed.)","markups":[]},{"name":"b008","type":1,"text":"Meanwhile, some in the purchasing community are arguing that those running markets on the deep web should be providing quality control themselves. PlutoPete told me over the phone that he had been in discussions about this with Dread Pirate Roberts, the pseudonymous owner of the original Silk Road site. “We [had been] talking about that on a more organized basis on Silk Road 1, doing lots of anonymous buys to police each category. But of course they took the thing [Silk Road] down before we got it properly off the ground,” he lamented.","markups":[]},{"name":"49c8","type":1,"text":"But perhaps it is best that the users, those who are actually consuming the drugs, remain in charge of shaming dealers and warning each other. “It’s our responsibility to police the market based on reviews and feedback,” elmo666 wrote in an Evolution forum post. It seems that in the lawless space of the deep web, where everything from child porn to weapons are sold openly, users have cooperated in an organic display of self-regulation to stamp out those particular batches of drugs that are more likely to harm users.","markups":[]},{"name":"386d","type":1,"text":"“That’s always been the case with the deep web,” PlutoPete told me. Indeed, ever since Silk Road, a stable of the drug markets has been the review system, where buyers can leave a rating and feedback for vendors, letting others know about the reliability of the seller. But DoctorX’s lab, rigorously testing the products with scientific instruments, takes it a step further.","markups":[]},{"name":"890b","type":4,"text":"Photo by Joan Bardeletti","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*WRlKt3q3mt7utmwxcbl3sQ.jpeg","originalWidth":2100,"originalHeight":1373}},{"name":"b109","type":1,"text":"“In the white market, they have quality control. In the dark market, it should be the same,” Cristina Gil Lladanosa says to me before I leave the Barcelona lab.","markups":[]},{"name":"e3a4","type":1,"text":"A week after I visit the lab, the results of the MDMA arrive in my inbox: it is 85 percent pure, with no indications of other active ingredients. Whoever ordered that sample from the digital shelves of the deep web, and had it shipped to their doorstep in Canada, got hold of some seriously good, and relatively safe drugs. And now they know it.","markups":[]},{"name":"31cf","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*320_4I0lxbn5x3bx4XPI5Q.png","originalWidth":1200,"originalHeight":24}},{"name":"9b87","type":1,"text":"Top photo by Joan Bardeletti","markups":[{"type":2,"start":0,"end":28}],"alignment":2},{"name":"c30a","type":1,"text":"Follow Backchannel: Twitter | Facebook","markups":[{"type":3,"start":20,"end":27,"href":"https://twitter.com/backchnnl","title":"","rel":"nofollow","anchorType":0},{"type":3,"start":30,"end":38,"href":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Backchannel/1488568504730671","title":"","rel":"nofollow","anchorType":0},{"type":2,"start":20,"end":38}],"alignment":2}],"sections":[{"name":"ef8c","startIndex":0}]},"postDisplay":{"coverless":true}},"media":null,"virtuals":{"currentCollectionId":"","statusForCollection":"APPROVED","createdAtRelative":"15 days ago","updatedAtRelative":"3 hours ago","acceptedAtRelative":"","createdAtEnglish":"March 12, 2015","updatedAtEnglish":"March 27, 2015","acceptedAtEnglish":"","firstPublishedAtEnglish":"March 27, 2015","latestPublishedAtEnglish":"March 27, 2015","allowNotes":true,"languageTier":1,"snippet":"Welcome to DoctorX’s Barcelona lab, where the drugs you bought online are tested for safety and purity. 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Il sera désormais examiné par le Sénat, puis le Conseil constitutionnel, prochainement saisi par 75 députés. Dans un souci d'apaisement, François Hollande avait annoncé par avance qu'il saisirait les Sages.</p> + <p><strong>Revivez <a href="http://fakehost/pixels/live/2015/05/05/suivez-le-vote-de-la-loi-renseignement-en-direct_4628012_4408996.html">le direct du vote à l’Assemblée avec vos questions.</a></strong></p> + <p>Ont voté contre : 10 députés socialistes (sur 288), 35 UMP (sur 198), 11 écologistes (sur 18), 11 UDI (sur 30), 12 députés Front de gauche (sur 15) et 7 non-inscrits (sur 9). <a href="http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/scrutins/detail/%28legislature%29/14/%28num%29/1109">Le détail est disponible sur le site de l'Assemblée nationale.</a></p> + <p>Parmi les députés ayan voté contre figurent notamment des opposants de la première heure, comme l'UMP Laure de la Raudière ou l'écologiste Sergio Coronado, mais aussi quelques poids lourds de l'opposition comme Patrick Devedjian ou Claude Goasguen. A gauche, on trouve parmi les quelque opposants au texte Aurélie Filipetti. Christian Paul, qui avait été très actif lors d'autres débats sur les libertés numériques, s'est abstenu.</p> + <p>Pouria Amirshahi, député socialiste des Français de l'étranger qui a également voté contre, a annoncé qu'il transmettrait un « mémorandum argumenté » au Conseil constitutionnel et demanderait à se faire auditionner sur le projet de loi. D'autres députés ont prévu de faire la même démarche.</p> + <p>Ce texte, fortement décrié par la société civile pour son manque de contre-pouvoir et le caractère intrusif des techniques qu’il autorise, entend donner un cadre aux pratiques des services de renseignement, rendant légales certaines pratiques qui, jusqu’à présent, ne l’étaient pas.</p> + <p><u>Retour sur ses principales dispositions, après son passage en commission des lois et après le débat en séance publique.</u></p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Définition des objectifs des services</h2> + <p>Le projet de loi énonce les domaines que peuvent invoquer les services pour justifier leur surveillance. Il s’agit notamment, de manière attendue, de <em>« l’indépendance nationale, de l’intégrité du territoire et de la défense nationale »</em> et de<em> « la prévention du terrorisme »,</em> mais également des <em>« intérêts majeurs de la politique étrangère »,</em> ainsi que de la <em>« prévention des atteintes à la forme républicaine des institutions »</em> et de <em>« la criminalité et de la délinquance organisées »</em>. Des formulations parfois larges qui inquiètent les opposants au texte qui craignent qu’elles puissent permettre de surveiller des activistes ou des manifestants.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">La Commission de contrôle</h2> + <p>Le contrôle de cette surveillance sera confié à une nouvelle autorité administrative indépendante, la Commission nationale de contrôle des techniques de renseignement (CNCTR), composée de six magistrats du Conseil d’Etat et de la Cour de cassation, de trois députés et trois sénateurs de la majorité et de l’opposition, et d’un expert technique. Elle remplacera l’actuelle Commission nationale de contrôle des interceptions de sécurité (CNCIS).</p> + <p>Elle délivrera son avis, sauf cas d’urgence, avant toute opération de surveillance ciblée. Deux types urgences sont prévus par la loi : d’un côté une <em>« urgence absolue »</em>, pour laquelle un agent pourra se passer de l’avis de la CNCTR mais pas de l’autorisation du premier ministre. De l’autre, une urgence opérationnelle extrêmement limitée, notamment en termes de techniques, à l’initiative du chef du service de renseignement, qui se passe de l’avis de la CNCTR. Ces cas d’urgence ne justifieront pas l’intrusion d’un domicile ni la surveillance d’un journaliste, un parlementaire ou un avocat. Dans ces cas, la procédure classique devra s’appliquer.</p> + <p>L’avis de la CNCTR ne sera pas contraignant, mais cette commission pourra saisir le Conseil d’Etat si elle estime que la loi n’est pas respectée et elle disposera de pouvoirs d’enquête. Ce recours juridictionnel est une nouveauté dans le monde du renseignement.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Les « boîtes noires »</h2> + <p>Une des dispositions les plus contestées de ce projet de loi prévoit de pouvoir contraindre les fournisseurs d’accès à Internet (FAI) à « <em>détecter une menace terroriste sur la base d’un traitement automatisé ». </em>Ce dispositif – autorisé par le premier ministre par tranche de quatre mois – permettrait de détecter, en temps réel ou quasi réel, les personnes ayant une activité en ligne typique de « schémas » utilisés par les terroristes pour transmettre des informations.</p> + <p>En pratique, les services de renseignement pourraient installer chez les FAI une « boîte noire » surveillant le trafic. Le contenu des communications – qui resterait « anonyme » – ne serait pas surveillé, mais uniquement les métadonnées : origine ou destinataire d’un message, adresse IP d’un site visité, durée de la conversation ou de la connexion… Ces données ne seraient pas conservées.</p> + <p>La Commission nationale informatique et libertés<strong> </strong>(CNIL), qui critique fortement cette disposition. La CNIL soulève notamment que l’anonymat de ces données est très relatif, puisqu’il peut être levé.</p> + <p class="lire">Lire aussi : <a href="http://fakehost/pixels/article/2015/03/18/les-critiques-de-la-cnil-contre-le-projet-de-loi-sur-le-renseignement_4595839_4408996.html">Les critiques de la CNIL contre le projet de loi sur le renseignement</a> </p> + <p>Le dispositif introduit une forme de « pêche au chalut » – un brassage très large des données des Français à la recherche de quelques individus. Le gouvernement se défend de toute similarité avec les dispositifs mis en place par la NSA américaine, arguant notamment que les données ne seront pas conservées et que cette activité sera contrôlée par une toute nouvelle commission aux moyens largement renforcés. Il s’agit cependant d’un dispositif très large, puisqu’il concernera tous les fournisseurs d’accès à Internet, et donc tous les internautes français.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">L’élargissement de la surveillance électronique pour détecter les « futurs » terroristes</h2> + <p>La surveillance des métadonnées sera aussi utilisée pour tenter de détecter de nouveaux profils de terroristes potentiels, prévoit le projet de loi. Le gouvernement considère qu’il s’agit d’une manière efficace de détecter les profils qui passent aujourd’hui <em>« entre les mailles du filet »</em>, par exemple des personnes parties en Syrie ou en Irak sans qu’aucune activité suspecte n’ait été décelée avant leur départ.</p> + <p>Pour repérer ces personnes, la loi permettra d’étendre la surveillance électronique à toutes les personnes en contact avec des personnes déjà suspectées. En analysant leurs contacts, la fréquence de ces derniers et les modes de communication, les services de renseignement espèrent pouvoir détecter ces nouveaux profils en amont.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">De nouveaux outils et méthodes de collecte</h2> + <p>Les services pourront également procéder, après un avis de la CNCTR, à la pose de micros dans une pièce ou de mouchards sur un objet (voiture par exemple), ou à l’intérieur d’un ordinateur. L’utilisation des IMSI-catchers (fausses antennes qui permettent d’intercepter des conversations téléphoniques) est également légalisée, pour les services de renseignement, dans certains cas. Le nombre maximal de ces appareils sera fixé par arrêté du premier ministre après l’avis de la CNCTR.</p> + <p><strong>Lire : <a href="http://fakehost/pixels/article/2015/03/31/que-sont-les-imsi-catchers-ces-valises-qui-espionnent-les-telephones-portables_4605827_4408996.html">Que sont les IMSI-catchers, ces valises qui espionnent les téléphones portables ?</a></strong></p> + <p>La loi introduit également des mesures de surveillance internationale : concrètement, les procédures de contrôle seront allégées lorsqu’un des « bouts » de la communication sera situé à l’étranger (concrètement, un Français qui parle avec un individu situé à l’étranger). Cependant, comme l’a souligné l’Arcep (l’Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques et des postes), sollicitée pour le versant technique de cette mesure, il est parfois difficile de s’assurer qu’une communication, même passant par l’étranger, ne concerne pas deux Français.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Un nouveau fichier</h2> + <p>La loi crée un fichier judiciaire national automatisé des auteurs d’infractions terroristes (Fijait), dont les données pourront être conservées pendant vingt ans.</p> + <p>Ce fichier concerne les personnes ayant été condamnées, même si une procédure d’appel est en cours. Les mineurs pourront aussi être inscrits dans ce fichier et leurs données conservées jusqu’à dix ans. L’inscription ne sera pas automatique et se fera sur décision judiciaire. Certaines mises en examen pourront aussi apparaître sur ce fichier. En cas de non-lieu, relaxe, acquittement, amnistie ou réhabilitation, ces informations seront effacées.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Renseignement pénitentiaire</h2> + <p>Le renseignement pénitentiaire pourra, dans des conditions qui seront fixées par décret, profiter des techniques que légalise le projet de loi pour les services de renseignement. La ministre de la justice, Christiane Taubira, était défavorable à cette disposition, soutenue par le rapporteur du texte, la droite et une partie des députés de gauche. Pour la ministre, cette innovation va dénaturer le renseignement pénitentiaire et le transformer en véritable service de renseignement.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Conservation des données</h2> + <p>La CNIL <a href="http://www.cnil.fr/fileadmin/documents/La_CNIL/actualite/Les_propositions_de_la_CNIL_sur_les_evolutions_de_la_loi_Informatique_et_Libertes.pdf">a fait part à plusieurs reprises de sa volonté</a> d’exercer sa mission de contrôle sur les fichiers liés au renseignement, qui seront alimentés par ces collectes. Ces fichiers sont aujourd’hui exclus du périmètre d’action de la CNIL.</p> + <p>La durée de conservation des données collectées – et l’adaptation de cette durée à la technique employée – a par ailleurs été inscrite dans la loi, contrairement au projet initial du gouvernement qui entendait fixer ces limites par décret. Elle pourra aller jusqu’à cinq ans dans le cas des données de connexion.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Un dispositif pour les lanceurs d’alerte</h2> + <p>La loi prévoit également une forme de protection pour les agents qui seraient témoins de surveillance illégale. Ces lanceurs d’alerte pourraient solliciter la CNCTR, voire le premier ministre, et leur fournir toutes les pièces utiles. La CNCTR pourra ensuite aviser le procureur de la République et solliciter la Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale afin que cette dernière <em>« donne au premier ministre son avis sur la possibilité de déclassifier tout ou partie de ces éléments »</em>. Aucune mesure de rétorsion ne pourra viser l’agent qui aurait dénoncé des actes potentiellement illégaux.</p> + </div> +</div>
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Il sera désormais examiné par le Sénat, puis le Conseil constitutionnel, prochainement saisi par 75 députés. Dans un souci d'apaisement, François Hollande avait annoncé par avance qu'il saisirait les Sages.</p> + <p><strong>Revivez <a href="/pixels/live/2015/05/05/suivez-le-vote-de-la-loi-renseignement-en-direct_4628012_4408996.html">le direct du vote à l’Assemblée avec vos questions.</a></strong></p> + <p>Ont voté contre : 10 députés socialistes (sur 288), 35 UMP (sur 198), 11 écologistes (sur 18), 11 UDI (sur 30), 12 députés Front de gauche (sur 15) et 7 non-inscrits (sur 9). <a href="http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/scrutins/detail/%28legislature%29/14/%28num%29/1109">Le détail est disponible sur le site de l'Assemblée nationale.</a></p> + <p>Parmi les députés ayan voté contre figurent notamment des opposants de la première heure, comme l'UMP Laure de la Raudière ou l'écologiste Sergio Coronado, mais aussi quelques poids lourds de l'opposition comme Patrick Devedjian ou Claude Goasguen. A gauche, on trouve parmi les quelque opposants au texte Aurélie Filipetti. Christian Paul, qui avait été très actif lors d'autres débats sur les libertés numériques, s'est abstenu.</p> + <p>Pouria Amirshahi, député socialiste des Français de l'étranger qui a également voté contre, a annoncé qu'il transmettrait un « mémorandum argumenté » au Conseil constitutionnel et demanderait à se faire auditionner sur le projet de loi. D'autres députés ont prévu de faire la même démarche.</p> + <p>Ce texte, fortement décrié par la société civile pour son manque de contre-pouvoir et le caractère intrusif des techniques qu’il autorise, entend donner un cadre aux pratiques des services de renseignement, rendant légales certaines pratiques qui, jusqu’à présent, ne l’étaient pas.</p> + <p><u>Retour sur ses principales dispositions, après son passage en commission des lois et après le débat en séance publique.</u></p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Définition des objectifs des services</h2> + <p>Le projet de loi énonce les domaines que peuvent invoquer les services pour justifier leur surveillance. Il s’agit notamment, de manière attendue, de <em>« l’indépendance nationale, de l’intégrité du territoire et de la défense nationale »</em> et de<em> « la prévention du terrorisme »,</em> mais également des <em>« intérêts majeurs de la politique étrangère »,</em> ainsi que de la <em>« prévention des atteintes à la forme républicaine des institutions »</em> et de <em>« la criminalité et de la délinquance organisées »</em>. Des formulations parfois larges qui inquiètent les opposants au texte qui craignent qu’elles puissent permettre de surveiller des activistes ou des manifestants.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">La Commission de contrôle</h2> + <p>Le contrôle de cette surveillance sera confié à une nouvelle autorité administrative indépendante, la Commission nationale de contrôle des techniques de renseignement (CNCTR), composée de six magistrats du Conseil d’Etat et de la Cour de cassation, de trois députés et trois sénateurs de la majorité et de l’opposition, et d’un expert technique. Elle remplacera l’actuelle Commission nationale de contrôle des interceptions de sécurité (CNCIS).</p> + <p>Elle délivrera son avis, sauf cas d’urgence, avant toute opération de surveillance ciblée. Deux types urgences sont prévus par la loi : d’un côté une <em>« urgence absolue »</em>, pour laquelle un agent pourra se passer de l’avis de la CNCTR mais pas de l’autorisation du premier ministre. De l’autre, une urgence opérationnelle extrêmement limitée, notamment en termes de techniques, à l’initiative du chef du service de renseignement, qui se passe de l’avis de la CNCTR. Ces cas d’urgence ne justifieront pas l’intrusion d’un domicile ni la surveillance d’un journaliste, un parlementaire ou un avocat. Dans ces cas, la procédure classique devra s’appliquer.</p> + <p>L’avis de la CNCTR ne sera pas contraignant, mais cette commission pourra saisir le Conseil d’Etat si elle estime que la loi n’est pas respectée et elle disposera de pouvoirs d’enquête. Ce recours juridictionnel est une nouveauté dans le monde du renseignement.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Les « boîtes noires »</h2> + <p>Une des dispositions les plus contestées de ce projet de loi prévoit de pouvoir contraindre les fournisseurs d’accès à Internet (FAI) à « <em>détecter une menace terroriste sur la base d’un traitement automatisé ». </em>Ce dispositif – autorisé par le premier ministre par tranche de quatre mois – permettrait de détecter, en temps réel ou quasi réel, les personnes ayant une activité en ligne typique de « schémas » utilisés par les terroristes pour transmettre des informations.</p> + <p>En pratique, les services de renseignement pourraient installer chez les FAI une « boîte noire » surveillant le trafic. Le contenu des communications – qui resterait « anonyme » – ne serait pas surveillé, mais uniquement les métadonnées : origine ou destinataire d’un message, adresse IP d’un site visité, durée de la conversation ou de la connexion… Ces données ne seraient pas conservées.</p> + <p>La Commission nationale informatique et libertés<strong> </strong>(CNIL), qui critique fortement cette disposition. La CNIL soulève notamment que l’anonymat de ces données est très relatif, puisqu’il peut être levé.</p> + <p class="lire">Lire aussi : <a href="/pixels/article/2015/03/18/les-critiques-de-la-cnil-contre-le-projet-de-loi-sur-le-renseignement_4595839_4408996.html">Les critiques de la CNIL contre le projet de loi sur le renseignement</a> </p> + <p>Le dispositif introduit une forme de « pêche au chalut » – un brassage très large des données des Français à la recherche de quelques individus. Le gouvernement se défend de toute similarité avec les dispositifs mis en place par la NSA américaine, arguant notamment que les données ne seront pas conservées et que cette activité sera contrôlée par une toute nouvelle commission aux moyens largement renforcés. Il s’agit cependant d’un dispositif très large, puisqu’il concernera tous les fournisseurs d’accès à Internet, et donc tous les internautes français.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">L’élargissement de la surveillance électronique pour détecter les « futurs » terroristes</h2> + <p>La surveillance des métadonnées sera aussi utilisée pour tenter de détecter de nouveaux profils de terroristes potentiels, prévoit le projet de loi. Le gouvernement considère qu’il s’agit d’une manière efficace de détecter les profils qui passent aujourd’hui <em>« entre les mailles du filet »</em>, par exemple des personnes parties en Syrie ou en Irak sans qu’aucune activité suspecte n’ait été décelée avant leur départ.</p> + <p>Pour repérer ces personnes, la loi permettra d’étendre la surveillance électronique à toutes les personnes en contact avec des personnes déjà suspectées. En analysant leurs contacts, la fréquence de ces derniers et les modes de communication, les services de renseignement espèrent pouvoir détecter ces nouveaux profils en amont.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">De nouveaux outils et méthodes de collecte</h2> + <p>Les services pourront également procéder, après un avis de la CNCTR, à la pose de micros dans une pièce ou de mouchards sur un objet (voiture par exemple), ou à l’intérieur d’un ordinateur. L’utilisation des IMSI-catchers (fausses antennes qui permettent d’intercepter des conversations téléphoniques) est également légalisée, pour les services de renseignement, dans certains cas. Le nombre maximal de ces appareils sera fixé par arrêté du premier ministre après l’avis de la CNCTR.</p> + <p><strong>Lire : <a href="/pixels/article/2015/03/31/que-sont-les-imsi-catchers-ces-valises-qui-espionnent-les-telephones-portables_4605827_4408996.html">Que sont les IMSI-catchers, ces valises qui espionnent les téléphones portables ?</a></strong></p> + <p>La loi introduit également des mesures de surveillance internationale : concrètement, les procédures de contrôle seront allégées lorsqu’un des « bouts » de la communication sera situé à l’étranger (concrètement, un Français qui parle avec un individu situé à l’étranger). Cependant, comme l’a souligné l’Arcep (l’Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques et des postes), sollicitée pour le versant technique de cette mesure, il est parfois difficile de s’assurer qu’une communication, même passant par l’étranger, ne concerne pas deux Français.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Un nouveau fichier</h2> + <p>La loi crée un fichier judiciaire national automatisé des auteurs d’infractions terroristes (Fijait), dont les données pourront être conservées pendant vingt ans.</p> + <p>Ce fichier concerne les personnes ayant été condamnées, même si une procédure d’appel est en cours. Les mineurs pourront aussi être inscrits dans ce fichier et leurs données conservées jusqu’à dix ans. L’inscription ne sera pas automatique et se fera sur décision judiciaire. Certaines mises en examen pourront aussi apparaître sur ce fichier. En cas de non-lieu, relaxe, acquittement, amnistie ou réhabilitation, ces informations seront effacées.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Renseignement pénitentiaire</h2> + <p>Le renseignement pénitentiaire pourra, dans des conditions qui seront fixées par décret, profiter des techniques que légalise le projet de loi pour les services de renseignement. La ministre de la justice, Christiane Taubira, était défavorable à cette disposition, soutenue par le rapporteur du texte, la droite et une partie des députés de gauche. Pour la ministre, cette innovation va dénaturer le renseignement pénitentiaire et le transformer en véritable service de renseignement.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Conservation des données</h2> + <p>La CNIL <a href="http://www.cnil.fr/fileadmin/documents/La_CNIL/actualite/Les_propositions_de_la_CNIL_sur_les_evolutions_de_la_loi_Informatique_et_Libertes.pdf">a fait part à plusieurs reprises de sa volonté</a> d’exercer sa mission de contrôle sur les fichiers liés au renseignement, qui seront alimentés par ces collectes. Ces fichiers sont aujourd’hui exclus du périmètre d’action de la CNIL.</p> + <p>La durée de conservation des données collectées – et l’adaptation de cette durée à la technique employée – a par ailleurs été inscrite dans la loi, contrairement au projet initial du gouvernement qui entendait fixer ces limites par décret. Elle pourra aller jusqu’à cinq ans dans le cas des données de connexion.</p> + <h2 class="intertitre">Un dispositif pour les lanceurs d’alerte</h2> + <p>La loi prévoit également une forme de protection pour les agents qui seraient témoins de surveillance illégale. Ces lanceurs d’alerte pourraient solliciter la CNCTR, voire le premier ministre, et leur fournir toutes les pièces utiles. La CNCTR pourra ensuite aviser le procureur de la République et solliciter la Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale afin que cette dernière <em>« donne au premier ministre son avis sur la possibilité de déclassifier tout ou partie de ces éléments »</em>. Aucune mesure de rétorsion ne pourra viser l’agent qui aurait dénoncé des actes potentiellement illégaux.</p> + </div> + <p itemprop="author" class="auteur txt2_120"></p> + <div class="bg_gris_moyen signature"> + <ul class="liste_bordure"> + <li class="clearfix" itemprop="author"> <span class="identite"> + + + <a href="/journaliste/martin-untersinger/" target="_blank"> +<img data-placeholder="true" width="24" height="24" data-src="http://s1.lemde.fr/image/2014/04/18/24x24/1100512060_4_989c_13978271609841-0kab-c47_a068f1501374eefd42e6bb2cac94b37a.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-lazyload="true" onload="lmd.pic(this);" onerror="lmd.pic(this);" class="lazy-retina" alt=" "/> + </a> + + + <a href="/journaliste/martin-untersinger/" target="_blank" class="gras">Martin Untersinger</a> (avec Damien Leloup et Morgane Tual) + + <br/><span class="txt_gris_clair">Journaliste au Monde</span> </span> <span class="suivre"> + <strong class="txt1 txt_gris_moyen">Suivre</strong> + <a href="/journaliste/martin-untersinger/" class="avatar13x13" target="_blank">Aller sur la page de ce journaliste</a> + + <a href="https://twitter.com/martin_u" class="tw13x13">Suivre ce journaliste sur twitter</a> + + </span> </li> + </ul> + </div> + <p></p> + </article> + <div class="position_pub" data-adformat="web_partenaire" data-adsite="50270" data-adpage="444463" data-adquery="" data-adformat-id="23371"> + <script> + //sas_manager.render(23371); 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"https:" : "http:") + "//mc.yandex.ru/metrika/watch.js"]); + }); + </script> + <noscript> + <div><img src="//mc.yandex.ru/watch/24317818" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div> + </noscript> + <script> + require(['lmd/core/footer-tracking']); + </script> +</body> + +</html> +<!--Rosae 2015/05/05 21:27:32 4.01 27.25 web11-www5:20230:4.36 httpfront--> diff --git a/test/test-pages/liberation-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/liberation-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f7e5c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/liberation-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Un troisième Français mort dans le séisme au Népal", + "byline": "AFP", + "excerpt": "Laurent Fabius a accueilli jeudi matin à Roissy un premier avion spécial ramenant des rescapés.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/liberation-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/liberation-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18587bd --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/liberation-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="article-body mod" itemprop="articleBody" id="article-body"> + <div> + <p>Un troisième Français a été tué dans le tremblement de terre samedi au Népal, emporté par une avalanche, <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/video/2015/04/30/laurent-fabius-plus-de-200-francais-n-ont-pas-ete-retrouves_1278687" target="_blank">a déclaré jeudi le ministre des Affaires étrangères</a>. Les autorités françaises sont toujours sans nouvelles <em>«d’encore plus de 200» </em>personnes. <em>«Pour certains d’entre eux on est très interrogatif»</em>, a ajouté Laurent Fabius. Il accueillait à Roissy un premier avion spécial ramenant des rescapés. <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/video/2015/04/30/seisme-au-nepal-soulages-mais-inquiets-206-survivants-de-retour-en-france_1278758" target="_blank">L’Airbus A350 affrété par les autorités françaises s’est posé peu avant 5h45</a> avec à son bord 206 passagers, dont 12 enfants et 26 blessés, selon une source du Quai d’Orsay. Quasiment tous sont français, à l’exception d’une quinzaine de ressortissants allemands, suisses, italiens, portugais ou encore turcs. Des psychologues, une équipe médicale et des personnels du centre de crise du Quai d’Orsay les attendent.</p> + <p>L’appareil, mis à disposition par Airbus, était arrivé à Katmandou mercredi matin avec 55 personnels de santé et humanitaires, ainsi que 25 tonnes de matériel (abris, médicaments, aide alimentaire). Un deuxième avion dépêché par Paris, qui était immobilisé aux Emirats depuis mardi avec 20 tonnes de matériel, est arrivé jeudi à Katmandou, <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2015/04/29/embouteillages-et-retards-a-l-aeroport-de-katmandou_1276612" target="_blank">dont le petit aéroport est engorgé</a> par le trafic et l’afflux d’aide humanitaire. Il devait lui aussi ramener des Français, <em>«les plus éprouvés»</em> par la catastrophe et les <em>«plus vulnérables (blessés, familles avec enfants)»</em>, selon le ministère des Affaires étrangères.</p> + <p>2 209 Français ont été localisés sains et saufs tandis que 393 n’ont pas encore pu être joints, selon le Quai d’Orsay. Environ 400 Français ont demandé à être rapatriés dans les vols mis en place par la France.</p> + <p>Le séisme a fait près de 5 500 morts et touche huit des 28 millions d’habitants du Népal. Des dizaines de milliers de personnes sont sans abri.</p> + <p> + <iframe src="http://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/x2oikl3" frameborder="0" width="100%" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + <br/><em></em></p> + </div> + </div> +</div>
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(Photo Prakash Mathema. AFP)</figcaption> + </figure> + <div class="description"> + <h2 itemprop="description">Laurent Fabius a accueilli jeudi matin à Roissy un premier avion spécial ramenant des rescapés.</h2> + <div itemprop="copyrightHolder provider sourceOrganization" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> + <meta itemprop="name" content="Libération"/> + <meta itemprop="url" content="http://www.liberation.fr/contacts/"/> </div> + </div> + </header> + <div class="article-body mod" itemprop="articleBody" id="article-body"> + <aside class="related" id="related-content"> <span class="name">Sur le même sujet</span> + <ul> + <li> + <div> + <a href="/monde/2015/04/29/a-katmandou-exode-sous-pression_1277386"> <span class="slug">Reportage</span> + <h2 class="diamond"> + A Katmandou, exode sous pression + </h2> </a> <span class="author"> + +Par<span class="authorname"> Sébastien Farcis</span> </span> + </div> + </li> + <li> + <div> + <a href="/monde/2015/04/29/aide-humanitaire-au-nepal-plus-les-heures-passent-moins-on-est-utiles_1276779"> <span class="slug">interview</span> + <h2> + Népal : «Plus les heures passent, moins on est utiles» + </h2> </a> <span class="author"> + +Par<span class="authorname"> Laurence Defranoux</span> </span> + </div> + </li> + </ul> + </aside> + <div> + <p>Un troisième Français a été tué dans le tremblement de terre samedi au Népal, emporté par une avalanche, <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/video/2015/04/30/laurent-fabius-plus-de-200-francais-n-ont-pas-ete-retrouves_1278687" target="_blank">a déclaré jeudi le ministre des Affaires étrangères</a>. Les autorités françaises sont toujours sans nouvelles <em>«d’encore plus de 200» </em>personnes. <em>«Pour certains d’entre eux on est très interrogatif»</em>, a ajouté Laurent Fabius. Il accueillait à Roissy un premier avion spécial ramenant des rescapés. <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/video/2015/04/30/seisme-au-nepal-soulages-mais-inquiets-206-survivants-de-retour-en-france_1278758" target="_blank">L’Airbus A350 affrété par les autorités françaises s’est posé peu avant 5h45</a> avec à son bord 206 passagers, dont 12 enfants et 26 blessés, selon une source du Quai d’Orsay. Quasiment tous sont français, à l’exception d’une quinzaine de ressortissants allemands, suisses, italiens, portugais ou encore turcs. Des psychologues, une équipe médicale et des personnels du centre de crise du Quai d’Orsay les attendent.</p> + <p>L’appareil, mis à disposition par Airbus, était arrivé à Katmandou mercredi matin avec 55 personnels de santé et humanitaires, ainsi que 25 tonnes de matériel (abris, médicaments, aide alimentaire). Un deuxième avion dépêché par Paris, qui était immobilisé aux Emirats depuis mardi avec 20 tonnes de matériel, est arrivé jeudi à Katmandou, <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2015/04/29/embouteillages-et-retards-a-l-aeroport-de-katmandou_1276612" target="_blank">dont le petit aéroport est engorgé</a> par le trafic et l’afflux d’aide humanitaire. Il devait lui aussi ramener des Français, <em>«les plus éprouvés»</em> par la catastrophe et les <em>«plus vulnérables (blessés, familles avec enfants)»</em>, selon le ministère des Affaires étrangères.</p> + <p>2 209 Français ont été localisés sains et saufs tandis que 393 n’ont pas encore pu être joints, selon le Quai d’Orsay. Environ 400 Français ont demandé à être rapatriés dans les vols mis en place par la France.</p> + <p>Le séisme a fait près de 5 500 morts et touche huit des 28 millions d’habitants du Népal. Des dizaines de milliers de personnes sont sans abri.</p> + <p> + <iframe src="http://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/x2oikl3" frameborder="0" width="100%" data-aspect-ratio="0.5625" data-responsive="1"></iframe> + <br/><em></em></p> + </div> + <div class="authors-container"> <span class="author" itemprop="author creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a href="http://www.liberation.fr/auteur/2005-afp"><span itemprop="name"> AFP</span></a> + </span> + </div> + </div> + </article> + </section> + <div class="promo"> + <section class="outside line"> + <div class="OUTBRAIN" data-src="http://liberation.fr/monde/2015/04/30/un-troisieme-francais-mort-dans-le-seisme-au-nepal_1278483" data-widget-id="AR_4" data-ob-template="liberation"></div> + <div class="OUTBRAIN" data-src="http://liberation.fr/monde/2015/04/30/un-troisieme-francais-mort-dans-le-seisme-au-nepal_1278483" data-widget-id="AR_3" data-ob-template="liberation"></div> + </section> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + if (is_responsive_mobile) { + var MB_2 = document.getElementsByClassName('OUTBRAIN')[0] + MB_2.setAttribute('data-widget-id', 'MB_2'); 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L'épicentre se situe sous l'île de Nouvelle-Bretagne, la plus grande de l'archipel Bismarck, au sud de Rabaul, ville détruite en 1994 par une éruption volcanique.</p> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6191" data-modified-at="1430395159.575099" data-published-at="1430394859.715612" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6191/" target="_blank"> <span>13:54</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6191" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">En Islande, tuer un Basque est désormais interdit</span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6191" target="_blank"> <img class="live-item-image" src="http://md0.libe.com/photo/631481-des-drapeaux-aux-couleurs-basques.jpg?modified_at=1395757809" title=""/> </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6189" data-modified-at="1430394327.620160" data-published-at="1430394224.78608" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6189/" target="_blank"> <span>13:43</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6189" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Accusation de viols en Centrafrique : «il y aura des sanctions» si les faits sont avérés</span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6189" target="_blank"> + <div class="live-item-video-thumb replace_video_js" style="background-image: url(//www.dailymotion.com/thumbnail/video/x2oj8id)"></div> + </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6190" data-modified-at="1430393088.71816" data-published-at="1430393088.66748" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6190/" target="_blank"> <span>13:24</span> </a> + <div class="live-item-content"> <span class="flavor-text">Népal.</span> + <p><a href="http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2015/04/30/un-troisieme-francais-mort-dans-le-seisme-au-nepal_1278483" target="_blank">La troisième victime française</a> du séisme au Népal, dont la mort a été annoncée ce matin par Laurent Fabius, serait une trentenaire originaire de Lyon, <a href="http://www.leprogres.fr/actualite/2015/04/30/un-troisieme-francais-mort-dans-le-seisme" target="_blank">selon le quotidien local <em>le Progrès</em></a>. Elle aurait été emportée par une coulée de boue lors d'un trek.</p> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6188" data-modified-at="1430392702.347323" data-published-at="1430392702.342465" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6188/" target="_blank"> <span>13:18</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6188" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Loi renseignement : le Conseil constitutionnel refuse d'examiner l'intégralité du texte</span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6188" target="_blank"> </a> + <div class="live-item-tweet"> + <div class="tweet"> + <div class="tweet-profile"> + <a class="tweet-profile-picture" href="#"> <img src="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/529237339709517824/-k-bIWzH_normal.jpeg"/> </a> + <div class="tweet-profile-identity"> + <div class="tweet-user-name">Laure de La Raudière</div> <a class="tweet-screen-name" href="https://twitter.com/lauredlr">@lauredlr</a> </div> + </div> + <div class="tweet-content"><a target="_blank" href="http://twitter.com/search?q=PJLRenseignement">#PJLRenseignement</a> <a target="_blank" href="http://twitter.com/search?q=SaisineParlementaire">#SaisineParlementaire</a> maintenant, nous sommes 58 ! Plus que deux députés et c'est bon.</div> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6185" data-modified-at="1430392122.945716" data-published-at="1430392122.943037" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6185/" target="_blank"> <span>13:08</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6185" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Les calories bientôt affichées sur les bouteilles d'alcool</span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6185" target="_blank"> <img class="live-item-image" src="http://md0.libe.com/photo/703736--.jpg?modified_at=1419846514" title=""/> </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6187" data-modified-at="1430391437.357331" data-published-at="1430391437.353734" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6187/" target="_blank"> <span>12:57</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6187" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Un journaliste colombien s'envoie des menaces de mort pour avoir une protection policière</span> </a> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6176" data-modified-at="1430390871.606907" data-published-at="1430390871.603289" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6176/" target="_blank"> <span>12:47</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6176" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Soldats accusés de viol en Centrafrique : Laurence Rossignol évoque un «double crime»</span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6176" target="_blank"> + <div class="live-item-video-thumb replace_video_js" style="background-image: url(//www.dailymotion.com/thumbnail/video/x2oj0r0)"></div> + </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6175" data-modified-at="1430390065.217747" data-published-at="1430390065.214903" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6175/" target="_blank"> <span>12:34</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6175" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Russie : l'entreprise nationale Gazprom enregistre une baisse de 90% de ses bénéfices</span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6175" target="_blank"> <img class="live-item-image" src="https://qzprod.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/rtr2325p.jpg?w=1600" title="Russia’s gas weapon, Gazprom, is rapidly losing pressure"/> </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6183" data-modified-at="1430392581.941865" data-published-at="1430389331.153851" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6183/" target="_blank"> <span>12:22</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6183" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Rafale, jupe «trop longue», espionnage : le point sur l'actu à la mi-journée</span> </a> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6182" data-modified-at="1430389314.695678" data-published-at="1430389314.689919" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6182/" target="_blank"> <span>12:21</span> </a> + <div class="live-item-content"> <span class="flavor-text">Au revoir.</span> + <p>Merci à tous d'avoir suivi ce live en ma compagnie. Il est temps pour Juliette Deborde d'en reprendre le contrôle, jusqu'à 16 heures !</p> + </div> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6182" target="_blank"> + <div class="live-item-video-thumb replace_video_js" style="background-image: url(//img.youtube.com/vi/B9PjBgWOkng/hqdefault.jpg)"></div> + </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6179" data-modified-at="1430389338.434217" data-published-at="1430389067.96618" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6179/" target="_blank"> <span>12:17</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6179" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Pakistan : prison à vie pour les agresseurs de Malala </span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6179" target="_blank"> <img class="live-item-image" src="http://md0.libe.com/photo/684944-000_ts-dv1887153.jpg?modified_at=1418736417" title=""/> </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6181" data-modified-at="1430388660.394639" data-published-at="1430388660.391365" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6181/" target="_blank"> <span>12:11</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6181" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Une ado se défenestre après qu'une vidéo d'elle a circulé sur les réseaux sociaux</span> </a> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6180" data-modified-at="1430389277.663671" data-published-at="1430388279.475156" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6180/" target="_blank"> <span>12:04</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6180" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">La présentatrice du journal de bord de Jean-Marie Le Pen quitte le FN</span> </a> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6178" data-modified-at="1430389353.103217" data-published-at="1430387290.813592" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6178/" target="_blank"> <span>11:48</span> </a> + <div class="live-item-content"> <span class="flavor-text">Défense.</span> + <p>La vente de 24 avions de combat Rafale au Qatar représente un contrat de 6,3 milliards d'euros, indique le ministère français de la Défense. </p> + <p>(photo AFP)</p> + </div> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6178" target="_blank"> <img class="live-item-image" src="http://md0.libe.com/photo/715611--.jpg?modified_at=1423758922" title=""/> </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6177" data-modified-at="1430387144.455908" data-published-at="1430387144.450692" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6177/" target="_blank"> <span>11:45</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6177" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Les banlieusards en Thaïlande : le pays de Oui-Oui ou Racailleland ?</span> </a> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6174" data-modified-at="1430389362.52356" data-published-at="1430386708.795337" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6174/" target="_blank"> <span>11:38</span> </a> + <div class="live-item-content"> <span class="flavor-text">Point fashion.</span> + <p>Si vous êtes présentement épargné par la pluie, sachez qu'il y a <a href="http://www.meteofrance.com/previsions-meteo-france/metropole" target="_blank">peu de chances</a> que cet état de grâce se poursuive demain. Merci donc de noter une chose : le K-Way est de retour. Alors oui, on peut se moquer, et il faut bien admettre qu'on le fait, mais le mythique coupe-vent fête cette année son cinquantième anniversaire et il a grave la cote. Nos journalistes Virginie Ballet et Catherine Mallaval <a href="http://next.liberation.fr/mode/2015/04/30/l-ami-k-way_1233067" target="_blank">vous disent tout</a> sur ce retour de tendance. </p> + <p>(photo DR)</p> + </div> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6174" target="_blank"> <img class="live-item-image" src="http://md1.libe.com/photo/728427-next70_culte_kway.jpg?modified_at=1430384803&width=750" title=""/> </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6173" data-modified-at="1430389301.776911" data-published-at="1430386264.401609" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6173/" target="_blank"> <span>11:31</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6173" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Caroline Fourest : «Le nombre d’analphabètes du dessin, de l’humour et du débat a explosé»</span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6173" target="_blank"> + <div class="live-item-video-thumb replace_video_js" style="background-image: url(//www.dailymotion.com/thumbnail/video/x2oivxc)"></div> + </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6168" data-modified-at="1430385918.980650" data-published-at="1430385918.948708" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6168/" target="_blank"> <span>11:25</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6168" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Argentine : l'Etat va indemniser les victimes de l'attentat antisémite de 1994 </span> </a> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6172" data-modified-at="1430385241.602276" data-published-at="1430385241.595668" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6172/" target="_blank"> <span>11:14</span> </a> + <div class="live-item-content"> <span class="flavor-text">Enlèvements.</span> + <p>L'armée nigériane a libéré 160 femmes et enfants détenus, lors d'une opération contre Boko Haram.<em> «Nous sommes toujours en train de dénombrer les personnes sauvées. Mais il y a environ 60 femmes de tous âges et environ 100 enfants»</em>, affirme le porte-parole de l'armée de terre. Une otage et un soldat ont été tués dans l'opération.</p> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6170" data-modified-at="1430389380.130386" data-published-at="1430384917.597535" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6170/" target="_blank"> <span>11:08</span> </a> + <div class="live-item-content"> <span class="flavor-text">On est face à un mur.</span> + <p>Des voyageurs pleins de ressource ont décidé de murer intégralement la porte d'un wagon dans un train de banlieue à Hambourg. La police allemande apprécie moyen et précise qu'elle scrutera les images des caméras de vidéo-surveillance pour tenter de retrouver la trace des auteurs. Qui risquent de lourdes amendes et jusqu'à cinq ans de prison. </p> + <p>(photo AFP/Bundespolizei)</p> + </div> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6170" target="_blank"> <img class="live-item-image" src="http://md0.libe.com/photo/756216-000_dv2014616.jpg?modified_at=1430384473" title=""/> </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6169" data-modified-at="1430384371.211740" data-published-at="1430384371.209262" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6169/" target="_blank"> <span>10:59</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6169" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Jupe trop longue : 130 cas similaires, vraiment ?</span> </a> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6167" data-modified-at="1430383981.291101" data-published-at="1430383981.288257" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6167/" target="_blank"> <span>10:53</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6167" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Un candidat de «Koh Lanta» avait caché son passé judiciaire</span> </a> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6163" data-modified-at="1430383415.955306" data-published-at="1430383415.952224" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6163/" target="_blank"> <span>10:43</span> </a> + <div class="live-item-content"> <span class="flavor-text">Défense.</span> + <p>Le Qatar va acquérir 24 avions de combat Rafale, confirme l'Elysée. François Hollande se rendra à Doha le 4 mai afin d'assister à la signature des contrats.</p> + </div> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6163" target="_blank"> </a> + <div class="live-item-tweet"> <img class="tweet-image" src="http://pbs.twimg.com/media/CD0459BWoAANWLC.png"/> + <div class="tweet"> + <div class="tweet-profile"> + <a class="tweet-profile-picture" href="#"> <img src="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/554623459423031296/bzNTGLYo_normal.jpeg"/> </a> + <div class="tweet-profile-identity"> + <div class="tweet-user-name">Élysée</div> <a class="tweet-screen-name" href="https://twitter.com/Elysee">@Elysee</a> </div> + </div> + <div class="tweet-content">L'Émir du Qatar a confirmé au président <a target="_blank" title="François Hollande" href="http://twitter.com/fhollande">@fhollande</a> l'acquisition de 24 avions de combat <a target="_blank" href="http://twitter.com/search?q=Rafale">#Rafale</a> </div> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6165" data-modified-at="1430382755.777564" data-published-at="1430382755.772305" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6165/" target="_blank"> <span>10:32</span> </a> + <div class="live-item-content"> <span class="flavor-text">Népal.</span> </div> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6165" target="_blank"> </a> + <div class="live-item-tweet"> <img class="tweet-image" src="http://pbs.twimg.com/media/CD006VXWAAECbk0.jpg"/> + <div class="tweet"> + <div class="tweet-profile"> + <a class="tweet-profile-picture" href="#"> <img src="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2579541358/0rmyxf4ccg09oh2ti4m4_normal.png"/> </a> + <div class="tweet-profile-identity"> + <div class="tweet-user-name">France Info</div> <a class="tweet-screen-name" href="https://twitter.com/franceinfo">@franceinfo</a> </div> + </div> + <div class="tweet-content">Pemba, 15 ans, sorti des décombres à Katmandou, cinq jours après le séisme <a target="_blank" href="http://twitter.com/search?q=imagedujour">#imagedujour</a> <a target="_blank" href="http://t.co/V6x1dOunCv">bit.ly/FIPemba</a> </div> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6164" data-modified-at="1430382346.996381" data-published-at="1430382346.989637" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6164/" target="_blank"> <span>10:25</span> </a> + <div class="live-item-content"> <span class="flavor-text">Indonésie.</span> + <p>Un Brésilien schizophrène exécuté en Indonésie n'était pas conscient de son destin jusqu'aux derniers instants avant d'être fusillé, indiquent son avocat et un prêtre. Condamné à mort pour trafic de drogue, Rodrigo Gularte, 42 ans, disait entendre des voix dans sa tête.<em> «</em><em>Quand nous avons dit que la peine de mort allait être appliquée, il a dit </em>"quelle peine de mort ?, je ne vais pas être condamné à mort", raconte à l'AFP son avocat.<em> </em><em>Je ne suis pas sûr qu'il a compris à 100% qu'il allait être exécuté»</em>. L'avocat a tenté de lui demander ses derniers souhaits, mais le Brésilien a répondu avec amusement.</p> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li data-id="6162" data-modified-at="1430381939.478904" data-published-at="1430381939.476067" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6162/" target="_blank"> <span>10:18</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6162" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Séisme au Népal : «Soulagés», mais «inquiets», 206 survivants de retour en France</span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6162" target="_blank"> + <div class="live-item-video-thumb replace_video_js" style="background-image: url(//www.dailymotion.com/thumbnail/video/x2oikl3)"></div> + </a> + </li> + <li data-id="6160" data-modified-at="1430389389.870650" data-published-at="1430381429.720523" data-pinned="false" class="live-item live_item_js"> + <div class="live-item-title-container"> + <a class="live-item-pub-date" href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/6160/" target="_blank"> <span>10:10</span> </a> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6160" target="_blank"> <span class="live-item-title">Jupe trop longue : la mère de la collégienne joue l'apaisement</span> </a> + </div> + <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/direct/#live-item-6160" target="_blank"> <img class="live-item-image" src="http://md0.libe.com/photo/754926-charleville-mezieres-exclue-du-college-pour-une-jupe-trop-longue.jpg?modified_at=1430321168" title=""/> </a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <!-- start - Most shared --> + <div class="most-shared link-flow line "> <span class="name">les plus partagés</span> + <ul class="list"> + <li class="item"> + <div> <span class="timeline">1</span> + <div class="content"> <a href="/societe/2015/04/28/une-jupe-pas-tres-laique-provoque-l-exclusion-d-une-collegienne_1274196">Une jupe pas très «laïque» provoque l'exclusion d'une collégienne </a> </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="item"> + <div> <span class="timeline">2</span> + <div class="content"> <a href="/debats/2015/04/29/jupe-pas-laique-une-erreur-monumentale-du-proviseur_1276722">Jupe pas «laïque» : une erreur monumentale du proviseur</a> </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="item"> + <div> <span class="timeline">3</span> + <div class="content"> <a href="/societe/2015/04/28/racisme-l-onu-denonce-la-banalisation-du-discours-haineux-en-france_1274588">Racisme: l’ONU dénonce la «banalisation» du discours haineux en France</a> </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="item"> + <div> <span class="timeline">4</span> + <div class="content"> <a href="/politiques/2015/04/28/compte-en-suisse-l-embarras-du-fn-le-silence-de-jean-marie-le-pen_1274128">Compte en Suisse : l'embarras du FN, le silence de Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="item"> + <div> <span class="timeline">5</span> + <div class="content"> <a href="/societe/2015/04/28/la-fable-du-cannabis-escalade-vers-d-autres-drogues_1274325">La fable du cannabis, «escalade» vers d'autres drogues</a> </div> + </div> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <!-- end - Most shared --> + <div id="ad-square1" class="mod media-ext"> + <div class="wrapper"> + <script type="text/javascript"> + // laisser ce commentaire ! + //sas_manager.render(163); + var sas_formatid = 163; + var sas_format_str = "square1"; + var sas_pageid = "252/82921"; + var sas_target = "support=article;objectId=article1278483;largeur=1000;resolution=" + ((client_width >= 1300) ? 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'https://' : 'http://') + 'cstatic.weborama.fr/wam/wfpd.min.js'; + var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; + s.parentNode.insertBefore(wsc, s); + })(); + </script> + <!-- end WAM first-party data --> + <!-- iframe --> + <iframe style="height: 1px; width: 1px; border: 0px none; position: absolute; display: none; left: 0px; top: 0px; z-index: 0;" src="//cstatic.weborama.fr/iframe/aud_trans/external_LB.html"></iframe> + <!-- end iframe --> +</body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/lifehacker-post-comment-load/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/lifehacker-post-comment-load/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ead5dca --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/lifehacker-post-comment-load/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need", + "byline": "Patrick Allan", + "excerpt": "We all buy things from time to time that we don't really need. It's okay to appeal to your wants every once in a while, as long as you're in control. If you struggle with clutter, impulse buys, and buyer's remorse, here's how to put your mind in the right place before you even set foot in a store.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/lifehacker-post-comment-load/expected.html b/test/test-pages/lifehacker-post-comment-load/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..453c5b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/lifehacker-post-comment-load/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="post-content entry-content new-annotation"> + <p data-textannotation-id="58a492029dca5e6a6e481d21b6b2933a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--hqqO9fze--/n1s6c2m6kc07iqdyllj6.jpg" data-chomp-id="n1s6c2m6kc07iqdyllj6" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--hqqO9fze--/n1s6c2m6kc07iqdyllj6.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="a043044f9b3e31fd85568b17e3b1b5f3" class="first-text"><span>We all buy things from time to time that we don't really need. It's okay to appeal to your wants every once in a while, as long as you're in control. If you struggle with clutter, impulse buys, and buyer's remorse, here's how to put your mind in the right place before you even set foot in a store.</span></p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="e51cbbc52eb8c3b33571908351076cf7"><strong>Understand How Your Own Brain Works Against You</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="268f7702467d33e3b0972dd09f1cf0a6" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--QeUTCiuW--/o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p.jpg" data-chomp-id="o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--QeUTCiuW--/o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="32604538f84919efff270e87b61191a1">It may come as no surprise to learn that stores employ all kinds of tricks to get you to part ways with your cash, and your brain plays right along. Through psychological tricks, product placement, and even color, stores are designed from the ground up to increase spending. We've talked about the biggest things stores do to manipulate your senses, but here are some of the biggest things to look out for:</p> + <ul> + <li data-textannotation-id="cd748c8b681c781cdd728c5e17b5e05f"><strong>Color:</strong> Stores use color to make products attractive and eye-catching, but they also use color on price labels. Red stands out and can encourage taking action, that's why it's commonly associated with sale signage and advertising. When you see red, remember what they're trying to do to your brain with that color. You don't to buy something just because it's on sale.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="29c11c0aec305293be282aa91f8fbc3d"><strong>Navigation Roadblocks:</strong> Stores force you to walk around stuff you don't need to find the stuff you are really after. Have a list of what you need before you go in, go straight to it, and imagine it's the only item in the store.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="252dc7e4a924d12c2d913861ab118bf5"><strong>The Touch Factor:</strong> Stores place items they want to sell in easy to reach locations and encourage you to touch them. Don't do it! As soon as you pick something up, you're more likely to buy it because your mind suddenly takes ownership of the object. Don't pick anything up and don't play with display items.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="05dde4d44056798acff5890759134a64"><strong>Scents and Sounds:</strong> You'll probably hear classic, upbeat tunes when you walk into a store. The upbeat music makes you happy and excited, while playing familiar songs makes you feel comfortable. They also use pleasant smells to put your mind at ease. A happy, comfortable mind at ease is a dangerous combination for your brain when shopping. There's not much you can do to avoid this unless you shop online, but it's good to be aware of it.</li> + </ul> + <p data-textannotation-id="1eb4a4df2a670927c5d9e9641ebf9d40">And sure, we can blame the stores all we want, but you won't change how they operate—you can only be aware of how your <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594" x-inset="1">brain is falling for their tricks</a>. Even without the stores, <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices" x-inset="1">your brain is working against you on its own</a>, thanks to some simple cognitive biases.</p> + <aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> </aside> + <p data-textannotation-id="89992f1ca493b248eea6ed1772326c46">For example, confirmation bias makes you only believe the information that conforms to your prior beliefs, while you discount everything else. Advertisers appeal to this bias directly by convincing you one item is better than another with imagery and other tricks, regardless of what hard facts might say. Keep your mind open, do your own research, and accept when you're wrong about a product. The Decoy effect is also a commonly used tactic. You think one product is a deal because it's next to a similar product that's priced way higher. Even if it's a product you need, it's probably not as good of a deal as it looks right then and there. Again, always research beforehand and be on the lookout for this common trick to avoid impulse buys.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="eedde8c384145f2593efc2a15a4d79de"><strong>Make a List of </strong><em><strong>Everything</strong></em><strong> You Own and Do Some Decluttering</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="8044cf9aab698fd28931acd90ba96f7a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mlR3Ku0_--/xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae.jpg" data-chomp-id="xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mlR3Ku0_--/xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="a2a886d841e5aed848cdf7088edde4ea">Now that you know what you're up against, it's time to start changing the way you think. Before you can stop buying crap you don't need, you need to identify what that crap is. The first step is to make a list of <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943" x-inset="1">every single thing you own</a>. <strong>Every. Single. Thing</strong>. This might sound extreme, but you need to gather your data so you can start reprogramming your mind.</p> + <aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> </aside> + <p data-textannotation-id="bbe57b7aa20b48550e5f66b7c530822c">The purpose of this exercise is twofold: you see what you already have and don't need to ever buy again, and you get to see what you shouldn't have bought in the first place. As you list everything out, separate items into categories. It's extremely important that you are as honest with yourself as possible while you do this. It's also important you actually write this all down or type it all out. Here is the first set of categories to separate everything into:</p> + <ul> + <li data-textannotation-id="8d7dc912152eddd0e3d56e28ad79e6f2"><strong>Need:</strong> You absolutely need this item to get by on a day to day basis.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="6f60a79627f0746d1f611999251e9f1b"><strong>Sometimes Need:</strong> You don't need this item every day, but you use it on a somewhat regular basis.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="54e10b108f95548966b657bd90fdbed4"><strong>Want:</strong> You bought this item because you wanted it, not because you needed it.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="26c461a85fbc78651be442e205cac58b"><strong>Crap:</strong> You don't have a good reason why you have it and you already know it needs to go (there's probably a few of these items, at least).</li> + </ul> + <p data-textannotation-id="5743cf753f68fd8ee3443cc0f8e815dd">Leave the things you listed as "needs" alone, put your stuff listed as "crap" in a pile or box to go bye-bye, and move your attention back to your "sometimes need" and "want" lists. You need to go back over both of those lists because you probably fudged some of the listings, either subconsciously or intentionally. Now ask yourself these three questions as you go through both the "sometimes need" and "want" lists:</p> + <ul> + <li data-textannotation-id="2048d6c0436bd34811442d6df32989a4">When was the last time I used this?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="3f4b3686d822171b35e27bf1afde530b">When will I use this again?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="63728605cc4fa66f5b225f674d12bbff">Does this item <a href="http://lifehacker.com/declutter-by-asking-one-question-does-this-spark-joy-1651256422">bring you joy</a>?</li> + </ul> + <p data-textannotation-id="816cd504161fecc6f3e173779b33d5db">Remember to be honest and adjust your lists accordingly. There's nothing wrong with keeping things you wanted. Material items can <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-buy-happiness-the-purchases-most-likely-to-brin-1681780686">bring happiness to many people</a>, but make sure the items on your "want" list actively provide you joy and are being used. If an item doesn't get much use or doesn't make you happy, add it to the "crap" list.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="675103d9c0da55e95f93c53bb019f864">Once you have everything organized, it's time to do some serious decluttering. This listing exercise should get you started, but there are <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5957609/how-to-kick-your-clutter-habit-and-live-in-a-clean-house-once-and-for-all">a lot of other great ideas</a> when it comes to ditching the junk you don't need. Regardless, everything on your "crap" list needs to go. You can donate it, sell it at a yard sale, give it away to people know, whatever you like. Before you get rid of everything, though, take a picture of all your stuff together. Print out or save the picture somewhere. Some of it was probably gifts, but in general, this is all the crap you bought that you don't need. Take a good look and remember it.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="f15ab0a628b159459f095f04fef851ba"><strong>See How Much Money and Time You Spent on the Stuff You Threw Out</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="bc2f55587bf4ab07a1852a8d26217233" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Tacb0tyW--/qodag11euf2npkawkn9v.jpg" data-chomp-id="qodag11euf2npkawkn9v" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Tacb0tyW--/qodag11euf2npkawkn9v.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="95ab4fe30c3ade42a8011966ea54aa0b">Now take a look at your "crap" list again and start calculating how much you spent on all of it. If it was a gift, mark it as $0. Otherwise, figure out the price of the item at the time you bought it. If you got a deal or bought it on sale it's okay to factor that in, but try to be as accurate as possible. Once you have the price for each item, add it all together. Depending on your spending habits this could possibly be in the hundreds to thousands of dollars. Remember the picture you took of all this stuff? Attach the total cost to the picture so you can see both at the same time.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="f654efec679064b15826d8ee20bc94e4">With the money cost figured out, you should take a look at the other costs too. Time is a resource just like any other, and it's a finite one. What kind of time did you pour into these things? Consider the time you spent acquiring and using these items, then write it all down. These can be rough estimations, but go ahead and add it all up when you think you've got it. Now attach the total time to same picture as before and think of the other ways you could have spent all that time. This isn't to make you feel bad about yourself, just to deliver information to your brain in an easy-to-understand form. When you look at it all like this, it can open your eyes a little more, and help you think about purchases in the future. You'll look at an item and ask yourself, "Will this just end up in the picture?"</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="6342bf7f15d9eddd21489c23e51ca434"><strong>List Every Non-Material Thing In Your Life that Makes You Happy</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="bafeac1c3808e0d2900190979f058b2c" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--x9hLbIKJ--/imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh.jpg" data-chomp-id="imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--x9hLbIKJ--/imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="4bd8fbaabb33ff1cb5dc93c16e1f83cc">Now it's time to make a different list. While material items may bring plenty of joy, the things in your life that make you happiest probably can't be bought. Get a separate piece of paper or create a new document and list out everything in your life that makes you happy. If you can't buy it, it's eligible for the list. It doesn't matter if it only makes you crack a smile or makes you jump for joy, list it out. </p> + <p data-textannotation-id="104a646a62ad7a0cfb4e3ff086185fdc"><span>These are probably the things that actually make you want to get out of bed in the morning and keep on keepin' on. Once you have it all down, put it in your purse or wallet. The next time you feel the urge to buy something, whip this list out first and remind yourself why you probably don't need it.</span></p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="532cf992ff45d52de501c1a8f80fc152"><strong>Spend Some Time Away from Material Things to Gain Perspective</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="64f5c7155ad89bd2835399d33c1ae28a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6NwBgQLy--/afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct.jpg" data-chomp-id="afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6NwBgQLy--/afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="84554492c487779e921b98fb64222177">If you're having a really hard time with your spending, it can help to get away from material objects completely. When you're constantly surrounded by stuff and have access to buying things at all times, it can be really tough to break the habit. Spend a day in the park enjoying the sights and sounds of the outdoors, go camping with some friends, or hike a trail you haven't been on before. </p> + <p data-textannotation-id="b44add1c7b690705d672186e3a9604b6">Essentially, you want to show yourself that you don't need your "things" to have a good time. When you realize how much fun you can have without all the trinkets and trivets, you'll start to shut down your desire to buy them. If you can't get really get away right now, just go for a walk without your purse or wallet (but carry your ID). If you can't buy anything, you'll be forced to experience things a different way.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="98c11bebae0bbcdbe8411df0186d6465"><strong>Develop a Personal "Should I Buy This?" Test</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="ff438b878771354bb7f6d065ff50dbb2" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ciqk42G0--/s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod.jpg" data-chomp-id="s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ciqk42G0--/s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="4af04ae83f18d9c37da21527bcd4a290">If you don't have a personal "should I buy this?" test, now's the perfect time to make one. When you find an item you think you need or want, it has to pass all of the questions you have on your test before you can buy it. Here's where you can use all of the data you've gathered so far and put it to really good use. The test should be personalized to your own buying habits, but here are some example questions:</p> + <ul> + <li data-textannotation-id="fcfd78b1619bdf0b7330f4b40efb899d">Is this a planned purchase?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="c16e7d5feae7cc2c3c6a8dd312ea206f">Will it end up in the "crap" list picture one day?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="54d877fdee56080c87508fc9e6402889"><a href="http://lifehacker.com/prevent-clutter-by-asking-yourself-where-items-will-go-1649480461">Where am I going to put it</a>?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="59d5245217c84e6b2b2969b3492f2f2d">Have I included this in my budget?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="8fe1582808b4d89f5c88c2708744d27d"><em>Why</em> do I want/need it?</li> + </ul> + <p data-textannotation-id="0162d779382cdc7de908fc1488af3940">Custom build your test to hit all of your weaknesses. If you make a lot of impulse buys, include questions that address that. If you experience a lot of buyer's remorse, include a lot of questions that make you think about the use of item after you buy it. If buying the latest and greatest technology is your weakness, Joshua Becker at Becoming Minimalist suggests you ask yourself <a target="_blank" href="http://www.becomingminimalist.com/marriage-hacks/">what problem the piece of tech solves</a>. If you can't think of anything it solves or if you already have something that solves it, you don't need it. Be thorough and build a test that you can run through your mind every time you consider buying something.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="c0ed0882675acc340dcd88e13ca514b3"><strong>Learn to Delay Gratification and Destroy the Urge to Impulse Buy</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="1d43712fc5ce8f156e4661cca5750575" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mtob1sjR--/y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye.jpg" data-chomp-id="y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mtob1sjR--/y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="3d8086719c5da749f877629d498ccab9">When it comes to the unnecessary crap we buy, impulse purchases probably make up a good deal of them. We love to feel gratification instantly and impulse buys appeal to that with a rush of excitement with each new purchase. We like to believe that we have control over our impulses all the time, but we really don't, and that's a major problem for the ol' wallet.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="620ca9836425e09ec7fa50bfad204665">The key is teaching your brain that it's okay to <a href="http://lifehacker.com/overcome-the-need-for-instant-gratification-by-delaying-1636938356">wait for gratification</a>. You can do this with a simple time out every time you want something. Look at whatever you're thinking of buying, go through your personal "should I buy this?" test, and then walk away for a little while. Planning your purchases ahead is ideal, so the longer you can hold off, the better. Set yourself a reminder to check on the item <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5859632/buyers-remorse-is-inevitable-how-to-make-purchases-you-really-wont-regret">a week or month down the line</a>. When you come back to it, you may find that you don't even want it, just the gratification that would come with it. If you're shopping online, you can do the same thing. Walk away from your desk or put your phone in your pocket and do something else for a little while.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="a85d9eb501c898234ac5df2a56c50a13">You can also avoid online impulse purchases by <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age" x-inset="1">making it harder to do</a>. Block shopping web sites during time periods you know you're at your weakest, or remove all of your saved credit card or Paypal information. You can also <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases" x-inset="1">practice the "HALT" method</a> when you're shopping online or in a store. Try not to buy things when you're Hungry, Angry, Lonely, or Tired because you're at your weakest state mentally. Last, but not least, the "<a href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases" x-inset="1">stranger test</a>" can help you weed out bad purchases too.</p> + <aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> </aside> + <p data-textannotation-id="27385752c06848647540ad931892b21e">The last thing you should consider when it comes to impulse buys is "artificial replacement." As Trent Hamm at The Simple Dollar explains, artificial replacement can happen when you start to <a target="_blank" href="http://www.thesimpledollar.com/balancing-spending-and-time-how-time-frugality-can-save-you-lots-of-cash/">reduce the time</a> you get with your main interests:</p> + <blockquote data-textannotation-id="213e2e816ac88f8d177fb0db0f7fef09"> + <p data-textannotation-id="7b98c5809df24dd04bb65285878c0335">Whenever I consistently cut quality time for my main interests out of my life, I start to long for them. As you saw in that "typical" day, I do make room for spending time with my family, but my other two main interests are absent. If that happens too many days in a row, I start to really miss reading. I start to really miss playing thoughtful board games with friends. What happens after that? <strong>I start to substitute.</strong> When I don't have the opportunity to sit down for an hour or even for half an hour and really get lost in a book, I start looking for an alternative way to fill in the tiny slices of time that I do have. I'll spend money.</p> + </blockquote> + <p data-textannotation-id="4b6cc2900ffacd3daef54b13b4caceac">You probably have things in your life that provide plenty of gratification, so don't get caught substituting it with impulse buys. Always make sure you keep yourself happy with plenty of time doing the things you like to do and you won't be subconsciously trying to fill that void with useless crap.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="aed9b435c4ed23e573c453ceeb34ed18"><strong>Turn the Money You Save Into More Money</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="21154394d63f1943d01f2b717aa31115" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--4Ajak63w--/atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw.jpg" data-chomp-id="atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--4Ajak63w--/atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="6141942e977cc058fd7a0fa06a3f7389">Once you've programmed your mind to stop buying crap you don't need, you'll have some extra cash to play with. Take all that money and start putting it toward your future and things you <em>will</em> need further down the road. You might need <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-start-saving-for-a-home-down-payment-1541254056">a home</a>, a vehicle, or a way to retire, but none of that can happen until you start planning for it. </p> + <p data-textannotation-id="90f08afddc08e2c3b45c266f2e6965ec">Start by paying off any debts you already have. Credit cards, student loans, and even car payments can force you to <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-break-the-living-paycheck-to-paycheck-cycle-1445330680">live paycheck to paycheck</a>. Use the <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5940989/pay-off-small-balances-first-for-better-odds-of-eliminating-all-your-debt">snowball method</a> and pay off some small balances to make you feel motivated, then start taking out your debt in full force with the <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-pay-off-your-debt-using-the-stack-method-576070292">stacking method</a>: stop creating new debt, determine which balances have the highest interest rates, and create a payment schedule to pay them off efficiently.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="1106cb837deb2b6fc8e28ba98f078c27">With your debts whittled down, you should start an emergency fund. No matter how well you plan things, accidents and health emergencies can still happen. An emergency fund is designed to make those kinds of events more manageable. This type of savings account is strictly for when life throws you a curveball, but you can grow one pretty easily <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-grow-an-emergency-fund-from-modest-savings-1638409351">with only modest savings</a>.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="347c2a36f114a794d559d929da1b15b7">When you've paid off your debt and prepared yourself for troubled times, you can start saving for the big stuff. All that money you're not spending on crap anymore can be saved, invested, and compounded to let you buy comfort and security. If you don't know where to start, talk to a financial planner. Or create a simple, yet effective <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594" x-inset="1">"set and forget" investment portfolio</a>. You've worked hard to reprogram your mind, so make sure you reap the benefits for many years to come.</p> + <aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> </aside> + <p data-textannotation-id="b54d87ffdace50f420c3a6ff0404cbf3"><em><small>Photos by <a target="_blank" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-129762989/stock-vector-consumer.html?src=id&ws=1">cmgirl</a> (Shutterstock), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-227832739/stock-vector-hacker-icon-man-in-hoody-with-laptop-flat-isolated-on-dark-background-vector-illustration.html?src=id&ws=1">Macrovector</a> (Shutterstock), <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jetheriot/6186786217">J E Theriot</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/puuikibeach/15289861843">davidd</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/funfilledgeorgie/10922459733">George Redgrave</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/amslerpix/7252002214">David Amsler</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/amalakar/7299820870">Arup Malakar</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lobsterstew/89644885">J B</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jakerome/3298702453">jakerome</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://401kcalculator.org/">401(K) 2012</a>.</small></em></p> + </div> +</div>
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+ + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="a043044f9b3e31fd85568b17e3b1b5f3" class="first-text"><span>We all buy things from time to time that we don't really need. It's okay to appeal to your wants every once in a while, as long as you're in control. If you struggle with clutter, impulse buys, and buyer's remorse, here's how to put your mind in the right place before you even set foot in a store.</span></p><div class="ad-unit js_ad-unit hide-contents ad-mobile js_ad-mobile"> + <div data-zone-type="MOBILE" class="ad-container js_ad-container" id="ad-container-45135036"></div> +</div> + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="e51cbbc52eb8c3b33571908351076cf7"><strong>Understand How Your Own Brain Works Against You</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="268f7702467d33e3b0972dd09f1cf0a6" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--QeUTCiuW--/o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p.jpg" data-chomp-id="o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--QeUTCiuW--/o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="32604538f84919efff270e87b61191a1">It may come as no surprise to learn that stores employ all kinds of tricks to get you to part ways with your cash, and your brain plays right along. Through psychological tricks, product placement, and even color, stores are designed from the ground up to increase spending. We've talked about the biggest things stores do to manipulate your senses, but here are some of the biggest things to look out for:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<ul><li data-textannotation-id="cd748c8b681c781cdd728c5e17b5e05f"><strong>Color:</strong> Stores use color to make products attractive and eye-catching, but they also use color on price labels. Red stands out and can encourage taking action, that's why it's commonly associated with sale signage and advertising. When you see red, remember what they're trying to do to your brain with that color. You don't to buy something just because it's on sale.</li><li data-textannotation-id="29c11c0aec305293be282aa91f8fbc3d"><strong>Navigation Roadblocks:</strong> Stores force you to walk around stuff you don't need to find the stuff you are really after. Have a list of what you need before you go in, go straight to it, and imagine it's the only item in the store.</li><li data-textannotation-id="252dc7e4a924d12c2d913861ab118bf5"><strong>The Touch Factor:</strong> Stores place items they want to sell in easy to reach locations and encourage you to touch them. Don't do it! As soon as you pick something up, you're more likely to buy it because your mind suddenly takes ownership of the object. Don't pick anything up and don't play with display items.</li><li data-textannotation-id="05dde4d44056798acff5890759134a64"><strong>Scents and Sounds:</strong> You'll probably hear classic, upbeat tunes when you walk into a store. The upbeat music makes you happy and excited, while playing familiar songs makes you feel comfortable. They also use pleasant smells to put your mind at ease. A happy, comfortable mind at ease is a dangerous combination for your brain when shopping. There's not much you can do to avoid this unless you shop online, but it's good to be aware of it.</li></ul> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="1eb4a4df2a670927c5d9e9641ebf9d40">And sure, we can blame the stores all we want, but you won't change how they operate—you can only be aware of how your <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594" x-inset="1">brain is falling for their tricks</a>. Even without the stores, <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices" x-inset="1">your brain is working against you on its own</a>, thanks to some simple cognitive biases.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> + <div class="container"> + + <div class="referenced-nav hide-for-small"> + <div class="nav-arrow prev js_previous_inset hide"> + <a onclick="return false;" class="icon inline icon-chevron-left" href="#"></a> + </div> + <div class="nav-arrow next js_next_inset"> + <a onclick="return false ;" class="icon inline icon-chevron-right" href="#" style="height: 69px; line-height: 69px;"></a> + </div> + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1555962975" class="referenced-item "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--9a3fSAiv--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/18l0k4fog1iixjpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + How Stores Manipulate Your Senses So You Spend More Money + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + How Stores Manipulate Your Senses So You Spend More Money + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + How Stores Manipulate Your Senses So You Spend Mor + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">When you walk into almost any store, you're immediately overloaded with sights, sounds,…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1555984303" class="referenced-item hide "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ZasswoU_--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/1888vgzhqw1whjpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + How Your Brain Corrupts Your Shopping Choices + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + How Your Brain Corrupts Your Shopping Choices + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + How Your Brain Corrupts Your Shopping Choices + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">Ever come home from a day of shopping and wondered why on earth you purchased certain items? As it…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + </div> +</aside> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="89992f1ca493b248eea6ed1772326c46">For example, confirmation bias makes you only believe the information that conforms to your prior beliefs, while you discount everything else. Advertisers appeal to this bias directly by convincing you one item is better than another with imagery and other tricks, regardless of what hard facts might say. Keep your mind open, do your own research, and accept when you're wrong about a product. The Decoy effect is also a commonly used tactic. You think one product is a deal because it's next to a similar product that's priced way higher. Even if it's a product you need, it's probably not as good of a deal as it looks right then and there. Again, always research beforehand and be on the lookout for this common trick to avoid impulse buys.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="eedde8c384145f2593efc2a15a4d79de"><strong>Make a List of </strong><em><strong>Everything</strong></em><strong> You Own and Do Some Decluttering</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="8044cf9aab698fd28931acd90ba96f7a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mlR3Ku0_--/xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae.jpg" data-chomp-id="xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mlR3Ku0_--/xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="a2a886d841e5aed848cdf7088edde4ea">Now that you know what you're up against, it's time to start changing the way you think. Before you can stop buying crap you don't need, you need to identify what that crap is. The first step is to make a list of <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943" x-inset="1">every single thing you own</a>. <strong>Every. Single. Thing</strong>. This might sound extreme, but you need to gather your data so you can start reprogramming your mind.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> + <div class="container"> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1555988775" class="referenced-item "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--fN3JVNsL--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/196y8tsoeyd5njpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + How to Defeat the Urge to Binge Shop + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + How to Defeat the Urge to Binge Shop + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + How to Defeat the Urge to Binge Shop + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">It seems contradictory, but I love being frugal and I also love spending money. Over the last few…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + </div> +</aside> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="bbe57b7aa20b48550e5f66b7c530822c">The purpose of this exercise is twofold: you see what you already have and don't need to ever buy again, and you get to see what you shouldn't have bought in the first place. As you list everything out, separate items into categories. It's extremely important that you are as honest with yourself as possible while you do this. It's also important you actually write this all down or type it all out. Here is the first set of categories to separate everything into:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<ul><li data-textannotation-id="8d7dc912152eddd0e3d56e28ad79e6f2"><strong>Need:</strong> You absolutely need this item to get by on a day to day basis.</li><li data-textannotation-id="6f60a79627f0746d1f611999251e9f1b"><strong>Sometimes Need:</strong> You don't need this item every day, but you use it on a somewhat regular basis.</li><li data-textannotation-id="54e10b108f95548966b657bd90fdbed4"><strong>Want:</strong> You bought this item because you wanted it, not because you needed it.</li><li data-textannotation-id="26c461a85fbc78651be442e205cac58b"><strong>Crap:</strong> You don't have a good reason why you have it and you already know it needs to go (there's probably a few of these items, at least).</li></ul> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="5743cf753f68fd8ee3443cc0f8e815dd">Leave the things you listed as "needs" alone, put your stuff listed as "crap" in a pile or box to go bye-bye, and move your attention back to your "sometimes need" and "want" lists. You need to go back over both of those lists because you probably fudged some of the listings, either subconsciously or intentionally. Now ask yourself these three questions as you go through both the "sometimes need" and "want" lists:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<ul><li data-textannotation-id="2048d6c0436bd34811442d6df32989a4">When was the last time I used this?</li><li data-textannotation-id="3f4b3686d822171b35e27bf1afde530b">When will I use this again?</li><li data-textannotation-id="63728605cc4fa66f5b225f674d12bbff">Does this item <a href="http://lifehacker.com/declutter-by-asking-one-question-does-this-spark-joy-1651256422">bring you joy</a>?</li></ul> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="816cd504161fecc6f3e173779b33d5db">Remember to be honest and adjust your lists accordingly. There's nothing wrong with keeping things you wanted. Material items can <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-buy-happiness-the-purchases-most-likely-to-brin-1681780686">bring happiness to many people</a>, but make sure the items on your "want" list actively provide you joy and are being used. If an item doesn't get much use or doesn't make you happy, add it to the "crap" list.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="675103d9c0da55e95f93c53bb019f864">Once you have everything organized, it's time to do some serious decluttering. This listing exercise should get you started, but there are <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5957609/how-to-kick-your-clutter-habit-and-live-in-a-clean-house-once-and-for-all">a lot of other great ideas</a> when it comes to ditching the junk you don't need. Regardless, everything on your "crap" list needs to go. You can donate it, sell it at a yard sale, give it away to people know, whatever you like. Before you get rid of everything, though, take a picture of all your stuff together. Print out or save the picture somewhere. Some of it was probably gifts, but in general, this is all the crap you bought that you don't need. Take a good look and remember it.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="f15ab0a628b159459f095f04fef851ba"><strong>See How Much Money and Time You Spent on the Stuff You Threw Out</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="bc2f55587bf4ab07a1852a8d26217233" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Tacb0tyW--/qodag11euf2npkawkn9v.jpg" data-chomp-id="qodag11euf2npkawkn9v" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Tacb0tyW--/qodag11euf2npkawkn9v.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="95ab4fe30c3ade42a8011966ea54aa0b">Now take a look at your "crap" list again and start calculating how much you spent on all of it. If it was a gift, mark it as $0. Otherwise, figure out the price of the item at the time you bought it. If you got a deal or bought it on sale it's okay to factor that in, but try to be as accurate as possible. Once you have the price for each item, add it all together. Depending on your spending habits this could possibly be in the hundreds to thousands of dollars. Remember the picture you took of all this stuff? Attach the total cost to the picture so you can see both at the same time.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="f654efec679064b15826d8ee20bc94e4">With the money cost figured out, you should take a look at the other costs too. Time is a resource just like any other, and it's a finite one. What kind of time did you pour into these things? Consider the time you spent acquiring and using these items, then write it all down. These can be rough estimations, but go ahead and add it all up when you think you've got it. Now attach the total time to same picture as before and think of the other ways you could have spent all that time. This isn't to make you feel bad about yourself, just to deliver information to your brain in an easy-to-understand form. When you look at it all like this, it can open your eyes a little more, and help you think about purchases in the future. You'll look at an item and ask yourself, "Will this just end up in the picture?"</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="6342bf7f15d9eddd21489c23e51ca434"><strong>List Every Non-Material Thing In Your Life that Makes You Happy</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="bafeac1c3808e0d2900190979f058b2c" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--x9hLbIKJ--/imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh.jpg" data-chomp-id="imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--x9hLbIKJ--/imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="4bd8fbaabb33ff1cb5dc93c16e1f83cc">Now it's time to make a different list. While material items may bring plenty of joy, the things in your life that make you happiest probably can't be bought. Get a separate piece of paper or create a new document and list out everything in your life that makes you happy. If you can't buy it, it's eligible for the list. It doesn't matter if it only makes you crack a smile or makes you jump for joy, list it out. </p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="104a646a62ad7a0cfb4e3ff086185fdc"><span>These are probably the things that actually make you want to get out of bed in the morning and keep on keepin' on. Once you have it all down, put it in your purse or wallet. The next time you feel the urge to buy something, whip this list out first and remind yourself why you probably don't need it.</span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="532cf992ff45d52de501c1a8f80fc152"><strong>Spend Some Time Away from Material Things to Gain Perspective</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="64f5c7155ad89bd2835399d33c1ae28a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6NwBgQLy--/afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct.jpg" data-chomp-id="afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6NwBgQLy--/afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="84554492c487779e921b98fb64222177">If you're having a really hard time with your spending, it can help to get away from material objects completely. When you're constantly surrounded by stuff and have access to buying things at all times, it can be really tough to break the habit. Spend a day in the park enjoying the sights and sounds of the outdoors, go camping with some friends, or hike a trail you haven't been on before. </p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="b44add1c7b690705d672186e3a9604b6">Essentially, you want to show yourself that you don't need your "things" to have a good time. When you realize how much fun you can have without all the trinkets and trivets, you'll start to shut down your desire to buy them. If you can't get really get away right now, just go for a walk without your purse or wallet (but carry your ID). If you can't buy anything, you'll be forced to experience things a different way.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="98c11bebae0bbcdbe8411df0186d6465"><strong>Develop a Personal "Should I Buy This?" Test</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="ff438b878771354bb7f6d065ff50dbb2" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ciqk42G0--/s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod.jpg" data-chomp-id="s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ciqk42G0--/s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="4af04ae83f18d9c37da21527bcd4a290">If you don't have a personal "should I buy this?" test, now's the perfect time to make one. When you find an item you think you need or want, it has to pass all of the questions you have on your test before you can buy it. Here's where you can use all of the data you've gathered so far and put it to really good use. The test should be personalized to your own buying habits, but here are some example questions:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<ul><li data-textannotation-id="fcfd78b1619bdf0b7330f4b40efb899d">Is this a planned purchase?</li><li data-textannotation-id="c16e7d5feae7cc2c3c6a8dd312ea206f">Will it end up in the "crap" list picture one day?</li><li data-textannotation-id="54d877fdee56080c87508fc9e6402889"><a href="http://lifehacker.com/prevent-clutter-by-asking-yourself-where-items-will-go-1649480461">Where am I going to put it</a>?</li><li data-textannotation-id="59d5245217c84e6b2b2969b3492f2f2d">Have I included this in my budget?</li><li data-textannotation-id="8fe1582808b4d89f5c88c2708744d27d"><em>Why</em> do I want/need it?</li></ul> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="0162d779382cdc7de908fc1488af3940">Custom build your test to hit all of your weaknesses. If you make a lot of impulse buys, include questions that address that. If you experience a lot of buyer's remorse, include a lot of questions that make you think about the use of item after you buy it. If buying the latest and greatest technology is your weakness, Joshua Becker at Becoming Minimalist suggests you ask yourself <a target="_blank" href="http://www.becomingminimalist.com/marriage-hacks/">what problem the piece of tech solves</a>. If you can't think of anything it solves or if you already have something that solves it, you don't need it. Be thorough and build a test that you can run through your mind every time you consider buying something.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="c0ed0882675acc340dcd88e13ca514b3"><strong>Learn to Delay Gratification and Destroy the Urge to Impulse Buy</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="1d43712fc5ce8f156e4661cca5750575" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mtob1sjR--/y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye.jpg" data-chomp-id="y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mtob1sjR--/y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="3d8086719c5da749f877629d498ccab9">When it comes to the unnecessary crap we buy, impulse purchases probably make up a good deal of them. We love to feel gratification instantly and impulse buys appeal to that with a rush of excitement with each new purchase. We like to believe that we have control over our impulses all the time, but we really don't, and that's a major problem for the ol' wallet.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="620ca9836425e09ec7fa50bfad204665">The key is teaching your brain that it's okay to <a href="http://lifehacker.com/overcome-the-need-for-instant-gratification-by-delaying-1636938356">wait for gratification</a>. You can do this with a simple time out every time you want something. Look at whatever you're thinking of buying, go through your personal "should I buy this?" test, and then walk away for a little while. Planning your purchases ahead is ideal, so the longer you can hold off, the better. Set yourself a reminder to check on the item <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5859632/buyers-remorse-is-inevitable-how-to-make-purchases-you-really-wont-regret">a week or month down the line</a>. When you come back to it, you may find that you don't even want it, just the gratification that would come with it. If you're shopping online, you can do the same thing. Walk away from your desk or put your phone in your pocket and do something else for a little while.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="a85d9eb501c898234ac5df2a56c50a13">You can also avoid online impulse purchases by <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age" x-inset="1">making it harder to do</a>. Block shopping web sites during time periods you know you're at your weakest, or remove all of your saved credit card or Paypal information. You can also <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases" x-inset="1">practice the "HALT" method</a> when you're shopping online or in a store. Try not to buy things when you're Hungry, Angry, Lonely, or Tired because you're at your weakest state mentally. Last, but not least, the "<a href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases" x-inset="1">stranger test</a>" can help you weed out bad purchases too.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> + <div class="container"> + + <div class="referenced-nav hide-for-small"> + <div class="nav-arrow prev js_previous_inset hide"> + <a onclick="return false;" class="icon inline icon-chevron-left" href="#"></a> + </div> + <div class="nav-arrow next js_next_inset"> + <a onclick="return false ;" class="icon inline icon-chevron-right" href="#" style="height: 69px; line-height: 69px;"></a> + </div> + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1555949557" class="referenced-item "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--tAWrlvyk--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/17qctz7rnypm1jpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + How to Avoid Impulse Purchases in the Internet Shopping Age + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + How to Avoid Impulse Purchases in the Internet Shopping Age + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + How to Avoid Impulse Purchases in the Internet Sho + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">When spending money online is as simple as clicking one single button on Amazon it's difficult …</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1558746776" class="referenced-item hide "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--NdSICOre--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/18ixwh1tdragspng.png" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + Practice the HALT Method to Curb Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + Practice the HALT Method to Curb Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + Practice the HALT Method to Curb Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">Buyer's remorse is a terrible thing, for brains and bank accounts alike. Before walking up to…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1558262333" class="referenced-item hide "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mPo7bScD--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/18iy6n7z0n7qnjpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + Use the Stranger Test to Reduce Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + Use the Stranger Test to Reduce Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + Use the Stranger Test to Reduce Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">When faced with a purchase, many people fall into the trap of only considering that they want it…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + </div> +</aside> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="27385752c06848647540ad931892b21e">The last thing you should consider when it comes to impulse buys is "artificial replacement." As Trent Hamm at The Simple Dollar explains, artificial replacement can happen when you start to <a target="_blank" href="http://www.thesimpledollar.com/balancing-spending-and-time-how-time-frugality-can-save-you-lots-of-cash/">reduce the time</a> you get with your main interests:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<blockquote data-textannotation-id="213e2e816ac88f8d177fb0db0f7fef09"> +<p data-textannotation-id="7b98c5809df24dd04bb65285878c0335">Whenever I consistently cut quality time for my main interests out of my life, I start to long for them. As you saw in that "typical" day, I do make room for spending time with my family, but my other two main interests are absent. If that happens too many days in a row, I start to really miss reading. I start to really miss playing thoughtful board games with friends. What happens after that? <strong>I start to substitute.</strong> When I don't have the opportunity to sit down for an hour or even for half an hour and really get lost in a book, I start looking for an alternative way to fill in the tiny slices of time that I do have. I'll spend money.</p></blockquote> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="4b6cc2900ffacd3daef54b13b4caceac">You probably have things in your life that provide plenty of gratification, so don't get caught substituting it with impulse buys. Always make sure you keep yourself happy with plenty of time doing the things you like to do and you won't be subconsciously trying to fill that void with useless crap.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="aed9b435c4ed23e573c453ceeb34ed18"><strong>Turn the Money You Save Into More Money</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="21154394d63f1943d01f2b717aa31115" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--4Ajak63w--/atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw.jpg" data-chomp-id="atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--4Ajak63w--/atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw.jpg" class="js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="6141942e977cc058fd7a0fa06a3f7389">Once you've programmed your mind to stop buying crap you don't need, you'll have some extra cash to play with. Take all that money and start putting it toward your future and things you <em>will</em> need further down the road. You might need <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-start-saving-for-a-home-down-payment-1541254056">a home</a>, a vehicle, or a way to retire, but none of that can happen until you start planning for it. </p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="90f08afddc08e2c3b45c266f2e6965ec">Start by paying off any debts you already have. Credit cards, student loans, and even car payments can force you to <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-break-the-living-paycheck-to-paycheck-cycle-1445330680">live paycheck to paycheck</a>. Use the <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5940989/pay-off-small-balances-first-for-better-odds-of-eliminating-all-your-debt">snowball method</a> and pay off some small balances to make you feel motivated, then start taking out your debt in full force with the <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-pay-off-your-debt-using-the-stack-method-576070292">stacking method</a>: stop creating new debt, determine which balances have the highest interest rates, and create a payment schedule to pay them off efficiently.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="1106cb837deb2b6fc8e28ba98f078c27">With your debts whittled down, you should start an emergency fund. No matter how well you plan things, accidents and health emergencies can still happen. An emergency fund is designed to make those kinds of events more manageable. This type of savings account is strictly for when life throws you a curveball, but you can grow one pretty easily <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-grow-an-emergency-fund-from-modest-savings-1638409351">with only modest savings</a>.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="347c2a36f114a794d559d929da1b15b7">When you've paid off your debt and prepared yourself for troubled times, you can start saving for the big stuff. All that money you're not spending on crap anymore can be saved, invested, and compounded to let you buy comfort and security. If you don't know where to start, talk to a financial planner. Or create a simple, yet effective <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594" x-inset="1">"set and forget" investment portfolio</a>. You've worked hard to reprogram your mind, so make sure you reap the benefits for many years to come.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> + <div class="container"> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1687090207" class="referenced-item "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--8HWYGx2u--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/hf8qe29n5uww7y0k8l9d.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594"> + How to Build an Easy, Beginner “Set and Forget” Investment Portfolio + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594"> + How to Build an Easy, Beginner “Set and Forget” Investment Portfolio + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594"> + How to Build an Easy, Beginner “Set and Forget” In + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">Many people don't invest because it seems overly complicated. But if you want to build wealth, …</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594">Read more <span class="hostname">twocents.lifehacker.com</span></a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + </div> +</aside> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="b54d87ffdace50f420c3a6ff0404cbf3"><em><small>Photos by <a target="_blank" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-129762989/stock-vector-consumer.html?src=id&ws=1">cmgirl</a> (Shutterstock), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-227832739/stock-vector-hacker-icon-man-in-hoody-with-laptop-flat-isolated-on-dark-background-vector-illustration.html?src=id&ws=1">Macrovector</a> (Shutterstock), <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jetheriot/6186786217">J E Theriot</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/puuikibeach/15289861843">davidd</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/funfilledgeorgie/10922459733">George Redgrave</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/amslerpix/7252002214">David Amsler</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/amalakar/7299820870">Arup Malakar</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lobsterstew/89644885">J B</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jakerome/3298702453">jakerome</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://401kcalculator.org/">401(K) 2012</a>.</small></em></p><!-- core-decorated --></div><div class="row"><div class="post-bottom column"><a name="replies"></a><div data-forpost="1690268064" class="post-tools-wrapper right"> <a title="Recommend" class="js_like button-recommend-post text-small proxima hover-icon" href="#" data-likecount="36"><span class="js_like_count">36</span><span 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href="http://lifehacker.com/this-is-one-of-my-hardest-habits-to-break-ive-been-wor-1690284499" class="hover-switch"> <span class="show-on-hover published updated">3/09/15 8:12am</span><span class="hide-on-hover"> 3/09/15 8:12am</span></a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="post-dropdown-ct js_post-dropdown-ct"><ul data-dropdown-content="" data-sourceblogid="17" data-blogid="508159458" data-authorid="508159457" data-starterid="1690268064" data-postid="1690284499" class="f-dropdown proxima js_post-dropdown js_follow-controls js_author-follow-controls whitelisted-links" id="dropdown-1690284499"><li class="js_edit-reply hover-icon hide readonly-hide"><a rel="nofollow" href="#"><i class="icon icon-pencil-alt icon-prepend"></i>Edit</a></li><li class="js_delete-post hover-icon hide readonly-hide"><a rel="nofollow" href="#"><i class="icon icon-x-circle icon-prepend"></i>Delete</a></li> <li onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Drop down - invite click');" 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target="_self" href="#"></a></div></div></header><div class="reply-content post-content blurable whitelisted-links"><p class="first-text">This is one of my hardest habits to break. I've been working on it for literally years. I'm getting better, mainly because I've gone to cash-only recently. Swiping the debit/credit cards don't seem like "real" money (even though it obviously is). Having cash on hand, and then see it disappear makes the "Should I buy This?" decision that much easier. Usually it's "No".<span class=" read-more-placeholder"></span><span class="readmore-core-decorated"></span></p></div><div class="reply-tools js_reply-tools"><a title="Show replies" data-id="1690284499" class="js_toggle-descendants reply-count" href="#">9<span class="icon icon-bubble-round oversized js_bubble-icon"></span></a><a title="Recommend" class="js_like recommend-reply readonly-hide" href="#" data-likecount="24"><span class="js_like_count">24</span><span class="icon icon-star icon-append js_like_icon oversized"></span></a><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Reply button click');" title="Reply" data-id="1690284499" class="js_reply-to-selected-post reply-link readonly-hide" href="#">Reply</a><div class="js_like-list-container"></div></div><div class="js_reply-flagged reply-flagged hide">Flagged</div><div class="reply-border"></div></article><section style="display: none;" class="js_toggled-replies js_new-reply-container toggled-replies" data-id="1690284499" id="js_toggled-replies-1690284499"></section> <article data-contributors="1" data-authorname="patrickallan" data-parentid="1690284499" data-id="1690284989" id="reply_1690284989" class="js_reply reply js_goto_post clearfix" data-initialized="true"><header class="no-expand"> <div class="meta-container"> <div data-blogid="602884922" data-authorid="602884910" class="meta-avatar js_author"><div data-dropdownhover-container="" class="floated-container img-30"> <div data-dropdownhover-content="" class="f-dropdown author-hovercard content small whitelisted-links js_avatar-popover" id="1690284989-hovercard"><span class="floated-container img-60 avatar-container js_avatar-container"><span class="avatar"><span class="icon icon-checkmark icon-followed"></span><img alt="PatrickAllan" data-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_120,q_80,w_120/gzonxhes6bl4p9k4gzpl.jpg" /></span><div data-blogid="602884922" data-authorid="602884910" class="js_follow-controls js_author-follow-controls"><h4>Patrick Allan</h4><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Hover card - 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I usually will give myself a limit, like I can spend this much this weekend. Once it's gone, that's it.<span class=" read-more-placeholder"></span><span class="readmore-core-decorated"></span></p></div><div class="reply-tools js_reply-tools"><a title="Show replies" data-id="1690284989" class="js_toggle-descendants reply-count" href="#">1<span class="icon icon-bubble-round oversized js_bubble-icon"></span></a><a title="Recommend" class="js_like recommend-reply readonly-hide" href="#" data-likecount="5"><span class="js_like_count">5</span><span class="icon icon-star icon-append js_like_icon oversized"></span></a><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Reply button click');" title="Reply" data-id="1690284989" class="js_reply-to-selected-post reply-link readonly-hide" href="#">Reply</a><div class="js_like-list-container"></div></div><div class="js_reply-flagged reply-flagged hide">Flagged</div><div class="reply-border"></div></article><section style="display: none;" class="js_toggled-replies js_new-reply-container toggled-replies" data-id="1690284989" id="js_toggled-replies-1690284989"></section> <article data-contributors="1" data-authorname="jnovo22" data-parentid="1690284989" data-id="1690292756" id="reply_1690292756" class="js_reply reply js_goto_post clearfix" data-initialized="true"><header class="no-expand"> <div class="meta-container"> <div data-blogid="508159458" data-authorid="508159457" class="meta-avatar js_author"><div data-dropdownhover-container="" class="floated-container img-30"> <div data-dropdownhover-content="" class="f-dropdown author-hovercard content small whitelisted-links js_avatar-popover" id="1690292756-hovercard"><span class="floated-container img-60 avatar-container js_avatar-container"><span class="avatar"><span class="icon icon-checkmark icon-followed"></span><img alt="jnovo22" data-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_120,q_80,w_120/17jcxnuqmm7depng.png" /></span><div data-blogid="508159458" data-authorid="508159457" class="js_follow-controls js_author-follow-controls"><h4>jnovo22</h4><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Hover card - 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Each week, I give myself $25 cash for spending on me. If I go out to eat Friday night, that's it, it's gone.<span class=" read-more-placeholder"></span><span class="readmore-core-decorated"></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p><span>I use the envelope system for dividing saved cash for special purchases, home improvements, etc. It's crazy how fast it adds up.</span></p></div><div class="reply-tools js_reply-tools"><a title="Show replies" data-id="1690292756" class="js_toggle-descendants reply-count" href="#">1<span class="icon icon-bubble-round oversized js_bubble-icon"></span></a><a title="Recommend" class="js_like recommend-reply readonly-hide" href="#" data-likecount="2"><span class="js_like_count">2</span><span class="icon icon-star icon-append js_like_icon oversized"></span></a><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Reply button click');" title="Reply" data-id="1690292756" class="js_reply-to-selected-post reply-link readonly-hide" href="#">Reply</a><div class="js_like-list-container"></div></div><div class="js_reply-flagged reply-flagged hide">Flagged</div><div class="reply-border"></div></article><section style="display: none;" class="js_toggled-replies js_new-reply-container toggled-replies" data-id="1690292756" id="js_toggled-replies-1690292756"></section></div><div class="branch js_branch"> <article data-contributors="1" data-authorname="thegrayadder" data-parentid="1690268064" data-id="1690287621" id="reply_1690287621" class="js_reply reply js_goto_post clearfix" data-initialized="true"><header class="no-expand"> <div class="meta-container"> <div data-blogid="1362670371" data-authorid="1362670366" class="meta-avatar js_author"><div data-dropdownhover-container="" class="floated-container img-30"> <div data-dropdownhover-content="" class="f-dropdown author-hovercard content small whitelisted-links js_avatar-popover" id="1690287621-hovercard"><span class="floated-container img-60 avatar-container js_avatar-container"><span class="avatar"><span class="icon icon-checkmark icon-followed"></span><img alt="thegrayadder" data-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_120,q_80,w_120/yntem4p7h8vpkry50vxr.jpg" /></span><div data-blogid="1362670371" data-authorid="1362670366" class="js_follow-controls js_author-follow-controls"><h4>The Gray Adder</h4><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Hover card - 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You can avoid buying something that you forget you had, or the next time you're in a store, you might remember that you have an item that can do the same job as the thing you're interested in. It also helps you gain a little perspective when you realize how many things you actually own already. It can help you rethink those desires to buy things.<span class=" read-more-placeholder"></span><span class="readmore-core-decorated"></span></p></div><div class="reply-tools js_reply-tools"><a title="Show replies" data-id="1690289222" class="js_toggle-descendants reply-count" href="#">1<span class="icon icon-bubble-round oversized js_bubble-icon"></span></a><a title="Recommend" class="js_like recommend-reply readonly-hide" href="#" data-likecount="11"><span class="js_like_count">11</span><span class="icon icon-star icon-append js_like_icon oversized"></span></a><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Reply button click');" title="Reply" data-id="1690289222" class="js_reply-to-selected-post reply-link readonly-hide" href="#">Reply</a><div class="js_like-list-container"></div></div><div class="js_reply-flagged reply-flagged hide">Flagged</div><div class="reply-border"></div></article><section style="display: none;" class="js_toggled-replies js_new-reply-container toggled-replies" data-id="1690289222" id="js_toggled-replies-1690289222"></section></div><div class="branch js_branch"> <article data-contributors="1" data-authorname="winfredarmandelafuentelati" data-parentid="1690268064" data-id="1690289549" id="reply_1690289549" class="js_reply reply js_goto_post clearfix" data-initialized="true"><header class="no-expand"> <div class="meta-container"> <div data-blogid="234330" data-authorid="5725561713366911042" class="meta-avatar js_author"><div data-dropdownhover-container="" class="floated-container img-30"> <div data-dropdownhover-content="" class="f-dropdown author-hovercard content small whitelisted-links js_avatar-popover" id="1690289549-hovercard"><span class="floated-container img-60 avatar-container js_avatar-container"><span class="avatar"><span class="icon icon-checkmark icon-followed"></span><img alt="winfredarmandelafuentelati" data-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_120,q_80,w_120/17jcxjgw9pi83png.png" /></span><div data-blogid="234330" data-authorid="5725561713366911042" class="js_follow-controls js_author-follow-controls"><h4>greenarcher02</h4><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Hover card - 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Well, I was..... Some of it was spent on impulse buying Ziiiro watches last Valentine's Day lol. :( So I'm saving up, again. Sucks that it'll get delayed because of a freaking watch.<span class=" read-more-placeholder"></span><span class="readmore-core-decorated"></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p>Ugh I feel like I need to read this article everyday.</p></div><div class="reply-tools js_reply-tools"><a title="Recommend" class="js_like recommend-reply readonly-hide" href="#" data-likecount="6"><span class="js_like_count">6</span><span class="icon icon-star icon-append js_like_icon oversized"></span></a><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Reply button click');" title="Reply" data-id="1690292730" class="js_reply-to-selected-post reply-link readonly-hide" href="#">Reply</a><div class="js_like-list-container"></div></div><div class="js_reply-flagged reply-flagged hide">Flagged</div><div class="reply-border"></div></article><section style="display: none;" class="js_toggled-replies js_new-reply-container toggled-replies" data-id="1690292730" id="js_toggled-replies-1690292730"></section></div><div class="branch js_branch"> <article data-contributors="1" data-authorname="timgray" data-parentid="1690268064" data-id="1690295877" id="reply_1690295877" class="js_reply reply js_goto_post clearfix" data-initialized="true"><header class="no-expand"> <div class="meta-container"> <div data-blogid="43484" data-authorid="5759050131709445631" class="meta-avatar js_author"><div data-dropdownhover-container="" class="floated-container img-30"> <div data-dropdownhover-content="" class="f-dropdown author-hovercard content small whitelisted-links js_avatar-popover" id="1690295877-hovercard"><span class="floated-container img-60 avatar-container js_avatar-container"><span class="avatar"><span class="icon icon-checkmark icon-followed"></span><img alt="timgray" data-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_120,q_80,w_120/17r5ww2lnwctgjpg.jpg" /></span><div data-blogid="43484" data-authorid="5759050131709445631" class="js_follow-controls js_author-follow-controls"><h4>timgray</h4><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Hover card - 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You do realize that camping gear can be more expensive than electronics and gadgets.... Now I need to buy a $4500 tent and $1200 hiking shoes to get away from things....<span class=" read-more-placeholder"></span><span class="readmore-core-decorated"></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p>Oh and I have to have all matching camping clothing from North Face... I need to go shopping.</p></div><div class="reply-tools js_reply-tools"><a title="Show replies" data-id="1690295877" class="js_toggle-descendants reply-count" href="#">4<span class="icon icon-bubble-round oversized js_bubble-icon"></span></a><a title="Recommend" class="js_like recommend-reply readonly-hide" href="#" data-likecount="27"><span class="js_like_count">27</span><span class="icon icon-star icon-append js_like_icon oversized"></span></a><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Reply button click');" title="Reply" data-id="1690295877" class="js_reply-to-selected-post reply-link readonly-hide" href="#">Reply</a><div class="js_like-list-container"></div></div><div class="js_reply-flagged reply-flagged hide">Flagged</div><div class="reply-border"></div></article><section style="display: none;" class="js_toggled-replies js_new-reply-container toggled-replies" data-id="1690295877" id="js_toggled-replies-1690295877"></section> <article data-contributors="1" data-authorname="patrickallan" data-parentid="1690295877" data-id="1690297822" id="reply_1690297822" class="js_reply reply js_goto_post clearfix" data-initialized="true"><header class="no-expand"> <div class="meta-container"> <div data-blogid="602884922" data-authorid="602884910" class="meta-avatar js_author"><div data-dropdownhover-container="" class="floated-container img-30"> <div data-dropdownhover-content="" class="f-dropdown author-hovercard content small whitelisted-links js_avatar-popover" id="1690297822-hovercard"><span class="floated-container img-60 avatar-container js_avatar-container"><span class="avatar"><span class="icon icon-checkmark icon-followed"></span><img alt="PatrickAllan" data-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_120,q_80,w_120/gzonxhes6bl4p9k4gzpl.jpg" /></span><div data-blogid="602884922" data-authorid="602884910" class="js_follow-controls js_author-follow-controls"><h4>Patrick Allan</h4><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Hover card - 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Just got to avoid the "I want to look like an outdoorsy camper" style I guess :P<span class=" read-more-placeholder"></span><span class="readmore-core-decorated"></span></p></div><div class="reply-tools js_reply-tools"><a title="Show replies" data-id="1690297822" class="js_toggle-descendants reply-count" href="#">1<span class="icon icon-bubble-round oversized js_bubble-icon"></span></a><a title="Recommend" class="js_like recommend-reply readonly-hide" href="#" data-likecount="8"><span class="js_like_count">8</span><span class="icon icon-star icon-append js_like_icon oversized"></span></a><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Reply button click');" title="Reply" data-id="1690297822" class="js_reply-to-selected-post reply-link readonly-hide" href="#">Reply</a><div class="js_like-list-container"></div></div><div class="js_reply-flagged reply-flagged hide">Flagged</div><div class="reply-border"></div></article><section style="display: none;" class="js_toggled-replies js_new-reply-container toggled-replies" data-id="1690297822" id="js_toggled-replies-1690297822"></section> <article data-contributors="1" data-authorname="timgray" data-parentid="1690297822" data-id="1690302406" id="reply_1690302406" class="js_reply reply js_goto_post clearfix" data-initialized="true"><header class="no-expand"> <div class="meta-container"> <div data-blogid="43484" data-authorid="5759050131709445631" class="meta-avatar js_author"><div data-dropdownhover-container="" class="floated-container img-30"> <div data-dropdownhover-content="" class="f-dropdown author-hovercard content small whitelisted-links js_avatar-popover" id="1690302406-hovercard"><span class="floated-container img-60 avatar-container js_avatar-container"><span class="avatar"><span class="icon icon-checkmark icon-followed"></span><img alt="timgray" data-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_120,q_80,w_120/17r5ww2lnwctgjpg.jpg" /></span><div data-blogid="43484" data-authorid="5759050131709445631" class="js_follow-controls js_author-follow-controls"><h4>timgray</h4><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Hover card - 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I have a really cool 2 person Tent Cot that sound like awesome ideas until you actually see one in person.<span class=" read-more-placeholder"></span><span class="readmore-core-decorated"></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Commerce', 'lifehacker - 1690302406', 'B000I6420U');" data-amazonsubtag="[p|1690302406[a|B000I6420U[au|5759050131709445631" data-amazontag="lifehackeramzn-20" data-amazonasin="B000I6420U" target="_blank" href="http://www.amazon.com/Kamp-Rite-TB343-Double-Tent-Cot/dp/B000I6420U?tag=lifehackeramzn-20&ascsubtag=[t%7Ccomment[p%7C1690302406[a%7CB000I6420U[au%7C5759050131709445631">http://www.amazon.com/Kamp-Rite-TB34...</a></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p>They weigh nearly 90 pounds and will not fit in the back of anything but a full size SUV with the seats folded down or a pickup truck.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p>So it has sat in it's box in my basement for the past 3 years as a testament to my UPS guys hernia when he delivered it.</p></div><div class="reply-tools js_reply-tools"><a title="Recommend" class="js_like recommend-reply readonly-hide" href="#" data-likecount="5"><span class="js_like_count">5</span><span class="icon icon-star icon-append js_like_icon oversized"></span></a><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Reply button click');" title="Reply" data-id="1690302406" class="js_reply-to-selected-post reply-link readonly-hide" href="#">Reply</a><div class="js_like-list-container"></div></div><div class="js_reply-flagged reply-flagged hide">Flagged</div><div class="reply-border"></div></article><section style="display: none;" class="js_toggled-replies js_new-reply-container toggled-replies" data-id="1690302406" id="js_toggled-replies-1690302406"></section> <article data-contributors="1" data-authorname="patrickallan" data-parentid="1690302406" data-id="1690305439" id="reply_1690305439" class="js_reply reply js_goto_post clearfix" data-initialized="true"><header class="no-expand"> <div class="meta-container"> <div data-blogid="602884922" data-authorid="602884910" class="meta-avatar js_author"><div data-dropdownhover-container="" class="floated-container img-30"> <div data-dropdownhover-content="" class="f-dropdown author-hovercard content small whitelisted-links js_avatar-popover" id="1690305439-hovercard"><span class="floated-container img-60 avatar-container js_avatar-container"><span class="avatar"><span class="icon icon-checkmark icon-followed"></span><img alt="PatrickAllan" data-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_120,q_80,w_120/gzonxhes6bl4p9k4gzpl.jpg" /></span><div data-blogid="602884922" data-authorid="602884910" class="js_follow-controls js_author-follow-controls"><h4>Patrick Allan</h4><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Hover card - 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That does sound like a cool idea, but you're right, what's the point if you can't transport it easily? I wonder if someone makes a lighter, less cumbersome model...<span class=" read-more-placeholder"></span><span class="readmore-core-decorated"></span></p></div><div class="reply-tools js_reply-tools"><a title="Recommend" class="js_like recommend-reply readonly-hide" href="#" data-likecount="1"><span class="js_like_count">1</span><span class="icon icon-star icon-append js_like_icon oversized"></span></a><a onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Group Chats', 'click', 'Reply button click');" title="Reply" data-id="1690305439" class="js_reply-to-selected-post reply-link readonly-hide" href="#">Reply</a><div class="js_like-list-container"></div></div><div class="js_reply-flagged reply-flagged hide">Flagged</div><div class="reply-border"></div></article><section style="display: none;" class="js_toggled-replies js_new-reply-container toggled-replies" data-id="1690305439" id="js_toggled-replies-1690305439"></section></div></div><div class="js_branch-followchat branch-list" 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We are working to restore service.</div></div></div><div id="matchbuy-placeholder"></div><iframe width="1" height="1" name="spr" src="//d8rk54i4mohrb.cloudfront.net/iframe.html?pid=5266d09097b0c95740000002&title=How%20to%20Program%20Your%20Mind%20to%20Stop%20Buying%20Crap%20You%20Don%E2%80%99t%20Need&url=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2Fhow-to-program-your-mind-to-stop-buying-crap-you-don-t-1690268064&date=Mon%20Mar%2009%202015%2015%3A00%3A00%20GMT%2B0000%20%28GMT%29&authors=PatrickAllan&channels=&tags=money%7Cshopping%7Csaving%20money%7Cpersonal%20finances%7Cmind%20hacks%7Chabits%7Cbudget%7Cpsychology%7Ceditors%20picks&iframe=true&domain=lifehacker.com&r=true&referrer=&page_url=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2Fhow-to-program-your-mind-to-stop-buying-crap-you-don-t-1690268064&ref_url=&cache_buster=1427305231937" visible="false" id="spr-iframe-n" style="display: none;"></iframe><iframe width="1" height="1" name="spr" src="//d8rk54i4mohrb.cloudfront.net/container.html?pid=5266d09097b0c95740000002&title=How%20to%20Program%20Your%20Mind%20to%20Stop%20Buying%20Crap%20You%20Don%E2%80%99t%20Need&url=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2Fhow-to-program-your-mind-to-stop-buying-crap-you-don-t-1690268064&date=Mon%20Mar%2009%202015%2015%3A00%3A00%20GMT%2B0000%20%28GMT%29&authors=PatrickAllan&channels=&tags=money%7Cshopping%7Csaving%20money%7Cpersonal%20finances%7Cmind%20hacks%7Chabits%7Cbudget%7Cpsychology%7Ceditors%20picks&iframe=true&domain=lifehacker.com&r=true&referrer=&page_url=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2Fhow-to-program-your-mind-to-stop-buying-crap-you-don-t-1690268064&ref_url=&cache_buster=1427305231939" visible="false" id="spr-iframe-x" style="display: none;"></iframe><div class="js_loading-layer row hide"><div class="column"><div class="row"><div class="loading-layer"><div class="large-8 large-offset-4 columns"><div class="loading-layer-main-column"> <span class="spinner bounce"><span class="one"></span><span class="two"></span><span class="three"></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/lifehacker-working/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/lifehacker-working/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ead5dca --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/lifehacker-working/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need", + "byline": "Patrick Allan", + "excerpt": "We all buy things from time to time that we don't really need. It's okay to appeal to your wants every once in a while, as long as you're in control. If you struggle with clutter, impulse buys, and buyer's remorse, here's how to put your mind in the right place before you even set foot in a store.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/lifehacker-working/expected.html b/test/test-pages/lifehacker-working/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f732365 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/lifehacker-working/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="post-content entry-content "> + <p data-textannotation-id="58a492029dca5e6a6e481d21b6b2933a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--hqqO9fze--/n1s6c2m6kc07iqdyllj6.jpg" data-chomp-id="n1s6c2m6kc07iqdyllj6" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--hqqO9fze--/n1s6c2m6kc07iqdyllj6.jpg"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="a043044f9b3e31fd85568b17e3b1b5f3" class="first-text"><span>We all buy things from time to time that we don't really need. It's okay to appeal to your wants every once in a while, as long as you're in control. If you struggle with clutter, impulse buys, and buyer's remorse, here's how to put your mind in the right place before you even set foot in a store.</span></p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="e51cbbc52eb8c3b33571908351076cf7"><strong>Understand How Your Own Brain Works Against You</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="268f7702467d33e3b0972dd09f1cf0a6" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--QeUTCiuW--/o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p.jpg" data-chomp-id="o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--QeUTCiuW--/o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p.jpg"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="32604538f84919efff270e87b61191a1">It may come as no surprise to learn that stores employ all kinds of tricks to get you to part ways with your cash, and your brain plays right along. Through psychological tricks, product placement, and even color, stores are designed from the ground up to increase spending. We've talked about the biggest things stores do to manipulate your senses, but here are some of the biggest things to look out for:</p> + <ul> + <li data-textannotation-id="cd748c8b681c781cdd728c5e17b5e05f"><strong>Color:</strong> Stores use color to make products attractive and eye-catching, but they also use color on price labels. Red stands out and can encourage taking action, that's why it's commonly associated with sale signage and advertising. When you see red, remember what they're trying to do to your brain with that color. You don't to buy something just because it's on sale.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="29c11c0aec305293be282aa91f8fbc3d"><strong>Navigation Roadblocks:</strong> Stores force you to walk around stuff you don't need to find the stuff you are really after. Have a list of what you need before you go in, go straight to it, and imagine it's the only item in the store.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="252dc7e4a924d12c2d913861ab118bf5"><strong>The Touch Factor:</strong> Stores place items they want to sell in easy to reach locations and encourage you to touch them. Don't do it! As soon as you pick something up, you're more likely to buy it because your mind suddenly takes ownership of the object. Don't pick anything up and don't play with display items.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="05dde4d44056798acff5890759134a64"><strong>Scents and Sounds:</strong> You'll probably hear classic, upbeat tunes when you walk into a store. The upbeat music makes you happy and excited, while playing familiar songs makes you feel comfortable. They also use pleasant smells to put your mind at ease. A happy, comfortable mind at ease is a dangerous combination for your brain when shopping. There's not much you can do to avoid this unless you shop online, but it's good to be aware of it.</li> + </ul> + <p data-textannotation-id="1eb4a4df2a670927c5d9e9641ebf9d40">And sure, we can blame the stores all we want, but you won't change how they operate—you can only be aware of how your <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594" x-inset="1">brain is falling for their tricks</a>. Even without the stores, <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices" x-inset="1">your brain is working against you on its own</a>, thanks to some simple cognitive biases.</p> + <aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> </aside> + <p data-textannotation-id="89992f1ca493b248eea6ed1772326c46">For example, confirmation bias makes you only believe the information that conforms to your prior beliefs, while you discount everything else. Advertisers appeal to this bias directly by convincing you one item is better than another with imagery and other tricks, regardless of what hard facts might say. Keep your mind open, do your own research, and accept when you're wrong about a product. The Decoy effect is also a commonly used tactic. You think one product is a deal because it's next to a similar product that's priced way higher. Even if it's a product you need, it's probably not as good of a deal as it looks right then and there. Again, always research beforehand and be on the lookout for this common trick to avoid impulse buys.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="eedde8c384145f2593efc2a15a4d79de"><strong>Make a List of </strong><em><strong>Everything</strong></em><strong> You Own and Do Some Decluttering</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="8044cf9aab698fd28931acd90ba96f7a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mlR3Ku0_--/xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae.jpg" data-chomp-id="xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mlR3Ku0_--/xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae.jpg"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="a2a886d841e5aed848cdf7088edde4ea">Now that you know what you're up against, it's time to start changing the way you think. Before you can stop buying crap you don't need, you need to identify what that crap is. The first step is to make a list of <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943" x-inset="1">every single thing you own</a>. <strong>Every. Single. Thing</strong>. This might sound extreme, but you need to gather your data so you can start reprogramming your mind.</p> + <aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> </aside> + <p data-textannotation-id="bbe57b7aa20b48550e5f66b7c530822c">The purpose of this exercise is twofold: you see what you already have and don't need to ever buy again, and you get to see what you shouldn't have bought in the first place. As you list everything out, separate items into categories. It's extremely important that you are as honest with yourself as possible while you do this. It's also important you actually write this all down or type it all out. Here is the first set of categories to separate everything into:</p> + <ul> + <li data-textannotation-id="8d7dc912152eddd0e3d56e28ad79e6f2"><strong>Need:</strong> You absolutely need this item to get by on a day to day basis.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="6f60a79627f0746d1f611999251e9f1b"><strong>Sometimes Need:</strong> You don't need this item every day, but you use it on a somewhat regular basis.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="54e10b108f95548966b657bd90fdbed4"><strong>Want:</strong> You bought this item because you wanted it, not because you needed it.</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="26c461a85fbc78651be442e205cac58b"><strong>Crap:</strong> You don't have a good reason why you have it and you already know it needs to go (there's probably a few of these items, at least).</li> + </ul> + <p data-textannotation-id="5743cf753f68fd8ee3443cc0f8e815dd">Leave the things you listed as "needs" alone, put your stuff listed as "crap" in a pile or box to go bye-bye, and move your attention back to your "sometimes need" and "want" lists. You need to go back over both of those lists because you probably fudged some of the listings, either subconsciously or intentionally. Now ask yourself these three questions as you go through both the "sometimes need" and "want" lists:</p> + <ul> + <li data-textannotation-id="2048d6c0436bd34811442d6df32989a4">When was the last time I used this?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="3f4b3686d822171b35e27bf1afde530b">When will I use this again?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="63728605cc4fa66f5b225f674d12bbff">Does this item <a href="http://lifehacker.com/declutter-by-asking-one-question-does-this-spark-joy-1651256422">bring you joy</a>?</li> + </ul> + <p data-textannotation-id="816cd504161fecc6f3e173779b33d5db">Remember to be honest and adjust your lists accordingly. There's nothing wrong with keeping things you wanted. Material items can <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-buy-happiness-the-purchases-most-likely-to-brin-1681780686">bring happiness to many people</a>, but make sure the items on your "want" list actively provide you joy and are being used. If an item doesn't get much use or doesn't make you happy, add it to the "crap" list.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="675103d9c0da55e95f93c53bb019f864">Once you have everything organized, it's time to do some serious decluttering. This listing exercise should get you started, but there are <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5957609/how-to-kick-your-clutter-habit-and-live-in-a-clean-house-once-and-for-all">a lot of other great ideas</a> when it comes to ditching the junk you don't need. Regardless, everything on your "crap" list needs to go. You can donate it, sell it at a yard sale, give it away to people know, whatever you like. Before you get rid of everything, though, take a picture of all your stuff together. Print out or save the picture somewhere. Some of it was probably gifts, but in general, this is all the crap you bought that you don't need. Take a good look and remember it.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="f15ab0a628b159459f095f04fef851ba"><strong>See How Much Money and Time You Spent on the Stuff You Threw Out</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="bc2f55587bf4ab07a1852a8d26217233" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Tacb0tyW--/qodag11euf2npkawkn9v.jpg" data-chomp-id="qodag11euf2npkawkn9v" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Tacb0tyW--/qodag11euf2npkawkn9v.jpg"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="95ab4fe30c3ade42a8011966ea54aa0b">Now take a look at your "crap" list again and start calculating how much you spent on all of it. If it was a gift, mark it as $0. Otherwise, figure out the price of the item at the time you bought it. If you got a deal or bought it on sale it's okay to factor that in, but try to be as accurate as possible. Once you have the price for each item, add it all together. Depending on your spending habits this could possibly be in the hundreds to thousands of dollars. Remember the picture you took of all this stuff? Attach the total cost to the picture so you can see both at the same time.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="f654efec679064b15826d8ee20bc94e4">With the money cost figured out, you should take a look at the other costs too. Time is a resource just like any other, and it's a finite one. What kind of time did you pour into these things? Consider the time you spent acquiring and using these items, then write it all down. These can be rough estimations, but go ahead and add it all up when you think you've got it. Now attach the total time to same picture as before and think of the other ways you could have spent all that time. This isn't to make you feel bad about yourself, just to deliver information to your brain in an easy-to-understand form. When you look at it all like this, it can open your eyes a little more, and help you think about purchases in the future. You'll look at an item and ask yourself, "Will this just end up in the picture?"</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="6342bf7f15d9eddd21489c23e51ca434"><strong>List Every Non-Material Thing In Your Life that Makes You Happy</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="bafeac1c3808e0d2900190979f058b2c" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--x9hLbIKJ--/imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh.jpg" data-chomp-id="imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--x9hLbIKJ--/imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh.jpg"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="4bd8fbaabb33ff1cb5dc93c16e1f83cc">Now it's time to make a different list. While material items may bring plenty of joy, the things in your life that make you happiest probably can't be bought. Get a separate piece of paper or create a new document and list out everything in your life that makes you happy. If you can't buy it, it's eligible for the list. It doesn't matter if it only makes you crack a smile or makes you jump for joy, list it out. </p> + <p data-textannotation-id="104a646a62ad7a0cfb4e3ff086185fdc"><span>These are probably the things that actually make you want to get out of bed in the morning and keep on keepin' on. Once you have it all down, put it in your purse or wallet. The next time you feel the urge to buy something, whip this list out first and remind yourself why you probably don't need it.</span></p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="532cf992ff45d52de501c1a8f80fc152"><strong>Spend Some Time Away from Material Things to Gain Perspective</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="64f5c7155ad89bd2835399d33c1ae28a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6NwBgQLy--/afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct.jpg" data-chomp-id="afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6NwBgQLy--/afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct.jpg"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="84554492c487779e921b98fb64222177">If you're having a really hard time with your spending, it can help to get away from material objects completely. When you're constantly surrounded by stuff and have access to buying things at all times, it can be really tough to break the habit. Spend a day in the park enjoying the sights and sounds of the outdoors, go camping with some friends, or hike a trail you haven't been on before. </p> + <p data-textannotation-id="b44add1c7b690705d672186e3a9604b6">Essentially, you want to show yourself that you don't need your "things" to have a good time. When you realize how much fun you can have without all the trinkets and trivets, you'll start to shut down your desire to buy them. If you can't get really get away right now, just go for a walk without your purse or wallet (but carry your ID). If you can't buy anything, you'll be forced to experience things a different way.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="98c11bebae0bbcdbe8411df0186d6465"><strong>Develop a Personal "Should I Buy This?" Test</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="ff438b878771354bb7f6d065ff50dbb2" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ciqk42G0--/s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod.jpg" data-chomp-id="s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ciqk42G0--/s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod.jpg"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="4af04ae83f18d9c37da21527bcd4a290">If you don't have a personal "should I buy this?" test, now's the perfect time to make one. When you find an item you think you need or want, it has to pass all of the questions you have on your test before you can buy it. Here's where you can use all of the data you've gathered so far and put it to really good use. The test should be personalized to your own buying habits, but here are some example questions:</p> + <ul> + <li data-textannotation-id="fcfd78b1619bdf0b7330f4b40efb899d">Is this a planned purchase?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="c16e7d5feae7cc2c3c6a8dd312ea206f">Will it end up in the "crap" list picture one day?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="54d877fdee56080c87508fc9e6402889"><a href="http://lifehacker.com/prevent-clutter-by-asking-yourself-where-items-will-go-1649480461">Where am I going to put it</a>?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="59d5245217c84e6b2b2969b3492f2f2d">Have I included this in my budget?</li> + <li data-textannotation-id="8fe1582808b4d89f5c88c2708744d27d"><em>Why</em> do I want/need it?</li> + </ul> + <p data-textannotation-id="0162d779382cdc7de908fc1488af3940">Custom build your test to hit all of your weaknesses. If you make a lot of impulse buys, include questions that address that. If you experience a lot of buyer's remorse, include a lot of questions that make you think about the use of item after you buy it. If buying the latest and greatest technology is your weakness, Joshua Becker at Becoming Minimalist suggests you ask yourself <a target="_blank" href="http://www.becomingminimalist.com/marriage-hacks/">what problem the piece of tech solves</a>. If you can't think of anything it solves or if you already have something that solves it, you don't need it. Be thorough and build a test that you can run through your mind every time you consider buying something.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="c0ed0882675acc340dcd88e13ca514b3"><strong>Learn to Delay Gratification and Destroy the Urge to Impulse Buy</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="1d43712fc5ce8f156e4661cca5750575" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mtob1sjR--/y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye.jpg" data-chomp-id="y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mtob1sjR--/y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye.jpg"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="3d8086719c5da749f877629d498ccab9">When it comes to the unnecessary crap we buy, impulse purchases probably make up a good deal of them. We love to feel gratification instantly and impulse buys appeal to that with a rush of excitement with each new purchase. We like to believe that we have control over our impulses all the time, but we really don't, and that's a major problem for the ol' wallet.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="620ca9836425e09ec7fa50bfad204665">The key is teaching your brain that it's okay to <a href="http://lifehacker.com/overcome-the-need-for-instant-gratification-by-delaying-1636938356">wait for gratification</a>. You can do this with a simple time out every time you want something. Look at whatever you're thinking of buying, go through your personal "should I buy this?" test, and then walk away for a little while. Planning your purchases ahead is ideal, so the longer you can hold off, the better. Set yourself a reminder to check on the item <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5859632/buyers-remorse-is-inevitable-how-to-make-purchases-you-really-wont-regret">a week or month down the line</a>. When you come back to it, you may find that you don't even want it, just the gratification that would come with it. If you're shopping online, you can do the same thing. Walk away from your desk or put your phone in your pocket and do something else for a little while.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="a85d9eb501c898234ac5df2a56c50a13">You can also avoid online impulse purchases by <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age" x-inset="1">making it harder to do</a>. Block shopping web sites during time periods you know you're at your weakest, or remove all of your saved credit card or Paypal information. You can also <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases" x-inset="1">practice the "HALT" method</a> when you're shopping online or in a store. Try not to buy things when you're Hungry, Angry, Lonely, or Tired because you're at your weakest state mentally. Last, but not least, the "<a href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases" x-inset="1">stranger test</a>" can help you weed out bad purchases too.</p> + <aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> </aside> + <p data-textannotation-id="27385752c06848647540ad931892b21e">The last thing you should consider when it comes to impulse buys is "artificial replacement." As Trent Hamm at The Simple Dollar explains, artificial replacement can happen when you start to <a target="_blank" href="http://www.thesimpledollar.com/balancing-spending-and-time-how-time-frugality-can-save-you-lots-of-cash/">reduce the time</a> you get with your main interests:</p> + <blockquote data-textannotation-id="213e2e816ac88f8d177fb0db0f7fef09"> + <p data-textannotation-id="7b98c5809df24dd04bb65285878c0335">Whenever I consistently cut quality time for my main interests out of my life, I start to long for them. As you saw in that "typical" day, I do make room for spending time with my family, but my other two main interests are absent. If that happens too many days in a row, I start to really miss reading. I start to really miss playing thoughtful board games with friends. What happens after that? <strong>I start to substitute.</strong> When I don't have the opportunity to sit down for an hour or even for half an hour and really get lost in a book, I start looking for an alternative way to fill in the tiny slices of time that I do have. I'll spend money.</p> + </blockquote> + <p data-textannotation-id="4b6cc2900ffacd3daef54b13b4caceac">You probably have things in your life that provide plenty of gratification, so don't get caught substituting it with impulse buys. Always make sure you keep yourself happy with plenty of time doing the things you like to do and you won't be subconsciously trying to fill that void with useless crap.</p> + <h3 data-textannotation-id="aed9b435c4ed23e573c453ceeb34ed18"><strong>Turn the Money You Save Into More Money</strong></h3> + <p data-textannotation-id="21154394d63f1943d01f2b717aa31115" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--4Ajak63w--/atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw.jpg" data-chomp-id="atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--4Ajak63w--/atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw.jpg"/></span></p> + <p data-textannotation-id="6141942e977cc058fd7a0fa06a3f7389">Once you've programmed your mind to stop buying crap you don't need, you'll have some extra cash to play with. Take all that money and start putting it toward your future and things you <em>will</em> need further down the road. You might need <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-start-saving-for-a-home-down-payment-1541254056">a home</a>, a vehicle, or a way to retire, but none of that can happen until you start planning for it. </p> + <p data-textannotation-id="90f08afddc08e2c3b45c266f2e6965ec">Start by paying off any debts you already have. Credit cards, student loans, and even car payments can force you to <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-break-the-living-paycheck-to-paycheck-cycle-1445330680">live paycheck to paycheck</a>. Use the <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5940989/pay-off-small-balances-first-for-better-odds-of-eliminating-all-your-debt">snowball method</a> and pay off some small balances to make you feel motivated, then start taking out your debt in full force with the <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-pay-off-your-debt-using-the-stack-method-576070292">stacking method</a>: stop creating new debt, determine which balances have the highest interest rates, and create a payment schedule to pay them off efficiently.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="1106cb837deb2b6fc8e28ba98f078c27">With your debts whittled down, you should start an emergency fund. No matter how well you plan things, accidents and health emergencies can still happen. An emergency fund is designed to make those kinds of events more manageable. This type of savings account is strictly for when life throws you a curveball, but you can grow one pretty easily <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-grow-an-emergency-fund-from-modest-savings-1638409351">with only modest savings</a>.</p> + <p data-textannotation-id="347c2a36f114a794d559d929da1b15b7">When you've paid off your debt and prepared yourself for troubled times, you can start saving for the big stuff. All that money you're not spending on crap anymore can be saved, invested, and compounded to let you buy comfort and security. If you don't know where to start, talk to a financial planner. Or create a simple, yet effective <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594" x-inset="1">"set and forget" investment portfolio</a>. You've worked hard to reprogram your mind, so make sure you reap the benefits for many years to come.</p> + <aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> </aside> + <p data-textannotation-id="b54d87ffdace50f420c3a6ff0404cbf3"><em><small>Photos by <a target="_blank" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-129762989/stock-vector-consumer.html?src=id&ws=1">cmgirl</a> (Shutterstock), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-227832739/stock-vector-hacker-icon-man-in-hoody-with-laptop-flat-isolated-on-dark-background-vector-illustration.html?src=id&ws=1">Macrovector</a> (Shutterstock), <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jetheriot/6186786217">J E Theriot</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/puuikibeach/15289861843">davidd</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/funfilledgeorgie/10922459733">George Redgrave</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/amslerpix/7252002214">David Amsler</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/amalakar/7299820870">Arup Malakar</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lobsterstew/89644885">J B</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jakerome/3298702453">jakerome</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://401kcalculator.org/">401(K) 2012</a>.</small></em></p> + </div> +</div>
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google_ads[0].url + '" onmouseout="window.status=\'\'" onmouseover="window.status=\'go to ' + google_ads[0].visible_url + '\';return true" class="google-headline">' + + '<span> <b>' +google_ads[0].line1 + '</b><br /></span></a> <span>' + + google_ads[0].line2 + ' ' + google_ads[0].line3 + '<br /></span>' + + '<a href="' + google_ads[0].url + '" onmouseout="window.status=\'\'" onmouseover="window.status=\'go to ' + google_ads[0].visible_url + '\';return true" class="google-link"><span>' + google_ads[0].visible_url + '</span></a><br /><br/>'; + if (google_ads.length == 2) { + /* the XML parser chokes on a for loop, so we have to do it explicitly */ + s += '<a href="' + google_ads[1].url + '" onmouseout="window.status=\'\'" onmouseover="window.status=\'go to ' + google_ads[1].visible_url + '\';return true" class="google-headline">' + + '<span> <b>' + google_ads[1].line1 + '</b><br /></span></a> <span style="">' + + google_ads[1].line2 + ' ' + google_ads[1].line3 + '<br /></span>' + + '<a href="' + google_ads[1].url + '" onmouseout="window.status=\'\'" onmouseover="window.status=\'go to ' + google_ads[1].visible_url + '\';return true" class="google-link"><span>' + google_ads[1].visible_url + '</span></a><br />'; + } + s += '</div></div></aside>'; + if (google_ads[0].bidtype == 'CPC') { /* insert this snippet for each ad call */ + google_adnum = google_adnum + google_ads.length; + } + document.write(s); + } +} +google_ad_client = 'ca-pub-0457527031304647'; +google_ad_output = 'js'; +google_max_num_ads = '1'; +google_ad_type = 'text'; +google_feedback = 'on'; +google_skip = google_adnum; +google_ad_channel = '1102379497'; +</script><script src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js" type="text/javascript"></script> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="a043044f9b3e31fd85568b17e3b1b5f3" class="first-text"><span>We all buy things from time to time that we don't really need. It's okay to appeal to your wants every once in a while, as long as you're in control. If you struggle with clutter, impulse buys, and buyer's remorse, here's how to put your mind in the right place before you even set foot in a store.</span></p><div class="ad-unit js_ad-unit hide-contents ad-mobile js_ad-mobile"> + <div data-zone-type="MOBILE" class="ad-container js_ad-container" id="ad-container-45135036"></div> +</div> + + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="e51cbbc52eb8c3b33571908351076cf7"><strong>Understand How Your Own Brain Works Against You</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="268f7702467d33e3b0972dd09f1cf0a6" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--QeUTCiuW--/o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p.jpg" data-chomp-id="o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--QeUTCiuW--/o4dpyrcbiqyfrc3bxx6p.jpg" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="32604538f84919efff270e87b61191a1">It may come as no surprise to learn that stores employ all kinds of tricks to get you to part ways with your cash, and your brain plays right along. Through psychological tricks, product placement, and even color, stores are designed from the ground up to increase spending. We've talked about the biggest things stores do to manipulate your senses, but here are some of the biggest things to look out for:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<ul><li data-textannotation-id="cd748c8b681c781cdd728c5e17b5e05f"><strong>Color:</strong> Stores use color to make products attractive and eye-catching, but they also use color on price labels. Red stands out and can encourage taking action, that's why it's commonly associated with sale signage and advertising. When you see red, remember what they're trying to do to your brain with that color. You don't to buy something just because it's on sale.</li><li data-textannotation-id="29c11c0aec305293be282aa91f8fbc3d"><strong>Navigation Roadblocks:</strong> Stores force you to walk around stuff you don't need to find the stuff you are really after. Have a list of what you need before you go in, go straight to it, and imagine it's the only item in the store.</li><li data-textannotation-id="252dc7e4a924d12c2d913861ab118bf5"><strong>The Touch Factor:</strong> Stores place items they want to sell in easy to reach locations and encourage you to touch them. Don't do it! As soon as you pick something up, you're more likely to buy it because your mind suddenly takes ownership of the object. Don't pick anything up and don't play with display items.</li><li data-textannotation-id="05dde4d44056798acff5890759134a64"><strong>Scents and Sounds:</strong> You'll probably hear classic, upbeat tunes when you walk into a store. The upbeat music makes you happy and excited, while playing familiar songs makes you feel comfortable. They also use pleasant smells to put your mind at ease. A happy, comfortable mind at ease is a dangerous combination for your brain when shopping. There's not much you can do to avoid this unless you shop online, but it's good to be aware of it.</li></ul> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="1eb4a4df2a670927c5d9e9641ebf9d40">And sure, we can blame the stores all we want, but you won't change how they operate—you can only be aware of how your <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594" x-inset="1">brain is falling for their tricks</a>. Even without the stores, <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices" x-inset="1">your brain is working against you on its own</a>, thanks to some simple cognitive biases.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> + <div class="container"> + + <div class="referenced-nav hide-for-small"> + <div class="nav-arrow prev js_previous_inset hide"> + <a onclick="return false;" class="icon inline icon-chevron-left" href="#"></a> + </div> + <div class="nav-arrow next js_next_inset"> + <a onclick="return false ;" class="icon inline icon-chevron-right" href="#"></a> + </div> + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1555962975" class="referenced-item "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--9a3fSAiv--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/18l0k4fog1iixjpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + How Stores Manipulate Your Senses So You Spend More Money + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + How Stores Manipulate Your Senses So You Spend More Money + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + How Stores Manipulate Your Senses So You Spend Mor + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">When you walk into almost any store, you're immediately overloaded with sights, sounds,…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-stores-manipulate-your-senses-so-you-spend-more-mon-475987594"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1555984303" class="referenced-item hide "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ZasswoU_--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/1888vgzhqw1whjpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + How Your Brain Corrupts Your Shopping Choices + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + How Your Brain Corrupts Your Shopping Choices + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + How Your Brain Corrupts Your Shopping Choices + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">Ever come home from a day of shopping and wondered why on earth you purchased certain items? As it…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/5968125/how-your-brain-corrupts-your-shopping-choices"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + </div> +</aside> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="89992f1ca493b248eea6ed1772326c46">For example, confirmation bias makes you only believe the information that conforms to your prior beliefs, while you discount everything else. Advertisers appeal to this bias directly by convincing you one item is better than another with imagery and other tricks, regardless of what hard facts might say. Keep your mind open, do your own research, and accept when you're wrong about a product. The Decoy effect is also a commonly used tactic. You think one product is a deal because it's next to a similar product that's priced way higher. Even if it's a product you need, it's probably not as good of a deal as it looks right then and there. Again, always research beforehand and be on the lookout for this common trick to avoid impulse buys.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="eedde8c384145f2593efc2a15a4d79de"><strong>Make a List of </strong><em><strong>Everything</strong></em><strong> You Own and Do Some Decluttering</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="8044cf9aab698fd28931acd90ba96f7a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mlR3Ku0_--/xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae.jpg" data-chomp-id="xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mlR3Ku0_--/xrhkwleyurcizy4akiae.jpg" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="a2a886d841e5aed848cdf7088edde4ea">Now that you know what you're up against, it's time to start changing the way you think. Before you can stop buying crap you don't need, you need to identify what that crap is. The first step is to make a list of <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943" x-inset="1">every single thing you own</a>. <strong>Every. Single. Thing</strong>. This might sound extreme, but you need to gather your data so you can start reprogramming your mind.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> + <div class="container"> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1555988775" class="referenced-item "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--fN3JVNsL--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/196y8tsoeyd5njpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + How to Defeat the Urge to Binge Shop + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + How to Defeat the Urge to Binge Shop + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + How to Defeat the Urge to Binge Shop + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">It seems contradictory, but I love being frugal and I also love spending money. Over the last few…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-defeat-the-urge-to-binge-shop-1468216943"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + </div> +</aside> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="bbe57b7aa20b48550e5f66b7c530822c">The purpose of this exercise is twofold: you see what you already have and don't need to ever buy again, and you get to see what you shouldn't have bought in the first place. As you list everything out, separate items into categories. It's extremely important that you are as honest with yourself as possible while you do this. It's also important you actually write this all down or type it all out. Here is the first set of categories to separate everything into:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<ul><li data-textannotation-id="8d7dc912152eddd0e3d56e28ad79e6f2"><strong>Need:</strong> You absolutely need this item to get by on a day to day basis.</li><li data-textannotation-id="6f60a79627f0746d1f611999251e9f1b"><strong>Sometimes Need:</strong> You don't need this item every day, but you use it on a somewhat regular basis.</li><li data-textannotation-id="54e10b108f95548966b657bd90fdbed4"><strong>Want:</strong> You bought this item because you wanted it, not because you needed it.</li><li data-textannotation-id="26c461a85fbc78651be442e205cac58b"><strong>Crap:</strong> You don't have a good reason why you have it and you already know it needs to go (there's probably a few of these items, at least).</li></ul> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="5743cf753f68fd8ee3443cc0f8e815dd">Leave the things you listed as "needs" alone, put your stuff listed as "crap" in a pile or box to go bye-bye, and move your attention back to your "sometimes need" and "want" lists. You need to go back over both of those lists because you probably fudged some of the listings, either subconsciously or intentionally. Now ask yourself these three questions as you go through both the "sometimes need" and "want" lists:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<ul><li data-textannotation-id="2048d6c0436bd34811442d6df32989a4">When was the last time I used this?</li><li data-textannotation-id="3f4b3686d822171b35e27bf1afde530b">When will I use this again?</li><li data-textannotation-id="63728605cc4fa66f5b225f674d12bbff">Does this item <a href="http://lifehacker.com/declutter-by-asking-one-question-does-this-spark-joy-1651256422">bring you joy</a>?</li></ul> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="816cd504161fecc6f3e173779b33d5db">Remember to be honest and adjust your lists accordingly. There's nothing wrong with keeping things you wanted. Material items can <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-buy-happiness-the-purchases-most-likely-to-brin-1681780686">bring happiness to many people</a>, but make sure the items on your "want" list actively provide you joy and are being used. If an item doesn't get much use or doesn't make you happy, add it to the "crap" list.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="675103d9c0da55e95f93c53bb019f864">Once you have everything organized, it's time to do some serious decluttering. This listing exercise should get you started, but there are <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5957609/how-to-kick-your-clutter-habit-and-live-in-a-clean-house-once-and-for-all">a lot of other great ideas</a> when it comes to ditching the junk you don't need. Regardless, everything on your "crap" list needs to go. You can donate it, sell it at a yard sale, give it away to people know, whatever you like. Before you get rid of everything, though, take a picture of all your stuff together. Print out or save the picture somewhere. Some of it was probably gifts, but in general, this is all the crap you bought that you don't need. Take a good look and remember it.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="f15ab0a628b159459f095f04fef851ba"><strong>See How Much Money and Time You Spent on the Stuff You Threw Out</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="bc2f55587bf4ab07a1852a8d26217233" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Tacb0tyW--/qodag11euf2npkawkn9v.jpg" data-chomp-id="qodag11euf2npkawkn9v" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Tacb0tyW--/qodag11euf2npkawkn9v.jpg" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="95ab4fe30c3ade42a8011966ea54aa0b">Now take a look at your "crap" list again and start calculating how much you spent on all of it. If it was a gift, mark it as $0. Otherwise, figure out the price of the item at the time you bought it. If you got a deal or bought it on sale it's okay to factor that in, but try to be as accurate as possible. Once you have the price for each item, add it all together. Depending on your spending habits this could possibly be in the hundreds to thousands of dollars. Remember the picture you took of all this stuff? Attach the total cost to the picture so you can see both at the same time.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="f654efec679064b15826d8ee20bc94e4">With the money cost figured out, you should take a look at the other costs too. Time is a resource just like any other, and it's a finite one. What kind of time did you pour into these things? Consider the time you spent acquiring and using these items, then write it all down. These can be rough estimations, but go ahead and add it all up when you think you've got it. Now attach the total time to same picture as before and think of the other ways you could have spent all that time. This isn't to make you feel bad about yourself, just to deliver information to your brain in an easy-to-understand form. When you look at it all like this, it can open your eyes a little more, and help you think about purchases in the future. You'll look at an item and ask yourself, "Will this just end up in the picture?"</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="6342bf7f15d9eddd21489c23e51ca434"><strong>List Every Non-Material Thing In Your Life that Makes You Happy</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="bafeac1c3808e0d2900190979f058b2c" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--x9hLbIKJ--/imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh.jpg" data-chomp-id="imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--x9hLbIKJ--/imfc9ybqfw0jmztbhfrh.jpg" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="4bd8fbaabb33ff1cb5dc93c16e1f83cc">Now it's time to make a different list. While material items may bring plenty of joy, the things in your life that make you happiest probably can't be bought. Get a separate piece of paper or create a new document and list out everything in your life that makes you happy. If you can't buy it, it's eligible for the list. It doesn't matter if it only makes you crack a smile or makes you jump for joy, list it out. </p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="104a646a62ad7a0cfb4e3ff086185fdc"><span>These are probably the things that actually make you want to get out of bed in the morning and keep on keepin' on. Once you have it all down, put it in your purse or wallet. The next time you feel the urge to buy something, whip this list out first and remind yourself why you probably don't need it.</span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="532cf992ff45d52de501c1a8f80fc152"><strong>Spend Some Time Away from Material Things to Gain Perspective</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="64f5c7155ad89bd2835399d33c1ae28a" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6NwBgQLy--/afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct.jpg" data-chomp-id="afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6NwBgQLy--/afy7n45jfvsjdmmhonct.jpg" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="84554492c487779e921b98fb64222177">If you're having a really hard time with your spending, it can help to get away from material objects completely. When you're constantly surrounded by stuff and have access to buying things at all times, it can be really tough to break the habit. Spend a day in the park enjoying the sights and sounds of the outdoors, go camping with some friends, or hike a trail you haven't been on before. </p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="b44add1c7b690705d672186e3a9604b6">Essentially, you want to show yourself that you don't need your "things" to have a good time. When you realize how much fun you can have without all the trinkets and trivets, you'll start to shut down your desire to buy them. If you can't get really get away right now, just go for a walk without your purse or wallet (but carry your ID). If you can't buy anything, you'll be forced to experience things a different way.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="98c11bebae0bbcdbe8411df0186d6465"><strong>Develop a Personal "Should I Buy This?" Test</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="ff438b878771354bb7f6d065ff50dbb2" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ciqk42G0--/s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod.jpg" data-chomp-id="s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ciqk42G0--/s3pq8vjrvyjgne4lfsod.jpg" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="4af04ae83f18d9c37da21527bcd4a290">If you don't have a personal "should I buy this?" test, now's the perfect time to make one. When you find an item you think you need or want, it has to pass all of the questions you have on your test before you can buy it. Here's where you can use all of the data you've gathered so far and put it to really good use. The test should be personalized to your own buying habits, but here are some example questions:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<ul><li data-textannotation-id="fcfd78b1619bdf0b7330f4b40efb899d">Is this a planned purchase?</li><li data-textannotation-id="c16e7d5feae7cc2c3c6a8dd312ea206f">Will it end up in the "crap" list picture one day?</li><li data-textannotation-id="54d877fdee56080c87508fc9e6402889"><a href="http://lifehacker.com/prevent-clutter-by-asking-yourself-where-items-will-go-1649480461">Where am I going to put it</a>?</li><li data-textannotation-id="59d5245217c84e6b2b2969b3492f2f2d">Have I included this in my budget?</li><li data-textannotation-id="8fe1582808b4d89f5c88c2708744d27d"><em>Why</em> do I want/need it?</li></ul> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="0162d779382cdc7de908fc1488af3940">Custom build your test to hit all of your weaknesses. If you make a lot of impulse buys, include questions that address that. If you experience a lot of buyer's remorse, include a lot of questions that make you think about the use of item after you buy it. If buying the latest and greatest technology is your weakness, Joshua Becker at Becoming Minimalist suggests you ask yourself <a target="_blank" href="http://www.becomingminimalist.com/marriage-hacks/">what problem the piece of tech solves</a>. If you can't think of anything it solves or if you already have something that solves it, you don't need it. Be thorough and build a test that you can run through your mind every time you consider buying something.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="c0ed0882675acc340dcd88e13ca514b3"><strong>Learn to Delay Gratification and Destroy the Urge to Impulse Buy</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="1d43712fc5ce8f156e4661cca5750575" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mtob1sjR--/y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye.jpg" data-chomp-id="y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mtob1sjR--/y2ldv5eufb3jcrtfouye.jpg" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="3d8086719c5da749f877629d498ccab9">When it comes to the unnecessary crap we buy, impulse purchases probably make up a good deal of them. We love to feel gratification instantly and impulse buys appeal to that with a rush of excitement with each new purchase. We like to believe that we have control over our impulses all the time, but we really don't, and that's a major problem for the ol' wallet.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="620ca9836425e09ec7fa50bfad204665">The key is teaching your brain that it's okay to <a href="http://lifehacker.com/overcome-the-need-for-instant-gratification-by-delaying-1636938356">wait for gratification</a>. You can do this with a simple time out every time you want something. Look at whatever you're thinking of buying, go through your personal "should I buy this?" test, and then walk away for a little while. Planning your purchases ahead is ideal, so the longer you can hold off, the better. Set yourself a reminder to check on the item <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5859632/buyers-remorse-is-inevitable-how-to-make-purchases-you-really-wont-regret">a week or month down the line</a>. When you come back to it, you may find that you don't even want it, just the gratification that would come with it. If you're shopping online, you can do the same thing. Walk away from your desk or put your phone in your pocket and do something else for a little while.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="a85d9eb501c898234ac5df2a56c50a13">You can also avoid online impulse purchases by <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age" x-inset="1">making it harder to do</a>. Block shopping web sites during time periods you know you're at your weakest, or remove all of your saved credit card or Paypal information. You can also <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases" x-inset="1">practice the "HALT" method</a> when you're shopping online or in a store. Try not to buy things when you're Hungry, Angry, Lonely, or Tired because you're at your weakest state mentally. Last, but not least, the "<a href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases" x-inset="1">stranger test</a>" can help you weed out bad purchases too.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> + <div class="container"> + + <div class="referenced-nav hide-for-small"> + <div class="nav-arrow prev js_previous_inset hide"> + <a onclick="return false;" class="icon inline icon-chevron-left" href="#"></a> + </div> + <div class="nav-arrow next js_next_inset"> + <a onclick="return false ;" class="icon inline icon-chevron-right" href="#"></a> + </div> + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1555949557" class="referenced-item "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--tAWrlvyk--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/17qctz7rnypm1jpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + How to Avoid Impulse Purchases in the Internet Shopping Age + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + How to Avoid Impulse Purchases in the Internet Shopping Age + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + How to Avoid Impulse Purchases in the Internet Sho + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">When spending money online is as simple as clicking one single button on Amazon it's difficult …</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/5919833/how-to-avoid-impulse-purchases-in-the-internet-shopping-age"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1558746776" class="referenced-item hide "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--NdSICOre--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/18ixwh1tdragspng.png" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + Practice the HALT Method to Curb Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + Practice the HALT Method to Curb Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + Practice the HALT Method to Curb Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">Buyer's remorse is a terrible thing, for brains and bank accounts alike. Before walking up to…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/5569035/practice-the-halt-method-to-curb-impulse-purchases"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1558262333" class="referenced-item hide "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--mPo7bScD--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/18iy6n7z0n7qnjpg.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + Use the Stranger Test to Reduce Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + Use the Stranger Test to Reduce Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + Use the Stranger Test to Reduce Impulse Purchases + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">When faced with a purchase, many people fall into the trap of only considering that they want it…</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://lifehacker.com/5320196/use-the-stranger-test-to-reduce-impulse-purchases"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + </div> +</aside> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="27385752c06848647540ad931892b21e">The last thing you should consider when it comes to impulse buys is "artificial replacement." As Trent Hamm at The Simple Dollar explains, artificial replacement can happen when you start to <a target="_blank" href="http://www.thesimpledollar.com/balancing-spending-and-time-how-time-frugality-can-save-you-lots-of-cash/">reduce the time</a> you get with your main interests:</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<blockquote data-textannotation-id="213e2e816ac88f8d177fb0db0f7fef09"> +<p data-textannotation-id="7b98c5809df24dd04bb65285878c0335">Whenever I consistently cut quality time for my main interests out of my life, I start to long for them. As you saw in that "typical" day, I do make room for spending time with my family, but my other two main interests are absent. If that happens too many days in a row, I start to really miss reading. I start to really miss playing thoughtful board games with friends. What happens after that? <strong>I start to substitute.</strong> When I don't have the opportunity to sit down for an hour or even for half an hour and really get lost in a book, I start looking for an alternative way to fill in the tiny slices of time that I do have. I'll spend money.</p></blockquote> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="4b6cc2900ffacd3daef54b13b4caceac">You probably have things in your life that provide plenty of gratification, so don't get caught substituting it with impulse buys. Always make sure you keep yourself happy with plenty of time doing the things you like to do and you won't be subconsciously trying to fill that void with useless crap.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<h3 data-textannotation-id="aed9b435c4ed23e573c453ceeb34ed18"><strong>Turn the Money You Save Into More Money</strong></h3> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="21154394d63f1943d01f2b717aa31115" class="has-media media-640"><span class="img-border"><img width="636" height="358" data-format="jpg" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--4Ajak63w--/atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw.jpg" data-chomp-id="atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw" alt="How to Program Your Mind to Stop Buying Crap You Don’t Need" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--4Ajak63w--/atb9qm07fvvg7hqkumkw.jpg" /></span></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="6141942e977cc058fd7a0fa06a3f7389">Once you've programmed your mind to stop buying crap you don't need, you'll have some extra cash to play with. Take all that money and start putting it toward your future and things you <em>will</em> need further down the road. You might need <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-start-saving-for-a-home-down-payment-1541254056">a home</a>, a vehicle, or a way to retire, but none of that can happen until you start planning for it. </p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="90f08afddc08e2c3b45c266f2e6965ec">Start by paying off any debts you already have. Credit cards, student loans, and even car payments can force you to <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-break-the-living-paycheck-to-paycheck-cycle-1445330680">live paycheck to paycheck</a>. Use the <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5940989/pay-off-small-balances-first-for-better-odds-of-eliminating-all-your-debt">snowball method</a> and pay off some small balances to make you feel motivated, then start taking out your debt in full force with the <a href="http://lifehacker.com/how-to-pay-off-your-debt-using-the-stack-method-576070292">stacking method</a>: stop creating new debt, determine which balances have the highest interest rates, and create a payment schedule to pay them off efficiently.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="1106cb837deb2b6fc8e28ba98f078c27">With your debts whittled down, you should start an emergency fund. No matter how well you plan things, accidents and health emergencies can still happen. An emergency fund is designed to make those kinds of events more manageable. This type of savings account is strictly for when life throws you a curveball, but you can grow one pretty easily <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-grow-an-emergency-fund-from-modest-savings-1638409351">with only modest savings</a>.</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="347c2a36f114a794d559d929da1b15b7">When you've paid off your debt and prepared yourself for troubled times, you can start saving for the big stuff. All that money you're not spending on crap anymore can be saved, invested, and compounded to let you buy comfort and security. If you don't know where to start, talk to a financial planner. Or create a simple, yet effective <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594" x-inset="1">"set and forget" investment portfolio</a>. You've worked hard to reprogram your mind, so make sure you reap the benefits for many years to come.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix core-decorated-inset"> + <div class="container"> + + + + <div data-inset-id="1687090207" class="referenced-item "> + + + <div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed"> + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset photo');" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594"> + <span class="img-border "> + + <img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--8HWYGx2u--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_center,h_77,q_80,w_137/hf8qe29n5uww7y0k8l9d.jpg" /> + + </span> + </a> + </div> + + + + <h6 onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset headline');" class="headline"> + <span class="full-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594"> + How to Build an Easy, Beginner “Set and Forget” Investment Portfolio + </a> + </span> + <span class="medium-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594"> + How to Build an Easy, Beginner “Set and Forget” Investment Portfolio + </a> + </span> + <span class="small-headline"> + <a target="_blank" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594"> + How to Build an Easy, Beginner “Set and Forget” In + </a> + </span> + </h6> + + + + <p class="text small-offset-3 "> + + <span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small">Many people don't invest because it seems overly complicated. But if you want to build wealth, …</span> + + <a target="_blank" onclick="window.ga('send', 'event', 'Permalink page click', 'Permalink page click - inset read more link');" class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-build-an-easy-beginner-set-and-forget-investm-1686878594"> + Read more <span class="js_external-text hide">Read more</span> + </a> + </p> + + + </div> + + + </div> +</aside> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<p data-textannotation-id="b54d87ffdace50f420c3a6ff0404cbf3"><em><small>Photos by <a target="_blank" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-129762989/stock-vector-consumer.html?src=id&ws=1">cmgirl</a> (Shutterstock), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-227832739/stock-vector-hacker-icon-man-in-hoody-with-laptop-flat-isolated-on-dark-background-vector-illustration.html?src=id&ws=1">Macrovector</a> (Shutterstock), <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jetheriot/6186786217">J E Theriot</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/puuikibeach/15289861843">davidd</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/funfilledgeorgie/10922459733">George Redgrave</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/amslerpix/7252002214">David Amsler</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/amalakar/7299820870">Arup Malakar</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lobsterstew/89644885">J B</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jakerome/3298702453">jakerome</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://401kcalculator.org/">401(K) 2012</a>.</small></em></p><!-- core-decorated --></div><div class="row"><div class="post-bottom column"><a name="replies"></a><div data-forpost="1690268064" class="post-tools-wrapper right"> <a title="Recommend" class="js_like button-recommend-post text-small proxima hover-icon" href="#" 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/lwn-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/lwn-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0309a57 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/lwn-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "LWN.net Weekly Edition for March 26, 2015 [LWN.net]", + "byline": "By Nathan Willis\n March 25, 2015", + "excerpt": "The Arduino has been one of the biggest success stories of the open-hardware movement, but that success does not protect it from internal conflict. In recent months, two of the project's founders have come into conflict about the direction of future efforts—and that conflict has turned into a legal dispute about who owns the rights to the Arduino trademark.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/lwn-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/lwn-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b6ec34 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/lwn-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,581 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div> + <td class="MidColumn"> + <div class="ArticleText"> + <h2 class="SummaryHL"><a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637755/">A trademark battle in the Arduino community</a></h2> + <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino">Arduino</a> has been one of the biggest success stories of the open-hardware movement, but that success does not protect it from internal conflict. In recent months, two of the project's founders have come into conflict about the direction of future efforts—and that conflict has turned into a legal dispute about who owns the rights to the Arduino trademark. </p> + <p>The current fight is a battle between two companies that both bear the Arduino name: Arduino LLC and Arduino SRL. The disagreements that led to present state of affairs go back a bit further. </p> + <p>The Arduino project grew out of 2005-era course work taught at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy (using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing_(programming_language)">Processing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiring_%28development_platform%29">Wiring</a>, and pre-existing microcontroller hardware). After the IDII program was discontinued, the open-hardware Arduino project as we know it was launched by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, and David Mellis (who had worked together at IDII), with co-founders Tom Igoe and Gianluca Martino joining shortly afterward. The project released open hardware designs (including full schematics and design files) as well as the microcontroller software to run on the boards and the desktop IDE needed to program it. </p> + <p>Arduino LLC was incorporated in 2008 by Banzi, Cuartielles, Mellis, Igoe, and Martino. The company is registered in the United States, and it has continued to design the Arduino product line, develop the software, and run the Arduino community site. The hardware devices themselves, however, were manufactured by a separate company, "Smart Projects SRL," that was founded by Martino. "SRL" is essentially the Italian equivalent of "LLC"—Smart Projects was incorporated in Italy. </p> + <p>This division of responsibilities—with the main Arduino project handling everything except for board manufacturing—may seem like an odd one, but it is consistent with Arduino's marketing story. From its earliest days, the designs for the hardware have been freely available, and outside companies were allowed to make Arduino-compatible devices. The project has long run a <a href="http://arduino.cc/en/ArduinoCertified/Products#program">certification +program</a> for third-party manufacturers interested in using the "Arduino" branding, but allows (and arguably even encourages) informal software and firmware compatibility. </p> + <p>The Arduino branding was not formally registered as a trademark in the early days, however. Arduino LLC <a href="http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=3931675&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch">filed</a> to register the US trademark in April 2009, and it was granted in 2011. </p> + <p>At this point, the exact events begin to be harder to verify, but the original group of founders reportedly had a difference of opinion about how to license out hardware production rights to other companies. Wired Italy <a href="http://www.wired.it/gadget/computer/2015/02/12/arduino-nel-caos-situazione/">reports</a> that Martino and Smart Projects resisted the other four founders' plans to "internationalize" production—although it is not clear if that meant that Smart Projects disapproved of licensing out <em>any</em> official hardware manufacturing to other companies, or had some other concern. Heise Online <a href="http://www.heise.de/make/meldung/Arduino-gegen-Arduino-Gruender-streiten-um-die-Firma-2549653.html">adds</a> that the conflict seemed to be about moving some production to China. </p> + <p>What is clear is that Smart Projects filed a <a href="http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92060077&pty=CAN&eno=1">petition</a> with the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in October 2014 asking the USPTO to cancel Arduino LLC's trademark on "Arduino." Then, in November 2014, Smart Projects changed its company's name to Arduino SRL. Somewhere around that time, Martino sold off his ownership stake in Smart Projects SRL and new owner Federico Musto was named CEO. </p> + <p>Unsurprisingly, Arduino LLC did not care for the petition to the USPTO and, in January 2015, the company filed a trademark-infringement <a href="http://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2015cv10181/167131">lawsuit</a> against Arduino SRL. Confusing matters further, the re-branded Arduino SRL has set up its own web site using the domain name <tt>arduino.org</tt>, which duplicates most of the site features found on the original Arduino site (<tt>arduino.cc</tt>). That includes both a hardware store and software downloads. </p> + <p>Musto, the new CEO of the company now called Arduino SRL, has a bit of a history with Arduino as well. His other manufacturing business had <a href="http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1263246">collaborated</a> with Arduino LLC on the design and production of the Arduino Yún, which has received some <a href="http://hackaday.com/2015/02/24/is-the-arduino-yun-open-hardware/">criticism</a> for including proprietary components. </p> + <p>Hackaday has run a two-part series (in <a href="http://hackaday.com/2015/02/25/arduino-v-arduino/">February</a> and <a href="http://hackaday.com/2015/03/12/arduino-v-arduino-part-ii/">March</a>) digging into the ins and outs of the dispute, including the suggestion that Arduino LLC's recent release of version 1.6.0 of the Arduino IDE was a move intended to block Arduino SRL from hijacking IDE development. Commenter Paul Stoffregen (who was the author of the Heise story above) <a href="http://hackaday.com/2015/02/25/arduino-v-arduino/comment-page-1/#comment-2453084">noted</a> that Arduino SRL recently created a fork of the Arduino IDE on GitHub. </p> + <p>Most recently, Banzi broke his silence about the dispute in a <a href="http://makezine.com/2015/03/19/massimo-banzi-fighting-for-arduino">story</a> published at MAKEzine. There, Banzi claims that Martino secretly filed a trademark application on "Arduino" in Italy in 2008 and told none of the other Arduino founders. He also details a series of unpleasant negotiations between the companies, including Smart Projects stopping the royalty payments it had long sent to Arduino LLC for manufacturing devices and re-branding its boards with the Arduino.org URL. </p> + <p>Users appear to be stuck in the middle. Banzi says that several retail outlets that claim to be selling "official" Arduino boards are actually paying Arduino SRL, not Arduino LLC, but it is quite difficult to determine which retailers are lined up on which side, since there are (typically) several levels of supplier involved. The two Arduino companies' web sites also disagree about the available hardware, with Arduino.org offering the new <a href="http://arduino.org/products/arduino-zero-pro">Arduino Zero</a> model for sale today and Arduino.cc <a href="http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Products">listing it</a> as "Coming soon." </p> + <p>Furthermore, as Hackaday's March story explains, the recently-released Arduino.cc IDE now reports that boards manufactured by Arduino SRL are "uncertified." That warning does not prevent users from programming the other company's hardware, but it will no doubt confuse quite a few users who believe they possess genuine Arduino-manufactured devices. </p> + <p>The USPTO page for Arduino SRL's petition notes pre-trial disclosure dates have been set for August and October of 2015 (for Arduino SRL and Arduino LLC, respectively), which suggests that this debate is far from over. Of course, it is always disappointing to observe a falling out between project founders, particularly when the project in question has had such an impact on open-source software and open hardware. </p> + <p>One could argue that disputes of this sort are proof that even small projects started among friends need to take legal and intellectual-property issues (such as trademarks) seriously from the very beginning—perhaps Arduino and Smart Projects thought that an informal agreement was all that was necessary in the early days, after all. </p> + <p>But, perhaps, once a project becomes profitable, there is simply no way to predict what might happen. Arduino LLC would seem to have a strong case for continual and rigorous use of the "Arduino" trademark, which is the salient point in US trademark law. It could still be a while before the courts rule on either side of that question, however. </p> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637755/#Comments">Comments (5 posted)</a> </p> + <h2 class="SummaryHL"><a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637533/">Mapping and data mining with QGIS 2.8</a></h2> + <p class="FeatureByline"> By <b>Nathan Willis</b> + <br/>March 25, 2015 </p> + <p><a href="http://qgis.org/">QGIS</a> is a free-software geographic information system (GIS) tool; it provides a unified interface in which users can import, edit, and analyze geographic-oriented information, and it can produce output as varied as printable maps or map-based web services. The project recently made its first update to be designated a long-term release (LTR), and that release is both poised for high-end usage and friendly to newcomers alike. </p> + <p>The new release is version 2.8, which was unveiled on March 2. An official <a href="http://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/visualchangelog28/index.html">change +log</a> is available on the QGIS site, while the release itself was announced primarily through blog posts (such as <a href="http://anitagraser.com/2015/03/02/qgis-2-8-ltr-has-landed/">this +post</a> by Anita Graser of the project's steering committee). Downloads are <a href="http://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html">available</a> for a variety of platforms, including packages for Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, openSUSE, and several other distributions.</p> + <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637747/"> <img src="http://fakehost/images/2015/03-qgis-map-sm.png" border="0" hspace="5" align="right" width="350" height="264" alt="[QGIS main interface]"/> </a> + <p>As the name might suggest, QGIS is a Qt application; the latest release will, in fact, build on both Qt4 and Qt5, although the binaries released by the project come only in Qt4 form at present. 2.8 has been labeled a long-term release (LTR)—which, in this case, means that the project has committed to providing backported bug fixes for one full calendar year, and that the 2.8.x series is in permanent feature freeze. The goal, according to the change log, is to provide a stable version suitable for businesses and deployments in other large organizations. The change log itself points out that the development of quite a few new features was underwritten by various GIS companies or university groups, which suggests that taking care of these organizations' needs is reaping dividends for the project. </p> + <p>For those new to QGIS (or GIS in general), there is a detailed new-user <a href="http://docs.qgis.org/testing/en/docs/training_manual/">tutorial</a> that provides a thorough walk-through of the data-manipulation, mapping, and analysis functions. Being a new user, I went through the tutorial; although there are a handful of minor differences between QGIS 2.8 and the version used in the text (primarily whether specific features were accessed through a toolbar or right-click menu), on the whole it is well worth the time. </p> + <p>QGIS is designed to make short work of importing spatially oriented data sets, mining information from them, and turning the results into a meaningful visualization. Technically speaking, the visualization output is optional: one could simply extract the needed statistics and results and use them to answer some question or, perhaps, publish the massaged data set as a database for others to use. </p> + <p>But well-made maps are often the easiest way to illuminate facts about populations, political regions, geography, and many other topics when human comprehension is the goal. QGIS makes importing data from databases, web-mapping services (WMS), and even unwieldy flat-file data dumps a painless experience. It handles converting between a variety of map-referencing systems more or less automatically, and allows the user to focus on finding the useful attributes of the data sets and rendering them on screen. </p> + <h4>Here be data</h4> + <p>The significant changes in QGIS 2.8 fall into several categories. There are updates to how QGIS handles the mathematical expressions and queries users can use to filter information out of a data set, improvements to the tools used to explore the on-screen map canvas, and enhancements to the "map composer" used to produce visual output. This is on top of plenty of other under-the-hood improvements, naturally.</p> + <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637748/"> <img src="http://fakehost/images/2015/03-qgis-query-sm.png" border="0" hspace="5" align="left" width="300" height="302" alt="[QGIS query builder]"/> </a> + <p>In the first category are several updates to the filtering tools used to mine a data set. Generally speaking, each independent data set is added to a QGIS project as its own layer, then transformed with filters to focus in on a specific portion of the original data. For instance, the land-usage statistics for a region might be one layer, while roads and buildings for the same region from OpenStreetMap might be two additional layers. Such filters can be created in several ways: there is a "query builder" that lets the user construct and test expressions on a data layer, then save the results, an SQL console for performing similar queries on a database, and spreadsheet-like editing tools for working directly on data tables. </p> + <p>All three have been improved in this release. New are support for <tt>if(condition, true, false)</tt> conditional statements, a set of operations for geometry primitives (e.g., to test whether regions overlap or lines intersect), and an "integer divide" operation. Users can also add comments to their queries to annotate their code, and there is a new <a href="http://nathanw.net/2015/01/19/function-editor-for-qgis-expressions/">custom +function editor</a> for writing Python functions that can be called in mathematical expressions within the query builder. </p> + <p>It is also now possible to select only some rows in a table, then perform calculations just on the selection—previously, users would have to extract the rows of interest into a new table first. Similarly, in the SQL editor, the user can highlight a subset of the SQL query and execute it separately, which is no doubt helpful for debugging. </p> + <p>There have also been several improvements to the Python and Processing plugins. Users can now drag-and-drop Python scripts onto QGIS and they will be run automatically. Several new analysis algorithms are now available through the Processing interface that were previously Python-only; they include algorithms for generating grids of points or vectors within a region, splitting layers and lines, generating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsometric_curve">hypsometric +curves</a>, refactoring data sets, and more. </p> + <h4>Maps in, maps out</h4> + <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637749/"> <img src="http://fakehost/images/2015/03-qgis-simplify-sm.png" border="0" hspace="5" align="right" width="300" height="303" alt="[QGIS simplify tool]"/> </a> + <p>The process of working with on-screen map data picked up some improvements in the new release as well. Perhaps the most fundamental is that each map layer added to the canvas is now handled in its own thread, so fewer hangs in the user interface are experienced when re-rendering a layer (as happens whenever the user changes the look of points or shapes in a layer). Since remote databases can also be layers, this multi-threaded approach is more resilient against connectivity problems, too. The interface also now supports temporary "scratch" layers that can be used to merge, filter, or simply experiment with a data set, but are not saved when the current project is saved. </p> + <p>For working on the canvas itself, polygonal regions can now use raster images (tiled, if necessary) as fill colors, the map itself can be rotated arbitrarily, and objects can be "snapped" to align with items on any layer (not just the current layer). For working with raster image layers (e.g., aerial photographs) or simply creating new geometric shapes by hand, there is a new digitizing tool that can offer assistance by locking lines to specific angles, automatically keeping borders parallel, and other niceties. </p> + <p>There is a completely overhauled "simplify" tool that is used to reduce the number of extraneous vertices of a vector layer (thus reducing its size). The old simplify tool provided only a relative "tolerance" setting that did not correspond directly to any units. With the new tool, users can set a simplification threshold in terms of the underlying map units, layer-specific units, pixels, and more—and, in addition, the tool reports how much the simplify operation has reduced the size of the data.</p> + <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637751/"> <img src="http://fakehost/images/2015/03-qgis-style-sm.png" border="0" hspace="5" align="left" width="300" height="286" alt="[QGIS style editing]"/> </a> + <p>There has also been an effort to present a uniform interface to one of the most important features of the map canvas: the ability to change the symbology used for an item based on some data attribute. The simplest example might be to change the line color of a road based on whether its road-type attribute is "highway," "service road," "residential," or so on. But the same feature is used to automatically highlight layer information based on the filtering and querying functionality discussed above. The new release allows many more map attributes to be controlled by these "data definition" settings, and provides a hard-to-miss button next to each attribute, through which a custom data definition can be set. </p> + <p>QGIS's composer module is the tool used to take project data and generate a map that can be used outside of the application (in print, as a static image, or as a layer for <a href="http://mapserver.org/">MapServer</a> or some other software tool, for example). Consequently, it is not a simple select-and-click-export tool; composing the output can involve a lot of choices about which data to make visible, how (and where) to label it, and how to make it generally accessible. </p> + <p>The updated composer in 2.8 now has a full-screen mode and sports several new options for configuring output. For instance, the user now has full control over how map axes are labeled. In previous releases, the grid coordinates of the map could be turned on or off, but the only options were all or nothing. Now, the user can individually choose whether coordinates are displayed on all four sides, and can even choose in which direction vertical text labels will run (so that they can be correctly justified to the edge of the map, for example). </p> + <p>There are, as usual, many more changes than there is room to discuss. Some particularly noteworthy improvements include the ability to save and load bookmarks for frequently used data sources (perhaps most useful for databases, web services, and other non-local data) and improvements to QGIS's server module. This module allows one QGIS instance to serve up data accessible to other QGIS applications (for example, to simply team projects). The server can now be extended with Python plugins and the data layers that it serves can be styled with style rules like those used in the desktop interface. </p> + <p>QGIS is one of those rare free-software applications that is both powerful enough for high-end work and yet also straightforward to use for the simple tasks that might attract a newcomer to GIS in the first place. The 2.8 release, particularly with its project-wide commitment to long-term support, appears to be an update well worth checking out, whether one needs to create a simple, custom map or to mine a database for obscure geo-referenced meaning. </p> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637533/#Comments">Comments (3 posted)</a> </p> + <h2 class="SummaryHL"><a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637735/">Development activity in LibreOffice and OpenOffice</a></h2> + <p class="FeatureByline"> By <b>Jonathan Corbet</b> + <br/>March 25, 2015 </p> + <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled"> The LibreOffice project was </p><a href="http://fakehost/Articles/407383/">announced</a> + <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled"> with great fanfare in September 2010. Nearly one year later, the OpenOffice.org project (from which LibreOffice was forked) </p><a href="http://fakehost/Articles/446093/">was +cut loose from Oracle</a> + <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled"> and found a new home as an Apache project. It is fair to say that the rivalry between the two projects in the time since then has been strong. Predictions that one project or the other would fail have not been borne out, but that does not mean that the two projects are equally successful. A look at the two projects' development communities reveals some interesting differences. </p> + <h4>Release histories</h4> + <p> Apache OpenOffice has made two releases in the past year: <a href="https://blogs.apache.org/OOo/entry/the_apache_openoffice_project_announce">4.1</a> in April 2014 and <a href="https://blogs.apache.org/OOo/entry/announcing_apache_openoffice_4_1">4.1.1</a> (described as "a micro update" in the release announcement) in August. The main feature added during that time would appear to be significantly improved accessibility support. </p> + <p> The release history for LibreOffice tells a slightly different story: </p> + <blockquote> </blockquote> + <p> It seems clear that LibreOffice has maintained a rather more frenetic release cadence, generally putting out at least one release per month. The project typically keeps at least two major versions alive at any one time. Most of the releases are of the minor, bug-fix variety, but there have been two major releases in the last year as well. </p> + <h4>Development statistics</h4> + <p> In the one-year period since late March 2014, there have been 381 changesets committed to the OpenOffice Subversion repository. The most active committers are: </p> + <blockquote> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="2" align="center">Most active OpenOffice developers</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="50%" valign="top"> + <table cellspacing="3"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">By changesets</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Herbert Dürr</td> + <td align="right">63</td> + <td align="right">16.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Jürgen Schmidt </td> + <td align="right">56</td> + <td align="right">14.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Armin Le Grand</td> + <td align="right">56</td> + <td align="right">14.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Oliver-Rainer Wittmann</td> + <td align="right">46</td> + <td align="right">12.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Tsutomu Uchino</td> + <td align="right">33</td> + <td align="right">8.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Kay Schenk</td> + <td align="right">27</td> + <td align="right">7.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Pedro Giffuni</td> + <td align="right">23</td> + <td align="right">6.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Ariel Constenla-Haile</td> + <td align="right">22</td> + <td align="right">5.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Andrea Pescetti</td> + <td align="right">14</td> + <td align="right">3.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Steve Yin</td> + <td align="right">11</td> + <td align="right">2.9%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Andre Fischer</td> + <td align="right">10</td> + <td align="right">2.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Yuri Dario</td> + <td align="right">7</td> + <td align="right">1.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Regina Henschel</td> + <td align="right">6</td> + <td align="right">1.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Juan C. Sanz</td> + <td align="right">2</td> + <td align="right">0.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Clarence Guo</td> + <td align="right">2</td> + <td align="right">0.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Tal Daniel</td> + <td align="right">2</td> + <td align="right">0.5%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + <td width="50%" valign="top"> + <table cellspacing="3"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">By changed lines</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Jürgen Schmidt </td> + <td align="right">455499</td> + <td align="right">88.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Andre Fischer</td> + <td align="right">26148</td> + <td align="right">3.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Pedro Giffuni</td> + <td align="right">23183</td> + <td align="right">3.4%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Armin Le Grand</td> + <td align="right">11018</td> + <td align="right">1.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Juan C. Sanz</td> + <td align="right">4582</td> + <td align="right">0.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Oliver-Rainer Wittmann</td> + <td align="right">4309</td> + <td align="right">0.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Andrea Pescetti</td> + <td align="right">3908</td> + <td align="right">0.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Herbert Dürr</td> + <td align="right">2811</td> + <td align="right">0.4%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Tsutomu Uchino</td> + <td align="right">1991</td> + <td align="right">0.3%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Ariel Constenla-Haile</td> + <td align="right">1258</td> + <td align="right">0.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Steve Yin</td> + <td align="right">1010</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Kay Schenk</td> + <td align="right">616</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Regina Henschel</td> + <td align="right">417</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Yuri Dario</td> + <td align="right">268</td> + <td align="right">0.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>tal</td> + <td align="right">16</td> + <td align="right">0.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Clarence Guo</td> + <td align="right">11</td> + <td align="right">0.0%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </blockquote> + <p> In truth, the above list is not just the most active OpenOffice developers — it is all of them; a total of 16 developers have committed changes to OpenOffice in the last year. Those developers changed 528,000 lines of code, but, as can be seen above, Jürgen Schmidt accounted for the bulk of those changes, which were mostly updates to translation files. </p> + <p> The top four developers in the "by changesets" column all work for IBM, so IBM is responsible for a minimum of about 60% of the changes to OpenOffice in the last year. </p> + <p> The picture for LibreOffice is just a little bit different; in the same one-year period, the project has committed 22,134 changesets from 268 developers. The most active of these developers were: </p> + <blockquote> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="2" align="center">Most active LibreOffice developers</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="50%" valign="top"> + <table cellspacing="3"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">By changesets</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Caolán McNamara</td> + <td align="right">4307</td> + <td align="right">19.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Stephan Bergmann</td> + <td align="right">2351</td> + <td align="right">10.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Miklos Vajna</td> + <td align="right">1449</td> + <td align="right">6.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Tor Lillqvist</td> + <td align="right">1159</td> + <td align="right">5.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Noel Grandin</td> + <td align="right">1064</td> + <td align="right">4.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Markus Mohrhard</td> + <td align="right">935</td> + <td align="right">4.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Michael Stahl</td> + <td align="right">915</td> + <td align="right">4.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Kohei Yoshida</td> + <td align="right">755</td> + <td align="right">3.4%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Tomaž Vajngerl</td> + <td align="right">658</td> + <td align="right">3.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Thomas Arnhold</td> + <td align="right">619</td> + <td align="right">2.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Jan Holesovsky</td> + <td align="right">466</td> + <td align="right">2.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Eike Rathke</td> + <td align="right">457</td> + <td align="right">2.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Matteo Casalin</td> + <td align="right">442</td> + <td align="right">2.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Bjoern Michaelsen</td> + <td align="right">421</td> + <td align="right">1.9%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Chris Sherlock</td> + <td align="right">396</td> + <td align="right">1.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>David Tardon</td> + <td align="right">386</td> + <td align="right">1.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Julien Nabet</td> + <td align="right">362</td> + <td align="right">1.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Zolnai Tamás</td> + <td align="right">338</td> + <td align="right">1.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Matúš Kukan</td> + <td align="right">256</td> + <td align="right">1.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Robert Antoni Buj Gelonch</td> + <td align="right">231</td> + <td align="right">1.0%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + <td width="50%" valign="top"> + <table cellspacing="3"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">By changed lines</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Lionel Elie Mamane</td> + <td align="right">244062</td> + <td align="right">12.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Noel Grandin</td> + <td align="right">238711</td> + <td align="right">12.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Stephan Bergmann</td> + <td align="right">161220</td> + <td align="right">8.3%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Miklos Vajna</td> + <td align="right">129325</td> + <td align="right">6.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Caolán McNamara</td> + <td align="right">97544</td> + <td align="right">5.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Tomaž Vajngerl</td> + <td align="right">69404</td> + <td align="right">3.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Tor Lillqvist</td> + <td align="right">59498</td> + <td align="right">3.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Laurent Balland-Poirier</td> + <td align="right">52802</td> + <td align="right">2.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Markus Mohrhard</td> + <td align="right">50509</td> + <td align="right">2.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Kohei Yoshida</td> + <td align="right">45514</td> + <td align="right">2.3%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Chris Sherlock</td> + <td align="right">36788</td> + <td align="right">1.9%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Peter Foley</td> + <td align="right">34305</td> + <td align="right">1.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Christian Lohmaier</td> + <td align="right">33787</td> + <td align="right">1.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Thomas Arnhold</td> + <td align="right">32722</td> + <td align="right">1.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>David Tardon</td> + <td align="right">21681</td> + <td align="right">1.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>David Ostrovsky</td> + <td align="right">21620</td> + <td align="right">1.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Jan Holesovsky</td> + <td align="right">20792</td> + <td align="right">1.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Valentin Kettner</td> + <td align="right">20526</td> + <td align="right">1.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Robert Antoni Buj Gelonch</td> + <td align="right">20447</td> + <td align="right">1.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Michael Stahl</td> + <td align="right">18216</td> + <td align="right">0.9%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </blockquote> + <p> To a first approximation, the top ten companies supporting LibreOffice in the last year are: </p> + <blockquote> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">Companies supporting LibreOffice development</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">(by changesets)</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Red Hat</td> + <td align="right">8417</td> + <td align="right">38.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Collabora <strike>Multimedia</strike></td> + <td align="right">6531</td> + <td align="right">29.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>(Unknown)</td> + <td align="right">5126</td> + <td align="right">23.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>(None)</td> + <td align="right">1490</td> + <td align="right">6.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Canonical</td> + <td align="right">422</td> + <td align="right">1.9%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Igalia S.L.</td> + <td align="right">80</td> + <td align="right">0.4%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Ericsson</td> + <td align="right">21</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Yandex</td> + <td align="right">18</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>FastMail.FM</td> + <td align="right">17</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>SUSE</td> + <td align="right">7</td> + <td align="right">0.0%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </blockquote> + <p> Development work on LibreOffice is thus concentrated in a small number of companies, though it is rather more spread out than OpenOffice development. It is worth noting that the LibreOffice developers with unknown affiliation, who contributed 23% of the changes, make up 82% of the developer base, so there would appear to be a substantial community of developers contributing from outside the above-listed companies. </p> + <h4>Some conclusions</h4> + <p> Last October, some <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637742/">concerns</a> were raised on the OpenOffice list about the health of that project's community. At the time, Rob Weir <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637743/">shrugged them off</a> as the result of a marketing effort by the LibreOffice crowd. There can be no doubt that the war of words between these two projects has gotten tiresome at times, but, looking at the above numbers, it is hard not to conclude that there is an issue that goes beyond marketing hype here. </p> + <p> In the 4½ years since its founding, the LibreOffice project has put together a community with over 250 active developers. There is support from multiple companies and an impressive rate of patches going into the project's repository. The project's ability to sustain nearly monthly releases on two branches is a direct result of that community's work. Swearing at LibreOffice is one of your editor's favorite pastimes, but it seems clear that the project is on a solid footing with a healthy community. </p> + <p> OpenOffice, instead, is driven by four developers from a single company — a company that appears to have been deemphasizing OpenOffice work for some time. As a result, the project's commit rate is a fraction of what LibreOffice is able to sustain and releases are relatively rare. As of this writing, the <a href="https://blogs.apache.org/OOo/">OpenOffice +blog</a> shows no posts in 2015. In the October discussion, Rob <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637750/">said</a> that "<span>the dogs may +bark but the caravan moves on.</span>" That may be true, but, in this case, the caravan does not appear to be moving with any great speed. </p> + <p> Anything can happen in the free-software development world; it is entirely possible that a reinvigorated OpenOffice.org may yet give LibreOffice a run for its money. But something will clearly have to change to bring that future around. As things stand now, it is hard not to conclude that LibreOffice has won the battle for developer participation. </p> + <p><a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637735/#Comments">Comments (74 posted)</a> </p> + <p> <b>Page editor</b>: Jonathan Corbet + <br/> </p> + <h2>Inside this week's LWN.net Weekly Edition</h2> + <ul> + <li> <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637395/">Security</a>: Toward secure package downloads; New vulnerabilities in drupal, mozilla, openssl, python-django ... </li> + <li> <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637396/">Kernel</a>: LSFMM coverage: NFS, defragmentation, epoll(), copy offload, and more. </li> + <li> <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637397/">Distributions</a>: A look at Debian's 2015 DPL candidates; Debian, Fedora, ... </li> + <li> <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637398/">Development</a>: A look at GlusterFS; LibreOffice Online; Open sourcing existing code; Secure Boot in Windows 10; ... </li> + <li> <a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637399/">Announcements</a>: A Turing award for Michael Stonebraker, Sébastien Jodogne, ReGlue are Free Software Award winners, Kat Walsh joins FSF board of directors, Cyanogen, ... </li> + </ul><b>Next page</b> + <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled">: </p><a href="http://fakehost/Articles/637395/">Security>></a> + <br/> + </div> + </td> + <td class="RightColumn"> </td> + </div> +</div>
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In recent months, two of the project's founders have come into conflict about the direction of future efforts—and that conflict has turned into a legal dispute about who owns the rights to the Arduino trademark. </p> + <p>The current fight is a battle between two companies that both bear the Arduino name: Arduino LLC and Arduino SRL. The disagreements that led to present state of affairs go back a bit further. </p> + <p>The Arduino project grew out of 2005-era course work taught at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy (using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing_(programming_language)">Processing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiring_%28development_platform%29">Wiring</a>, and pre-existing microcontroller hardware). After the IDII program was discontinued, the open-hardware Arduino project as we know it was launched by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, and David Mellis (who had worked together at IDII), with co-founders Tom Igoe and Gianluca Martino joining shortly afterward. The project released open hardware designs (including full schematics and design files) as well as the microcontroller software to run on the boards and the desktop IDE needed to program it. </p> + <p>Arduino LLC was incorporated in 2008 by Banzi, Cuartielles, Mellis, Igoe, and Martino. The company is registered in the United States, and it has continued to design the Arduino product line, develop the software, and run the Arduino community site. The hardware devices themselves, however, were manufactured by a separate company, "Smart Projects SRL," that was founded by Martino. "SRL" is essentially the Italian equivalent of "LLC"—Smart Projects was incorporated in Italy. </p> + <p>This division of responsibilities—with the main Arduino project handling everything except for board manufacturing—may seem like an odd one, but it is consistent with Arduino's marketing story. From its earliest days, the designs for the hardware have been freely available, and outside companies were allowed to make Arduino-compatible devices. The project has long run a <a href="http://arduino.cc/en/ArduinoCertified/Products#program">certification +program</a> for third-party manufacturers interested in using the "Arduino" branding, but allows (and arguably even encourages) informal software and firmware compatibility. </p> + <p>The Arduino branding was not formally registered as a trademark in the early days, however. Arduino LLC <a href="http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=3931675&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch">filed</a> to register the US trademark in April 2009, and it was granted in 2011. </p> + <p>At this point, the exact events begin to be harder to verify, but the original group of founders reportedly had a difference of opinion about how to license out hardware production rights to other companies. Wired Italy <a href="http://www.wired.it/gadget/computer/2015/02/12/arduino-nel-caos-situazione/">reports</a> that Martino and Smart Projects resisted the other four founders' plans to "internationalize" production—although it is not clear if that meant that Smart Projects disapproved of licensing out <em>any</em> official hardware manufacturing to other companies, or had some other concern. Heise Online <a href="http://www.heise.de/make/meldung/Arduino-gegen-Arduino-Gruender-streiten-um-die-Firma-2549653.html">adds</a> that the conflict seemed to be about moving some production to China. </p> + <p>What is clear is that Smart Projects filed a <a href="http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92060077&pty=CAN&eno=1">petition</a> with the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in October 2014 asking the USPTO to cancel Arduino LLC's trademark on "Arduino." Then, in November 2014, Smart Projects changed its company's name to Arduino SRL. Somewhere around that time, Martino sold off his ownership stake in Smart Projects SRL and new owner Federico Musto was named CEO. </p> + <p>Unsurprisingly, Arduino LLC did not care for the petition to the USPTO and, in January 2015, the company filed a trademark-infringement <a href="http://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2015cv10181/167131">lawsuit</a> against Arduino SRL. Confusing matters further, the re-branded Arduino SRL has set up its own web site using the domain name <tt>arduino.org</tt>, which duplicates most of the site features found on the original Arduino site (<tt>arduino.cc</tt>). That includes both a hardware store and software downloads. </p> + <p>Musto, the new CEO of the company now called Arduino SRL, has a bit of a history with Arduino as well. His other manufacturing business had <a href="http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1263246">collaborated</a> with Arduino LLC on the design and production of the Arduino Yún, which has received some <a href="http://hackaday.com/2015/02/24/is-the-arduino-yun-open-hardware/">criticism</a> for including proprietary components. </p> + <p>Hackaday has run a two-part series (in <a href="http://hackaday.com/2015/02/25/arduino-v-arduino/">February</a> and <a href="http://hackaday.com/2015/03/12/arduino-v-arduino-part-ii/">March</a>) digging into the ins and outs of the dispute, including the suggestion that Arduino LLC's recent release of version 1.6.0 of the Arduino IDE was a move intended to block Arduino SRL from hijacking IDE development. Commenter Paul Stoffregen (who was the author of the Heise story above) <a href="http://hackaday.com/2015/02/25/arduino-v-arduino/comment-page-1/#comment-2453084">noted</a> that Arduino SRL recently created a fork of the Arduino IDE on GitHub. </p> + <p>Most recently, Banzi broke his silence about the dispute in a <a href="http://makezine.com/2015/03/19/massimo-banzi-fighting-for-arduino">story</a> published at MAKEzine. There, Banzi claims that Martino secretly filed a trademark application on "Arduino" in Italy in 2008 and told none of the other Arduino founders. He also details a series of unpleasant negotiations between the companies, including Smart Projects stopping the royalty payments it had long sent to Arduino LLC for manufacturing devices and re-branding its boards with the Arduino.org URL. </p> + <p>Users appear to be stuck in the middle. Banzi says that several retail outlets that claim to be selling "official" Arduino boards are actually paying Arduino SRL, not Arduino LLC, but it is quite difficult to determine which retailers are lined up on which side, since there are (typically) several levels of supplier involved. The two Arduino companies' web sites also disagree about the available hardware, with Arduino.org offering the new <a href="http://arduino.org/products/arduino-zero-pro">Arduino Zero</a> model for sale today and Arduino.cc <a href="http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Products">listing it</a> as "Coming soon." </p> + <p>Furthermore, as Hackaday's March story explains, the recently-released Arduino.cc IDE now reports that boards manufactured by Arduino SRL are "uncertified." That warning does not prevent users from programming the other company's hardware, but it will no doubt confuse quite a few users who believe they possess genuine Arduino-manufactured devices. </p> + <p>The USPTO page for Arduino SRL's petition notes pre-trial disclosure dates have been set for August and October of 2015 (for Arduino SRL and Arduino LLC, respectively), which suggests that this debate is far from over. Of course, it is always disappointing to observe a falling out between project founders, particularly when the project in question has had such an impact on open-source software and open hardware. </p> + <p>One could argue that disputes of this sort are proof that even small projects started among friends need to take legal and intellectual-property issues (such as trademarks) seriously from the very beginning—perhaps Arduino and Smart Projects thought that an informal agreement was all that was necessary in the early days, after all. </p> + <p>But, perhaps, once a project becomes profitable, there is simply no way to predict what might happen. Arduino LLC would seem to have a strong case for continual and rigorous use of the "Arduino" trademark, which is the salient point in US trademark law. It could still be a while before the courts rule on either side of that question, however. </p> + <p><a href="/Articles/637755/#Comments">Comments (5 posted)</a> </p> + <p> </p> + <h2 class="SummaryHL"><a href="/Articles/637533/">Mapping and data mining with QGIS 2.8</a></h2> + <div class="FeatureByline"> By <b>Nathan Willis</b> + <br/>March 25, 2015 </div> + <p><a href="http://qgis.org/">QGIS</a> is a free-software geographic information system (GIS) tool; it provides a unified interface in which users can import, edit, and analyze geographic-oriented information, and it can produce output as varied as printable maps or map-based web services. The project recently made its first update to be designated a long-term release (LTR), and that release is both poised for high-end usage and friendly to newcomers alike. </p> + <p>The new release is version 2.8, which was unveiled on March 2. An official <a href="http://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/visualchangelog28/index.html">change +log</a> is available on the QGIS site, while the release itself was announced primarily through blog posts (such as <a href="http://anitagraser.com/2015/03/02/qgis-2-8-ltr-has-landed/">this +post</a> by Anita Graser of the project's steering committee). Downloads are <a href="http://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html">available</a> for a variety of platforms, including packages for Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, openSUSE, and several other distributions.</p> + <a href="/Articles/637747/"> <img src="/images/2015/03-qgis-map-sm.png" border="0" hspace="5" align="right" width="350" height="264" alt="[QGIS main interface]"/> </a> + <p>As the name might suggest, QGIS is a Qt application; the latest release will, in fact, build on both Qt4 and Qt5, although the binaries released by the project come only in Qt4 form at present. 2.8 has been labeled a long-term release (LTR)—which, in this case, means that the project has committed to providing backported bug fixes for one full calendar year, and that the 2.8.x series is in permanent feature freeze. The goal, according to the change log, is to provide a stable version suitable for businesses and deployments in other large organizations. The change log itself points out that the development of quite a few new features was underwritten by various GIS companies or university groups, which suggests that taking care of these organizations' needs is reaping dividends for the project. </p> + <p>For those new to QGIS (or GIS in general), there is a detailed new-user <a href="http://docs.qgis.org/testing/en/docs/training_manual/">tutorial</a> that provides a thorough walk-through of the data-manipulation, mapping, and analysis functions. Being a new user, I went through the tutorial; although there are a handful of minor differences between QGIS 2.8 and the version used in the text (primarily whether specific features were accessed through a toolbar or right-click menu), on the whole it is well worth the time. </p> + <p>QGIS is designed to make short work of importing spatially oriented data sets, mining information from them, and turning the results into a meaningful visualization. Technically speaking, the visualization output is optional: one could simply extract the needed statistics and results and use them to answer some question or, perhaps, publish the massaged data set as a database for others to use. </p> + <p>But well-made maps are often the easiest way to illuminate facts about populations, political regions, geography, and many other topics when human comprehension is the goal. QGIS makes importing data from databases, web-mapping services (WMS), and even unwieldy flat-file data dumps a painless experience. It handles converting between a variety of map-referencing systems more or less automatically, and allows the user to focus on finding the useful attributes of the data sets and rendering them on screen. </p> + <h4>Here be data</h4> + <p>The significant changes in QGIS 2.8 fall into several categories. There are updates to how QGIS handles the mathematical expressions and queries users can use to filter information out of a data set, improvements to the tools used to explore the on-screen map canvas, and enhancements to the "map composer" used to produce visual output. This is on top of plenty of other under-the-hood improvements, naturally.</p> + <a href="/Articles/637748/"> <img src="/images/2015/03-qgis-query-sm.png" border="0" hspace="5" align="left" width="300" height="302" alt="[QGIS query builder]"/> </a> + <p>In the first category are several updates to the filtering tools used to mine a data set. Generally speaking, each independent data set is added to a QGIS project as its own layer, then transformed with filters to focus in on a specific portion of the original data. For instance, the land-usage statistics for a region might be one layer, while roads and buildings for the same region from OpenStreetMap might be two additional layers. Such filters can be created in several ways: there is a "query builder" that lets the user construct and test expressions on a data layer, then save the results, an SQL console for performing similar queries on a database, and spreadsheet-like editing tools for working directly on data tables. </p> + <p>All three have been improved in this release. New are support for <tt>if(condition, true, false)</tt> conditional statements, a set of operations for geometry primitives (e.g., to test whether regions overlap or lines intersect), and an "integer divide" operation. Users can also add comments to their queries to annotate their code, and there is a new <a href="http://nathanw.net/2015/01/19/function-editor-for-qgis-expressions/">custom +function editor</a> for writing Python functions that can be called in mathematical expressions within the query builder. </p> + <p>It is also now possible to select only some rows in a table, then perform calculations just on the selection—previously, users would have to extract the rows of interest into a new table first. Similarly, in the SQL editor, the user can highlight a subset of the SQL query and execute it separately, which is no doubt helpful for debugging. </p> + <p>There have also been several improvements to the Python and Processing plugins. Users can now drag-and-drop Python scripts onto QGIS and they will be run automatically. Several new analysis algorithms are now available through the Processing interface that were previously Python-only; they include algorithms for generating grids of points or vectors within a region, splitting layers and lines, generating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsometric_curve">hypsometric +curves</a>, refactoring data sets, and more. </p> + <h4>Maps in, maps out</h4> + <a href="/Articles/637749/"> <img src="/images/2015/03-qgis-simplify-sm.png" border="0" hspace="5" align="right" width="300" height="303" alt="[QGIS simplify tool]"/> </a> + <p>The process of working with on-screen map data picked up some improvements in the new release as well. Perhaps the most fundamental is that each map layer added to the canvas is now handled in its own thread, so fewer hangs in the user interface are experienced when re-rendering a layer (as happens whenever the user changes the look of points or shapes in a layer). Since remote databases can also be layers, this multi-threaded approach is more resilient against connectivity problems, too. The interface also now supports temporary "scratch" layers that can be used to merge, filter, or simply experiment with a data set, but are not saved when the current project is saved. </p> + <p>For working on the canvas itself, polygonal regions can now use raster images (tiled, if necessary) as fill colors, the map itself can be rotated arbitrarily, and objects can be "snapped" to align with items on any layer (not just the current layer). For working with raster image layers (e.g., aerial photographs) or simply creating new geometric shapes by hand, there is a new digitizing tool that can offer assistance by locking lines to specific angles, automatically keeping borders parallel, and other niceties. </p> + <p>There is a completely overhauled "simplify" tool that is used to reduce the number of extraneous vertices of a vector layer (thus reducing its size). The old simplify tool provided only a relative "tolerance" setting that did not correspond directly to any units. With the new tool, users can set a simplification threshold in terms of the underlying map units, layer-specific units, pixels, and more—and, in addition, the tool reports how much the simplify operation has reduced the size of the data.</p> + <a href="/Articles/637751/"> <img src="/images/2015/03-qgis-style-sm.png" border="0" hspace="5" align="left" width="300" height="286" alt="[QGIS style editing]"/> </a> + <p>There has also been an effort to present a uniform interface to one of the most important features of the map canvas: the ability to change the symbology used for an item based on some data attribute. The simplest example might be to change the line color of a road based on whether its road-type attribute is "highway," "service road," "residential," or so on. But the same feature is used to automatically highlight layer information based on the filtering and querying functionality discussed above. The new release allows many more map attributes to be controlled by these "data definition" settings, and provides a hard-to-miss button next to each attribute, through which a custom data definition can be set. </p> + <p>QGIS's composer module is the tool used to take project data and generate a map that can be used outside of the application (in print, as a static image, or as a layer for <a href="http://mapserver.org/">MapServer</a> or some other software tool, for example). Consequently, it is not a simple select-and-click-export tool; composing the output can involve a lot of choices about which data to make visible, how (and where) to label it, and how to make it generally accessible. </p> + <p>The updated composer in 2.8 now has a full-screen mode and sports several new options for configuring output. For instance, the user now has full control over how map axes are labeled. In previous releases, the grid coordinates of the map could be turned on or off, but the only options were all or nothing. Now, the user can individually choose whether coordinates are displayed on all four sides, and can even choose in which direction vertical text labels will run (so that they can be correctly justified to the edge of the map, for example). </p> + <p>There are, as usual, many more changes than there is room to discuss. Some particularly noteworthy improvements include the ability to save and load bookmarks for frequently used data sources (perhaps most useful for databases, web services, and other non-local data) and improvements to QGIS's server module. This module allows one QGIS instance to serve up data accessible to other QGIS applications (for example, to simply team projects). The server can now be extended with Python plugins and the data layers that it serves can be styled with style rules like those used in the desktop interface. </p> + <p>QGIS is one of those rare free-software applications that is both powerful enough for high-end work and yet also straightforward to use for the simple tasks that might attract a newcomer to GIS in the first place. The 2.8 release, particularly with its project-wide commitment to long-term support, appears to be an update well worth checking out, whether one needs to create a simple, custom map or to mine a database for obscure geo-referenced meaning. </p> + <p><a href="/Articles/637533/#Comments">Comments (3 posted)</a> </p> + <p> </p> + <h2 class="SummaryHL"><a href="/Articles/637735/">Development activity in LibreOffice and OpenOffice</a></h2> + <div class="FeatureByline"> By <b>Jonathan Corbet</b> + <br/>March 25, 2015 </div> The LibreOffice project was <a href="/Articles/407383/">announced</a> with great fanfare in September 2010. Nearly one year later, the OpenOffice.org project (from which LibreOffice was forked) <a href="/Articles/446093/">was +cut loose from Oracle</a> and found a new home as an Apache project. It is fair to say that the rivalry between the two projects in the time since then has been strong. Predictions that one project or the other would fail have not been borne out, but that does not mean that the two projects are equally successful. A look at the two projects' development communities reveals some interesting differences. + <p> </p> + <h4>Release histories</h4> + <p> Apache OpenOffice has made two releases in the past year: <a href="https://blogs.apache.org/OOo/entry/the_apache_openoffice_project_announce">4.1</a> in April 2014 and <a href="https://blogs.apache.org/OOo/entry/announcing_apache_openoffice_4_1">4.1.1</a> (described as "a micro update" in the release announcement) in August. The main feature added during that time would appear to be significantly improved accessibility support. </p> + <p> The release history for LibreOffice tells a slightly different story: </p> + <p> </p> + <blockquote> + <table class="OddEven"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th align="left">Release</th> + <th align="left">Date</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/04/10/libreoffice-4-2-3-is-now-available-for-download/">4.2.3</a></td> + <td>April 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/04/29/the-document-foundation-announces-libreoffice-4-1-6/">4.1.6</a></td> + <td>April 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/05/08/libreoffice-4-2-4-at-linuxtag-and-fisl/">4.2.4</a></td> + <td>May 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/06/20/libreoffice-4-2-5-hits-the-marketplace/">4.2.5</a></td> + <td>June 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/07/30/libreoffice-4-3-today-you-cant-own-a-better-office-suite/">4.3</a></td> + <td>July 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/08/05/libreoffice-4-2-6-is-ready/">4.2.6</a></td> + <td>August 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/08/28/libreoffice-4-3-1-fresh-announced/">4.3.1</a></td> + <td>August 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/09/25/libreoffice-4-3-2-hits-the-marketplace-just-before-the-fourth-anniversary-of-the-project/">4.3.2</a></td> + <td>September 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/10/30/the-document-foundation-announces-libreoffice-4-3-3-and-libreoffice-4-2-7/">4.2.7/4.3.3</a></td> + <td>October 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/11/14/the-document-foundation-announces-libreoffice-4-3-4/">4.3.4</a></td> + <td>November 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/12/12/the-document-foundation-announces-libreoffice-4-2-8/">4.2.8</a></td> + <td>December 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/12/18/the-document-foundation-announces-libreoffice-4-3-5/">4.3.5</a></td> + <td>December 2014</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2015/01/29/libreoffice-4-4-the-most-beautiful-libreoffice-ever/">4.4</a></td> + <td>January 2015</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2015/02/20/the-document-foundation-announces-libreoffice-4-3-6/">4.3.6</a></td> + <td>February 2015</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2015/02/26/libreoffice-4-4-1-fresh-is-available-for-download/">4.4.1</a></td> + <td>February 2015</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </blockquote> + <p> It seems clear that LibreOffice has maintained a rather more frenetic release cadence, generally putting out at least one release per month. The project typically keeps at least two major versions alive at any one time. Most of the releases are of the minor, bug-fix variety, but there have been two major releases in the last year as well. </p> + <p> </p> + <h4>Development statistics</h4> + <p> In the one-year period since late March 2014, there have been 381 changesets committed to the OpenOffice Subversion repository. The most active committers are: </p> + <p> </p> + <blockquote> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="2" align="center">Most active OpenOffice developers</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="50%" valign="top"> + <table cellspacing="3"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">By changesets</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Herbert Dürr</td> + <td align="right">63</td> + <td align="right">16.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Jürgen Schmidt </td> + <td align="right">56</td> + <td align="right">14.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Armin Le Grand</td> + <td align="right">56</td> + <td align="right">14.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Oliver-Rainer Wittmann</td> + <td align="right">46</td> + <td align="right">12.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Tsutomu Uchino</td> + <td align="right">33</td> + <td align="right">8.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Kay Schenk</td> + <td align="right">27</td> + <td align="right">7.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Pedro Giffuni</td> + <td align="right">23</td> + <td align="right">6.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Ariel Constenla-Haile</td> + <td align="right">22</td> + <td align="right">5.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Andrea Pescetti</td> + <td align="right">14</td> + <td align="right">3.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Steve Yin</td> + <td align="right">11</td> + <td align="right">2.9%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Andre Fischer</td> + <td align="right">10</td> + <td align="right">2.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Yuri Dario</td> + <td align="right">7</td> + <td align="right">1.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Regina Henschel</td> + <td align="right">6</td> + <td align="right">1.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Juan C. Sanz</td> + <td align="right">2</td> + <td align="right">0.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Clarence Guo</td> + <td align="right">2</td> + <td align="right">0.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Tal Daniel</td> + <td align="right">2</td> + <td align="right">0.5%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + <td width="50%" valign="top"> + <table cellspacing="3"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">By changed lines</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Jürgen Schmidt </td> + <td align="right">455499</td> + <td align="right">88.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Andre Fischer</td> + <td align="right">26148</td> + <td align="right">3.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Pedro Giffuni</td> + <td align="right">23183</td> + <td align="right">3.4%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Armin Le Grand</td> + <td align="right">11018</td> + <td align="right">1.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Juan C. Sanz</td> + <td align="right">4582</td> + <td align="right">0.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Oliver-Rainer Wittmann</td> + <td align="right">4309</td> + <td align="right">0.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Andrea Pescetti</td> + <td align="right">3908</td> + <td align="right">0.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Herbert Dürr</td> + <td align="right">2811</td> + <td align="right">0.4%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Tsutomu Uchino</td> + <td align="right">1991</td> + <td align="right">0.3%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Ariel Constenla-Haile</td> + <td align="right">1258</td> + <td align="right">0.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Steve Yin</td> + <td align="right">1010</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Kay Schenk</td> + <td align="right">616</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Regina Henschel</td> + <td align="right">417</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Yuri Dario</td> + <td align="right">268</td> + <td align="right">0.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>tal</td> + <td align="right">16</td> + <td align="right">0.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Clarence Guo</td> + <td align="right">11</td> + <td align="right">0.0%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </blockquote> + <p> In truth, the above list is not just the most active OpenOffice developers — it is all of them; a total of 16 developers have committed changes to OpenOffice in the last year. Those developers changed 528,000 lines of code, but, as can be seen above, Jürgen Schmidt accounted for the bulk of those changes, which were mostly updates to translation files. </p> + <p> The top four developers in the "by changesets" column all work for IBM, so IBM is responsible for a minimum of about 60% of the changes to OpenOffice in the last year. </p> + <p> The picture for LibreOffice is just a little bit different; in the same one-year period, the project has committed 22,134 changesets from 268 developers. The most active of these developers were: </p> + <p> </p> + <blockquote> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="2" align="center">Most active LibreOffice developers</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="50%" valign="top"> + <table cellspacing="3"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">By changesets</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Caolán McNamara</td> + <td align="right">4307</td> + <td align="right">19.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Stephan Bergmann</td> + <td align="right">2351</td> + <td align="right">10.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Miklos Vajna</td> + <td align="right">1449</td> + <td align="right">6.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Tor Lillqvist</td> + <td align="right">1159</td> + <td align="right">5.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Noel Grandin</td> + <td align="right">1064</td> + <td align="right">4.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Markus Mohrhard</td> + <td align="right">935</td> + <td align="right">4.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Michael Stahl</td> + <td align="right">915</td> + <td align="right">4.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Kohei Yoshida</td> + <td align="right">755</td> + <td align="right">3.4%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Tomaž Vajngerl</td> + <td align="right">658</td> + <td align="right">3.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Thomas Arnhold</td> + <td align="right">619</td> + <td align="right">2.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Jan Holesovsky</td> + <td align="right">466</td> + <td align="right">2.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Eike Rathke</td> + <td align="right">457</td> + <td align="right">2.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Matteo Casalin</td> + <td align="right">442</td> + <td align="right">2.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Bjoern Michaelsen</td> + <td align="right">421</td> + <td align="right">1.9%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Chris Sherlock</td> + <td align="right">396</td> + <td align="right">1.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>David Tardon</td> + <td align="right">386</td> + <td align="right">1.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Julien Nabet</td> + <td align="right">362</td> + <td align="right">1.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Zolnai Tamás</td> + <td align="right">338</td> + <td align="right">1.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Matúš Kukan</td> + <td align="right">256</td> + <td align="right">1.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Robert Antoni Buj Gelonch</td> + <td align="right">231</td> + <td align="right">1.0%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + <td width="50%" valign="top"> + <table cellspacing="3"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">By changed lines</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Lionel Elie Mamane</td> + <td align="right">244062</td> + <td align="right">12.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Noel Grandin</td> + <td align="right">238711</td> + <td align="right">12.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Stephan Bergmann</td> + <td align="right">161220</td> + <td align="right">8.3%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Miklos Vajna</td> + <td align="right">129325</td> + <td align="right">6.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Caolán McNamara</td> + <td align="right">97544</td> + <td align="right">5.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Tomaž Vajngerl</td> + <td align="right">69404</td> + <td align="right">3.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Tor Lillqvist</td> + <td align="right">59498</td> + <td align="right">3.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Laurent Balland-Poirier</td> + <td align="right">52802</td> + <td align="right">2.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Markus Mohrhard</td> + <td align="right">50509</td> + <td align="right">2.6%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Kohei Yoshida</td> + <td align="right">45514</td> + <td align="right">2.3%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Chris Sherlock</td> + <td align="right">36788</td> + <td align="right">1.9%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Peter Foley</td> + <td align="right">34305</td> + <td align="right">1.8%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Christian Lohmaier</td> + <td align="right">33787</td> + <td align="right">1.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Thomas Arnhold</td> + <td align="right">32722</td> + <td align="right">1.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>David Tardon</td> + <td align="right">21681</td> + <td align="right">1.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>David Ostrovsky</td> + <td align="right">21620</td> + <td align="right">1.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Jan Holesovsky</td> + <td align="right">20792</td> + <td align="right">1.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Valentin Kettner</td> + <td align="right">20526</td> + <td align="right">1.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Robert Antoni Buj Gelonch</td> + <td align="right">20447</td> + <td align="right">1.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Michael Stahl</td> + <td align="right">18216</td> + <td align="right">0.9%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </blockquote> + <p> To a first approximation, the top ten companies supporting LibreOffice in the last year are: </p> + <p> </p> + <blockquote> + <table> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">Companies supporting LibreOffice development</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="3">(by changesets)</th> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Red Hat</td> + <td align="right">8417</td> + <td align="right">38.0%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Collabora <strike>Multimedia</strike></td> + <td align="right">6531</td> + <td align="right">29.5%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>(Unknown)</td> + <td align="right">5126</td> + <td align="right">23.2%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>(None)</td> + <td align="right">1490</td> + <td align="right">6.7%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Canonical</td> + <td align="right">422</td> + <td align="right">1.9%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Igalia S.L.</td> + <td align="right">80</td> + <td align="right">0.4%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>Ericsson</td> + <td align="right">21</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>Yandex</td> + <td align="right">18</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Even"> + <td>FastMail.FM</td> + <td align="right">17</td> + <td align="right">0.1%</td> + </tr> + <tr class="Odd"> + <td>SUSE</td> + <td align="right">7</td> + <td align="right">0.0%</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </blockquote> + <p> Development work on LibreOffice is thus concentrated in a small number of companies, though it is rather more spread out than OpenOffice development. It is worth noting that the LibreOffice developers with unknown affiliation, who contributed 23% of the changes, make up 82% of the developer base, so there would appear to be a substantial community of developers contributing from outside the above-listed companies. </p> + <p> </p> + <h4>Some conclusions</h4> + <p> Last October, some <a href="/Articles/637742/">concerns</a> were raised on the OpenOffice list about the health of that project's community. At the time, Rob Weir <a href="/Articles/637743/">shrugged them off</a> as the result of a marketing effort by the LibreOffice crowd. There can be no doubt that the war of words between these two projects has gotten tiresome at times, but, looking at the above numbers, it is hard not to conclude that there is an issue that goes beyond marketing hype here. </p> + <p> In the 4½ years since its founding, the LibreOffice project has put together a community with over 250 active developers. There is support from multiple companies and an impressive rate of patches going into the project's repository. The project's ability to sustain nearly monthly releases on two branches is a direct result of that community's work. Swearing at LibreOffice is one of your editor's favorite pastimes, but it seems clear that the project is on a solid footing with a healthy community. </p> + <p> OpenOffice, instead, is driven by four developers from a single company — a company that appears to have been deemphasizing OpenOffice work for some time. As a result, the project's commit rate is a fraction of what LibreOffice is able to sustain and releases are relatively rare. As of this writing, the <a href="https://blogs.apache.org/OOo/">OpenOffice +blog</a> shows no posts in 2015. In the October discussion, Rob <a href="/Articles/637750/">said</a> that "<span>the dogs may +bark but the caravan moves on.</span>" That may be true, but, in this case, the caravan does not appear to be moving with any great speed. </p> + <p> Anything can happen in the free-software development world; it is entirely possible that a reinvigorated OpenOffice.org may yet give LibreOffice a run for its money. But something will clearly have to change to bring that future around. As things stand now, it is hard not to conclude that LibreOffice has won the battle for developer participation. </p> + <p><a href="/Articles/637735/#Comments">Comments (74 posted)</a> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> <b>Page editor</b>: Jonathan Corbet + <br/> </p> + <h2>Inside this week's LWN.net Weekly Edition</h2> + <ul> + <li> <a href="/Articles/637395/">Security</a>: Toward secure package downloads; New vulnerabilities in drupal, mozilla, openssl, python-django ... </li> + <li> <a href="/Articles/637396/">Kernel</a>: LSFMM coverage: NFS, defragmentation, epoll(), copy offload, and more. </li> + <li> <a href="/Articles/637397/">Distributions</a>: A look at Debian's 2015 DPL candidates; Debian, Fedora, ... </li> + <li> <a href="/Articles/637398/">Development</a>: A look at GlusterFS; LibreOffice Online; Open sourcing existing code; Secure Boot in Windows 10; ... </li> + <li> <a href="/Articles/637399/">Announcements</a>: A Turing award for Michael Stonebraker, Sébastien Jodogne, ReGlue are Free Software Award winners, Kat Walsh joins FSF board of directors, Cyanogen, ... </li> + </ul> <b>Next page</b>: <a href="/Articles/637395/">Security>></a> + <br/> </div> + <!-- ArticleText --> + </td> + <!-- MC --> + <td class="RightColumn"> + <div id="azk93271_right_zone"></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <!-- endpage --> + <br clear="all"/> + <center> + <p> <font size="-2"> + Copyright © 2015, Eklektix, Inc.<br/> + + Comments and public postings are copyrighted by their creators.<br/> + Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds<br/> + </font> </p> + </center> +</body> + +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/medium-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/medium-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ecd6650 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/medium-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "The Open Journalism Project: Better Student Journalism", + "byline": "Pippin Lee", + "excerpt": "We pushed out the first version of the Open Journalism site in January. Here’s what we’ve learned about student journali…", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/medium-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/medium-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a642e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/medium-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <h4 name="425a" id="425a" data-align="center" class="graf--h4"><em class="markup--em markup--h4-em">Better Student Journalism</em></h4> + <h4 name="08db" id="08db" class="graf--h4 graf--empty"><br/></h4> + <p name="d178" id="d178" class="graf--p">We pushed out the first version of the <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/" data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Open Journalism site</a> in January. Our goal is for the site to be a place to teach students what they should know about journalism on the web. It should be fun too.</p> + <p name="01ed" id="01ed" class="graf--p">Topics like <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Mapping/" data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Mapping/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">mapping</a>, <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Security/" data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Security/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">security</a>, command line tools, and <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Open-source/" data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Open-source/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">open source</a> are all concepts that should be made more accessible, and should be easily understood at a basic level by all journalists. We’re focusing on students because we know student journalism well, and we believe that teaching maturing journalists about the web will provide them with an important lens to view the world with. This is how we got to where we are now.</p> + <h3 name="0348" id="0348" class="graf--h3">Circa 2011</h3> + <p name="f923" id="f923" class="graf--p">In late 2011 I sat in the design room of our university’s student newsroom with some of the other editors: Kate Hudson, Brent Rose, and Nicholas Maronese. I was working as the photo editor then—something I loved doing. I was very happy travelling and photographing people while listening to their stories.</p> + <p name="c9d4" id="c9d4" class="graf--p">Photography was my lucky way of experiencing the many types of people my generation seemed to avoid, as well as many the public spends too much time discussing. One of my habits as a photographer was scouring sites like Flickr to see how others could frame the world in ways I hadn’t previously considered.</p> + <figure name="06e8" id="06e8" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*AzYWbe4cZkMMEUbfRjysLQ.png" data-width="1000" data-height="500" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*AzYWbe4cZkMMEUbfRjysLQ.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*AzYWbe4cZkMMEUbfRjysLQ.png"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">topleftpixel.com</figcaption> + </figure> + <p name="930f" id="930f" class="graf--p">I started discovering beautiful things the <a href="http://wvs.topleftpixel.com/13/02/06/timelapse-strips-homewood.htm" data-href="http://wvs.topleftpixel.com/13/02/06/timelapse-strips-homewood.htm" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">web could do with images</a>: things not possible with print. Just as every generation revolts against walking in the previous generations shoes, I found myself questioning the expectations that I came up against as a photo editor. In our newsroom the expectations were built from an outdated information world. We were expected to fill old shoes.</p> + <p name="2674" id="2674" class="graf--p">So we sat in our student newsroom—not very happy with what we were doing. Our weekly newspaper had remained essentially unchanged for 40+ years. Each editorial position had the same requirement every year. The <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">big</em> change happened in the 80s when the paper started using colour. We’d also stumbled into having a website, but it was updated just once a week with the release of the newspaper.</p> + <p name="e498" id="e498" class="graf--p">Information had changed form, but the student newsroom hadn’t, and it was becoming harder to romanticize the dusty newsprint smell coming from the shoes we were handed down from previous generations of editors. It was, we were told, all part of “becoming a journalist.”</p> + <figure name="12da" id="12da" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*d0Hp6KlzyIcGHcL6to1sYQ.png" data-width="868" data-height="451" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*d0Hp6KlzyIcGHcL6to1sYQ.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*d0Hp6KlzyIcGHcL6to1sYQ.png"/></div> + </figure> + <h3 name="e2f0" id="e2f0" class="graf--h3">We don’t know what we don’t know</h3> + <p name="8263" id="8263" class="graf--p">We spent much of the rest of the school year asking “what should we be doing in the newsroom?”, which mainly led us to ask “how do we use the web to tell stories?” It was a straightforward question that led to many more questions about the web: something we knew little about. Out in the real world, traditional journalists were struggling to keep their jobs in a dying print world. They wore the same design of shoes that we were supposed to fill. Being pushed to repeat old, failing strategies and blocked from trying something new scared us.</p> + <p name="231e" id="231e" class="graf--p">We had questions, so we started doing some research. We talked with student newsrooms in Canada and the United States, and filled too many Google Doc files with notes. Looking at the notes now, they scream of fear. We annotated our notes with naive solutions, often involving scrambled and immature odysseys into the future of online journalism.</p> + <p name="6ec3" id="6ec3" class="graf--p">There was a lot we didn’t know. We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">how to build a mobile app</strong>. We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">if we should build a mobile app</strong>. We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">how to run a server</strong>. We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">where to go to find a server</strong>. We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">how the web worked</strong>. We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">how people used the web to read news</strong>. We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">what news should be on the web</strong>. If news is just information, what does that even look like?</p> + <p name="f373" id="f373" class="graf--p">We asked these questions to many students at other papers to get a consensus of what had worked and what hadn’t. They reported similar questions and fears about the web but followed with “print advertising is keeping us afloat so we can’t abandon it”.</p> + <p name="034b" id="034b" class="graf--p">In other words, we knew that we should be building a newer pair of shoes, but we didn’t know what the function of the shoes should be.</p> + <h3 name="ea15" id="ea15" class="graf--h3">Common problems in student newsrooms (2011)</h3> + <p name="a90b" id="a90b" class="graf--p">Our questioning of other student journalists in 15 student newsrooms brought up a few repeating issues.</p> + <ul class="postList"> + <li name="a586" id="a586" class="graf--li">Lack of mentorship</li> + <li name="a953" id="a953" class="graf--li">A news process that lacked consideration of the web</li> + <li name="6286" id="6286" class="graf--li">No editor/position specific to the web</li> + <li name="04c1" id="04c1" class="graf--li">Little exposure to many of the cool projects being put together by professional newsrooms</li> + <li name="a1fb" id="a1fb" class="graf--li">Lack of diverse skills within the newsroom. Writers made up 95% of the personnel. Students with other skills were not sought because journalism was seen as “a career with words.” The other 5% were designers, designing words on computers, for print.</li> + <li name="0be9" id="0be9" class="graf--li">Not enough discussion between the business side and web efforts</li> + </ul> + <figure name="79ed" id="79ed" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*_9KYIFrk_PqWFgptsMDeww.png" data-width="1086" data-height="500" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*_9KYIFrk_PqWFgptsMDeww.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*_9KYIFrk_PqWFgptsMDeww.png"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">From our 2011 research</figcaption> + </figure> + <h3 name="8d0c" id="8d0c" class="graf--h3">Common problems in student newsrooms (2013)</h3> + <p name="3ef6" id="3ef6" class="graf--p">Two years later, we went back and looked at what had changed. We talked to a dozen more newsrooms and weren’t surprised by our findings.</p> + <ul class="postList"> + <li name="abb1" id="abb1" class="graf--li">Still no mentorship or link to professional newsrooms building stories for the web</li> + <li name="9250" id="9250" class="graf--li">Very little control of website and technology</li> + <li name="d822" id="d822" class="graf--li">The lack of exposure that student journalists have to interactive storytelling. While some newsrooms are in touch with what’s happening with the web and journalism, there still exists a huge gap between the student newsroom and its professional counterpart</li> + <li name="6bf2" id="6bf2" class="graf--li">No time in the current news development cycle for student newsrooms to experiment with the web</li> + <li name="e62f" id="e62f" class="graf--li">Lack of skill diversity (specifically coding, interaction design, and statistics)</li> + <li name="f4f0" id="f4f0" class="graf--li">Overly restricted access to student website technology. Changes are primarily visual rather than functional.</li> + <li name="8b8d" id="8b8d" class="graf--li">Significantly reduced print production of many papers</li> + <li name="dfe0" id="dfe0" class="graf--li">Computers aren’t set up for experimenting with software and code, and often locked down</li> + </ul> + <p name="52cd" id="52cd" class="graf--p">Newsrooms have traditionally been covered in copies of The New York Times or Globe and Mail. Instead newsrooms should try spend at 20 minutes each week going over the coolest/weirdest online storytelling in an effort to expose each other to what is possible. “<a href="http://nytlabs.com/" data-href="http://nytlabs.com/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Hey, what has the New York Times R&D lab been up to this week?</a>”</p> + <p name="0142" id="0142" class="graf--p">Instead of having computers that are locked down, try setting aside a few office computers that allow students to play and “break”, or encourage editors to buy their own Macbooks so they’re always able to practice with code and new tools on their own.</p> + <p name="5d29" id="5d29" class="graf--p">From all this we realized that changing a student newsroom is difficult. It takes patience. It requires that the business and editorial departments of the student newsroom be on the same (web)page. The shoes of the future must be different from the shoes we were given.</p> + <p name="1ffc" id="1ffc" class="graf--p">We need to rethink how long the new shoe design will be valid. It’s more important that we focus on the process behind making footwear than on actually creating a specific shoe. We shouldn’t be building a shoe to last 40 years. Our footwear design process will allow us to change and adapt as technology evolves. The media landscape will change, so having a newsroom that can change with it will be critical.</p> + <p name="2888" id="2888" class="graf--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">We are building a shoe machine, not a shoe.</strong> </p> + <h3 name="9c30" id="9c30" class="graf--h3">A train or light at the end of the tunnel: are student newsrooms changing for the better?</h3> + <p name="4634" id="4634" class="graf--p">In our 2013 research we found that almost 50% of student newsrooms had created roles specifically for the web. <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">This sounds great, but is still problematic in its current state.</strong> </p> + <figure name="416f" id="416f" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*Vh2MpQjqjPkzYJaaWExoVg.png" data-width="624" data-height="560" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*Vh2MpQjqjPkzYJaaWExoVg.png"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption"><strong class="markup--strong markup--figure-strong">We designed many of these slides to help explain to ourselves what we were doing</strong> </figcaption> + </figure> + <p name="39e6" id="39e6" class="graf--p">When a newsroom decides to create a position for the web, it’s often with the intent of having content flow steadily from writers onto the web. This is a big improvement from just uploading stories to the web whenever there is a print issue. <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">However…</em> </p> + <ol class="postList"> + <li name="91b5" id="91b5" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">The handoff</strong> + <br/>Problems arise because web editors are given roles that absolve the rest of the editors from thinking about the web. All editors should be involved in the process of story development for the web. While it’s a good idea to have one specific editor manage the website, contributors and editors should all play with and learn about the web. Instead of “can you make a computer do XYZ for me?”, we should be saying “can you show me how to make a computer do XYZ?”</li> + <li name="6448" id="6448" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Not just social media<br/></strong>A web editor could do much more than simply being in charge of the social media accounts for the student paper. Their responsibility could include teaching all other editors to be listening to what’s happening online. The web editor can take advantage of live information to change how the student newsroom reports news in real time.</li> + <li name="ab30" id="ab30" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Web (interactive) editor<br/></strong>The goal of having a web editor should be for someone to build and tell stories that take full advantage of the web as their medium. Too often the web’s interactivity is not considered when developing the story. The web then ends up as a resting place for print words.</li> + </ol> + <p name="e983" id="e983" class="graf--p">Editors at newsrooms are still figuring out how to convince writers of the benefit to having their content online. There’s still a stronger draw to writers seeing their name in print than on the web. Showing writers that their stories can be told in new ways to larger audiences is a convincing argument that the web is a starting point for telling a story, not its graveyard.</p> + <p name="5c11" id="5c11" class="graf--p">When everyone in the newsroom approaches their website with the intention of using it to explore the web as a medium, they all start to ask “what is possible?” and “what can be done?” You can’t expect students to think in terms of the web if it’s treated as a place for print words to hang out on a web page.</p> + <p name="4eb1" id="4eb1" class="graf--p">We’re OK with this problem, if we see newsrooms continue to take small steps towards having all their editors involved in the stories for the web.</p> + <figure name="7aab" id="7aab" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*2Ln_DmC95Xpz6LzgywkcFQ.png" data-width="1315" data-height="718" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*2Ln_DmC95Xpz6LzgywkcFQ.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*2Ln_DmC95Xpz6LzgywkcFQ.png"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">The current Open Journalism site was a few years in the making. This was an original launch page we use in 2012</figcaption> + </figure> + <h3 name="08f5" id="08f5" class="graf--h3">What we know</h3> + <ul class="postList"> + <li name="f7fe" id="f7fe" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">New process</strong> + <br/>Our rough research has told us newsrooms need to be reorganized. This includes every part of the newsroom’s workflow: from where a story and its information comes from, to thinking of every word, pixel, and interaction the reader will have with your stories. If I was a photo editor that wanted to re-think my process with digital tools in mind, I’d start by asking “how are photo assignments processed and sent out?”, “how do we receive images?”, “what formats do images need to be exported in?”, “what type of screens will the images be viewed on?”, and “how are the designers getting these images?” Making a student newsroom digital isn’t about producing “digital manifestos”, it’s about being curious enough that you’ll want to to continue experimenting with your process until you’ve found one that fits your newsroom’s needs.</li> + <li name="d757" id="d757" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">More (remote) mentorship</strong> + <br/>Lack of mentorship is still a big problem. <a href="http://www.google.com/get/journalismfellowship/" data-href="http://www.google.com/get/journalismfellowship/" class="markup--anchor markup--li-anchor" rel="nofollow">Google’s fellowship program</a> is great. The fact that it only caters to United States students isn’t. There are only a handful of internships in Canada where students interested in journalism can get experience writing code and building interactive stories. We’re OK with this for now, as we expect internships and mentorship over the next 5 years between professional newsrooms and student newsrooms will only increase. It’s worth noting that some of that mentorship will likely be done remotely.</li> + <li name="a9b8" id="a9b8" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Changing a newsroom culture</strong> + <br/>Skill diversity needs to change. We encourage every student newsroom we talk to, to start building a partnership with their school’s Computer Science department. It will take some work, but you’ll find there are many CS undergrads that love playing with web technologies, and using data to tell stories. Changing who is in the newsroom should be one of the first steps newsrooms take to changing how they tell stories. The same goes with getting designers who understand the wonderful interactive elements of the web and students who love statistics and exploring data. Getting students who are amazing at design, data, code, words, and images into one room is one of the coolest experience I’ve had. Everyone benefits from a more diverse newsroom.</li> + </ul> + <h3 name="a67e" id="a67e" class="graf--h3">What we don’t know</h3> + <ul class="postList"> + <li name="7320" id="7320" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Sharing curiosity for the web</strong> + <br/>We don’t know how to best teach students about the web. It’s not efficient for us to teach coding classes. We do go into newsrooms and get them running their first code exercises, but if someone wants to learn to program, we can only provide the initial push and curiosity. We will be trying out “labs” with a few schools next school year to hopefully get a better idea of how to teach students about the web.</li> + <li name="8b23" id="8b23" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Business</strong> + <br/>We don’t know how to convince the business side of student papers that they should invest in the web. At the very least we’re able to explain that having students graduate with their current skill set is painful in the current job market.</li> + <li name="191e" id="191e" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">The future</strong> + <br/>We don’t know what journalism or the web will be like in 10 years, but we can start encouraging students to keep an open mind about the skills they’ll need. We’re less interested in preparing students for the current newsroom climate, than we are in teaching students to have the ability to learn new tools quickly as they come and go.</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <h3 name="009a" id="009a" class="graf--h3">What we’re trying to share with others</h3> + <ul class="postList"> + <li name="8bfa" id="8bfa" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">A concise guide to building stories for the web</strong> + <br/>There are too many options to get started. We hope to provide an opinionated guide that follows both our experiences, research, and observations from trying to teach our peers.</li> + </ul> + <p name="8196" id="8196" class="graf--p">Student newsrooms don’t have investors to please. Student newsrooms can change their website every week if they want to try a new design or interaction. As long as students start treating the web as a different medium, and start building stories around that idea, then we’ll know we’re moving forward.</p> + <h3 name="f6c6" id="f6c6" class="graf--h3">A note to professional news orgs</h3> + <p name="d8f5" id="d8f5" class="graf--p">We’re also asking professional newsrooms to be more open about their process of developing stories for the web. You play a big part in this. This means writing about it, and sharing code. We need to start building a bridge between student journalism and professional newsrooms.</p> + <figure name="7ed3" id="7ed3" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*bXaR_NBJdoHpRc8lUWSsow.png" data-width="686" data-height="400" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*bXaR_NBJdoHpRc8lUWSsow.png"/></div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">2012</figcaption> + </figure> + <h3 name="ee1b" id="ee1b" class="graf--h3">This is a start</h3> + <p name="ebf9" id="ebf9" class="graf--p">We going to continue slowly growing the content on <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/" data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Open Journalism</a>. We still consider this the beta version, but expect to polish it, and beef up the content for a real launch at the beginning of the summer.</p> + <p name="bd44" id="bd44" class="graf--p">We expect to have more original tutorials as well as the beginnings of what a curriculum may look like that a student newsroom can adopt to start guiding their transition to become a web first newsroom. We’re also going to be working with the <a href="http://queensjournal.ca/" data-href="http://queensjournal.ca/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Queen’s Journal</a> and <a href="http://ubyssey.ca/" data-href="http://ubyssey.ca/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">The Ubyssey</a>next school year to better understand how to make the student newsroom a place for experimenting with telling stories on the web. If this sound like a good idea in your newsroom, we’re still looking to add 1 more school.</p> + <p name="abd5" id="abd5" class="graf--p">We’re trying out some new shoes. And while they’re not self-lacing, and smell a bit different, we feel lacing up a new pair of kicks can change a lot.</p> + <figure name="4c68" id="4c68" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*lulfisQxgSQ209vPHMAifg.png" data-width="950" data-height="534" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*lulfisQxgSQ209vPHMAifg.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*lulfisQxgSQ209vPHMAifg.png"/></div> + </figure> + <p name="2c5c" id="2c5c" class="graf--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">Let’s talk. Let’s listen.</strong> </p> + <p name="63ec" id="63ec" class="graf--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">We’re still in the early stages of what this project will look like, so if you want to help or have thoughts, let’s talk.</strong> </p> + <p name="9376" id="9376" class="graf--p"><a href="mailto:[email protected]" data-href="mailto:[email protected]" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">[email protected]</strong></a> </p> + <p name="ea00" id="ea00" class="graf--p graf--last"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">This isn’t supposed to be a </em> <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">manifesto™©</em> + </strong><em class="markup--em markup--p-em"> we just think it’s pretty cool to share what we’ve learned so far, and hope you’ll do the same. We’re all in this together.</em> </p> + </div> +</div>
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Are you sure you want to share it? + <button class="button button--chromeless" + data-action="ignore-share-drawer-warning">Yes, show me sharing options</button> + </div> + <div class="metabar-drawerContent"> + <h4 class="metabar-drawerTitle">The Open Journalism Project: Better Student Journalism</h4> + <ul class="list"> + <li> + <button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="share-on-twitter" + data-action-value="fb39f4f701bb" data-action-source="metabar_mobile"><span class="icon icon--twitter"></span> Share on Twitter</button> + </li> + <li> + <button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="share-on-facebook" + data-action-value="fb39f4f701bb" data-action-source="metabar_mobile"><span class="icon icon--facebook"></span> Share on Facebook</button> + </li> + <li> + <button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="share-by-email" + data-action-value="fb39f4f701bb" data-action-source="metabar_mobile"><span class="icon icon--email"></span> Share by email</button> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="logo-container"></div> + <article class="u-sizeViewHeightMin100 postArticle postArticle--full is-languageTier1" + lang="en" data-allow-notes="true"> + <section class="postWrapper postWrapper--contain"> + <div class="postWrapper-inner"> + <div class="postContent"> + <div class="postContent-inner"> + <div class="notesSource"> + <div class="postField postField--body"> + <section name="465f" class=" section--first section--last"> + <div class="section-divider layoutSingleColumn"> + <hr class="section-divider"/> + </div> + <div class="section-content"> + <div class="section-inner u-sizeFullWidth"> + <figure name="1f11" id="1f11" class="graf--figure postField--fillWidthImage graf--first"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 43.9%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*oBWUXtszDsiv_-Qq2bFLTQ.png" + data-width="1368" data-height="600" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/2000/1*oBWUXtszDsiv_-Qq2bFLTQ.png"/> + </div> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <h2 name="3c62" id="3c62" data-align="center" class="graf--h2">Open Journalism Project:</h2> + <p name="e970" id="e970" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <h4 name="425a" id="425a" data-align="center" class="graf--h4"><em class="markup--em markup--h4-em">Better Student Journalism</em></h4> + <p name="a511" id="a511" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <h4 name="08db" id="08db" class="graf--h4 graf--empty"><br/></h4> + <p name="acc4" id="acc4" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <p name="d178" id="d178" class="graf--p">We pushed out the first version of the <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/" + data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" + rel="nofollow">Open Journalism site</a> in January. Our goal is for the + site to be a place to teach students what they should know about journalism + on the web. It should be fun too.</p> + <p name="01ed" id="01ed" class="graf--p">Topics like <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Mapping/" + data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Mapping/" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">mapping</a>, <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Security/" + data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Security/" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">security</a>, command + line tools, and <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Open-source/" + data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Open-source/" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">open source</a> are + all concepts that should be made more accessible, and should be easily + understood at a basic level by all journalists. We’re focusing on students + because we know student journalism well, and we believe that teaching maturing + journalists about the web will provide them with an important lens to view + the world with. This is how we got to where we are now.</p> + <h3 name="0348" + id="0348" class="graf--h3">Circa 2011</h3> + <p name="f923" id="f923" class="graf--p">In late 2011 I sat in the design room of our university’s student newsroom + with some of the other editors: Kate Hudson, Brent Rose, and Nicholas Maronese. + I was working as the photo editor then—something I loved doing. I was very + happy travelling and photographing people while listening to their stories.</p> + <p + name="c9d4" id="c9d4" class="graf--p">Photography was my lucky way of experiencing the many types of people + my generation seemed to avoid, as well as many the public spends too much + time discussing. One of my habits as a photographer was scouring sites + like Flickr to see how others could frame the world in ways I hadn’t previously + considered.</p> + <figure name="06e8" id="06e8" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 350px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 50%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*AzYWbe4cZkMMEUbfRjysLQ.png" + data-width="1000" data-height="500" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*AzYWbe4cZkMMEUbfRjysLQ.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*AzYWbe4cZkMMEUbfRjysLQ.png"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">topleftpixel.com</figcaption> + </figure> + <p name="930f" id="930f" class="graf--p">I started discovering beautiful things the <a href="http://wvs.topleftpixel.com/13/02/06/timelapse-strips-homewood.htm" + data-href="http://wvs.topleftpixel.com/13/02/06/timelapse-strips-homewood.htm" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">web could do with images</a>: + things not possible with print. Just as every generation revolts against + walking in the previous generations shoes, I found myself questioning the + expectations that I came up against as a photo editor. In our newsroom + the expectations were built from an outdated information world. We were + expected to fill old shoes.</p> + <p name="2674" id="2674" class="graf--p">So we sat in our student newsroom—not very happy with what we were doing. + Our weekly newspaper had remained essentially unchanged for 40+ years. + Each editorial position had the same requirement every year. The <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">big</em> change + happened in the 80s when the paper started using colour. We’d also stumbled + into having a website, but it was updated just once a week with the release + of the newspaper.</p> + <p name="e498" id="e498" class="graf--p">Information had changed form, but the student newsroom hadn’t, and it + was becoming harder to romanticize the dusty newsprint smell coming from + the shoes we were handed down from previous generations of editors. It + was, we were told, all part of “becoming a journalist.”</p> + <figure name="12da" + id="12da" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 364px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 52%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*d0Hp6KlzyIcGHcL6to1sYQ.png" + data-width="868" data-height="451" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*d0Hp6KlzyIcGHcL6to1sYQ.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*d0Hp6KlzyIcGHcL6to1sYQ.png"/> + </div> + </figure> + <h3 name="e2f0" id="e2f0" class="graf--h3">We don’t know what we don’t know</h3> + <p name="8263" id="8263" class="graf--p">We spent much of the rest of the school year asking “what should we be + doing in the newsroom?”, which mainly led us to ask “how do we use the + web to tell stories?” It was a straightforward question that led to many + more questions about the web: something we knew little about. Out in the + real world, traditional journalists were struggling to keep their jobs + in a dying print world. They wore the same design of shoes that we were + supposed to fill. Being pushed to repeat old, failing strategies and blocked + from trying something new scared us.</p> + <p name="231e" id="231e" class="graf--p">We had questions, so we started doing some research. We talked with student + newsrooms in Canada and the United States, and filled too many Google Doc + files with notes. Looking at the notes now, they scream of fear. We annotated + our notes with naive solutions, often involving scrambled and immature + odysseys into the future of online journalism.</p> + <p name="6ec3" id="6ec3" + class="graf--p">There was a lot we didn’t know. We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">how to build a mobile app</strong>. + We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">if we should build a mobile app</strong>. + We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">how to run a server</strong>. + We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">where to go to find a server</strong>. + We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">how the web worked</strong>. + We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">how people used the web to read news</strong>. + We didn’t know <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">what news should be on the web</strong>. + If news is just information, what does that even look like?</p> + <p name="f373" + id="f373" class="graf--p">We asked these questions to many students at other papers to get a consensus + of what had worked and what hadn’t. They reported similar questions and + fears about the web but followed with “print advertising is keeping us + afloat so we can’t abandon it”.</p> + <p name="034b" id="034b" class="graf--p">In other words, we knew that we should be building a newer pair of shoes, + but we didn’t know what the function of the shoes should be.</p> + <h3 name="ea15" + id="ea15" class="graf--h3">Common problems in student newsrooms (2011)</h3> + <p name="a90b" id="a90b" class="graf--p">Our questioning of other student journalists in 15 student newsrooms brought + up a few repeating issues.</p> + <ul class="postList"> + <li name="a586" id="a586" class="graf--li">Lack of mentorship</li> + <li name="a953" id="a953" class="graf--li">A news process that lacked consideration of the web</li> + <li name="6286" + id="6286" class="graf--li">No editor/position specific to the web</li> + <li name="04c1" id="04c1" class="graf--li">Little exposure to many of the cool projects being put together by professional + newsrooms</li> + <li name="a1fb" id="a1fb" class="graf--li">Lack of diverse skills within the newsroom. Writers made up 95% of the + personnel. Students with other skills were not sought because journalism + was seen as “a career with words.” The other 5% were designers, designing + words on computers, for print.</li> + <li name="0be9" id="0be9" class="graf--li">Not enough discussion between the business side and web efforts</li> + </ul> + <figure name="79ed" id="79ed" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 322px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 46%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*_9KYIFrk_PqWFgptsMDeww.png" + data-width="1086" data-height="500" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*_9KYIFrk_PqWFgptsMDeww.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*_9KYIFrk_PqWFgptsMDeww.png"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">From our 2011 research</figcaption> + </figure> + <h3 name="8d0c" id="8d0c" class="graf--h3">Common problems in student newsrooms (2013)</h3> + <p name="3ef6" id="3ef6" class="graf--p">Two years later, we went back and looked at what had changed. We talked + to a dozen more newsrooms and weren’t surprised by our findings.</p> + <ul + class="postList"> + <li name="abb1" id="abb1" class="graf--li">Still no mentorship or link to professional newsrooms building stories + for the web</li> + <li name="9250" id="9250" class="graf--li">Very little control of website and technology</li> + <li name="d822" id="d822" + class="graf--li">The lack of exposure that student journalists have to interactive storytelling. + While some newsrooms are in touch with what’s happening with the web and + journalism, there still exists a huge gap between the student newsroom + and its professional counterpart</li> + <li name="6bf2" id="6bf2" class="graf--li">No time in the current news development cycle for student newsrooms to + experiment with the web</li> + <li name="e62f" id="e62f" class="graf--li">Lack of skill diversity (specifically coding, interaction design, and + statistics)</li> + <li name="f4f0" id="f4f0" class="graf--li">Overly restricted access to student website technology. Changes are primarily + visual rather than functional.</li> + <li name="8b8d" id="8b8d" class="graf--li">Significantly reduced print production of many papers</li> + <li name="dfe0" + id="dfe0" class="graf--li">Computers aren’t set up for experimenting with software and code, and + often locked down</li> + </ul> + <p name="52cd" id="52cd" class="graf--p">Newsrooms have traditionally been covered in copies of The New York Times + or Globe and Mail. Instead newsrooms should try spend at 20 minutes each + week going over the coolest/weirdest online storytelling in an effort to + expose each other to what is possible. “<a href="http://nytlabs.com/" data-href="http://nytlabs.com/" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Hey, what has the New York Times R&D lab been up to this week?</a>”</p> + <p + name="0142" id="0142" class="graf--p">Instead of having computers that are locked down, try setting aside a + few office computers that allow students to play and “break”, or encourage + editors to buy their own Macbooks so they’re always able to practice with + code and new tools on their own.</p> + <p name="5d29" id="5d29" class="graf--p">From all this we realized that changing a student newsroom is difficult. + It takes patience. It requires that the business and editorial departments + of the student newsroom be on the same (web)page. The shoes of the future + must be different from the shoes we were given.</p> + <p name="1ffc" id="1ffc" + class="graf--p">We need to rethink how long the new shoe design will be valid. It’s more + important that we focus on the process behind making footwear than on actually + creating a specific shoe. We shouldn’t be building a shoe to last 40 years. + Our footwear design process will allow us to change and adapt as technology + evolves. The media landscape will change, so having a newsroom that can + change with it will be critical.</p> + <p name="2888" id="2888" class="graf--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">We are building a shoe machine, not a shoe.</strong> + </p> + <p name="1955" id="1955" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <h3 name="9c30" id="9c30" class="graf--h3">A train or light at the end of the tunnel: are student newsrooms changing for the better?</h3> + <p name="1f98" id="1f98" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <p name="4634" id="4634" class="graf--p">In our 2013 research we found that almost 50% of student newsrooms had + created roles specifically for the web. <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">This sounds great, but is still problematic in its current state.</strong> + </p> + <figure name="416f" id="416f" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 624px; max-height: 560px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 89.7%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*Vh2MpQjqjPkzYJaaWExoVg.png" + data-width="624" data-height="560" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*Vh2MpQjqjPkzYJaaWExoVg.png"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption"><strong class="markup--strong markup--figure-strong">We designed many of these slides to help explain to ourselves what we were doing</strong> + </figcaption> + </figure> + <p name="39e6" id="39e6" class="graf--p">When a newsroom decides to create a position for the web, it’s often with + the intent of having content flow steadily from writers onto the web. This + is a big improvement from just uploading stories to the web whenever there + is a print issue. <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">However…</em> + </p> + <ol class="postList"> + <li name="91b5" id="91b5" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">The handoff</strong> + <br/>Problems arise because web editors are given roles that absolve the rest + of the editors from thinking about the web. All editors should be involved + in the process of story development for the web. While it’s a good idea + to have one specific editor manage the website, contributors and editors + should all play with and learn about the web. Instead of “can you make + a computer do XYZ for me?”, we should be saying “can you show me how to + make a computer do XYZ?”</li> + <li name="6448" id="6448" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Not just social media<br/></strong>A + web editor could do much more than simply being in charge of the social + media accounts for the student paper. Their responsibility could include + teaching all other editors to be listening to what’s happening online. + The web editor can take advantage of live information to change how the + student newsroom reports news in real time.</li> + <li name="ab30" id="ab30" + class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Web (interactive) editor<br/></strong>The + goal of having a web editor should be for someone to build and tell stories + that take full advantage of the web as their medium. Too often the web’s + interactivity is not considered when developing the story. The web then + ends up as a resting place for print words.</li> + </ol> + <p name="e983" id="e983" class="graf--p">Editors at newsrooms are still figuring out how to convince writers of + the benefit to having their content online. There’s still a stronger draw + to writers seeing their name in print than on the web. Showing writers + that their stories can be told in new ways to larger audiences is a convincing + argument that the web is a starting point for telling a story, not its + graveyard.</p> + <p name="5c11" id="5c11" class="graf--p">When everyone in the newsroom approaches their website with the intention + of using it to explore the web as a medium, they all start to ask “what + is possible?” and “what can be done?” You can’t expect students to think + in terms of the web if it’s treated as a place for print words to hang + out on a web page.</p> + <p name="4eb1" id="4eb1" class="graf--p">We’re OK with this problem, if we see newsrooms continue to take small + steps towards having all their editors involved in the stories for the + web.</p> + <figure name="7aab" id="7aab" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 382px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 54.6%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*2Ln_DmC95Xpz6LzgywkcFQ.png" + data-width="1315" data-height="718" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*2Ln_DmC95Xpz6LzgywkcFQ.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*2Ln_DmC95Xpz6LzgywkcFQ.png"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">The current Open Journalism site was a few years in the making. This was + an original launch page we use in 2012</figcaption> + </figure> + <h3 name="08f5" id="08f5" class="graf--h3">What we know</h3> + <ul class="postList"> + <li name="f7fe" id="f7fe" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">New process</strong> + <br/>Our rough research has told us newsrooms need to be reorganized. This + includes every part of the newsroom’s workflow: from where a story and + its information comes from, to thinking of every word, pixel, and interaction + the reader will have with your stories. If I was a photo editor that wanted + to re-think my process with digital tools in mind, I’d start by asking + “how are photo assignments processed and sent out?”, “how do we receive + images?”, “what formats do images need to be exported in?”, “what type + of screens will the images be viewed on?”, and “how are the designers getting + these images?” Making a student newsroom digital isn’t about producing + “digital manifestos”, it’s about being curious enough that you’ll want + to to continue experimenting with your process until you’ve found one that + fits your newsroom’s needs.</li> + <li name="d757" id="d757" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">More (remote) mentorship</strong> + <br/>Lack of mentorship is still a big problem. <a href="http://www.google.com/get/journalismfellowship/" + data-href="http://www.google.com/get/journalismfellowship/" class="markup--anchor markup--li-anchor" + rel="nofollow">Google’s fellowship program</a> is great. The fact that it + only caters to United States students isn’t. There are only a handful of + internships in Canada where students interested in journalism can get experience + writing code and building interactive stories. We’re OK with this for now, + as we expect internships and mentorship over the next 5 years between professional + newsrooms and student newsrooms will only increase. It’s worth noting that + some of that mentorship will likely be done remotely.</li> + <li name="a9b8" + id="a9b8" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Changing a newsroom culture</strong> + <br/>Skill diversity needs to change. We encourage every student newsroom we + talk to, to start building a partnership with their school’s Computer Science + department. It will take some work, but you’ll find there are many CS undergrads + that love playing with web technologies, and using data to tell stories. + Changing who is in the newsroom should be one of the first steps newsrooms + take to changing how they tell stories. The same goes with getting designers + who understand the wonderful interactive elements of the web and students + who love statistics and exploring data. Getting students who are amazing + at design, data, code, words, and images into one room is one of the coolest + experience I’ve had. Everyone benefits from a more diverse newsroom.</li> + </ul> + <h3 name="a67e" id="a67e" class="graf--h3">What we don’t know</h3> + <ul class="postList"> + <li name="7320" id="7320" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Sharing curiosity for the web</strong> + <br/>We don’t know how to best teach students about the web. It’s not efficient + for us to teach coding classes. We do go into newsrooms and get them running + their first code exercises, but if someone wants to learn to program, we + can only provide the initial push and curiosity. We will be trying out + “labs” with a few schools next school year to hopefully get a better idea + of how to teach students about the web.</li> + <li name="8b23" id="8b23" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">Business</strong> + <br/>We don’t know how to convince the business side of student papers that + they should invest in the web. At the very least we’re able to explain + that having students graduate with their current skill set is painful in + the current job market.</li> + <li name="191e" id="191e" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">The future</strong> + <br/>We don’t know what journalism or the web will be like in 10 years, but + we can start encouraging students to keep an open mind about the skills + they’ll need. We’re less interested in preparing students for the current + newsroom climate, than we are in teaching students to have the ability + to learn new tools quickly as they come and go.</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="section-inner sectionLayout--outsetColumn"> + <figure name="b500" id="b500" class="graf--figure postField--outsetCenterImage"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 1020px; max-height: 371px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 36.4%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*Zz5haO6iz7Hlj0z2IUHulg.png" + data-width="1100" data-height="400" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*Zz5haO6iz7Hlj0z2IUHulg.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/1200/1*Zz5haO6iz7Hlj0z2IUHulg.png"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">Another slide from 2012 website</figcaption> + </figure> + </div> + <div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"> + <h3 name="009a" id="009a" class="graf--h3">What we’re trying to share with others</h3> + <ul class="postList"> + <li name="8bfa" id="8bfa" class="graf--li"><strong class="markup--strong markup--li-strong">A concise guide to building stories for the web</strong> + <br/>There are too many options to get started. We hope to provide an opinionated + guide that follows both our experiences, research, and observations from + trying to teach our peers.</li> + </ul> + <p name="8196" id="8196" class="graf--p">Student newsrooms don’t have investors to please. Student newsrooms can + change their website every week if they want to try a new design or interaction. + As long as students start treating the web as a different medium, and start + building stories around that idea, then we’ll know we’re moving forward.</p> + <h3 + name="f6c6" id="f6c6" class="graf--h3">A note to professional news orgs</h3> + <p name="d8f5" id="d8f5" class="graf--p">We’re also asking professional newsrooms to be more open about their process + of developing stories for the web. You play a big part in this. This means + writing about it, and sharing code. We need to start building a bridge + between student journalism and professional newsrooms.</p> + <figure name="7ed3" + id="7ed3" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 686px; max-height: 400px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 58.3%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*bXaR_NBJdoHpRc8lUWSsow.png" + data-width="686" data-height="400" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*bXaR_NBJdoHpRc8lUWSsow.png"/> + </div> + <figcaption class="imageCaption">2012</figcaption> + </figure> + <h3 name="ee1b" id="ee1b" class="graf--h3">This is a start</h3> + <p name="ebf9" id="ebf9" class="graf--p">We going to continue slowly growing the content on <a href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/" + data-href="http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" + rel="nofollow">Open Journalism</a>. We still consider this the beta version, + but expect to polish it, and beef up the content for a real launch at the + beginning of the summer.</p> + <p name="bd44" id="bd44" class="graf--p">We expect to have more original tutorials as well as the beginnings of + what a curriculum may look like that a student newsroom can adopt to start + guiding their transition to become a web first newsroom. We’re also going + to be working with the <a href="http://queensjournal.ca/" data-href="http://queensjournal.ca/" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Queen’s Journal</a> and + <a + href="http://ubyssey.ca/" data-href="http://ubyssey.ca/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" + rel="nofollow">The Ubyssey</a>next school year to better understand how to make the student + newsroom a place for experimenting with telling stories on the web. If + this sound like a good idea in your newsroom, we’re still looking to add + 1 more school.</p> + <p name="abd5" id="abd5" class="graf--p">We’re trying out some new shoes. And while they’re not self-lacing, and + smell a bit different, we feel lacing up a new pair of kicks can change + a lot.</p> + <figure name="4c68" id="4c68" class="graf--figure"> + <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 393px;"> + <div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 56.2%;"></div> + <img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*lulfisQxgSQ209vPHMAifg.png" + data-width="950" data-height="534" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*lulfisQxgSQ209vPHMAifg.png" + src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*lulfisQxgSQ209vPHMAifg.png"/> + </div> + </figure> + <p name="c6bf" id="c6bf" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <p name="2c5c" id="2c5c" class="graf--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">Let’s talk. Let’s listen.</strong> + </p> + <p name="63ec" id="63ec" class="graf--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">We’re still in the early stages of what this project will look like, so if you want to help or have thoughts, let’s talk.</strong> + </p> + <p name="9376" id="9376" class="graf--p"><a href="mailto:[email protected]" data-href="mailto:[email protected]" + class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">[email protected]</strong></a> + </p> + <p name="dc4d" id="dc4d" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <p name="1bdf" id="1bdf" class="graf--p graf--empty"> + <br/> + </p> + <p name="ea00" id="ea00" class="graf--p graf--last"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">This isn’t supposed to be a </em> + <strong + class="markup--strong markup--p-strong"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">manifesto™©</em> + </strong><em class="markup--em markup--p-em"> we just think it’s pretty cool to share what we’ve learned so far, and hope you’ll do the same. We’re all in this together.</em> + </p> + </div> + </div> + </section> + </div> + </div> + <div class="postFooter--simple2 supplementalPostContent layoutSingleColumn js-postFooter"> + <div class="u-clearfix postFooter-actions--simple2"> + <div class="u-floatLeft"> + <button class="button button--primary button--toggle button--recommend js-recommendButton" + title="Recommend to share this article with your followers and let the author know you liked it" + data-action="sign-in-prompt" data-requires-token="true" data-redirect="https://medium.com/_/vote/p/fb39f4f701bb"><span class="icon icon--heart2Outline75 icon--default"></span><span class="icon icon--active icon--heart2"></span> + <span + class="button-label label--default">Recommend</span><span class="button-label label--active">Recommended</span> + </button> + <!-- Recommended by string will be injected here from the VoteWidget --> + <div class="voteWidget--footer js-footerVoteWidget"></div> + </div> + <div class="u-floatRight"> + 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</div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="postFooter-mobileRecommendNote u-showOnMobile js-recommendNote"></div> + <div class="postFooter-tags infoCard js-postTags"></div> + <div class="postFooter-info js-postFooterInfo"> + <div class="infoCard u-clearfix js-infoCardUser"> + <div class="infoCard-avatar"><a href="https://medium.com/@pippinlee" class="avatar avatar--small" title="Go to the profile of Pippin Lee"><img src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/fit/c/60/60/0*312pRa3Jh6ESE7Es.jpeg" class="avatar-image avatar-image--small" title="Pippin Lee"/></a> + </div> + <div class="infoCard-info "> + <div class="infoCard-wrapper"> + <div class="infoCard-title">Written <span class="postMetaInline postMetaInline--date"><span class="u-xs-hide"> on </span> + <time + class="post-date">Mar 17</time> + </span>by</div><a class="link link--primary" title="Go to the profile of Pippin Lee" + href="https://medium.com/@pippinlee">Pippin Lee</a> + <div class="infoCard-bio">I don’t know much, so I better 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Lee","username":"pippinlee","createdAt":1344986320107,"lastPostCreatedAt":1425538922974,"imageId":"0*312pRa3Jh6ESE7Es.jpeg","backgroundImageId":"0*GqJ25S72ddd-AlSZ.jpeg","bio":"I don’t know much, so I better start here.","twitterScreenName":"pippinlee","social":{"userId":"lo_1c9aaaf1d066","targetUserId":"28ff78fed88e","type":"Social"},"facebookAccountId":"","type":"User"},"homeCollectionId":"","title":"The Open Journalism Project: Better Student Journalism","detectedLanguage":"en","latestVersion":"aa1cb8750a55","latestPublishedVersion":"aa1cb8750a55","hasUnpublishedEdits":false,"latestRev":3072,"createdAt":1425538922974,"updatedAt":1426611099742,"acceptedAt":0,"firstPublishedAt":1426609660294,"latestPublishedAt":1426611099742,"isRead":false,"vote":false,"experimentalCss":"","displayAuthor":"","content":{"subtitle":"We pushed out the first version of the Open Journalism site in January. Here’s what we’ve learned about student journalism since 2011.","image":{"backgroundSize":"full","strategy":"crop-fixed"},"bodyModel":{"paragraphs":[{"name":"1f11","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":5,"metadata":{"id":"1*oBWUXtszDsiv_-Qq2bFLTQ.png","originalWidth":1368,"originalHeight":600}},{"name":"3c62","type":2,"text":"Open Journalism Project:","markups":[],"alignment":2},{"name":"e970","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"425a","type":13,"text":"Better Student Journalism","markups":[{"type":2,"start":0,"end":25}],"alignment":2},{"name":"a511","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"08db","type":13,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"acc4","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"d178","type":1,"text":"We pushed out the first version of the Open Journalism site in January. Our goal is for the site to be a place to teach students what they should know about journalism on the web. It should be fun too.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":39,"end":59,"href":"http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"01ed","type":1,"text":"Topics like mapping, security, command line tools, and open source are all concepts that should be made more accessible, and should be easily understood at a basic level by all journalists. We’re focusing on students because we know student journalism well, and we believe that teaching maturing journalists about the web will provide them with an important lens to view the world with. This is how we got to where we are now.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":12,"end":19,"href":"http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Mapping/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0},{"type":3,"start":21,"end":29,"href":"http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Security/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0},{"type":3,"start":55,"end":66,"href":"http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/Open-source/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"0348","type":3,"text":"Circa 2011","markups":[]},{"name":"f923","type":1,"text":"In late 2011 I sat in the design room of our university’s student newsroom with some of the other editors: Kate Hudson, Brent Rose, and Nicholas Maronese. I was working as the photo editor then—something I loved doing. I was very happy travelling and photographing people while listening to their stories.","markups":[]},{"name":"c9d4","type":1,"text":"Photography was my lucky way of experiencing the many types of people my generation seemed to avoid, as well as many the public spends too much time discussing. One of my habits as a photographer was scouring sites like Flickr to see how others could frame the world in ways I hadn’t previously considered.","markups":[]},{"name":"06e8","type":4,"text":"topleftpixel.com","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*AzYWbe4cZkMMEUbfRjysLQ.png","originalWidth":1000,"originalHeight":500}},{"name":"930f","type":1,"text":"I started discovering beautiful things the web could do with images: things not possible with print. Just as every generation revolts against walking in the previous generations shoes, I found myself questioning the expectations that I came up against as a photo editor. In our newsroom the expectations were built from an outdated information world. We were expected to fill old shoes.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":43,"end":67,"href":"http://wvs.topleftpixel.com/13/02/06/timelapse-strips-homewood.htm","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"2674","type":1,"text":"So we sat in our student newsroom—not very happy with what we were doing. Our weekly newspaper had remained essentially unchanged for 40+ years. Each editorial position had the same requirement every year. The big change happened in the 80s when the paper started using colour. We’d also stumbled into having a website, but it was updated just once a week with the release of the newspaper.","markups":[{"type":2,"start":210,"end":213}]},{"name":"e498","type":1,"text":"Information had changed form, but the student newsroom hadn’t, and it was becoming harder to romanticize the dusty newsprint smell coming from the shoes we were handed down from previous generations of editors. It was, we were told, all part of “becoming a journalist.”","markups":[]},{"name":"12da","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*d0Hp6KlzyIcGHcL6to1sYQ.png","originalWidth":868,"originalHeight":451}},{"name":"e2f0","type":3,"text":"We don’t know what we don’t know","markups":[]},{"name":"8263","type":1,"text":"We spent much of the rest of the school year asking “what should we be doing in the newsroom?”, which mainly led us to ask “how do we use the web to tell stories?” It was a straightforward question that led to many more questions about the web: something we knew little about. Out in the real world, traditional journalists were struggling to keep their jobs in a dying print world. They wore the same design of shoes that we were supposed to fill. Being pushed to repeat old, failing strategies and blocked from trying something new scared us.","markups":[]},{"name":"231e","type":1,"text":"We had questions, so we started doing some research. We talked with student newsrooms in Canada and the United States, and filled too many Google Doc files with notes. Looking at the notes now, they scream of fear. We annotated our notes with naive solutions, often involving scrambled and immature odysseys into the future of online journalism.","markups":[]},{"name":"6ec3","type":1,"text":"There was a lot we didn’t know. We didn’t know how to build a mobile app. We didn’t know if we should build a mobile app. We didn’t know how to run a server. We didn’t know where to go to find a server. We didn’t know how the web worked. We didn’t know how people used the web to read news. We didn’t know what news should be on the web. If news is just information, what does that even look like?","markups":[{"type":1,"start":47,"end":72},{"type":1,"start":89,"end":120},{"type":1,"start":137,"end":156},{"type":1,"start":173,"end":201},{"type":1,"start":218,"end":236},{"type":1,"start":253,"end":289},{"type":1,"start":306,"end":336}]},{"name":"f373","type":1,"text":"We asked these questions to many students at other papers to get a consensus of what had worked and what hadn’t. They reported similar questions and fears about the web but followed with “print advertising is keeping us afloat so we can’t abandon it”.","markups":[]},{"name":"034b","type":1,"text":"In other words, we knew that we should be building a newer pair of shoes, but we didn’t know what the function of the shoes should be.","markups":[]},{"name":"ea15","type":3,"text":"Common problems in student newsrooms (2011)","markups":[]},{"name":"a90b","type":1,"text":"Our questioning of other student journalists in 15 student newsrooms brought up a few repeating issues.","markups":[]},{"name":"a586","type":9,"text":"Lack of mentorship","markups":[]},{"name":"a953","type":9,"text":"A news process that lacked consideration of the web","markups":[]},{"name":"6286","type":9,"text":"No editor/position specific to the web","markups":[]},{"name":"04c1","type":9,"text":"Little exposure to many of the cool projects being put together by professional newsrooms","markups":[]},{"name":"a1fb","type":9,"text":"Lack of diverse skills within the newsroom. Writers made up 95% of the personnel. Students with other skills were not sought because journalism was seen as “a career with words.” The other 5% were designers, designing words on computers, for print.","markups":[]},{"name":"0be9","type":9,"text":"Not enough discussion between the business side and web efforts","markups":[]},{"name":"79ed","type":4,"text":"From our 2011 research","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*_9KYIFrk_PqWFgptsMDeww.png","originalWidth":1086,"originalHeight":500}},{"name":"8d0c","type":3,"text":"Common problems in student newsrooms (2013)","markups":[]},{"name":"3ef6","type":1,"text":"Two years later, we went back and looked at what had changed. We talked to a dozen more newsrooms and weren’t surprised by our findings.","markups":[]},{"name":"abb1","type":9,"text":"Still no mentorship or link to professional newsrooms building stories for the web","markups":[]},{"name":"9250","type":9,"text":"Very little control of website and technology","markups":[]},{"name":"d822","type":9,"text":"The lack of exposure that student journalists have to interactive storytelling. While some newsrooms are in touch with what’s happening with the web and journalism, there still exists a huge gap between the student newsroom and its professional counterpart","markups":[]},{"name":"6bf2","type":9,"text":"No time in the current news development cycle for student newsrooms to experiment with the web","markups":[]},{"name":"e62f","type":9,"text":"Lack of skill diversity (specifically coding, interaction design, and statistics)","markups":[]},{"name":"f4f0","type":9,"text":"Overly restricted access to student website technology. Changes are primarily visual rather than functional.","markups":[]},{"name":"8b8d","type":9,"text":"Significantly reduced print production of many papers","markups":[]},{"name":"dfe0","type":9,"text":"Computers aren’t set up for experimenting with software and code, and often locked down","markups":[]},{"name":"52cd","type":1,"text":"Newsrooms have traditionally been covered in copies of The New York Times or Globe and Mail. Instead newsrooms should try spend at 20 minutes each week going over the coolest/weirdest online storytelling in an effort to expose each other to what is possible. “Hey, what has the New York Times R&D lab been up to this week?”","markups":[{"type":3,"start":260,"end":322,"href":"http://nytlabs.com/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"0142","type":1,"text":"Instead of having computers that are locked down, try setting aside a few office computers that allow students to play and “break”, or encourage editors to buy their own Macbooks so they’re always able to practice with code and new tools on their own.","markups":[]},{"name":"5d29","type":1,"text":"From all this we realized that changing a student newsroom is difficult. It takes patience. It requires that the business and editorial departments of the student newsroom be on the same (web)page. The shoes of the future must be different from the shoes we were given.","markups":[]},{"name":"1ffc","type":1,"text":"We need to rethink how long the new shoe design will be valid. It’s more important that we focus on the process behind making footwear than on actually creating a specific shoe. We shouldn’t be building a shoe to last 40 years. Our footwear design process will allow us to change and adapt as technology evolves. The media landscape will change, so having a newsroom that can change with it will be critical.","markups":[]},{"name":"2888","type":1,"text":"We are building a shoe machine, not a shoe.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":43}]},{"name":"1955","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"9c30","type":3,"text":"A train or light at the end of the tunnel: are student newsrooms changing for the better?","markups":[]},{"name":"1f98","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"4634","type":1,"text":"In our 2013 research we found that almost 50% of student newsrooms had created roles specifically for the web. This sounds great, but is still problematic in its current state.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":111,"end":176}]},{"name":"416f","type":4,"text":"We designed many of these slides to help explain to ourselves what we were doing","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":80}],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*Vh2MpQjqjPkzYJaaWExoVg.png","originalWidth":624,"originalHeight":560}},{"name":"39e6","type":1,"text":"When a newsroom decides to create a position for the web, it’s often with the intent of having content flow steadily from writers onto the web. This is a big improvement from just uploading stories to the web whenever there is a print issue. However…","markups":[{"type":2,"start":242,"end":250}]},{"name":"91b5","type":10,"text":"The handoff\nProblems arise because web editors are given roles that absolve the rest of the editors from thinking about the web. All editors should be involved in the process of story development for the web. While it’s a good idea to have one specific editor manage the website, contributors and editors should all play with and learn about the web. Instead of “can you make a computer do XYZ for me?”, we should be saying “can you show me how to make a computer do XYZ?”","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":11}]},{"name":"6448","type":10,"text":"Not just social media\nA web editor could do much more than simply being in charge of the social media accounts for the student paper. Their responsibility could include teaching all other editors to be listening to what’s happening online. The web editor can take advantage of live information to change how the student newsroom reports news in real time.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":22}]},{"name":"ab30","type":10,"text":"Web (interactive) editor\nThe goal of having a web editor should be for someone to build and tell stories that take full advantage of the web as their medium. Too often the web’s interactivity is not considered when developing the story. The web then ends up as a resting place for print words.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":25}]},{"name":"e983","type":1,"text":"Editors at newsrooms are still figuring out how to convince writers of the benefit to having their content online. There’s still a stronger draw to writers seeing their name in print than on the web. Showing writers that their stories can be told in new ways to larger audiences is a convincing argument that the web is a starting point for telling a story, not its graveyard.","markups":[]},{"name":"5c11","type":1,"text":"When everyone in the newsroom approaches their website with the intention of using it to explore the web as a medium, they all start to ask “what is possible?” and “what can be done?” You can’t expect students to think in terms of the web if it’s treated as a place for print words to hang out on a web page.","markups":[]},{"name":"4eb1","type":1,"text":"We’re OK with this problem, if we see newsrooms continue to take small steps towards having all their editors involved in the stories for the web.","markups":[]},{"name":"7aab","type":4,"text":"The current Open Journalism site was a few years in the making. This was an original launch page we use in 2012","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*2Ln_DmC95Xpz6LzgywkcFQ.png","originalWidth":1315,"originalHeight":718}},{"name":"08f5","type":3,"text":"What we know","markups":[]},{"name":"f7fe","type":9,"text":"New process\nOur rough research has told us newsrooms need to be reorganized. This includes every part of the newsroom’s workflow: from where a story and its information comes from, to thinking of every word, pixel, and interaction the reader will have with your stories. If I was a photo editor that wanted to re-think my process with digital tools in mind, I’d start by asking “how are photo assignments processed and sent out?”, “how do we receive images?”, “what formats do images need to be exported in?”, “what type of screens will the images be viewed on?”, and “how are the designers getting these images?” Making a student newsroom digital isn’t about producing “digital manifestos”, it’s about being curious enough that you’ll want to to continue experimenting with your process until you’ve found one that fits your newsroom’s needs.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":11}]},{"name":"d757","type":9,"text":"More (remote) mentorship\nLack of mentorship is still a big problem. Google’s fellowship program is great. The fact that it only caters to United States students isn’t. There are only a handful of internships in Canada where students interested in journalism can get experience writing code and building interactive stories. We’re OK with this for now, as we expect internships and mentorship over the next 5 years between professional newsrooms and student newsrooms will only increase. It’s worth noting that some of that mentorship will likely be done remotely.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":68,"end":95,"href":"http://www.google.com/get/journalismfellowship/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0},{"type":1,"start":0,"end":24}]},{"name":"a9b8","type":9,"text":"Changing a newsroom culture\nSkill diversity needs to change. We encourage every student newsroom we talk to, to start building a partnership with their school’s Computer Science department. It will take some work, but you’ll find there are many CS undergrads that love playing with web technologies, and using data to tell stories. Changing who is in the newsroom should be one of the first steps newsrooms take to changing how they tell stories. The same goes with getting designers who understand the wonderful interactive elements of the web and students who love statistics and exploring data. Getting students who are amazing at design, data, code, words, and images into one room is one of the coolest experience I’ve had. Everyone benefits from a more diverse newsroom.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":27}]},{"name":"a67e","type":3,"text":"What we don’t know","markups":[]},{"name":"7320","type":9,"text":"Sharing curiosity for the web\nWe don’t know how to best teach students about the web. It’s not efficient for us to teach coding classes. We do go into newsrooms and get them running their first code exercises, but if someone wants to learn to program, we can only provide the initial push and curiosity. We will be trying out “labs” with a few schools next school year to hopefully get a better idea of how to teach students about the web.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":29}]},{"name":"8b23","type":9,"text":"Business\nWe don’t know how to convince the business side of student papers that they should invest in the web. At the very least we’re able to explain that having students graduate with their current skill set is painful in the current job market.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":8}]},{"name":"191e","type":9,"text":"The future\nWe don’t know what journalism or the web will be like in 10 years, but we can start encouraging students to keep an open mind about the skills they’ll need. We’re less interested in preparing students for the current newsroom climate, than we are in teaching students to have the ability to learn new tools quickly as they come and go.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":10}]},{"name":"b500","type":4,"text":"Another slide from 2012 website","markups":[],"layout":3,"metadata":{"id":"1*Zz5haO6iz7Hlj0z2IUHulg.png","originalWidth":1100,"originalHeight":400}},{"name":"009a","type":3,"text":"What we’re trying to share with others","markups":[]},{"name":"8bfa","type":9,"text":"A concise guide to building stories for the web\nThere are too many options to get started. We hope to provide an opinionated guide that follows both our experiences, research, and observations from trying to teach our peers.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":47}]},{"name":"8196","type":1,"text":"Student newsrooms don’t have investors to please. Student newsrooms can change their website every week if they want to try a new design or interaction. As long as students start treating the web as a different medium, and start building stories around that idea, then we’ll know we’re moving forward.","markups":[]},{"name":"f6c6","type":3,"text":"A note to professional news orgs","markups":[]},{"name":"d8f5","type":1,"text":"We’re also asking professional newsrooms to be more open about their process of developing stories for the web. You play a big part in this. This means writing about it, and sharing code. We need to start building a bridge between student journalism and professional newsrooms.","markups":[]},{"name":"7ed3","type":4,"text":"2012","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*bXaR_NBJdoHpRc8lUWSsow.png","originalWidth":686,"originalHeight":400}},{"name":"ee1b","type":3,"text":"This is a start","markups":[]},{"name":"ebf9","type":1,"text":"We going to continue slowly growing the content on Open Journalism. We still consider this the beta version, but expect to polish it, and beef up the content for a real launch at the beginning of the summer.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":51,"end":66,"href":"http://pippinlee.github.io/open-journalism-project/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"bd44","type":1,"text":"We expect to have more original tutorials as well as the beginnings of what a curriculum may look like that a student newsroom can adopt to start guiding their transition to become a web first newsroom. We’re also going to be working with the Queen’s Journal and The Ubyssey next school year to better understand how to make the student newsroom a place for experimenting with telling stories on the web. If this sound like a good idea in your newsroom, we’re still looking to add 1 more school.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":243,"end":258,"href":"http://queensjournal.ca/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0},{"type":3,"start":263,"end":274,"href":"http://ubyssey.ca/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"abd5","type":1,"text":"We’re trying out some new shoes. And while they’re not self-lacing, and smell a bit different, we feel lacing up a new pair of kicks can change a lot.","markups":[]},{"name":"4c68","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*lulfisQxgSQ209vPHMAifg.png","originalWidth":950,"originalHeight":534}},{"name":"c6bf","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"2c5c","type":1,"text":"Let’s talk. Let’s listen.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":25}]},{"name":"63ec","type":1,"text":"We’re still in the early stages of what this project will look like, so if you want to help or have thoughts, let’s talk.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":0,"end":121}]},{"name":"9376","type":1,"text":"[email protected]","markups":[{"type":3,"start":0,"end":20,"href":"mailto:[email protected]","title":"","rel":"nofollow","anchorType":0},{"type":1,"start":0,"end":20}]},{"name":"dc4d","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"1bdf","type":1,"text":"","markups":[]},{"name":"ea00","type":1,"text":"This isn’t supposed to be a manifesto™© we just think it’s pretty cool to share what we’ve learned so far, and hope you’ll do the same. We’re all in this together.","markups":[{"type":1,"start":28,"end":39},{"type":2,"start":0,"end":163}]}],"sections":[{"name":"465f","startIndex":0}]},"postDisplay":{"coverless":true}},"media":null,"virtuals":{"currentCollectionId":"","statusForCollection":"","createdAtRelative":"14 days ago","updatedAtRelative":"a day ago","acceptedAtRelative":"","createdAtEnglish":"March 4, 2015","updatedAtEnglish":"March 17, 2015","acceptedAtEnglish":"","firstPublishedAtEnglish":"March 17, 2015","latestPublishedAtEnglish":"March 17, 2015","allowNotes":true,"languageTier":1,"snippet":"We pushed out the first version of the Open Journalism site in January. 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It should be fun too. ¶\n\nTopics like mapping, security, command line tools, and open source are all concepts that should be made more accessible, and should be easily understood at a basic level by all journalists.","recommends":0,"featuredRecommendNoteId":"","socialRecommends":[],"addedToFeedAt":0,"isBookmarked":false},"coverless":true,"slug":"the-open-journalism-project-better-student-journalism","translationSourcePostId":"","translationSourceCreatorId":"","isApprovedTranslation":false,"inResponseToPostId":"","inResponseToRemovedAt":0,"isTitleSynthesized":false,"allowResponses":true,"importedUrl":"","importedPublishedAt":0,"visibility":0,"contentType":0,"isViewed":false,"uniqueSlug":"the-open-journalism-project-better-student-journalism-fb39f4f701bb","previewContent":{"bodyModel":{"paragraphs":[{"name":"previewImage","type":4,"text":"","layout":10,"metadata":{"id":"1*oBWUXtszDsiv_-Qq2bFLTQ.png","originalWidth":1368,"originalHeight":600}},{"name":"previewTitle","type":2,"text":"The Open Journalism Project: Better Student Journalism","alignment":1},{"name":"previewSubtitle","type":13,"text":"We pushed out the first version of the Open Journalism site in January. 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If you’re anything like me, hearing the word “literally” used incorrectly causes a little piece of your soul to whither and die. Of course I do not mean that literally, I mean that figuratively. An abuser would have said: “Every time a person uses that word, a piece of my soul literally withers and dies.” Which is terribly, horribly wrong.</p> + <p name="104a" id="104a" class="graf--p">For whatever bizarre reason, people feel the need to use literally as a sort of verbal crutch. They use it to emphasize a point, which is silly because they’re already using an analogy or a metaphor to illustrate said point. For example: “Ugh, I literally tore the house apart looking for my remote control!” No, you literally did not tear apart your house, because it’s still standing. If you’d just told me you “tore your house apart” searching for your remote, I would’ve understood what you meant. No need to add “literally” to the sentence.</p> + <p name="c2c0" id="c2c0" class="graf--p">Maybe I should define literally.</p> + <blockquote name="b239" id="b239" class="graf--pullquote pullquote">Literally means actually. When you say something literally happened, you’re describing the scene or situation as it actually happened.</blockquote> + <p name="a8fd" id="a8fd" class="graf--p">So you should only use literally when you mean it. It should not be used in hyperbole. Example: “That was so funny I literally cried.” Which is possible. Some things are funny enough to elicit tears. Note the example stops with “literally cried.” You cannot <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">literally cry your eyes out</em>. The joke wasn’t so funny your eyes popped out of their sockets.</p> + <h4 name="165a" id="165a" class="graf--h4">When in Doubt, Leave it Out</h4> + <p name="e434" id="e434" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“I’m so hungry I could eat a horse,” means you’re hungry. You don’t need to say “I’m so hungry I could literally eat a horse.” Because you can’t do that in one sitting, I don’t care how big your stomach is.</p> + <p name="d88f" id="d88f" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“That play was so funny I laughed my head off,” illustrates the play was amusing. You don’t need to say you literally laughed your head off, because then your head would be on the ground and you wouldn’t be able to speak, much less laugh.</p> + <p name="4bab" id="4bab" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“I drove so fast my car was flying,” we get your point: you were speeding. But your car is never going fast enough to fly, so don’t say your car was literally flying.</p> + <h4 name="f2f0" id="f2f0" class="graf--h4">Insecurities?</h4> + <p name="1bd7" id="1bd7" class="graf--p">Maybe no one believed a story you told as a child, and you felt the need to prove that it actually happened. <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">No really, mom, I literally climbed the tree. </em>In efforts to prove truth, you used literally to describe something real, however outlandish it seemed. Whatever the reason, now your overuse of literally has become a habit.</p> + <h4 name="d7c1" id="d7c1" class="graf--h4">Hard Habit to Break?</h4> + <p name="714b" id="714b" class="graf--p">Abusing literally isn’t as bad a smoking, but it’s still an unhealthy habit (I mean that figuratively). Help is required in order to break it.</p> + <p name="f929" id="f929" class="graf--p">This is my version of an intervention for literally abusers. I’m not sure how else to do it other than in writing. I know this makes me sound like a know-it-all, and I accept that. But there’s no excuse other than blatant ignorance to misuse the word “literally.” So just stop it.</p> + <p name="fd19" id="fd19" class="graf--p">Don’t say “Courtney, this post is so snobbish it literally burned up my computer.” Because nothing is that snobbish that it causes computers to combust. Or: “Courtney, your head is so big it literally cannot get through the door.” Because it can, unless it’s one of those tiny doors from <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">Alice in Wonderland</em> and I need to eat a mushroom to make my whole body smaller.</p> + <h4 name="fe12" id="fe12" class="graf--h4">No One’s Perfect</h4> + <p name="7ff8" id="7ff8" class="graf--p">And I’m not saying I am. I’m trying to restore meaning to a word that’s lost meaning. I’m standing up for literally. It’s a good word when used correctly. People are butchering it and destroying it every day (figuratively speaking) and the massacre needs to stop. Just as there’s a coalition of people against the use of certain fonts (like <a href="http://bancomicsans.com/main/?page_id=2" data-href="http://bancomicsans.com/main/?page_id=2" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Comic Sans</a> and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=14448723154" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=14448723154" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Papyrus</a>), so should there be a coalition of people against the abuse of literally.</p> + <h4 name="049e" id="049e" class="graf--h4">Saying it to Irritate?</h4> + <p name="9381" id="9381" class="graf--p">Do you misuse the word “literally” just to annoy your know-it-all or grammar police friends/acquaintances/total strangers? If so, why? Doing so would be like me going outside when it’s freezing, wearing nothing but a pair of shorts and t-shirt in hopes of making you cold by just looking at me. Who suffers more?</p> + <h4 name="3e52" id="3e52" class="graf--h4">Graphical Representation</h4> + <p name="b57e" id="b57e" class="graf--p graf--last">Matthew Inman of “The Oatmeal” wrote a comic about literally. Abusers and defenders alike <a href="http://theoatmeal.com/comics/literally" data-href="http://theoatmeal.com/comics/literally" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">should check it out</a>. It’s clear this whole craze about literally is driving a lot of us nuts. You literally abusers are killing off pieces of our souls. You must be stopped, or the world will be lost to meaninglessness forever. Figuratively speaking.</p> + </div> +</div>
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Are you sure you want to share it?<button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="ignore-share-drawer-warning">Yes, show me sharing options</button></div><div class="metabar-drawerContent"><h4 class="metabar-drawerTitle">On Behalf of “Literally”</h4><ul class="list"><li><button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="share-on-twitter" data-action-value="429fab868ca8" data-action-source="metabar_mobile"><span class="icon icon--twitter"></span> Share on Twitter</button></li><li><button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="share-on-facebook" data-action-value="429fab868ca8" data-action-source="metabar_mobile"><span class="icon icon--facebook"></span> Share on Facebook</button></li><li><button class="button button--chromeless" data-action="share-by-email" data-action-value="429fab868ca8" data-action-source="metabar_mobile"><span class="icon icon--email"></span> Share by email</button></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="logo-container"></div><article class="u-sizeViewHeightMin100 postArticle postArticle--full is-languageTier1" lang="en" data-allow-notes="true"><section class="postWrapper postWrapper--contain"><div class="postWrapper-inner"><div class="postContent"><div class="postContent-inner"><div class="notesSource"><div class="postField postField--body"><section name="d9f8" class=" section--first"><div class="section-divider layoutSingleColumn"><hr class="section-divider"/></div><div class="section-content"><div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"><figure name="4924" id="4924" class="graf--figure graf--first"><div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="max-width: 700px; max-height: 474px;"><div class="aspect-ratio-fill" style="padding-bottom: 67.7%;"></div><img class="graf-image" data-image-id="1*eR_J8DurqygbhrwDg-WPnQ.png" data-width="1891" data-height="1280" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*eR_J8DurqygbhrwDg-WPnQ.png" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/1600/1*eR_J8DurqygbhrwDg-WPnQ.png"/></div><figcaption class="imageCaption">Words need defenders.</figcaption></figure><h3 name="b098" id="b098" class="graf--h3">On Behalf of “Literally”</h3><p name="1a73" id="1a73" class="graf--p">You either are a “literally” abuser or know of one. If you’re anything like me, hearing the word “literally” used incorrectly causes a little piece of your soul to whither and die. Of course I do not mean that literally, I mean that figuratively. An abuser would have said: “Every time a person uses that word, a piece of my soul literally withers and dies.” Which is terribly, horribly wrong.</p><p name="104a" id="104a" class="graf--p">For whatever bizarre reason, people feel the need to use literally as a sort of verbal crutch. They use it to emphasize a point, which is silly because they’re already using an analogy or a metaphor to illustrate said point. For example: “Ugh, I literally tore the house apart looking for my remote control!” No, you literally did not tear apart your house, because it’s still standing. If you’d just told me you “tore your house apart” searching for your remote, I would’ve understood what you meant. No need to add “literally” to the sentence.</p><p name="c2c0" id="c2c0" class="graf--p">Maybe I should define literally.</p><blockquote name="b239" id="b239" class="graf--pullquote pullquote">Literally means actually. When you say something literally happened, you’re describing the scene or situation as it actually happened.</blockquote><p name="a8fd" id="a8fd" class="graf--p">So you should only use literally when you mean it. It should not be used in hyperbole. Example: “That was so funny I literally cried.” Which is possible. Some things are funny enough to elicit tears. Note the example stops with “literally cried.” You cannot <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">literally cry your eyes out</em>. The joke wasn’t so funny your eyes popped out of their sockets.</p><h4 name="165a" id="165a" class="graf--h4">When in Doubt, Leave it Out</h4><p name="e434" id="e434" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“I’m so hungry I could eat a horse,” means you’re hungry. You don’t need to say “I’m so hungry I could literally eat a horse.” Because you can’t do that in one sitting, I don’t care how big your stomach is.</p><p name="d88f" id="d88f" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“That play was so funny I laughed my head off,” illustrates the play was amusing. You don’t need to say you literally laughed your head off, because then your head would be on the ground and you wouldn’t be able to speak, much less laugh.</p><p name="4bab" id="4bab" class="graf--p graf--startsWithDoubleQuote">“I drove so fast my car was flying,” we get your point: you were speeding. But your car is never going fast enough to fly, so don’t say your car was literally flying.</p><h4 name="f2f0" id="f2f0" class="graf--h4">Insecurities?</h4><p name="1bd7" id="1bd7" class="graf--p">Maybe no one believed a story you told as a child, and you felt the need to prove that it actually happened. <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">No really, mom, I literally climbed the tree. </em>In efforts to prove truth, you used literally to describe something real, however outlandish it seemed. Whatever the reason, now your overuse of literally has become a habit.</p><h4 name="d7c1" id="d7c1" class="graf--h4">Hard Habit to Break?</h4><p name="714b" id="714b" class="graf--p">Abusing literally isn’t as bad a smoking, but it’s still an unhealthy habit (I mean that figuratively). Help is required in order to break it.</p><p name="f929" id="f929" class="graf--p">This is my version of an intervention for literally abusers. I’m not sure how else to do it other than in writing. I know this makes me sound like a know-it-all, and I accept that. But there’s no excuse other than blatant ignorance to misuse the word “literally.” So just stop it.</p><p name="fd19" id="fd19" class="graf--p">Don’t say “Courtney, this post is so snobbish it literally burned up my computer.” Because nothing is that snobbish that it causes computers to combust. Or: “Courtney, your head is so big it literally cannot get through the door.” Because it can, unless it’s one of those tiny doors from <em class="markup--em markup--p-em">Alice in Wonderland</em> and I need to eat a mushroom to make my whole body smaller.</p><h4 name="fe12" id="fe12" class="graf--h4">No One’s Perfect</h4><p name="7ff8" id="7ff8" class="graf--p">And I’m not saying I am. I’m trying to restore meaning to a word that’s lost meaning. I’m standing up for literally. It’s a good word when used correctly. People are butchering it and destroying it every day (figuratively speaking) and the massacre needs to stop. Just as there’s a coalition of people against the use of certain fonts (like <a href="http://bancomicsans.com/main/?page_id=2" data-href="http://bancomicsans.com/main/?page_id=2" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Comic Sans</a> and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=14448723154" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=14448723154" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">Papyrus</a>), so should there be a coalition of people against the abuse of literally.</p><h4 name="049e" id="049e" class="graf--h4">Saying it to Irritate?</h4><p name="9381" id="9381" class="graf--p">Do you misuse the word “literally” just to annoy your know-it-all or grammar police friends/acquaintances/total strangers? If so, why? Doing so would be like me going outside when it’s freezing, wearing nothing but a pair of shorts and t-shirt in hopes of making you cold by just looking at me. Who suffers more?</p><h4 name="3e52" id="3e52" class="graf--h4">Graphical Representation</h4><p name="b57e" id="b57e" class="graf--p graf--last">Matthew Inman of “The Oatmeal” wrote a comic about literally. Abusers and defenders alike <a href="http://theoatmeal.com/comics/literally" data-href="http://theoatmeal.com/comics/literally" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow">should check it out</a>. It’s clear this whole craze about literally is driving a lot of us nuts. You literally abusers are killing off pieces of our souls. You must be stopped, or the world will be lost to meaninglessness forever. Figuratively speaking.</p></div></div></section><section name="5c31" class=" section--last"><div class="section-divider layoutSingleColumn"><hr class="section-divider"/></div><div class="section-content"><div class="section-inner layoutSingleColumn"><p name="15d8" id="15d8" class="graf--p graf--first graf--last"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">Originally published at </em><a href="http://www.courtneykirchoff.com/2011/11/on-behalf-of-literally/" data-href="http://www.courtneykirchoff.com/2011/11/on-behalf-of-literally/" class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" rel="nofollow"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">www.courtneykirchoff.com</em></a><em class="markup--em markup--p-em"> on November 18, 2011. Sadly this solo post did not stop the abuse of literally. Help the word out. Recommend this article to your literally abusers in your life.</em></p></div></div></section></div></div><div class="postFooter--simple2 supplementalPostContent layoutSingleColumn js-postFooter"><div class="u-clearfix postFooter-actions--simple2"><div class="u-floatLeft"><button class="button button--primary button--toggle button--recommend js-recommendButton" title="Recommend to share this article with your followers and let the author know you liked it"data-action="sign-in-prompt"data-requires-token="true"data-redirect="https://medium.com/_/vote/p/429fab868ca8"><span class="icon icon--heart2Outline75 icon--default"></span><span class="icon icon--active icon--heart2"></span><span class="button-label label--default">Recommend</span><span class="button-label label--active">Recommended</span></button><!-- Recommended by string will be injected here from the VoteWidget --><div class="voteWidget--footer js-footerVoteWidget"></div></div><div class="u-floatRight"><div class="buttonSet"><button class="button button--vertical button--bookmark js-bookmarkButton" title="Bookmark this story to read later"data-action="sign-in-prompt"data-requires-token="true"data-redirect="/_/bookmark/p/429fab868ca8"><span class="icon icon--readingList2outline icon--default"></span><span class="icon icon--active icon--readingList2"></span><span class="label label--default">Bookmark</span><span class="label label--active">Bookmarked</span></button><button class="button button--vertical button--share" title="Share this story on Twitter, Facebook, or email" data-action="show-share-popover" data-action-value="429fab868ca8" data-action-source="footer"><span class="icon icon--share2Outline "></span><span class="label ">Share</span></button><button class="button button--vertical u-xs-hide button--more" title="More actions" data-action="more-actions"><span class="icon icon--arrowDownThin "></span><span class="label ">More</span></button></div></div></div><div class="postFooter-mobileRecommendNote u-showOnMobile js-recommendNote"></div><div class="postFooter-tags infoCard js-postTags"></div><div class="postFooter-info js-postFooterInfo"><div class="infoCard u-clearfix js-infoCardUser"><div class="infoCard-avatar"><a href="https://medium.com/@ckirchoff" class="avatar avatar--small" title="Go to the profile of Courtney Kirchoff"><img src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/fit/c/120/120/0*XIIviYv1En80T68W.jpeg" class="avatar-image avatar-image--small" title="Courtney Kirchoff"/></a></div><div class="infoCard-info "><div class="infoCard-wrapper"><div class="infoCard-title">Written <span class="postMetaInline postMetaInline--date"><span class="u-xs-hide"> on </span><time class="post-date">Feb 24</time></span> by</div><a class="link link--primary" title="Go to the profile of Courtney Kirchoff" href="https://medium.com/@ckirchoff">Courtney Kirchoff</a><div class="infoCard-bio">Freelance writer and graphic designer. Will work for bacon. Wrote a novel: Jaden Baker. See my work: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.courtneykirchoff.com">www.courtneykirchoff.com</a> & <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.truenorthe.com">www.truenorthe.com</a></div></div></div><div class="infoCard-actions"><button class="button button--small button--toggle" title="Follow to get new stories and recommendations from this author"data-action="sign-in-prompt"data-requires-token="true"data-redirect="https://medium.com/_/subscribe/user/1a8aa2047ea5/429fab868ca8"><span class="button-label label--default">Follow</span><span class="button-label label--active">Following</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="responsesWrapper supplementalPostContent js-responsesWrapper"></div></div></div></div></section><footer class="post-footer supplementalPostContent js-readNext"></footer></article></div></div></div><div class="loadingBar"></div><script>// <![CDATA[ +var GLOBALS = 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Kirchoff","username":"ckirchoff","createdAt":1424302523039,"lastPostCreatedAt":1424904877821,"imageId":"0*XIIviYv1En80T68W.jpeg","backgroundImageId":"1*AyBb2_6VfLNF29qfSXT2Ow.jpeg","bio":"Freelance writer and graphic designer. Will work for bacon. Wrote a novel: Jaden Baker. See my work: www.courtneykirchoff.com & www.truenorthe.com","twitterScreenName":"ckirchoff","social":{"userId":"lo_165a169d4a3f","targetUserId":"1a8aa2047ea5","type":"Social"},"facebookAccountId":"","type":"User"},"homeCollectionId":"","title":"On Behalf of “Literally”","detectedLanguage":"en","latestVersion":"776adba9d13","latestPublishedVersion":"776adba9d13","hasUnpublishedEdits":false,"latestRev":133,"createdAt":1424806181308,"updatedAt":1424807793583,"acceptedAt":0,"firstPublishedAt":1424807793374,"latestPublishedAt":1424807793374,"isRead":false,"vote":false,"experimentalCss":"","displayAuthor":"","content":{"subtitle":"In defense of the word “literally” and why you or someone you know should stop misusing the word, lest they drive us figuratively nuts.","image":{"backgroundSize":"full","strategy":"crop-fixed"},"bodyModel":{"paragraphs":[{"name":"4924","type":4,"text":"Words need defenders.","markups":[],"layout":1,"metadata":{"id":"1*eR_J8DurqygbhrwDg-WPnQ.png","originalWidth":1891,"originalHeight":1280}},{"name":"b098","type":3,"text":"On Behalf of “Literally”","markups":[]},{"name":"1a73","type":1,"text":"You either are a “literally” abuser or know of one. If you’re anything like me, hearing the word “literally” used incorrectly causes a little piece of your soul to whither and die. Of course I do not mean that literally, I mean that figuratively. An abuser would have said: “Every time a person uses that word, a piece of my soul literally withers and dies.” Which is terribly, horribly wrong.","markups":[]},{"name":"104a","type":1,"text":"For whatever bizarre reason, people feel the need to use literally as a sort of verbal crutch. They use it to emphasize a point, which is silly because they’re already using an analogy or a metaphor to illustrate said point. For example: “Ugh, I literally tore the house apart looking for my remote control!” No, you literally did not tear apart your house, because it’s still standing. If you’d just told me you “tore your house apart” searching for your remote, I would’ve understood what you meant. No need to add “literally” to the sentence.","markups":[]},{"name":"c2c0","type":1,"text":"Maybe I should define literally.","markups":[]},{"name":"b239","type":7,"text":"Literally means actually. When you say something literally happened, you’re describing the scene or situation as it actually happened.","markups":[]},{"name":"a8fd","type":1,"text":"So you should only use literally when you mean it. It should not be used in hyperbole. Example: “That was so funny I literally cried.” Which is possible. Some things are funny enough to elicit tears. Note the example stops with “literally cried.” You cannot literally cry your eyes out. The joke wasn’t so funny your eyes popped out of their sockets.","markups":[{"type":2,"start":258,"end":285}]},{"name":"165a","type":13,"text":"When in Doubt, Leave it Out","markups":[]},{"name":"e434","type":1,"text":"“I’m so hungry I could eat a horse,” means you’re hungry. You don’t need to say “I’m so hungry I could literally eat a horse.” Because you can’t do that in one sitting, I don’t care how big your stomach is.","markups":[]},{"name":"d88f","type":1,"text":"“That play was so funny I laughed my head off,” illustrates the play was amusing. You don’t need to say you literally laughed your head off, because then your head would be on the ground and you wouldn’t be able to speak, much less laugh.","markups":[]},{"name":"4bab","type":1,"text":"“I drove so fast my car was flying,” we get your point: you were speeding. But your car is never going fast enough to fly, so don’t say your car was literally flying.","markups":[]},{"name":"f2f0","type":13,"text":"Insecurities?","markups":[]},{"name":"1bd7","type":1,"text":"Maybe no one believed a story you told as a child, and you felt the need to prove that it actually happened. No really, mom, I literally climbed the tree. In efforts to prove truth, you used literally to describe something real, however outlandish it seemed. Whatever the reason, now your overuse of literally has become a habit.","markups":[{"type":2,"start":109,"end":155}]},{"name":"d7c1","type":13,"text":"Hard Habit to Break?","markups":[]},{"name":"714b","type":1,"text":"Abusing literally isn’t as bad a smoking, but it’s still an unhealthy habit (I mean that figuratively). Help is required in order to break it.","markups":[]},{"name":"f929","type":1,"text":"This is my version of an intervention for literally abusers. I’m not sure how else to do it other than in writing. I know this makes me sound like a know-it-all, and I accept that. But there’s no excuse other than blatant ignorance to misuse the word “literally.” So just stop it.","markups":[]},{"name":"fd19","type":1,"text":"Don’t say “Courtney, this post is so snobbish it literally burned up my computer.” Because nothing is that snobbish that it causes computers to combust. Or: “Courtney, your head is so big it literally cannot get through the door.” Because it can, unless it’s one of those tiny doors from Alice in Wonderland and I need to eat a mushroom to make my whole body smaller.","markups":[{"type":2,"start":288,"end":307}]},{"name":"fe12","type":13,"text":"No One’s Perfect","markups":[]},{"name":"7ff8","type":1,"text":"And I’m not saying I am. I’m trying to restore meaning to a word that’s lost meaning. I’m standing up for literally. It’s a good word when used correctly. People are butchering it and destroying it every day (figuratively speaking) and the massacre needs to stop. Just as there’s a coalition of people against the use of certain fonts (like Comic Sans and Papyrus), so should there be a coalition of people against the abuse of literally.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":341,"end":351,"href":"http://bancomicsans.com/main/?page_id=2","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0},{"type":3,"start":356,"end":363,"href":"https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=14448723154","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"049e","type":13,"text":"Saying it to Irritate?","markups":[]},{"name":"9381","type":1,"text":"Do you misuse the word “literally” just to annoy your know-it-all or grammar police friends/acquaintances/total strangers? If so, why? Doing so would be like me going outside when it’s freezing, wearing nothing but a pair of shorts and t-shirt in hopes of making you cold by just looking at me. Who suffers more?","markups":[]},{"name":"3e52","type":13,"text":"Graphical Representation","markups":[]},{"name":"b57e","type":1,"text":"Matthew Inman of “The Oatmeal” wrote a comic about literally. Abusers and defenders alike should check it out. It’s clear this whole craze about literally is driving a lot of us nuts. You literally abusers are killing off pieces of our souls. You must be stopped, or the world will be lost to meaninglessness forever. Figuratively speaking.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":90,"end":109,"href":"http://theoatmeal.com/comics/literally","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0}]},{"name":"15d8","type":1,"text":"Originally published at www.courtneykirchoff.com on November 18, 2011. Sadly this solo post did not stop the abuse of literally. Help the word out. Recommend this article to your literally abusers in your life.","markups":[{"type":3,"start":24,"end":48,"href":"http://www.courtneykirchoff.com/2011/11/on-behalf-of-literally/","title":"","rel":"","anchorType":0},{"type":2,"start":0,"end":210}]}],"sections":[{"name":"d9f8","startIndex":0},{"name":"5c31","startIndex":23}]},"postDisplay":{"coverless":true}},"media":null,"virtuals":{"currentCollectionId":"","statusForCollection":"","createdAtRelative":"24 days ago","updatedAtRelative":"24 days ago","acceptedAtRelative":"","createdAtEnglish":"February 24, 2015","updatedAtEnglish":"February 24, 2015","acceptedAtEnglish":"","firstPublishedAtEnglish":"February 24, 2015","latestPublishedAtEnglish":"February 24, 2015","allowNotes":true,"languageTier":1,"snippet":"In defense of the word “literally” and why you or someone you know should stop misusing the word, lest they drive us figuratively nuts.","previewImage":{"imageId":"1*eR_J8DurqygbhrwDg-WPnQ.png","filter":"","backgroundSize":"contain","originalWidth":1891,"originalHeight":1280,"strategy":"resample","height":0,"width":0},"wordCount":820,"imageCount":1,"readingTime":3.29433962264151,"subtitle":"In defense of the word “literally” and why you or someone you know should stop misusing the word, lest they drive us figuratively nuts.","postedIn":[],"publishedInCount":0,"usersBySocialRecommends":[],"notesBySocialRecommends":[],"proposedAtRelative":"","latestPublishedAtAbbreviated":"Feb 24","firstPublishedAtAbbreviated":"Feb 24","emailSnippet":"You either are a “literally” abuser or know of one. If you’re anything like me, hearing the word “literally” used incorrectly causes a little piece of your soul to whither and die. Of course I do not mean that literally, I mean that figuratively. An abuser would have said: “Every time a person uses that word, a piece of my soul literally withers and dies.” Which is terribly, horribly wrong. ¶\n\nFor whatever bizarre reason, people feel the need to use literally as a sort of verbal crutch.","recommends":0,"featuredRecommendNoteId":"","socialRecommends":[],"addedToFeedAt":0,"isBookmarked":false},"coverless":true,"slug":"on-behalf-of-literally","translationSourcePostId":"","translationSourceCreatorId":"","isApprovedTranslation":false,"inResponseToPostId":"","inResponseToRemovedAt":0,"isTitleSynthesized":false,"allowResponses":true,"importedUrl":"http://www.courtneykirchoff.com/2011/11/on-behalf-of-literally/","importedPublishedAt":1321635113000,"visibility":0,"contentType":0,"isViewed":false,"uniqueSlug":"on-behalf-of-literally-429fab868ca8","previewContent":{"bodyModel":{"paragraphs":[{"name":"4924","type":4,"text":"","markups":[],"layout":9,"metadata":{"id":"1*eR_J8DurqygbhrwDg-WPnQ.png","originalWidth":1891,"originalHeight":1280}},{"name":"b098","type":3,"text":"On Behalf of “Literally”","markups":[],"alignment":1},{"name":"1a73","type":1,"text":"You either are a “literally” abuser or know of one. If you’re anything like me, hearing the word “literally” used incorrectly causes a little piece of your soul to…","markups":[],"alignment":1}],"sections":[{"startIndex":0}]},"isFullContent":false},"type":"Post","_isPopulated":true},"collaborators":[],"collectionUserRelations":[],"mode":null,"references":{"User":{"1a8aa2047ea5":{"userId":"1a8aa2047ea5","name":"Courtney Kirchoff","username":"ckirchoff","createdAt":1424302523039,"lastPostCreatedAt":1424904877821,"imageId":"0*XIIviYv1En80T68W.jpeg","backgroundImageId":"1*AyBb2_6VfLNF29qfSXT2Ow.jpeg","bio":"Freelance writer and graphic designer. Will work for bacon. Wrote a novel: Jaden Baker. 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At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet\n clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit\n amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam\n nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat,\n sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum.\n Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor\n sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed\n diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat,\n sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum.\n Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor\n sit amet.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/missing-paragraphs/expected.html b/test/test-pages/missing-paragraphs/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9152da --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/missing-paragraphs/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.</p> + <h2>Secondary header</h2> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.</p> + <h2>Secondary header</h2> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.</p> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/missing-paragraphs/source.html b/test/test-pages/missing-paragraphs/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5f8ca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/missing-paragraphs/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy + eirmod tempor invidunt</title> + <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" + name="viewport"/> + <meta content="Henri Sivonen" name="author"/> + </head> + + <body> + +<h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt</h1> + + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy + eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam + voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet + clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit + amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam + nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, + sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. + Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor + sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed + diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, + sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. + Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor + sit amet.</p> + +<h2>Secondary header</h2> + + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy + eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam + voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet + clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit + amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam + nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, + sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. + Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor + sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed + diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, + sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. + Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor + sit amet.</p> + +<h2>Secondary header</h2> + + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy + eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam + voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet + clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit + amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam + nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, + sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. + Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor + sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed + diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, + sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. + Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor + sit amet.</p> + </body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/mozilla-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/mozilla-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77ad264 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/mozilla-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +{ + "title": "Firefox — Customize and make it your own — The most flexible browser on the Web", + "byline": null, + "dir": "ltr", + "excerpt": "It’s easier than ever to personalize Firefox and make it work the way\n you do.\n No other browser gives you so much choice and flexibility.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/mozilla-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/mozilla-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1011d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/mozilla-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div role="main" id="main-content"> + <section id="intro"> + <div class="container"> + <p class="lead">It’s easier than ever to personalize Firefox and make it work the way you do. + <br class="wide-br"/>No other browser gives you so much choice and flexibility.</p> + <div class="animation-wrapper" id="flexible-top-animation"><img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/animations/flexible-top-fallback.c960365ba781.png" class="fallback" alt=""/></div> + </div> + </section> + <section id="designed" class="ga-section" data-ga-label="Designed to be redesigned"> + <div class="container"> + <div id="designed-copy"> + <h2>Designed to <br class="wide-br"/>be redesigned</h2> + <p>Get fast and easy access to the features you use most in the new menu. Open the “Customize” panel to add, move or remove any button you want. Keep your favorite features — add-ons, private browsing, Sync and more — one quick click away.</p><img class="js " src="" data-processed="false" data-src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/designed-redesigned.fbd3ee9402e6.png" data-high-res="true" data-high-res-src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/designed-redesigned-high-res.6efd60766484.png" alt="" id="designed-mobile"/></div> + <div class="animation-wrapper" id="flexible-bottom-animation"><img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/animations/flexible-bottom-fallback.cafd48a3d0a4.png" class="fallback" alt=""/></div> + </div> + </section> + <section id="customize" class="ga-section" data-ga-label="More ways to customize"> </section> + <div id="customizers-wrapper"> + <section class="customizer active" id="themes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="customize-themes"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="customizer-copy"> + <h3>Themes</h3> + <p class="lead">Make Firefox match your style. Choose from thousands of themes and dress up your browser with a single click.</p> + <p id="themes-thumbs"> + <button type="button" aria-controls="theme-demo" id="theme-yellow">Preview yellow theme</button> + <button type="button" aria-controls="theme-demo" id="theme-green">Preview green theme</button> + <button type="button" aria-controls="theme-demo" id="theme-blue">Preview blue theme</button> + <button type="button" aria-controls="theme-demo" id="theme-red" class="selected">Preview red theme</button> + </p><a class="more" rel="external" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/themes/">Try it now</a> + <br/><a class="more" rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/use-themes-change-look-of-firefox">Learn more</a></div><a class="next show-customizer" href="#add-ons" role="button">Next</a> + <div class="customizer-visual"><img id="theme-demo" src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/theme-red.61611c5734ab.png" alt="Preview of the currently selected theme"/></div> + </div> + </section> + <section class="customizer" id="add-ons" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="customize-addons"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="customizer-copy"> + <h3>Add-ons</h3><a class="next show-customizer" href="#awesome-bar" role="button">Next</a> + <p class="lead">Add-ons are like apps that you install to add features to Firefox. They let you compare prices, check the weather, listen to music, send a tweet and more.</p> + <ul> + <li>Read the latest news & blogs</li> + <li>Manage your downloads</li> + <li>Watch videos & view photos</li> + </ul><a class="more" rel="external" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/extensions/?sort=featured">Here are a few of our favorites</a> + <br/><a class="more" rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/find-and-install-add-ons-add-features-to-firefox">Learn more</a></div> + <div class="customizer-visual"><img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/add-ons.63a4b761f822.png" alt=""/></div> + </div> + </section> + <section class="customizer" id="awesome-bar" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="customize-awesomebar"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="customizer-copy"> + <h3>Awesome Bar</h3><a class="next show-customizer" href="#themes" role="button">Next</a> + <p class="lead">The Awesome Bar learns as you browse to make your version of Firefox unique. Find and return to your favorite sites without having to remember a URL.</p><a class="more" rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/awesome-bar-find-your-bookmarks-history-and-tabs">See what it can do for you</a></div> + <div class="customizer-visual"><img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/awesome-bar.437df162126c.png" alt="Firefox Awesome Bar"/></div> + </div> + </section> + </div> + <section id="sync" class="ga-section" data-ga-label="Keep your Firefox in Sync"> </section> + </div> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/mozilla-1/source.html b/test/test-pages/mozilla-1/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8ff3df --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/mozilla-1/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,1348 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html class="windows x86 no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr" data-latest-firefox="37.0.1" +data-esr-versions="[31]"> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <!-- _.-~-. 7'' Q..\ _7 (_ _7 _/ _q. / _7 . ___ /VVvv-'_ . 7/ / /~- \_\\ + '-._ .-' / // ./ ( /-~-/||'=.__ '::. '-~'' { ___ / // ./{ V V-~-~| || __''_ + ':::. ''~-~.___.-'' _/ // / {_ / { / VV/-~-~-|/ \ .'__'. '. ':: _ _ _ ''. + / /~~~~||VVV/ / \ ) \ _ __ ___ ___ ___(_) | | __ _ .::' / (~-~-~\\.-' / + \' \::::. | '_ ` _ \ / _ \_ / | | |/ _` | :::' /..\ /..\__/ ' '::: | | + | | | | (_) / /| | | | (_| | ::' vVVv vVVv ': |_| |_| |_|\___/___|_|_|_|\__,_| + '' Hi there, nice to meet you! Interested in having a direct impact on + hundreds of millions of users? Join Mozilla, and become part of a global + community that’s helping to build a brighter future for the Web. Visit + https://careers.mozilla.org to learn about our current job openings. Visit + https://www.mozilla.org/contribute for more ways to get involved and help + support Mozilla.--> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> + <title>Firefox — Customize and make it your own — The most flexible browser on + the Web — Mozilla</title> + <meta name="description" content=""/> + <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> + <meta property="og:site_name" content="Mozilla"/> + <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> + <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/desktop/customize/"/> + <meta property="og:image" content="https://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/template/page-image.af8027a425de.png"/> + <meta property="og:title" content="Firefox — Customize and make it your own — The most flexible browser on the Web"/> + <meta property="og:description" content=""/> + <meta property="fb:page_id" content="14696440021"/> + <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> + <meta name="twitter:site" content="@firefox"/> + <meta name="twitter:domain" content="mozilla.org"/> + <meta name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="Firefox"/> + <meta name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="org.mozilla.firefox"/> + <link rel="author" type="text/plain" href="/humans.txt"/> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="180x180" href="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/ios-icon-180.7a8401f21915.png"/> + <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="196x196" href="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/favicon-196.223e1bcaf067.png"/> + <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/favicon.dc6635050bf5.ico"/> + <link rel="canonical" hreflang="en" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/desktop/customize/"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/desktop/customize/"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="af" href="https://www.mozilla.org/af/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Afrikaans"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="an" href="https://www.mozilla.org/an/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="aragonés"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ar/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="عربي"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="as" href="https://www.mozilla.org/as/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="অসমীয়া"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ast" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ast/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Asturianu"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="az" href="https://www.mozilla.org/az/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Azərbaycanca"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="be" href="https://www.mozilla.org/be/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Беларуская"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="bg" href="https://www.mozilla.org/bg/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Български"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="bn-IN" href="https://www.mozilla.org/bn-IN/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="বাংলা (ভারত)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="br" href="https://www.mozilla.org/br/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Brezhoneg"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ca" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ca/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Català"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="cs" href="https://www.mozilla.org/cs/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Čeština"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="cy" href="https://www.mozilla.org/cy/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Cymraeg"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="da" href="https://www.mozilla.org/da/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Dansk"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://www.mozilla.org/de/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Deutsch"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="dsb" href="https://www.mozilla.org/dsb/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Dolnoserbšćina"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="el" href="https://www.mozilla.org/el/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Ελληνικά"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="English (British)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="English"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-CA" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="English (Canada)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-ZA" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-ZA/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="English (South African)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="eo" href="https://www.mozilla.org/eo/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Esperanto"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-AR" href="https://www.mozilla.org/es-AR/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Español (de Argentina)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-CL" href="https://www.mozilla.org/es-CL/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Español (de Chile)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-ES" href="https://www.mozilla.org/es-ES/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Español (de España)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-MX" href="https://www.mozilla.org/es-MX/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Español (de México)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="et" href="https://www.mozilla.org/et/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Eesti keel"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="eu" href="https://www.mozilla.org/eu/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Euskara"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fa" href="https://www.mozilla.org/fa/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="فارسی"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ff" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ff/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Pulaar-Fulfulde"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fi" href="https://www.mozilla.org/fi/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="suomi"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.mozilla.org/fr/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Français"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fy-NL" href="https://www.mozilla.org/fy-NL/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Frysk"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ga-IE" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ga-IE/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Gaeilge"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="gd" href="https://www.mozilla.org/gd/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Gàidhlig"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="gl" href="https://www.mozilla.org/gl/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Galego"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="he" href="https://www.mozilla.org/he/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="עברית"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hi-IN" href="https://www.mozilla.org/hi-IN/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="हिन्दी (भारत)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hr" href="https://www.mozilla.org/hr/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Hrvatski"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hsb" href="https://www.mozilla.org/hsb/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Hornjoserbsce"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hu" href="https://www.mozilla.org/hu/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="magyar"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hy-AM" href="https://www.mozilla.org/hy-AM/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Հայերեն"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="id" href="https://www.mozilla.org/id/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Bahasa Indonesia"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="is" href="https://www.mozilla.org/is/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="íslenska"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://www.mozilla.org/it/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Italiano"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ja/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="日本語"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="kk" href="https://www.mozilla.org/kk/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Қазақ"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="km" href="https://www.mozilla.org/km/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="ខ្មែរ"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="kn" href="https://www.mozilla.org/kn/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="ಕನ್ನಡ"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ko" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ko/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="한국어"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="lt" href="https://www.mozilla.org/lt/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="lietuvių kalba"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="lv" href="https://www.mozilla.org/lv/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Latviešu"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="mk" href="https://www.mozilla.org/mk/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Македонски"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ml" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ml/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="മലയാളം"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="mr" href="https://www.mozilla.org/mr/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="मराठी"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ms" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ms/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Melayu"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="nb-NO" href="https://www.mozilla.org/nb-NO/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Norsk bokmål"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="nl" href="https://www.mozilla.org/nl/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Nederlands"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="or" href="https://www.mozilla.org/or/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="ଓଡ଼ିଆ"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pa-IN" href="https://www.mozilla.org/pa-IN/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਭਾਰਤ)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pl" href="https://www.mozilla.org/pl/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Polski"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt-BR" href="https://www.mozilla.org/pt-BR/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Português (do Brasil)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt-PT" href="https://www.mozilla.org/pt-PT/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Português (Europeu)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="rm" href="https://www.mozilla.org/rm/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="rumantsch"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ro" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ro/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="română"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ru/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Русский"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sat" href="https://www.mozilla.org/sat/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="संताली"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="si" href="https://www.mozilla.org/si/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="සිංහල"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sk" href="https://www.mozilla.org/sk/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="slovenčina"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sl" href="https://www.mozilla.org/sl/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Slovenščina"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="son" href="https://www.mozilla.org/son/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Soŋay"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sq" href="https://www.mozilla.org/sq/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Shqip"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sr" href="https://www.mozilla.org/sr/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Српски"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sv-SE" href="https://www.mozilla.org/sv-SE/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Svenska"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ta" href="https://www.mozilla.org/ta/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="தமிழ்"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="te" href="https://www.mozilla.org/te/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="తెలుగు"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="tr" href="https://www.mozilla.org/tr/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Türkçe"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="uk" href="https://www.mozilla.org/uk/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Українська"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://www.mozilla.org/uz/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Oʻzbek tili"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="vi" href="https://www.mozilla.org/vi/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="Tiếng Việt"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="xh" href="https://www.mozilla.org/xh/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="isiXhosa"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-CN" href="https://www.mozilla.org/zh-CN/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="中文 (简体)"/> + <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-TW" href="https://www.mozilla.org/zh-TW/firefox/desktop/customize/" + title="正體中文 (繁體)"/> + <!--[if lte IE 8]> + <script src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/libs/html5shiv.d580a4cd1cb4.js"></script> + <![endif]--> + <!--[if lte IE 7]> + <link href="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/css/oldIE-bundle.fc1d1a0990cc.css" + rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> + <![endif]--> + <!--[if !lte IE 7]> + <!--> + <link href="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/css/firefox_desktop_customize-bundle.c0bde984d09d.css" + rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> + <!--<![endif]--> + <script src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/libs/modernizr.custom.cssanimations.856d2f5d99fa.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/site-bundle.4d72c30b1a11.js" + charset="utf-8"></script> + <script> + var _gaq = _gaq || []; + var pluginUrl = '//www.google-analytics.com/plugins/ga/inpage_linkid.js'; + _gaq.push(['_require', 'inpage_linkid', pluginUrl]); + _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-36116321-1']); + _gaq.push(['_setAllowLinker', true]); + _gaq.push(['_setAllowAnchor', true]); + _gaq.push(['_gat._anonymizeIp']); + _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); + + (function() { + var ga = document.createElement('script'); + ga.type = 'text/javascript'; + ga.async = true; + + var prefix = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www'); + ga.src = prefix + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; + + var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; + s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); + })(); + </script> + </head> + + <body id="firefox-desktop-customize" class="html-ltr firefox-desktop"> + <div id="strings" data-global-close="Close" data-global-next="Next" data-global-previous="Previous" + data-global-update-firefox="Update your Firefox"></div> + <div id="outer-wrapper"> + <div id="fxfamilynav-wrapper"> + <div id="fxfamilynav-cta-stager"></div> + <header id="fxfamilynav-header" class="fxfamilynav-header dark"> + <div class="container"> <a href="/en-US/firefox/products/"><i class="fxfamilynav-logo">Firefox</i></a> + + <nav + id="fxfamilynav" class="fxfamilynav" role="navigation"> + <ul id="fxfamilynav-primary" class="primarynav"> + <li> <a href="/en-US/firefox/desktop/" class="primary-link" data-id="desktop"><div><span>for</span> Desktop</div></a> + + <ul + class="subnav" id="desktop-subnav"> + <li class="hassubsubnav"> <a href="/en-US/firefox/desktop/" data-id="desktop-index"><div>Overview</div></a> + + <ul + class="subsubnav" id="desktop-subsubnav"> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/desktop/trust/" data-id="desktop-trust">Trusted</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/desktop/customize/" data-id="desktop-customize">Flexible</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/desktop/fast/" data-id="desktop-fast">Fast</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/sync/" data-id="desktop-sync"><div>Sync</div></a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/hello/" data-id="desktop-hello"><div>Hello</div></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> <a href="/en-US/firefox/android/" class="primary-link" data-id="android"><div><span>for</span> Android</div></a> + + <ul + class="subnav" id="android-subnav"> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/android/" data-id="android-index"><div>Overview</div></a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/sync/" data-id="android-sync"><div>Sync</div></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> <a href="/en-US/firefox/os/" class="primary-link" data-id="os"><div>OS</div></a> + + <ul + class="subnav" id="os-subnav"> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/os/" data-id="os-index"><div>Overview</div></a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/os/devices/" data-id="os-devices"><div>Devices</div></a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/partners/" data-id="os-partners"><div>For partners</div></a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://marketplace.firefox.com/" data-id="os-marketplace"><div>Marketplace<i class="icon-external"></i></div></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </nav> + <div id="fxfamilynav-tertiarynav" class="fxfamilynav-tertiarynav"> + <div class="triangle"></div> + <div class="triangle-border"></div> + <div class="survey"> <a rel="external" target="_blank" href="http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/2094311/Firefox-Family-Tertiary-Navigation"> + What are you looking for in this menu? + </a> + + </div> + <ul class="tertiarynav" data-parent="desktop"> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/dnt/" data-ga="desktop - dnt">Do Not Track</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/tiles/" data-ga="desktop - tiles">Tiles</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/interest-dashboard/" data-ga="desktop - interest dashboard">Interest Dashboard</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/developer/" data-ga="desktop - developer edition">Developer Edition</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/private-browsing-browse-web-without-saving-info" + data-ga="desktop - private browsing">Private Browsing</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://addons.mozilla.org" data-ga="desktop - addons">Add-ons</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/products/firefox" + data-ga="desktop - support">Need help?</a> + </li> + </ul> + <ul class="tertiarynav" data-parent="android"> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/dnt/" data-ga="android - dnt">Do Not Track</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ewk0YtFTBec&list=PLA8ABF6B7A66A0C5E&index=15" + data-ga="android - private browsing">Private Browsing</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/android/" data-ga="android - addons">Add-ons</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/products/mobile" data-ga="android - support">Need help?</a> + </li> + </ul> + <ul class="tertiarynav" data-parent="os"> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/category/firefox-os/" + data-ga="os - news">News</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/Firefox_OS" data-ga="os - developers">For developers</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://find.firefox.com" data-ga="os - find my device">Find My Device</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/products/firefox-os" + data-ga="os - support">Need help?</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div id="fxfamilynav-cta-wrapper" class="fxfamilynav-cta-wrapper"></div> + <button type="button" id="fxfamilynav-tertiarynav-trigger" class="fxfamilynav-tertiarynav-trigger" + aria-controls="fxfamilynav-tertiarynav"> <span>Menu</span> + + <div class="trigger-dots"> + <div class="trigger-dot"></div> + <div class="trigger-dot"></div> + <div class="trigger-dot"></div> + </div> + </button> + <div id="fxfamilynav-tabzilla" class="fxfamilynav-tabzilla"><a href="/en-US/">Mozilla</a> + </div> + </div> + </header> + <header id="fxfamilynavV2-header" class="fxfamilynav-header dark"> + <div class="container"> <a href="/en-US/firefox/products/"><i class="fxfamilynav-logo">Firefox</i></a> + + <nav + id="fxfamilynavV2" class="fxfamilynav" role="navigation"> + <ul id="fxfamilynavV2-primary" class="primarynav"> + <li id="desktops"> <span class="primary-link" data-id="desktops"><div>For desktops & laptops</div></span> + + <ul + class="subnav" data-parent="desktops" id="desktops-subnav"> + <li class="hassubsubnav"> <a href="/en-US/firefox/desktop/" data-id="desktops-index"><div>Overview</div></a> + + <ul + class="subsubnav" id="desktops-index-subnav"> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/desktop/trust/" data-id="desktops-trust">Trusted</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/desktop/customize/" data-id="desktops-customize">Flexible</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/desktop/fast/" data-id="desktops-fast">Fast</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/sync/" data-id="desktops-sync"><div>Sync</div></a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/hello/" data-id="desktops-hello"><div>Hello</div></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li id="mobiles"> <span class="primary-link" data-id="mobiles"><div>For phones & tablets</div></span> + + <ul + class="subnav" data-parent="mobiles" id="mobiles-subnav"> + <li class="hassubsubnav"> <a href="/en-US/firefox/android/" data-id="mobiles-android-index"><div>Android</div></a> + + <ul + class="subsubnav subsubnav-single" id="mobiles-android-subnav"> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/sync/" data-id="mobiles-android-sync">Sync</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> <a href="/en-US/firefox/os/" data-id="mobiles-os-index"><div>Firefox OS</div></a> + + <ul + class="subsubnav" id="mobiles-os-subnav"> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/os/devices/" data-id="mobiles-os-devices">Devices</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/partners/" data-id="mobiles-os-partners">For partners</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://marketplace.firefox.com/" data-id="mobiles-os-marketplace">Marketplace<i class="icon-external"></i></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </nav> + <div id="fxfamilynavV2-tertiarynav" class="fxfamilynav-tertiarynav"> + <div class="triangle"></div> + <div class="triangle-border"></div> + <div class="survey"> <a rel="external" target="_blank" href="http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/2094311/Firefox-Family-Tertiary-Navigation"> + What are you looking for in this menu? + </a> + + </div> + <ul class="tertiarynav" data-parent="desktops"> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/dnt/" data-ga="V2 desktops - dnt">Do Not Track</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/tiles/" data-ga="V2 desktops - tiles">Tiles</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/interest-dashboard/" data-ga="V2 desktops - interest dashboard">Interest Dashboard</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/developer/" data-ga="V2 desktops - developer edition">Developer Edition</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/private-browsing-browse-web-without-saving-info" + data-ga="V2 desktops - private browsing">Private Browsing</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://addons.mozilla.org" data-ga="V2 desktops - addons">Add-ons</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/products/firefox" + data-ga="V2 desktops - support">Need help?</a> + </li> + </ul> + <ul class="tertiarynav" data-parent="mobiles"> + <li> + <div class="tertiarynav-heading">Android</div> + <ul> + <li><a href="/en-US/firefox/dnt/" data-ga="V2 mobiles - android - dnt">Do Not Track</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ewk0YtFTBec&list=PLA8ABF6B7A66A0C5E&index=15" + data-ga="V2 mobiles - android - private browsing">Private Browsing</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/android/" data-ga="V2 mobiles - android - addons">Add-ons</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/products/mobile" data-ga="V2 mobiles - android - support">Need help?</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + <div class="tertiarynav-heading">Firefox OS</div> + <ul> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/category/firefox-os/" + data-ga="V2 mobiles - os - news">News</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/Firefox_OS" data-ga="V2 mobiles - os - developers">For developers</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://find.firefox.com" data-ga="V2 mobiles - os - find my device">Find My Device</a> + </li> + <li><a rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/products/firefox-os" + data-ga="V2 mobiles - os - support">Need help?</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div id="fxfamilynavV2-cta-wrapper" class="fxfamilynav-cta-wrapper"></div> + <button type="button" id="fxfamilynavV2-tertiarynav-trigger" class="fxfamilynav-tertiarynav-trigger" + aria-controls="fxfamilynav-tertiarynav"> <span>Menu</span> + + <div class="trigger-dots"> + <div class="trigger-dot"></div> + <div class="trigger-dot"></div> + <div class="trigger-dot"></div> + </div> + </button> + <div id="fxfamilynavV2-tabzilla" class="fxfamilynav-tabzilla"><a href="/en-US/">Mozilla</a> + </div> + </div> + </header> + </div> + <div id="wrapper"> + <main role="main" id="main-content"> + <section id="intro"> + <div class="container"> + <h1>Make your Firefox your own</h1> + + <p class="lead">It’s easier than ever to personalize Firefox and make it work the way + you do. + <br class="wide-br"/>No other browser gives you so much choice and flexibility.</p> + <div class="animation-wrapper" + id="flexible-top-animation"> + <img src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/animations/flexible-top-fallback.c960365ba781.png" + class="fallback" alt=""/> + <div class="stage"> + <div id="browser-customize-orange"></div> + <div id="browser-toolbar-outline"></div> + <div id="browser-toolbar-print"></div> + <div id="browser-toolbar-after" class="browser-toolbar"></div> + <div id="browser-toolbar-before" class="browser-toolbar"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </section> + <section id="designed" class="ga-section" data-ga-label="Designed to be redesigned"> + <div class="container"> + <div id="designed-copy"> + <h2>Designed to <br class="wide-br"/>be redesigned</h2> + + <p>Get fast and easy access to the features you use most in the new menu. + Open the “Customize” panel to add, move or remove any button you want. + Keep your favorite features — add-ons, private browsing, Sync and more + — one quick click away.</p> + <img class="js " src="" data-processed="false" + data-src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/designed-redesigned.fbd3ee9402e6.png" + data-high-res="true" data-high-res-src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/designed-redesigned-high-res.6efd60766484.png" + alt="" id="designed-mobile"/> + <noscript> + <img class="" src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/designed-redesigned.fbd3ee9402e6.png" + alt="" id="designed-mobile"/> + </noscript></div> + <div class="animation-wrapper" id="flexible-bottom-animation"> + <img src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/animations/flexible-bottom-fallback.cafd48a3d0a4.png" + class="fallback" alt=""/> + <div class="stage"> + <div id="panel-start"> + <div class="icon panel-icon-print"></div> + <div class="icon panel-icon-settings"></div> + <div class="icon panel-icon-fullscreen"></div> + <div class="icon panel-icon-search"></div> + <div class="icon panel-icon-addons"></div> + <div id="panel-start-footer-on"></div> + <div id="panel-start-footer"></div> + </div> + <div id="panel-edit-stage"> + <div id="panel-edit-wrapper"> + <div id="panel-edit"> + <div id="panel-edit-print" class="icon panel-icon-print"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-settings" class="icon panel-icon-settings"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-fullscreen" class="icon panel-icon-fullscreen"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-search" class="icon panel-icon-search"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-addons" class="icon panel-icon-addons"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-empty1" class="panel-icon-empty icon"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-empty2" class="panel-icon-empty icon"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-empty3" class="panel-icon-empty icon"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-empty4" class="panel-icon-empty icon"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-footer"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="panel-edit-extras"> + <div id="panel-edit-openfile" class="icon panel-icon-openfile"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-history" class="icon panel-icon-history"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-email" class="icon panel-icon-email"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-subscribe" class="icon panel-icon-subscribe"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-encoding" class="icon panel-icon-encoding"></div> + <div id="panel-edit-tabgroups" class="icon panel-icon-tabgroups"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="panel-end"> + <div id="panel-end-settings" class="icon panel-icon-settings"></div> + <div id="panel-end-fullscreen" class="icon panel-icon-fullscreen"></div> + <div id="panel-end-search" class="icon panel-icon-search"></div> + <div id="panel-end-addons" class="icon panel-icon-addons"></div> + <div id="panel-end-history" class="icon panel-icon-history"></div> + <div id="panel-end-footer"> <a role="button" href="#" id="flexible-replay"> + <span>Replay</span> + <div id="panel-end-replay"></div> + </a> + + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </section> + <section id="customize" class="ga-section" data-ga-label="More ways to customize"> + <div class="container"> + <h2>More ways to customize</h2> + + <ul class="feature-list" id="customizer-list" role="tablist"> + <li> <a class="show-customizer selected" id="customize-themes" href="#themes"> + <div class="stage"> + <div class="circle-mask"></div> + <div id="brush"></div> + <div class="paint" id="paint-blue"></div> + <div class="paint" id="paint-red"></div> + <div class="paint" id="paint-orange"></div> + </div> + Themes + </a> + + </li> + <li> <a class="show-customizer" id="customize-addons" href="#add-ons"> + <div class="stage"> + <div class="circle-mask"></div> + <div id="puzzle-pieces"> + <div id="puzzle-off"></div> + <div id="puzzle-on"></div> + </div> + </div> + Add-ons + </a> + + </li> + <li class="last"> <a class="show-customizer" id="customize-awesomebar" href="#awesome-bar"> + <div class="stage"> + <div class="circle-mask"></div> + <div id="awesomebar-on" class="awesomebar-icon"></div> + <div id="slat1" class="slat"></div> + <div id="slat2" class="slat"></div> + <div id="slat3" class="slat"></div> + <div id="awesomebar-off" class="awesomebar-icon"></div> + </div> + Awesome Bar + </a> + + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </section> + <div id="customizers-wrapper"> + <section class="customizer active" id="themes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="customize-themes"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="customizer-copy"> + <h3>Themes</h3> + + <p class="lead">Make Firefox match your style. Choose from thousands of themes and dress + up your browser with a single click.</p> + <div id="themes-thumbs"> + <button type="button" aria-controls="theme-demo" id="theme-yellow">Preview yellow theme</button> + <button type="button" aria-controls="theme-demo" + id="theme-green">Preview green theme</button> + <button type="button" aria-controls="theme-demo" + id="theme-blue">Preview blue theme</button> + <button type="button" aria-controls="theme-demo" + id="theme-red" class="selected">Preview red theme</button> + </div> <a class="more" rel="external" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/themes/">Try it now</a> + + <br/> <a class="more" rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/use-themes-change-look-of-firefox">Learn more</a> + + </div> <a class="next show-customizer" href="#add-ons" role="button">Next</a> + + <div + class="customizer-visual"> + <img id="theme-demo" src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/theme-red.61611c5734ab.png" + alt="Preview of the currently selected theme"/> + </div> + </div> + </section> + <section class="customizer" id="add-ons" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="customize-addons"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="customizer-copy"> + <h3>Add-ons</h3> + <a class="next show-customizer" href="#awesome-bar" role="button">Next</a> + + <p + class="lead">Add-ons are like apps that you install to add features to Firefox. They + let you compare prices, check the weather, listen to music, send a tweet + and more.</p> + <ul> + <li>Read the latest news & blogs</li> + <li>Manage your downloads</li> + <li>Watch videos & view photos</li> + </ul> <a class="more" rel="external" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/extensions/?sort=featured">Here are a few of our favorites</a> + + <br/> <a class="more" rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/find-and-install-add-ons-add-features-to-firefox">Learn more</a> + + </div> + <!--/.customizer-copy--> + <div class="customizer-visual"> + <img src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/add-ons.63a4b761f822.png" + alt=""/> + </div> + </div> + </section> + <section class="customizer" id="awesome-bar" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="customize-awesomebar"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="customizer-copy"> + <h3>Awesome Bar</h3> + <a class="next show-customizer" href="#themes" role="button">Next</a> + + <p + class="lead">The Awesome Bar learns as you browse to make your version of Firefox unique. + Find and return to your favorite sites without having to remember a URL.</p> + <a + class="more" rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/awesome-bar-find-your-bookmarks-history-and-tabs">See what it can do for you</a> + </div> + <div class="customizer-visual"> + <img src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/desktop/customize/awesome-bar.437df162126c.png" + alt="Firefox Awesome Bar"/> + </div> + </div> + </section> + </div> + <!--/#customizers-wrapper--> + <section id="sync" class="ga-section" data-ga-label="Keep your Firefox in Sync"> + <div class="container"> + <h2>Keep your Firefox in Sync</h2> + + <p class="lead">Access your bookmarks, history, passwords and more from any device to + <br + class="wide-br"/>make Firefox your own wherever you use it.</p> + <div class="sync-anim"> + <div class="device laptop"> + <div class="inner"> + <div class="logo"></div> + <div class="icon history"></div> + <div class="icon bookmarks"></div> + <div class="icon passwords"></div> + </div> + <div class="arrows"></div> + </div> + <div class="device tablet"> + <div class="inner"> + <div class="logo"></div> + <div class="icon history"></div> + <div class="icon bookmarks"></div> + <div class="icon passwords"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="device phone"> + <div class="inner"> + <div class="logo"></div> + <div class="icon history"></div> + <div class="icon bookmarks"></div> + <div class="icon passwords"></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> <a class="button" id="sync-button" href="http://www.mozilla.org/mobile/sync/"><span></span>Learn more about Sync</a> + + <br/> <a class="more" rel="external" href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/how-do-i-set-up-firefox-sync">Get help with Sync</a> + + </div> + </section> + </main> + <div id="subscribe-download-wrapper" class="ga-section" data-ga-label="Get Firefox news"> + <div class="container"> + <div id="subscribe-wrapper"> + <div id="footer-email-errors" class="hidden"> + <ul class="errorlist"></ul> + </div> + <form class="billboard newsletter-form footer-newsletter-form" id="newsletter-form" + action="/en-US/newsletter/" method="post"> + <input id="id_newsletters" name="newsletters" type="hidden" value="mozilla-and-you"/> + <input type="hidden" name="source_url" value="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/desktop/customize/"/> + <h3>Get Firefox news</h3> + + <div class="form-contents"> + <div class="field field-email "> + <input id="id_email" name="email" placeholder="YOUR EMAIL HERE" required="required" + type="email"/> + </div> + <div id="form-details"> + <div class="field field-country"> + <select aria-required="true" id="id_country" name="country" required="required"> + <option value="af">Afghanistan</option> + <option value="al">Albania</option> + <option value="dz">Algeria</option> + <option value="as">American Samoa</option> + <option value="ad">Andorra</option> + <option value="ao">Angola</option> + <option value="ai">Anguilla</option> + <option value="aq">Antarctica</option> + <option value="ag">Antigua and Barbuda</option> + <option value="ar">Argentina</option> + <option value="am">Armenia</option> + <option value="aw">Aruba</option> + <option value="au">Australia</option> + <option value="at">Austria</option> + <option value="az">Azerbaijan</option> + <option value="bs">Bahamas</option> + <option value="bh">Bahrain</option> + <option value="bd">Bangladesh</option> + <option value="bb">Barbados</option> + <option value="by">Belarus</option> + <option value="be">Belgium</option> + <option value="bz">Belize</option> + <option value="bj">Benin</option> + <option value="bm">Bermuda</option> + <option value="bt">Bhutan</option> + <option value="bo">Bolivia</option> + <option value="ba">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option> + <option value="bw">Botswana</option> + <option value="bv">Bouvet Island</option> + <option value="br">Brazil</option> + <option value="io">British Indian Ocean Territory</option> + <option value="vg">British Virgin Islands</option> + <option value="bn">Brunei Darussalam</option> + <option value="bg">Bulgaria</option> + <option value="bf">Burkina Faso</option> + <option value="bi">Burundi</option> + <option value="kh">Cambodia</option> + <option value="cm">Cameroon</option> + <option value="ca">Canada</option> + <option value="cv">Cape Verde</option> + <option value="ky">Cayman Islands</option> + <option value="cf">Central African Republic</option> + <option value="td">Chad</option> + <option value="cl">Chile</option> + <option value="cn">China</option> + <option value="cx">Christmas Island</option> + <option value="cc">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option> + <option value="co">Colombia</option> + <option value="km">Comoros</option> + <option value="cg">Congo-Brazzaville</option> + <option value="cd">Congo-Kinshasa</option> + <option value="ck">Cook Islands</option> + <option value="cr">Costa Rica</option> + <option value="hr">Croatia</option> + <option value="cu">Cuba</option> + <option value="cy">Cyprus</option> + <option value="cz">Czech Republic</option> + <option value="dk">Denmark</option> + <option value="dj">Djibouti</option> + <option value="dm">Dominica</option> + <option value="do">Dominican Republic</option> + <option value="ec">Ecuador</option> + <option value="eg">Egypt</option> + <option value="sv">El Salvador</option> + <option value="gq">Equatorial Guinea</option> + <option value="er">Eritrea</option> + <option value="ee">Estonia</option> + <option value="et">Ethiopia</option> + <option value="fk">Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</option> + <option value="fo">Faroe Islands</option> + <option value="fj">Fiji</option> + <option value="fi">Finland</option> + <option value="fr">France</option> + <option value="gf">French Guiana</option> + <option value="pf">French Polynesia</option> + <option value="tf">French Southern Territories</option> + <option value="ga">Gabon</option> + <option value="gm">Gambia</option> + <option value="ge">Georgia</option> + <option value="de">Germany</option> + <option value="gh">Ghana</option> + <option value="gi">Gibraltar</option> + <option value="gr">Greece</option> + <option value="gl">Greenland</option> + <option value="gd">Grenada</option> + <option value="gp">Guadeloupe</option> + <option value="gu">Guam</option> + <option value="gt">Guatemala</option> + <option value="gg">Guernsey</option> + <option value="gn">Guinea</option> + <option value="gw">Guinea-Bissau</option> + <option value="gy">Guyana</option> + <option value="ht">Haiti</option> + <option value="hm">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</option> + <option value="hn">Honduras</option> + <option value="hk">Hong Kong</option> + <option value="hu">Hungary</option> + <option value="is">Iceland</option> + <option value="in">India</option> + <option value="id">Indonesia</option> + <option value="ir">Iran</option> + <option value="iq">Iraq</option> + <option value="ie">Ireland</option> + <option value="im">Isle of Man</option> + <option value="il">Israel</option> + <option value="it">Italy</option> + <option value="ci">Ivory Coast</option> + <option value="jm">Jamaica</option> + <option value="jp">Japan</option> + <option value="je">Jersey</option> + <option value="jo">Jordan</option> + <option value="kz">Kazakhstan</option> + <option value="ke">Kenya</option> + <option value="ki">Kiribati</option> + <option value="kw">Kuwait</option> + <option value="kg">Kyrgyzstan</option> + <option value="la">Laos</option> + <option value="lv">Latvia</option> + <option value="lb">Lebanon</option> + <option value="ls">Lesotho</option> + <option value="lr">Liberia</option> + <option value="ly">Libya</option> + <option value="li">Liechtenstein</option> + <option value="lt">Lithuania</option> + <option value="lu">Luxembourg</option> + <option value="mo">Macao</option> + <option value="mk">Macedonia, F.Y.R. of</option> + <option value="mg">Madagascar</option> + <option value="mw">Malawi</option> + <option value="my">Malaysia</option> + <option value="mv">Maldives</option> + <option value="ml">Mali</option> + <option value="mt">Malta</option> + <option value="mh">Marshall Islands</option> + <option value="mq">Martinique</option> + <option value="mr">Mauritania</option> + <option value="mu">Mauritius</option> + <option value="yt">Mayotte</option> + <option value="mx">Mexico</option> + <option value="fm">Micronesia</option> + <option value="md">Moldova</option> + <option value="mc">Monaco</option> + <option value="mn">Mongolia</option> + <option value="me">Montenegro</option> + <option value="ms">Montserrat</option> + <option value="ma">Morocco</option> + <option value="mz">Mozambique</option> + <option value="mm">Myanmar</option> + <option value="na">Namibia</option> + <option value="nr">Nauru</option> + <option value="np">Nepal</option> + <option value="nl">Netherlands</option> + <option value="an">Netherlands Antilles</option> + <option value="nc">New Caledonia</option> + <option value="nz">New Zealand</option> + <option value="ni">Nicaragua</option> + <option value="ne">Niger</option> + <option value="ng">Nigeria</option> + <option value="nu">Niue</option> + <option value="nf">Norfolk Island</option> + <option value="kp">North Korea</option> + <option value="mp">Northern Mariana Islands</option> + <option value="no">Norway</option> + <option value="ps">Occupied Palestinian Territory</option> + <option value="om">Oman</option> + <option value="pk">Pakistan</option> + <option value="pw">Palau</option> + <option value="pa">Panama</option> + <option value="pg">Papua New Guinea</option> + <option value="py">Paraguay</option> + <option value="pe">Peru</option> + <option value="ph">Philippines</option> + <option value="pn">Pitcairn</option> + <option value="pl">Poland</option> + <option value="pt">Portugal</option> + <option value="pr">Puerto Rico</option> + <option value="qa">Qatar</option> + <option value="re">Reunion</option> + <option value="ro">Romania</option> + <option value="ru">Russian Federation</option> + <option value="rw">Rwanda</option> + <option value="bl">Saint Barthélemy</option> + <option value="sh">Saint Helena</option> + <option value="kn">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option> + <option value="lc">Saint Lucia</option> + <option value="mf">Saint Martin</option> + <option value="pm">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option> + <option value="vc">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option> + <option value="ws">Samoa</option> + <option value="sm">San Marino</option> + <option value="st">Sao Tome and Principe</option> + <option value="sa">Saudi Arabia</option> + <option value="sn">Senegal</option> + <option value="rs">Serbia</option> + <option value="sc">Seychelles</option> + <option value="sl">Sierra Leone</option> + <option value="sg">Singapore</option> + <option value="sk">Slovakia</option> + <option value="si">Slovenia</option> + <option value="sb">Solomon Islands</option> + <option value="so">Somalia</option> + <option value="za">South Africa</option> + <option value="gs">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</option> + <option value="kr">South Korea</option> + <option value="es">Spain</option> + <option value="lk">Sri Lanka</option> + <option value="sd">Sudan</option> + <option value="sr">Suriname</option> + <option value="sj">Svalbard and Jan Mayen</option> + <option value="sz">Swaziland</option> + <option value="se">Sweden</option> + <option value="ch">Switzerland</option> + <option value="sy">Syria</option> + <option value="tw">Taiwan</option> + <option value="tj">Tajikistan</option> + <option value="tz">Tanzania</option> + <option value="th">Thailand</option> + <option value="tl">Timor-Leste</option> + <option value="tg">Togo</option> + <option value="tk">Tokelau</option> + <option value="to">Tonga</option> + <option value="tt">Trinidad and Tobago</option> + <option value="tn">Tunisia</option> + <option value="tr">Turkey</option> + <option value="tm">Turkmenistan</option> + <option value="tc">Turks and Caicos Islands</option> + <option value="tv">Tuvalu</option> + <option value="ae">U.A.E.</option> + <option value="vi">U.S. Virgin Islands</option> + <option value="ug">Uganda</option> + <option value="ua">Ukraine</option> + <option value="gb">United Kingdom</option> + <option value="us" selected="selected">United States</option> + <option value="um">United States Minor Outlying Islands</option> + <option value="uy">Uruguay</option> + <option value="uz">Uzbekistan</option> + <option value="vu">Vanuatu</option> + <option value="va">Vatican City</option> + <option value="ve">Venezuela</option> + <option value="vn">Vietnam</option> + <option value="wf">Wallis and Futuna</option> + <option value="eh">Western Sahara</option> + <option value="ye">Yemen</option> + <option value="zm">Zambia</option> + <option value="zw">Zimbabwe</option> + <option value="ax">Åland Islands</option> + </select> + </div> + <div class="field field-language "> + <select aria-required="true" id="id_lang" name="lang" required="required"> + <option value="id">Bahasa Indonesia</option> + <option value="de">Deutsch</option> + <option value="en" selected="selected">English</option> + <option value="es">Español</option> + <option value="fr">Français</option> + <option value="pl">Polski</option> + <option value="pt">Português</option> + <option value="hu">magyar</option> + <option value="ru">Русский</option> + </select> + </div> + <div class="field field-format"> + <label for="id_fmt_0"> + <input checked="checked" id="id_fmt_0" name="fmt" type="radio" value="H"/>HTML</label> + <label for="id_fmt_1"> + <input id="id_fmt_1" name="fmt" type="radio" value="T"/>Text</label> + </div> + <div class="field field-privacy "> + <label for="id_privacy" class="privacy-check-label"> + <input id="id_privacy" name="privacy" required="required" type="checkbox"/> <span class="title">I’m okay with Mozilla handling my info as explained in <a href="/privacy/">this Privacy Policy</a></span> + </label> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="form-submit"> + <input type="submit" id="footer_email_submit" value="Sign me up »" + class="button"/> + <p class="form-details"> <small>We will only send you Mozilla-related information.</small> + + </p> + </div> + <div id="newsletter-spinner" class="hidden"></div> + </form> + <div id="newsletter-form-thankyou" class="thank billboard newsletter-form hidden"> + <h3>Thanks! Please check your inbox to confirm your subscription.</h3> + + <p>You'll receive an email from [email protected] to confirm your subscription. + If you don't see it, check your spam filter. You must confirm your subscription + to receive our newsletter.</p> + </div> + </div> + <div id="download-wrapper"> + <div id="download-button-desktop-release" class="download-button"> + <noscript> + <div class="download download-dumb"> + <h4>Download Firefox — English (US)</h4> + + <ul> + <li><a href="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-stub&os=win&lang=en-US" + class="button-green">Windows</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-37.0.1-SSL&os=osx&lang=en-US" + class="button-green">OS X</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-37.0.1-SSL&os=linux&lang=en-US" + class="button-green">Linux</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-37.0.1-SSL&os=linux64&lang=en-US" + class="button-green">Linux 64-bit</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.mozilla.firefox&referrer=utm_source%3Dmozilla%26utm_medium%3DReferral%26utm_campaign%3Dmozilla-org" + class="button-green">Android</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </noscript> + <div class="unrecognized-download"> + <div class="download download-dumb"> + <h4>Download Firefox — English (US)</h4> + + <ul> + <li><a href="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-stub&os=win&lang=en-US" + class="button-green">Windows</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-37.0.1-SSL&os=osx&lang=en-US" + class="button-green">OS X</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-37.0.1-SSL&os=linux&lang=en-US" + class="button-green">Linux</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-37.0.1-SSL&os=linux64&lang=en-US" + class="button-green">Linux 64-bit</a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.mozilla.firefox&referrer=utm_source%3Dmozilla%26utm_medium%3DReferral%26utm_campaign%3Dmozilla-org" + class="button-green">Android</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + <p class="unsupported-download">Your system doesn't meet the <a href="/en-US/firefox/system-requirements/">requirements</a> to + run Firefox.</p> + <p class="linux-arm-download">Please follow <a href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/install-firefox-linux">these instructions</a> to + install Firefox.</p> + <p class="ios-download">Firefox is coming soon to iOS! <a href="/en-US/newsletter/ios/">Sign up to learn more</a>.</p> + <ul + class="download-list"> + <li class="os_win"> <a class="download-link" href="/firefox/new/?scene=2#download-fx" data-direct-link="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-stub&os=win&lang=en-US"> + <span class="download-content"> + <strong class="download-title">Firefox</strong> + <span class="download-subtitle">Free Download</span> + <span class="download-lang">English (US)</span> + <span class="download-platform">Windows</span> + </span> + </a> + + </li> + <li class="os_osx"> <a class="download-link" href="/firefox/new/?scene=2#download-fx" data-direct-link="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-37.0.1-SSL&os=osx&lang=en-US"> + <span class="download-content"> + <strong class="download-title">Firefox</strong> + <span class="download-subtitle">Free Download</span> + <span class="download-lang">English (US)</span> + <span class="download-platform">OS X</span> + </span> + </a> + + </li> + <li class="os_linux"> <a class="download-link" href="/firefox/new/?scene=2#download-fx" data-direct-link="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-37.0.1-SSL&os=linux&lang=en-US"> + <span class="download-content"> + <strong class="download-title">Firefox</strong> + <span class="download-subtitle">Free Download</span> + <span class="download-lang">English (US)</span> + <span class="download-platform">Linux</span> + </span> + </a> + + </li> + <li class="os_linux64"> <a class="download-link" href="/firefox/new/?scene=2#download-fx" data-direct-link="https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-37.0.1-SSL&os=linux64&lang=en-US"> + <span class="download-content"> + <strong class="download-title">Firefox</strong> + <span class="download-subtitle">Free Download</span> + <span class="download-lang">English (US)</span> + <span class="download-platform">Linux 64-bit</span> + </span> + </a> + + </li> + <li class="os_android"> <a class="download-link" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.mozilla.firefox&referrer=utm_source%3Dmozilla%26utm_medium%3DReferral%26utm_campaign%3Dmozilla-org"> + <span class="download-content"> + <strong class="download-title"><span>Firefox</span> for Android</strong> + <span class="download-subtitle">Get it free on Google Play</span> + </span> + </a> + + </li> + </ul> <small class="download-other os_android"> + <a href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/will-firefox-work-my-mobile-device">Supported Devices</a> | <a href="/en-US/mobile/notes/">What’s New</a> | + <a href="/en-US/privacy/firefox/">Privacy</a> + </small> + <small class="download-other download-other-desktop os_linux os_linux64 os_osx os_win os_win64"> + <a href="/en-US/firefox/all/">Systems & Languages</a> | + <a href="/en-US/firefox/notes/">What’s New</a> | + <a href="/en-US/privacy/firefox/">Privacy</a> + </small> + + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <!-- close #wrapper --> + <footer id="colophon" class=""> + <nav class="row"> + <div class="col col-1"> + <h1 class="logo"><a href="/en-US/">Mozilla</a></h1> + + <p class="license">Portions of this content are ©1998–2015 by individual mozilla.org contributors. + Content available under a <a href="/en-US/foundation/licensing/website-content/">Creative Commons license</a>.</p> + </div> + <div class="col col-2"> + <ul class="links-join"> + <li><a href="/en-US/contact/spaces/">Contact Us</a> + </li> + <li class="wrap"><a href="/en-US/about/partnerships/">Partner with Us</a> + </li> + <li class="clear"><a href="https://sendto.mozilla.org/page/contribute/givenow-seq?preset=2&source=mozillaorg_footer&ref=EOYFR2014&utm_campaign=EOYFR2014&utm_source=mozilla.org&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=mozillaorg_footer" + class="donate">Donate</a> + </li> + <li class="wrap"><a href="https://affiliates.mozilla.org/">Firefox Affiliates</a> + </li> + <li class="clear"><a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Webdev/GetInvolved/mozilla.org">Contribute to this site</a> + </li> + </ul> + <ul class="links-legal"> + <li><a href="/en-US/privacy/">Privacy</a> + </li> + <li class="wrap"><a href="/en-US/privacy/websites/#cookies">Cookies</a> + </li> + <li class="wrap"><a href="/en-US/about/legal/">Legal</a> + </li> + <li class="clear"><a href="/en-US/about/legal/fraud-report/">Report Trademark Abuse</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="col col-3"> + <ul class="links-social"> + <li>Mozilla: + <ul> + <li><a href="https://twitter.com/mozilla">Twitter<span> (@mozilla)</span></a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/mozilla">Facebook<span> (Mozilla)</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Firefox: + <ul> + <li><a href="https://twitter.com/firefox">Twitter<span> (@firefox)</span></a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Firefox">Facebook<span> (Firefox)</span></a> + </li> + <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/firefoxchannel">YouTube<span> (firefoxchannel)</span></a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + <div class="lang-switcher"> + <form id="lang_form" method="get" action="#"> + <label for="language">Other languages:</label> + <select id="language" name="lang" dir="ltr"> + <option lang="af" value="af">Afrikaans</option> + <option lang="an" value="an">aragonés</option> + <option lang="ar" value="ar">عربي</option> + <option lang="as" value="as">অসমীয়া</option> + <option lang="ast" value="ast">Asturianu</option> + <option lang="az" value="az">Azərbaycanca</option> + <option lang="be" value="be">Беларуская</option> + <option lang="bg" value="bg">Български</option> + <option lang="bn-IN" value="bn-IN">বাংলা (ভারত)</option> + <option lang="br" value="br">Brezhoneg</option> + <option lang="ca" value="ca">Català</option> + <option lang="cs" value="cs">Čeština</option> + <option lang="cy" value="cy">Cymraeg</option> + <option lang="da" value="da">Dansk</option> + <option lang="de" value="de">Deutsch</option> + <option lang="dsb" value="dsb">Dolnoserbšćina</option> + <option lang="el" value="el">Ελληνικά</option> + <option lang="en-GB" value="en-GB">English (British)</option> + <option lang="en-US" value="en-US" selected="">English</option> + <option lang="en-ZA" value="en-ZA">English (South African)</option> + <option lang="eo" value="eo">Esperanto</option> + <option lang="es-AR" value="es-AR">Español (de Argentina)</option> + <option lang="es-CL" value="es-CL">Español (de Chile)</option> + <option lang="es-ES" value="es-ES">Español (de España)</option> + <option lang="es-MX" value="es-MX">Español (de México)</option> + <option lang="et" value="et">Eesti keel</option> + <option lang="eu" value="eu">Euskara</option> + <option lang="fa" value="fa">فارسی</option> + <option lang="ff" value="ff">Pulaar-Fulfulde</option> + <option lang="fi" value="fi">suomi</option> + <option lang="fr" value="fr">Français</option> + <option lang="fy-NL" value="fy-NL">Frysk</option> + <option lang="ga-IE" value="ga-IE">Gaeilge</option> + <option lang="gd" value="gd">Gàidhlig</option> + <option lang="gl" value="gl">Galego</option> + <option lang="he" value="he">עברית</option> + <option lang="hi-IN" value="hi-IN">हिन्दी (भारत)</option> + <option lang="hr" value="hr">Hrvatski</option> + <option lang="hsb" value="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</option> + <option lang="hu" value="hu">magyar</option> + <option lang="hy-AM" value="hy-AM">Հայերեն</option> + <option lang="id" value="id">Bahasa Indonesia</option> + <option lang="is" value="is">íslenska</option> + <option lang="it" value="it">Italiano</option> + <option lang="ja" value="ja">日本語</option> + <option lang="kk" value="kk">Қазақ</option> + <option lang="km" value="km">ខ្មែរ</option> + <option lang="kn" value="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</option> + <option lang="ko" value="ko">한국어</option> + <option lang="lt" value="lt">lietuvių kalba</option> + <option lang="lv" value="lv">Latviešu</option> + <option lang="mk" value="mk">Македонски</option> + <option lang="ml" value="ml">മലയാളം</option> + <option lang="mr" value="mr">मराठी</option> + <option lang="ms" value="ms">Melayu</option> + <option lang="nb-NO" value="nb-NO">Norsk bokmål</option> + <option lang="nl" value="nl">Nederlands</option> + <option lang="or" value="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</option> + <option lang="pa-IN" value="pa-IN">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਭਾਰਤ)</option> + <option lang="pl" value="pl">Polski</option> + <option lang="pt-BR" value="pt-BR">Português (do Brasil)</option> + <option lang="pt-PT" value="pt-PT">Português (Europeu)</option> + <option lang="rm" value="rm">rumantsch</option> + <option lang="ro" value="ro">română</option> + <option lang="ru" value="ru">Русский</option> + <option lang="sat" value="sat">संताली</option> + <option lang="si" value="si">සිංහල</option> + <option lang="sk" value="sk">slovenčina</option> + <option lang="sl" value="sl">Slovenščina</option> + <option lang="son" value="son">Soŋay</option> + <option lang="sq" value="sq">Shqip</option> + <option lang="sr" value="sr">Српски</option> + <option lang="sv-SE" value="sv-SE">Svenska</option> + <option lang="ta" value="ta">தமிழ்</option> + <option lang="te" value="te">తెలుగు</option> + <option lang="tr" value="tr">Türkçe</option> + <option lang="uk" value="uk">Українська</option> + <option lang="uz" value="uz">Oʻzbek tili</option> + <option lang="vi" value="vi">Tiếng Việt</option> + <option lang="xh" value="xh">isiXhosa</option> + <option lang="zh-CN" value="zh-CN">中文 (简体)</option> + <option lang="zh-TW" value="zh-TW">正體中文 (繁體)</option> + </select> + <noscript> + <button type="submit">Go</button> + </noscript> + </form> + </div> + </div> + </nav> + </footer> + </div> + <!-- close #outer-wrapper --> + <!--[if IE 9]> + <script src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/libs/matchMedia.3fd01d1af18b.js"></script> + <![endif]--> + <script type="text/javascript" src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/firefox-resp-bundle.ec015d66a726.js" + charset="utf-8"></script> + <!--[if IE 9]> + <script type="text/javascript" src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/matchmedia_addlistener-bundle.e43d3c1c8b96.js" + charset="utf-8"></script> + <![endif]--> + <script type="text/javascript" src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/firefox_desktop_customize-bundle.bf7b63880438.js" + charset="utf-8"></script> + </body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/mozilla-2/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/mozilla-2/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2126a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/mozilla-2/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +{ + "title": "Welcome to Firefox Developer Edition", + "byline": null, + "dir": "ltr", + "excerpt": "Get to know the features that make it the most complete browser for building the Web.", + "readerable": false +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/mozilla-2/expected.html b/test/test-pages/mozilla-2/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b10053 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/mozilla-2/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div role="main" class="sync-reminder"> + <section class="intro container"> + <header> + <p>Get to know the features that make it the most complete browser for building the Web.</p> + </header> + <ul class="features"> + <li class="feature"> + <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R9_WdXwUsE" rel="external" class="video-play"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-webide.16763db341cb.jpg" alt="Screenshot" class="screenshot"/> </a> + <h2>WebIDE</h2> + <p>Develop, deploy and debug Firefox OS apps directly in your browser, or on a Firefox OS device, with this tool that replaces App Manager.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/WebIDE" rel="external" class="more">Learn more about WebIDE</a> </li> + <li class="feature"> + <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eH0R10Ga4Hs" rel="external" class="video-play"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-valence.251f9def4d8d.jpg" alt="Screenshot" class="screenshot"/> </a> + <h2>Valence</h2> + <p>Develop and debug your apps across multiple browsers and devices with this powerful extension that comes pre-installed with Firefox Developer Edition.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Firefox_Tools_Adapter" rel="external" class="more">Learn more about Valence</a> </li> + </ul> + <div class="notice"> + <h4>Important: Sync your new profile</h4> + <p> Developer Edition comes with a new profile so you can run it alongside other versions of Firefox. To access your bookmarks, browsing history and more, you need to sync the profile with your existing Firefox Account, or create a new one. <a href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/recover-lost-bookmarks-firefox-developer-edition" rel="external" class="more">Learn more</a> </p> + </div> + </section> + <section class="more-features"> + <div class="container"> + <header> + <h2>Features and tools</h2> </header> + <ul class="features"> + <li class="feature"> + <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQqNfkqIJdw" rel="external" class="video-play"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-inspector.c791bf1f1a59.jpg" alt="Screenshot" class="screenshot"/> </a> + <h2>Page Inspector</h2> + <p>Examine the HTML and CSS of any Web page and easily modify the structure and layout of a page.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Page_Inspector" rel="external" class="more">Learn more about Page Inspector</a> </li> + <li class="feature"> + <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEDk8o9ehlw" rel="external" class="video-play"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-console.42666aaf6d03.jpg" alt="Screenshot" class="screenshot"/> </a> + <h2>Web Console</h2> + <p>See logged information associated with a Web page and use Web Console to interact with Web pages using JavaScript.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Web_Console" rel="external" class="more">Learn more about Web Console</a> </li> + <li class="feature"> + <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS4AxYFLCIE" rel="external" class="video-play"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-debugger.02ed86fb0c9f.jpg" alt="Screenshot" class="screenshot"/> </a> + <h2>JavaScript Debugger</h2> + <p>Step through JavaScript code and examine or modify its state to help track down bugs.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Debugger" rel="external" class="more">Learn more about JavaScript Debugger</a> </li> + <li class="feature"> + <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4zSG53Qlbk" rel="external" class="video-play"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-network.740d6082b3f6.jpg" alt="Screenshot" class="screenshot"/> </a> + <h2>Network Monitor</h2> + <p>See all the network requests your browser makes, how long each request takes and details of each request.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Network_Monitor" rel="external" class="more">Learn more about Network Monitor</a> </li> + <li class="feature"> + <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_qDaLQ8ghg" rel="external" class="video-play"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-webaudio.a10ebc48d017.jpg" alt="Screenshot" class="screenshot"/> </a> + <h2>Web Audio Editor</h2> + <p>Inspect and interact with Web Audio API in real time to ensure that all audio nodes are connected in the way you expect.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Web_Audio_Editor" rel="external" class="more">Learn more about Web Audio Editor</a> </li> + <li class="feature"> + <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kdBvvIZIqU" rel="external" class="video-play"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-style-editor.87c5d2017506.jpg" alt="Screenshot" class="screenshot"/> </a> + <h2>Style Editor</h2> + <p>View and edit CSS styles associated with a Web page, create new ones and apply existing CSS stylesheets to any page.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Style_Editor" rel="external" class="more">Learn more about Style Editor</a> </li> + </ul> + </div> + </section> + </div> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/mozilla-2/source.html b/test/test-pages/mozilla-2/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31f30a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/mozilla-2/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,408 @@ + + +<!doctype html> +<html class="windows x86 no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr" data-latest-firefox="37.0.2" data-esr-versions="[31]"> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> +<!-- + _.-~-. + 7'' Q..\ + _7 (_ + _7 _/ _q. / + _7 . ___ /VVvv-'_ . + 7/ / /~- \_\\ '-._ .-' / // + ./ ( /-~-/||'=.__ '::. '-~'' { ___ / // ./{ + V V-~-~| || __''_ ':::. ''~-~.___.-'' _/ // / {_ / { / + VV/-~-~-|/ \ .'__'. '. ':: _ _ _ ''. + / /~~~~||VVV/ / \ ) \ _ __ ___ ___ ___(_) | | __ _ .::' + / (~-~-~\\.-' / \' \::::. | '_ ` _ \ / _ \_ / | | |/ _` | :::' +/..\ /..\__/ ' '::: | | | | | | (_) / /| | | | (_| | ::' +vVVv vVVv ': |_| |_| |_|\___/___|_|_|_|\__,_| '' + +Hi there, nice to meet you! + +Interested in having a direct impact on hundreds of millions of users? Join +Mozilla, and become part of a global community that’s helping to build a +brighter future for the Web. + +Visit https://careers.mozilla.org to learn about our current job openings. +Visit https://www.mozilla.org/contribute for more ways to get involved and +help support Mozilla.--> + + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> + <meta name="robots" content="noindex"/> + <title>Welcome to Firefox Developer Edition</title> + <meta name="description" content=""/> + <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> + <meta property="og:site_name" content="Mozilla"/> + <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> + <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/developer/"/> + <meta property="og:image" content="https://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/developer/page-image.03bbe7da3199.png"/> + <meta property="og:title" content="Welcome to Firefox Developer Edition"/> + <meta property="og:description" content="Built for those who build the Web. 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lang="uz" value="uz">Oʻzbek tili</option> + <option lang="zh-CN" value="zh-CN">中文 (简体)</option> + <option lang="zh-TW" value="zh-TW">正體中文 (繁體)</option> + </select> + <noscript> + <button type="submit">Go</button> + </noscript> +</form> + </div> + </div> + </nav> + </footer> + </div><!-- close #outer-wrapper --> + + <!--[if IE 9]> + <script src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/libs/matchMedia.3fd01d1af18b.js"></script> + <![endif]--> + + <script type="text/javascript" src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/firefox-resp-bundle.ec015d66a726.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/en-US/tabzilla/tabzilla.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="//mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/js/firefox_developer_firstrun-bundle.28d5bb93eb60.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3887fbb --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Normalize space test", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem\n ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n\ttab here\n incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,\n quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo\n consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse\n cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non\n proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.", + "readerable": false +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected.html b/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66175cf --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <article> + <p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tab here incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + <p> Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + </article> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/source.html b/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b230798 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/normalize-spaces/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Normalize space test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + Lorem + ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tab here + incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation + + + + + ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/remove-extra-brs/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-brs/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25e04b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-brs/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Remove trailing brs test", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/remove-extra-brs/expected.html b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-brs/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05afcfc --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-brs/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <p> + <p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + </p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/remove-extra-brs/source.html b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-brs/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac6ffc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-brs/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Remove trailing brs test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + <br/> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <br/><br/><p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p><br/> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/remove-extra-paragraphs/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-paragraphs/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e841af --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-paragraphs/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Replace font tags test", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/remove-extra-paragraphs/expected.html b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-paragraphs/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f731d75 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-paragraphs/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/remove-extra-paragraphs/source.html b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-paragraphs/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..339d84b --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/remove-extra-paragraphs/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Replace font tags test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <p></p> + <p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p> + <p></p> + <p></p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p></p> + </div> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p> + <p> + </p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p> + + + </p> + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/remove-script-tags/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/remove-script-tags/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ef0848 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/remove-script-tags/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Remove script tags test", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/remove-script-tags/expected.html b/test/test-pages/remove-script-tags/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f731d75 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/remove-script-tags/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/remove-script-tags/source.html b/test/test-pages/remove-script-tags/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cacb3df --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/remove-script-tags/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Remove script tags test</title> +</head> +<body> + <script type="text/javascript1.8">alert('wrong')</script> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.</p> + <p>Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p> + <script> + alert('wrong') + </script> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + alert('wrong') + </script> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + <p>Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat.</p> + <script type="text/javascript1.8">alert('wrong')</script> + <p>Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. + <script type="text/vbscript" language="vbscript"> + document.write("super wrong.") + </script> + Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/reordering-paragraphs/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/reordering-paragraphs/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca7653a --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/reordering-paragraphs/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Regarding item# 11111, under sufficiently extreme conditions, quarks may\n become deconfined and exist as free particles. In the course of asymptotic\n freedom, the strong interaction becomes weaker at higher temperatures.\n Eventually, color confinement would be lost and an extremely hot plasma\n of freely moving quarks and gluons would be formed. This theoretical phase\n of matter is called quark-gluon plasma.[81] The exact conditions needed\n to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great\n deal of speculation and experimentation.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/reordering-paragraphs/expected.html b/test/test-pages/reordering-paragraphs/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d15fcc --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/reordering-paragraphs/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <p id="first">Regarding item# 11111, under sufficiently extreme conditions, quarks may become deconfined and exist as free particles. In the course of asymptotic freedom, the strong interaction becomes weaker at higher temperatures. Eventually, color confinement would be lost and an extremely hot plasma of freely moving quarks and gluons would be formed. This theoretical phase of matter is called quark-gluon plasma.[81] The exact conditions needed to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great deal of speculation and experimentation.</p> + <p id="second">Regarding item# 22222, under sufficiently extreme conditions, quarks may become deconfined and exist as free particles. In the course of asymptotic freedom, the strong interaction becomes weaker at higher temperatures. Eventually, color confinement would be lost and an extremely hot plasma of freely moving quarks and gluons would be formed. This theoretical phase of matter is called quark-gluon plasma.[81] The exact conditions needed to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great deal of speculation and experimentation.</p> + <p id="third">Regarding item# 33333, under sufficiently extreme conditions, quarks may become deconfined and exist as free particles. In the course of asymptotic freedom, the strong interaction becomes weaker at higher temperatures. Eventually, color confinement would be lost and an extremely hot plasma of freely moving quarks and gluons would be formed. This theoretical phase of matter is called quark-gluon plasma.[81] The exact conditions needed to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great deal of speculation and experimentation.</p> + <br id="br2"/> </div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/reordering-paragraphs/source.html b/test/test-pages/reordering-paragraphs/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d081a94 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/reordering-paragraphs/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +<html> + + <head></head> + + <body> + <br id="br1"/> + <p id="first">Regarding item# 11111, under sufficiently extreme conditions, quarks may + become deconfined and exist as free particles. In the course of asymptotic + freedom, the strong interaction becomes weaker at higher temperatures. + Eventually, color confinement would be lost and an extremely hot plasma + of freely moving quarks and gluons would be formed. This theoretical phase + of matter is called quark-gluon plasma.[81] The exact conditions needed + to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great + deal of speculation and experimentation.</p> + <p id="second">Regarding item# 22222, under sufficiently extreme conditions, quarks may + become deconfined and exist as free particles. In the course of asymptotic + freedom, the strong interaction becomes weaker at higher temperatures. + Eventually, color confinement would be lost and an extremely hot plasma + of freely moving quarks and gluons would be formed. This theoretical phase + of matter is called quark-gluon plasma.[81] The exact conditions needed + to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great + deal of speculation and experimentation.</p> + <p id="third">Regarding item# 33333, under sufficiently extreme conditions, quarks may + become deconfined and exist as free particles. In the course of asymptotic + freedom, the strong interaction becomes weaker at higher temperatures. + Eventually, color confinement would be lost and an extremely hot plasma + of freely moving quarks and gluons would be formed. This theoretical phase + of matter is called quark-gluon plasma.[81] The exact conditions needed + to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great + deal of speculation and experimentation.</p> + <br id="br2"/> + </body> + +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/replace-brs/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/replace-brs/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79bf997 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/replace-brs/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Replace brs test", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum", + "readerable": false +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/replace-brs/expected.html b/test/test-pages/replace-brs/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89bdf3f --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/replace-brs/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div> + <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled"> Lorem ipsum</p> + <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled">dolor sit</p> + <p> amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + </div> + <div> + <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled"> Tempor</p> + <p>incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + </div> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/replace-brs/source.html b/test/test-pages/replace-brs/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1d2e78 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/replace-brs/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Replace brs test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + Lorem ipsum<br/>dolor sit<br/> <br/><br/>amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + Tempor<br/><br/>incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/replace-font-tags/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/replace-font-tags/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..517ceea --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/replace-font-tags/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Replace font tags test", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,\n quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo\n consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse\n cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non\n proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.", + "readerable": false +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/replace-font-tags/expected.html b/test/test-pages/replace-font-tags/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..565a446 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/replace-font-tags/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <article> + <p> <span face="Arial" size="2">Lorem ipsum dolor</span> sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. <span face="Arial" size="2">Duis</span> aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + <p> Tempor incididunt ut labore et <span face="Arial" size="2">dolore</span> magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. <span face="Arial" size="2">Excepteur sint occaecat</span> cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + </article> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/replace-font-tags/source.html b/test/test-pages/replace-font-tags/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5789e56 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/replace-font-tags/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Replace font tags test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <div> + <font face="Arial" size="2">Lorem ipsum dolor</font> sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. <font face="Arial" size="2">Duis</font> aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + Tempor incididunt ut labore et <font face="Arial" size="2">dolore</font> magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. <font face="Arial" size="2">Excepteur sint occaecat</font> cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/salon-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/salon-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f72535 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/salon-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "The sharing economy is a lie: Uber, Ayn Rand and the truth about tech and libertarians", + "byline": "Joanna Rothkopf", + "excerpt": "Disruptive companies talk a good game about sharing. Uber's really just an under-regulated company making riches", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/salon-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/salon-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bffdf18 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/salon-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <p>Horror stories about the increasingly unpopular taxi service Uber have been commonplace in recent months, but there is still much to be learned from its handling of the recent hostage drama in downtown Sydney, Australia. We’re told that we reveal our true character in moments of crisis, and apparently that’s as true for companies as it is for individuals.</p> + <p>A number of experts have challenged the idea that the horrific explosion of violence in a Sydney café was “terrorism,” since the attacker was mentally unbalanced and acted alone. But, terror or not, the ordeal was certainly terrifying. Amid the chaos and uncertainty, the city believed itself to be under a coordinated and deadly attack.</p> + <p>Uber had an interesting, if predictable, response to the panic and mayhem: It raised prices. A lot.</p> + <p>In case you missed the story, the facts are these: Someone named Man Haron Monis, who was considered mentally unstable and had been investigated for murdering his ex-wife, seized hostages in a café that was located in Sydney’s Central Business District or “CBD.” In the process he put up an Islamic flag – “igniting,” as <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/15/us-australia-security-idUSKBN0JS0WX20141215">Reuters</a> reported, “fears of a jihadist attack in the heart of the country’s biggest city.”</p> + <p>In the midst of the fear, Uber stepped in and tweeted this announcement: <span>“We are all concerned with events in CBD. Fares have increased to encourage + more drivers to come online & pick up passengers in the area.”</span> </p> + <p>As <a href="http://mashable.com/2014/12/14/uber-sydney-surge-pricing/">Mashable </a>reports, the company announced that it would charge a minimum of $100 Australian to take passengers from the area immediately surrounding the ongoing crisis, and prices increased by as much as four times the standard amount. A firestorm of criticism quickly erupted – “<a href="https://twitter.com/Uber_Sydney">@Uber_Sydney</a> stop being assholes,” one Twitter response began – and Uber soon found itself offering free rides out of the troubled area instead.</p> + <p>That opener suggests that Uber, as part of a community under siege, is preparing to respond in a civic manner.<em></em> </p> + <p><em>“… Fares have increased to encourage more drivers to come online & pick up passengers in the area.”</em> </p> + <div class="toggle-group target hideOnInit" data-toggle-group="story-13850779"> + <p>But, despite the expression of shared concern, there is no sense of <em>civitas</em> to be found in the statement that follows. There is only a transaction, executed at what the corporation believes to be market value. Lesson #1 about Uber is, therefore, that in its view there is no heroism, only self-interest. This is Ayn Rand’s brutal, irrational and primitive philosophy in its purest form: altruism is evil, and self-interest is the only true heroism.<em></em> </p> + <p>There was once a time when we might have read of “hero cabdrivers” or “hero bus drivers” placing themselves in harm’s way to rescue their fellow citizens. For its part, Uber might have suggested that it would use its network of drivers and its scheduling software to recruit volunteer drivers for a rescue mission.<em></em> </p> + <p>Instead, we are told that Uber’s pricing surge <em>was</em> its expression of concern. Uber’s way to address a human crisis is apparently by letting the market govern human behavior, as if there were (in libertarian economist Tyler Cowen’s phrase) “markets in everything” – including the lives of a city’s beleaguered citizens (and its Uber drivers). <em></em> </p> + <p>Where would this kind of market-driven practice leave poor or middle-income citizens in a time of crisis? If they can’t afford the “surged” price, apparently it would leave them squarely in the line of fire. And come to think of it, why would Uber drivers value their lives so cheaply, unless they’re underpaid? <em></em> </p> + <p>One of the lessons of Sydney is this: Uber’s philosophy, whether consciously expressed or not, is that life belongs to the highest bidder – and therefore, by implication, the highest bidder’s life has the greatest value. Society, on the other hand, may choose to believe that every life has equal value – or that lifesaving services should be available at affordable prices. <em></em> </p> + <p>If nothing else, the Sydney experience should prove once and for all that there is no such thing as “the sharing economy.” Uber is a taxi company, albeit an under-regulated one, and nothing more. It’s certainly not a “ride sharing” service, where someone who happens to be going in the same direction is willing to take along an extra passenger and split gas costs. A ride-sharing service wouldn’t find itself “increasing fares to encourage more drivers” to come into Sydney’s terrorized Central Business District. <em></em> </p> + <p>A “sharing economy,” by definition, is lateral in structure. It is a peer-to-peer economy. But Uber, as its name suggests, is hierarchical in structure. It monitors and controls its drivers, demanding that they purchase services from it while guiding their movements and determining their level of earnings. And its pricing mechanisms impose unpredictable costs on its customers, extracting greater amounts whenever the data suggests customers can be compelled to pay them.<em></em> </p> + <p>This is a top-down economy, not a “shared” one.<em></em> </p> + <p>A number of Uber’s fans and supporters defended the company on the grounds that its “surge prices,” including those seen during the Sydney crisis, are determined by an algorithm. But an algorithm can be an ideological statement, and is always a cultural artifact. As human creations, algorithms reflect their creators. <em></em> </p> + <p>Uber’s tweet during the Sydney crisis made it sound as if human intervention, rather than algorithmic processes, caused prices to soar that day. But it doesn’t really matter if that surge was manually or algorithmically driven. Either way the prices were Uber’s doing – and its moral choice.<em></em> </p> + <p>Uber has been strenuously defending its surge pricing in the wake of accusations (apparently <a href="http://gothamist.com/2012/11/04/uber.php">justified</a>) that the company enjoyed windfall profits during Hurricane Sandy. It has now promised the state of New York that it will cap its surge prices (at three times the highest rate on two non-emergency days). But if Uber has its way, it will soon enjoy a monopolistic stranglehold on car service rates in most major markets. And it has demonstrated its willingness to ignore rules and regulations. That means<em> </em>predictable and affordable taxi fares could become a thing of the past. <em></em> </p> + <p>In practice, surge pricing could become a new, privatized form of taxation on middle-class taxi customers.<em></em> </p> + <p>Even without surge pricing, Uber and its supporters are hiding its full costs. When middle-class workers are underpaid or deprived of benefits and full working rights, as Uber’s <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-drivers-say-theyre-making-less-than-minimum-wage-2014-10">reportedly are</a>, the entire middle-class economy suffers. Overall wages and benefits are suppressed for the majority, while the wealthy few are made even richer. The invisible costs of ventures like Uber are extracted over time, far surpassing whatever short-term savings they may occasionally offer.<em></em> </p> + <p>Like Walmart, Uber underpays its employees – many of its drivers <em>are</em> employees, in everything but name – and then drains the social safety net to make up the difference. While Uber preaches libertarianism, it practices a form of corporate welfare. It’s reportedly <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/11/17/why-uber-loves-obamacare/">celebrating Obamacare</a>, for example, since the Affordable Care Act allows it to avoid providing health insurance to its workforce. But the ACA’s subsidies, together with Uber’s often woefully insufficient wages, mean that the rest of us are paying its tab instead. And the lack of income security among Uber’s drivers creates another social cost for Americans – in lost tax revenue, and possibly in increased use of social services. <em></em> </p> + <p>The company’s war on regulation will also carry a social price. Uber and its supporters don’t seem to understand that<em> </em>regulations exist for a reason. It’s true that nobody likes excessive bureaucracy, but not all regulations are excessive or onerous. And when they are, it’s a flaw in execution rather than principle. <em></em> </p> + <p>Regulations were created because they serve a social purpose, ensuring the free and fair exchange of services and resources among all segments of society. Some services, such as transportation, are of such importance that the public has a vested interest in ensuring they will be readily available at reasonably affordable prices. That’s not unreasonable for taxi services, especially given the fact that they profit from publicly maintained roads and bridges.<em></em> </p> + <p>Uber has presented itself as a modernized, efficient alternative to government oversight. But it’s an evasion of regulation, not its replacement. As <a href="http://fusion.net/story/33680/the-inside-story-of-how-the-uber-portland-negotiations-broke-down/">Alexis Madrigal</a>reports, Uber has deliberately ignored city regulators and used customer demand to force its model of inadequate self-governance (my conclusion, not his) onto one city after another.<em></em> </p> + <p>Uber presented itself as a refreshing alternative to the over-bureaucratized world of urban transportation. But that’s a false choice. We can streamline sclerotic city regulators, upgrade taxi fleets and even provide users with fancy apps that make it easier to call a cab. The company’s binary presentation – us, or City Hall – frames the debate in artificial terms.<em></em> </p> + <p>Uber claims that its driver rating system is a more efficient way to monitor drivers, but that’s an entirely unproven assumption. While taxi drivers have been known to misbehave, the worldwide litany of complaints against Uber drivers – for everything from dirty cars and <a href="http://consumerist.com/2014/07/30/uber-passenger-complains-of-spider-bite-in-filthy-car/">spider bites</a> to <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/09/30/uber-driver-hammer-attack-liability/">assault with a hammer</a>, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-nikki-williams-2014-12">fondling</a> and <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/an-uber-driver-allegedly-raped-a-female-passenger-in-boston-2014-12">rape</a>– suggest that Uber’s system may not work as well as old-fashioned regulation. It’s certainly not noticeably superior.<em></em> </p> + <p>In fact, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/09/uber-california-lawsuit_n_6298206.html">prosecutors in San Francisco and Los Angeles</a> say Uber has been lying to its customers about the level and quality of its background checks. The company now promises it will do a better job at screening drivers. But it <a href="http://consumerist.com/2014/12/18/uber-reportedly-revamping-security-wont-say-exactly-what-its-doing/">won’t tell us</a> what measures its taking to improve its safety record, and it’s <a href="http://consumerist.com/2014/12/18/uber-reportedly-revamping-security-wont-say-exactly-what-its-doing/">fighting the kind of driver scrutiny</a> that taxicab companies have been required to enforce for many decades. <em></em> </p> + <p>Many reports suggest that beleaguered drivers don’t feel much better about the company than victimized passengers do. They tell <a href="http://qz.com/299655/why-your-uber-driver-hates-uber/">horror stories</a> about the company’s hiring and management practices. Uber <a href="http://www.salon.com/2014/09/03/uber_unrest_drivers_in_los_angeles_protest_the_slashing_of_rates/">unilaterally slashes drivers’ rates</a>, while claiming they don’t need to unionize. (The <a href="http://www.fastcompany.com/3037371/the-teamsters-of-the-21st-century-how-uber-lyft-and-facebook-drivers-are-organizing">Teamsters</a> disagree.) <em></em> </p> + <p>The company also pushes<a href="http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/11/06/3589715/uber-lending-investigation/"> sketchy, substandard loans</a> onto its drivers – but hey, what could go wrong?<em></em> </p> + <p>Uber has many libertarian defenders. And yet, it <a href="http://pando.com/2014/10/29/uber-prs-latest-trick-impersonating-its-drivers-and-trying-to-scam-journalists/">deceives the press</a> and <a href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/11/17/uber_exec_suggests_using_personal_info_against_journalists.html">threatens to spy on journalists</a>, <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2014/08/04/technology/uber-lyft/">lies to its own employees</a>, keeps its practices a secret and routinely invades the privacy of civilians – sometimes merely for entertainment. (It has a tool, with the Orwellian name the “<a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/10/03/god-view-uber-allegedly-stalked-users-for-party-goers-viewing-pleasure/">God View</a>,” that it can use for monitoring customers’ personal movements.) <em></em> </p> + <p>Aren’t those the kinds of things libertarians say they hate about <em>government</em>?<em></em> </p> + <p>This isn’t a “gotcha” exercise. It matters. Uber is the poster child for the pro-privatization, anti-regulatory ideology that ascribes magical powers to technology and the private sector. It is deeply a political entity, from its Nietzschean name to its recent hiring of White House veteran David Plouffe. Uber is built around a relatively simple app (which relies on government-created technology), but it’s not really a tech company. Above all else Uber is an ideological campaign, a neoliberal project whose real products are deregulation and the dismantling of the social contract.<em></em> </p> + <p>Or maybe, as that tweeter in Sydney suggested, they’re just assholes.<em></em> </p> + <p>Either way, it’s important that Uber’s worldview and business practices not be allowed to “disrupt” our economy or our social fabric. People who work hard deserve to make a decent living. Society at large deserves access to safe and affordable transportation. And government, as the collective expression of a democratic society, has a role to play in protecting its citizens. <em></em> </p> + <p>And then there’s the matter of our collective psyche. In her book “A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities that Arise in Disaster,” Rebecca Solnit wrote of the purpose, meaning and deep satisfaction people find when they pull together to help one another in the face of adversity. But in the world Uber seeks to create, those surges of the spirit would be replaced by surge pricing.<em></em> </p> + <p>You don’t need a “God view” to see what happens next. When heroism is reduced to a transaction, the soul of a society is sold cheap. <em></em> </p> + </div> +</div>
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href="#" class="flyOutShareToolsButton template"> + <span class="shareIcon"></span> + <span class="shareText"></span> + </a> + + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <p class="topics">Topics: <a href="/topic/uber" class="gaTrackLinkEvent" data-ga-track-json="["topic", "click", "uber"]">uber</a>, + <a + href="/topic/libertarians" class="gaTrackLinkEvent" data-ga-track-json="["topic", "click", "libertarians"]">libertarians</a>, <a href="/topic/sydney" class="gaTrackLinkEvent" data-ga-track-json="["topic", "click", "sydney"]">Sydney</a>, + <a + href="/topic/editors_picks" class="gaTrackLinkEvent" data-ga-track-json="["topic", "click", "editors_picks"]">Editor's Picks</a>, <a href="/topic/sharing_economy" class="gaTrackLinkEvent" + data-ga-track-json="["topic", "click", "sharing_economy"]">sharing economy</a>, + <a + href="http://www.salon.com/category/technology/" rel="tag">Technology News</a> + </p> + <div class="featuredMedia"><a class="lightBox" title="The sharing economy is a lie: Uber, Ayn Rand and the truth about tech and libertarians" + href="http://media.salon.com/2014/12/uber_rand_paul.jpg"><img alt="The sharing economy is a lie: Uber, Ayn Rand and the truth about tech and libertarians" title="The sharing economy is a lie: Uber, Ayn Rand and the truth about tech and libertarians" src="http://media.salon.com/2014/12/uber_rand_paul.jpg"/></a> + <span + class="caption">Ayn Rand, Rand Paul <span class="photoCredit">(Credit: AP/Manuel Balce Ceneta/Photo montage by Salon)</span></span> + </div> + <div class="articleContent"> + <p>Horror stories about the increasingly unpopular taxi service Uber have + been commonplace in recent months, but there is still much to be learned + from its handling of the recent hostage drama in downtown Sydney, Australia. + We’re told that we reveal our true character in moments of crisis, and + apparently that’s as true for companies as it is for individuals.</p> + <div + id="ym_1007925900364593340" class="ym"></div> + <div class="recirc1"></div> + <p>A number of experts have challenged the idea that the horrific explosion + of violence in a Sydney café was “terrorism,” since the attacker was mentally + unbalanced and acted alone. But, terror or not, the ordeal was certainly + terrifying. Amid the chaos and uncertainty, the city believed itself to + be under a coordinated and deadly attack.</p> + <p>Uber had an interesting, if predictable, response to the panic and mayhem: + It raised prices. A lot.</p> + <p>In case you missed the story, the facts are these: Someone named Man Haron + Monis, who was considered mentally unstable and had been investigated for + murdering his ex-wife, seized hostages in a café that was located in Sydney’s + Central Business District or “CBD.” In the process he put up an Islamic + flag – “igniting,” as <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/15/us-australia-security-idUSKBN0JS0WX20141215">Reuters</a> reported, + “fears of a jihadist attack in the heart of the country’s biggest city.”</p> + <p>In the midst of the fear, Uber stepped in and tweeted this announcement: + <span + style="font-size: 13px;">“We are all concerned with events in CBD. Fares have increased to encourage + more drivers to come online & pick up passengers in the area.”</span> + </p> + <p>As <a href="http://mashable.com/2014/12/14/uber-sydney-surge-pricing/">Mashable </a>reports, + the company announced that it would charge a minimum of $100 Australian + to take passengers from the area immediately surrounding the ongoing crisis, + and prices increased by as much as four times the standard amount. A firestorm + of criticism quickly erupted – “<a href="https://twitter.com/Uber_Sydney">@Uber_Sydney</a> stop + being assholes,” one Twitter response began – and Uber soon found itself + offering free rides out of the troubled area instead.</p> + <p>What can we learn from this incident? Let’s start by parsing that tweet:</p> + <p><em>“We are all concerned with events in CBD …”</em> + </p> + <p>That opener suggests that Uber, as part of a community under siege, is + preparing to respond in a civic manner.<em></em> + </p> + <p><em>“… Fares have increased to encourage more drivers to come online & pick up passengers in the area.”</em> + </p> + <div class="recirc2"></div> + <hr/> + <div data-position-name="300-mi1" class="adPosition bigBox ad-300-mi1 flex"></div> + <hr/> + <div class="toggle-group target hideOnInit" data-toggle-group="story-13850779"> + <p>But, despite the expression of shared concern, there is no sense of <em>civitas</em> to + be found in the statement that follows. There is only a transaction, executed + at what the corporation believes to be market value. Lesson #1 about Uber + is, therefore, that in its view there is no heroism, only self-interest. + This is Ayn Rand’s brutal, irrational and primitive philosophy in its purest + form: altruism is evil, and self-interest is the only true heroism.<em></em> + </p> + <p>There was once a time when we might have read of “hero cabdrivers” or + “hero bus drivers” placing themselves in harm’s way to rescue their fellow + citizens. For its part, Uber might have suggested that it would use its + network of drivers and its scheduling software to recruit volunteer drivers + for a rescue mission.<em></em> + </p> + <p>Instead, we are told that Uber’s pricing surge <em>was</em> its expression + of concern. Uber’s way to address a human crisis is apparently by letting + the market govern human behavior, as if there were (in libertarian economist + Tyler Cowen’s phrase) “markets in everything” – including the lives of + a city’s beleaguered citizens (and its Uber drivers). <em></em> + </p> + <p>Where would this kind of market-driven practice leave poor or middle-income + citizens in a time of crisis? If they can’t afford the “surged” price, + apparently it would leave them squarely in the line of fire. And come to + think of it, why would Uber drivers value their lives so cheaply, unless + they’re underpaid? <em></em> + </p> + <p>One of the lessons of Sydney is this: Uber’s philosophy, whether consciously + expressed or not, is that life belongs to the highest bidder – and therefore, + by implication, the highest bidder’s life has the greatest value. Society, + on the other hand, may choose to believe that every life has equal value + – or that lifesaving services should be available at affordable prices. <em></em> + </p> + <p>If nothing else, the Sydney experience should prove once and for all that + there is no such thing as “the sharing economy.” Uber is a taxi company, + albeit an under-regulated one, and nothing more. It’s certainly not a “ride + sharing” service, where someone who happens to be going in the same direction + is willing to take along an extra passenger and split gas costs. A ride-sharing + service wouldn’t find itself “increasing fares to encourage more drivers” + to come into Sydney’s terrorized Central Business District. <em></em> + </p> + <p>A “sharing economy,” by definition, is lateral in structure. It is a peer-to-peer + economy. But Uber, as its name suggests, is hierarchical in structure. + It monitors and controls its drivers, demanding that they purchase services + from it while guiding their movements and determining their level of earnings. + And its pricing mechanisms impose unpredictable costs on its customers, + extracting greater amounts whenever the data suggests customers can be + compelled to pay them.<em></em> + </p> + <p>This is a top-down economy, not a “shared” one.<em></em> + </p> + <p>A number of Uber’s fans and supporters defended the company on the grounds + that its “surge prices,” including those seen during the Sydney crisis, + are determined by an algorithm. But an algorithm can be an ideological + statement, and is always a cultural artifact. As human creations, algorithms + reflect their creators. <em></em> + </p> + <p>Uber’s tweet during the Sydney crisis made it sound as if human intervention, + rather than algorithmic processes, caused prices to soar that day. But + it doesn’t really matter if that surge was manually or algorithmically + driven. Either way the prices were Uber’s doing – and its moral choice.<em></em> + </p> + <p>Uber has been strenuously defending its surge pricing in the wake of accusations + (apparently <a href="http://gothamist.com/2012/11/04/uber.php">justified</a>) + that the company enjoyed windfall profits during Hurricane Sandy. It has + now promised the state of New York that it will cap its surge prices (at + three times the highest rate on two non-emergency days). But if Uber has + its way, it will soon enjoy a monopolistic stranglehold on car service + rates in most major markets. And it has demonstrated its willingness to + ignore rules and regulations. That means<em> </em>predictable and affordable + taxi fares could become a thing of the past. <em></em> + </p> + <p>In practice, surge pricing could become a new, privatized form of taxation + on middle-class taxi customers.<em></em> + </p> + <p>Even without surge pricing, Uber and its supporters are hiding its full + costs. When middle-class workers are underpaid or deprived of benefits + and full working rights, as Uber’s <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-drivers-say-theyre-making-less-than-minimum-wage-2014-10">reportedly are</a>, + the entire middle-class economy suffers. Overall wages and benefits are + suppressed for the majority, while the wealthy few are made even richer. + The invisible costs of ventures like Uber are extracted over time, far + surpassing whatever short-term savings they may occasionally offer.<em></em> + </p> + <p>Like Walmart, Uber underpays its employees – many of its drivers <em>are</em> employees, + in everything but name – and then drains the social safety net to make + up the difference. While Uber preaches libertarianism, it practices a form + of corporate welfare. It’s reportedly <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/11/17/why-uber-loves-obamacare/">celebrating Obamacare</a>, + for example, since the Affordable Care Act allows it to avoid providing + health insurance to its workforce. But the ACA’s subsidies, together with + Uber’s often woefully insufficient wages, mean that the rest of us are + paying its tab instead. And the lack of income security among Uber’s drivers + creates another social cost for Americans – in lost tax revenue, and possibly + in increased use of social services. <em></em> + </p> + <p>The company’s war on regulation will also carry a social price. Uber and + its supporters don’t seem to understand that<em> </em>regulations exist + for a reason. It’s true that nobody likes excessive bureaucracy, but not + all regulations are excessive or onerous. And when they are, it’s a flaw + in execution rather than principle. <em></em> + </p> + <p>Regulations were created because they serve a social purpose, ensuring + the free and fair exchange of services and resources among all segments + of society. Some services, such as transportation, are of such importance + that the public has a vested interest in ensuring they will be readily + available at reasonably affordable prices. That’s not unreasonable for + taxi services, especially given the fact that they profit from publicly + maintained roads and bridges.<em></em> + </p> + <p>Uber has presented itself as a modernized, efficient alternative to government + oversight. But it’s an evasion of regulation, not its replacement. As + <a + href="http://fusion.net/story/33680/the-inside-story-of-how-the-uber-portland-negotiations-broke-down/">Alexis Madrigal</a>reports, Uber has deliberately ignored city regulators + and used customer demand to force its model of inadequate self-governance + (my conclusion, not his) onto one city after another.<em></em> + </p> + <p>Uber presented itself as a refreshing alternative to the over-bureaucratized + world of urban transportation. But that’s a false choice. We can streamline + sclerotic city regulators, upgrade taxi fleets and even provide users with + fancy apps that make it easier to call a cab. The company’s binary presentation + – us, or City Hall – frames the debate in artificial terms.<em></em> + </p> + <p>Uber claims that its driver rating system is a more efficient way to monitor + drivers, but that’s an entirely unproven assumption. While taxi drivers + have been known to misbehave, the worldwide litany of complaints against + Uber drivers – for everything from dirty cars and <a href="http://consumerist.com/2014/07/30/uber-passenger-complains-of-spider-bite-in-filthy-car/">spider bites</a> to + <a + href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/09/30/uber-driver-hammer-attack-liability/">assault with a hammer</a>, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-nikki-williams-2014-12">fondling</a> and + <a + href="http://www.businessinsider.com/an-uber-driver-allegedly-raped-a-female-passenger-in-boston-2014-12">rape</a>– suggest that Uber’s system may not work as well as old-fashioned + regulation. It’s certainly not noticeably superior.<em></em> + </p> + <p>In fact, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/09/uber-california-lawsuit_n_6298206.html">prosecutors in San Francisco and Los Angeles</a> say + Uber has been lying to its customers about the level and quality of its + background checks. The company now promises it will do a better job at + screening drivers. But it <a href="http://consumerist.com/2014/12/18/uber-reportedly-revamping-security-wont-say-exactly-what-its-doing/">won’t tell us</a> what + measures its taking to improve its safety record, and it’s <a href="http://consumerist.com/2014/12/18/uber-reportedly-revamping-security-wont-say-exactly-what-its-doing/">fighting the kind of driver scrutiny</a> that + taxicab companies have been required to enforce for many decades. <em></em> + </p> + <p>Many reports suggest that beleaguered drivers don’t feel much better about + the company than victimized passengers do. They tell <a href="http://qz.com/299655/why-your-uber-driver-hates-uber/">horror stories</a> about + the company’s hiring and management practices. Uber <a href="http://www.salon.com/2014/09/03/uber_unrest_drivers_in_los_angeles_protest_the_slashing_of_rates/">unilaterally slashes drivers’ rates</a>, + while claiming they don’t need to unionize. (The <a href="http://www.fastcompany.com/3037371/the-teamsters-of-the-21st-century-how-uber-lyft-and-facebook-drivers-are-organizing">Teamsters</a> disagree.) <em></em> + </p> + <p>The company also pushes<a href="http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/11/06/3589715/uber-lending-investigation/"> sketchy, substandard loans</a> onto + its drivers – but hey, what could go wrong?<em></em> + </p> + <p>Uber has many libertarian defenders. And yet, it <a href="http://pando.com/2014/10/29/uber-prs-latest-trick-impersonating-its-drivers-and-trying-to-scam-journalists/">deceives the press</a> and + <a + href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/11/17/uber_exec_suggests_using_personal_info_against_journalists.html">threatens to spy on journalists</a>, <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2014/08/04/technology/uber-lyft/">lies to its own employees</a>, + keeps its practices a secret and routinely invades the privacy of civilians + – sometimes merely for entertainment. (It has a tool, with the Orwellian + name the “<a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/10/03/god-view-uber-allegedly-stalked-users-for-party-goers-viewing-pleasure/">God View</a>,” + that it can use for monitoring customers’ personal movements.) <em></em> + </p> + <p>Aren’t those the kinds of things libertarians say they hate about <em>government</em>?<em></em> + </p> + <p>This isn’t a “gotcha” exercise. It matters. Uber is the poster child for + the pro-privatization, anti-regulatory ideology that ascribes magical powers + to technology and the private sector. It is deeply a political entity, + from its Nietzschean name to its recent hiring of White House veteran David + Plouffe. Uber is built around a relatively simple app (which relies on + government-created technology), but it’s not really a tech company. Above + all else Uber is an ideological campaign, a neoliberal project whose real + products are deregulation and the dismantling of the social contract.<em></em> + </p> + <p>Or maybe, as that tweeter in Sydney suggested, they’re just assholes.<em></em> + </p> + <p>Either way, it’s important that Uber’s worldview and business practices + not be allowed to “disrupt” our economy or our social fabric. People who + work hard deserve to make a decent living. Society at large deserves access + to safe and affordable transportation. And government, as the collective + expression of a democratic society, has a role to play in protecting its + citizens. <em></em> + </p> + <p>And then there’s the matter of our collective psyche. In her book “A Paradise + Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities that Arise in Disaster,” Rebecca + Solnit wrote of the purpose, meaning and deep satisfaction people find + when they pull together to help one another in the face of adversity. + But in the world Uber seeks to create, those surges of the spirit would + be replaced by surge pricing.<em></em> + </p> + <p>You don’t need a “God view” to see what happens next. When heroism is + reduced to a transaction, the soul of a society is sold cheap. <em></em> + </p> + </div> <a class="toggle-group toggleOnScroll trigger remember refreshAds gaTrackPageEvent" + data-toggle-group="story-13850779" data-delay="15" href="http://www.salon.com/2015/02/01/the_sharing_economy_is_a_lie_uber_ayn_rand_and_the_truth_about_tech_and_libertarians/"> + <script type="json/config" class="jsonConfig"> + {"slots":{"1":["pageTitle","The sharing economy is a lie: Uber, Ayn Rand and the truth about tech and libertarians",3],"2":["pageType","article cr-link",3],"3":["author","Richard (R.J.) Eskow",3],"5":["section","Technology",3]}} + </script> + </a> + </div> + <div class="writerMeta"> + <p></p> + <div class="social"></div> <a class="byline" title="More Richard (R.J.) Eskow." href="http://www.salon.com/writer/richard_r_j_eskow/"> + More Richard (R.J.) 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In a short four-year period they have grown to over sixty full-time employees and ha...", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/simplyfound-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/simplyfound-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99a559a --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/simplyfound-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="card-box-body"> + <p>The Raspberry Pi Foundation started by a handful of volunteers in 2012 when they released the original Raspberry Pi 256MB Model B without knowing what to expect. In a short four-year period they have grown to over sixty full-time employees and have shipped over <b>eight million</b> units to-date. Raspberry Pi has achieved new heights by being shipped to the International Space Station for research and by being an affordable computing platforms used by teachers throughout the world. "It has become the all-time best-selling computer in the UK".</p> + <p class="media-caption">Raspberry Pi 3 - A credit card sized PC that only costs $35 - Image: Raspberry Pi Foundation</p> + <p>Raspberry Pi Foundation is charity organization that pushes for a digital revolution with a mission to inspire kids to learn by creating computer-powered objects. The foundation also helps teachers learn computing skills through free training and readily available tutorials & example code for creating cool things such as music.</p> + <p class="media-caption">Raspberry Pi in educations - Image: Raspberry Pi Foundation</p> + <p>In celebration of their 4th year anniversary, the foundation has released <b>Raspberry Pi 3</b> with the same price tag of<b> </b>$35 USD. The 3rd revision features a <b>1.2GHz 64-bit quad-core</b> ARM CPU with integrated Bluetooth 4.1 and 802.11n wireless LAN chipsets. The ARM Cortex-A53 CPU along with other architectural enhancements making it the fastest Raspberry Pi to-date. The 3rd revision is reportedly about 50-60% times faster than its predecessor Raspberry Pi 2 and about 10 times faster then the original Raspberry PI.</p> + <p class="media-caption">Raspberry Pi - Various Usage</p> + <p>Raspberry Pi 3 is now available via many online resellers. At this time, you should use a recent <b>32-bit </b>NOOBS or Raspbian image from their <a href="https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">downloads</a> page with a promise of a switch to a 64-bit version only if further investigation proves that there is indeed some value in moving to 64-bit mode.</p> + </div> +</div>
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In a short four-year period they have grown to over sixty full-time employees and have shipped over <b>eight million</b> units to-date. Raspberry Pi has achieved new heights by being shipped to the International Space Station for research and by being an affordable computing platforms used by teachers throughout the world. "It has become the all-time best-selling computer in the UK".</p> + </div> + <div class="spacer"></div> + <div class="media-container "> + <div class="image-wrapper"> + <div class="image"> <img src="https://d34hb2g9mvfppu.cloudfront.net/m/images/cache/images/2016/02/29/apcnews2012raspberry_pi_logo_mainimage8_jpg8_322_27630a8388eb_lg.jpg" class="bottom-aligned"/> </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="media-caption">Raspberry Pi 3 - A credit card sized PC that only costs $35 - Image: Raspberry Pi Foundation</div> + <div class="spacer"></div> + <div class="text-content-box"> + <p>Raspberry Pi Foundation is charity organization that pushes for a digital revolution with a mission to inspire kids to learn by creating computer-powered objects. The foundation also helps teachers learn computing skills through free training and readily available tutorials & example code for creating cool things such as music.</p> + </div> + <div class="spacer"></div> + <div class="media-container "> + <div class="image-wrapper"> + <div class="image"> <img src="https://d34hb2g9mvfppu.cloudfront.net/m/images/cache/images/2016/02/29/teachers_classroom_guide_324_a221bf31d64c_lg.png" class="bottom-aligned"/> </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="media-caption">Raspberry Pi in educations - Image: Raspberry Pi Foundation</div> + <div class="spacer"></div> + <div class="text-content-box"> + <p>In celebration of their 4th year anniversary, the foundation has released <b>Raspberry Pi 3</b> with the same price tag of<b> </b>$35 USD. The 3rd revision features a <b>1.2GHz 64-bit quad-core</b> ARM CPU with integrated Bluetooth 4.1 and 802.11n wireless LAN chipsets. The ARM Cortex-A53 CPU along with other architectural enhancements making it the fastest Raspberry Pi to-date. The 3rd revision is reportedly about 50-60% times faster than its predecessor Raspberry Pi 2 and about 10 times faster then the original Raspberry PI.</p> + </div> + <div class="spacer"></div> + <div class="media-container "> + <div id="snippet-326-image-carousel" class="carousel slide image-carousel" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="false"> + <ol class="carousel-indicators"> + <li data-target="#snippet-326-image-carousel" data-slide-to="0" class=" active "></li> + <li data-target="#snippet-326-image-carousel" data-slide-to="1" class=""></li> + <li data-target="#snippet-326-image-carousel" data-slide-to="2" class=""></li> + </ol> + <div class="carousel-inner"> + <div class="item active "> + <div class="image-wrapper"> + <div class="image"> <img src="https://d34hb2g9mvfppu.cloudfront.net/m/images/cache/images/2016/02/29/handj_326_eb8b50597a3f_lg.jpg" alt="Image 1" class="bottom-aligned"/> </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="item "> + <div class="image-wrapper"> + <div class="image"> <img src="https://d34hb2g9mvfppu.cloudfront.net/m/images/cache/images/2016/02/29/images_326_b1f81e087284_lg.jpeg" alt="Image 2" class="bottom-aligned"/> </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="item "> + <div class="image-wrapper"> + <div class="image"> <img src="https://d34hb2g9mvfppu.cloudfront.net/m/images/cache/images/2016/02/29/images_2_326_c32fa7688f70_lg.jpeg" alt="Image 3" class="bottom-aligned"/> </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <a href="#snippet-326-image-carousel" data-slide="prev" class="carousel-control left"> + <div class="overlay-left-button" style="background: url('https://d2ri69w25kq2xp.cloudfront.net/s/img/misc/carousel-arrow-stripes.35420672cdd8.png') no-repeat;"></div> + </a> + <a href="#snippet-326-image-carousel" data-slide="next" class="carousel-control right"> + <div class="overlay-right-button" style="background: url('https://d2ri69w25kq2xp.cloudfront.net/s/img/misc/carousel-arrow-stripes.35420672cdd8.png') no-repeat;"></div> + </a> + </div> + </div> + <div class="media-caption">Raspberry Pi - Various Usage</div> + <div class="spacer"></div> + <div class="text-content-box"> + <p>Raspberry Pi 3 is now available via many online resellers. At this time, you should use a recent <b>32-bit </b>NOOBS or Raspbian image from their <a href="https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">downloads</a> page with a promise of a switch to a 64-bit version only if further investigation proves that there is indeed some value in moving to 64-bit mode.</p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="article-view-action text-center"> + <div class="btn btn-default viewcount bold"> <i class="fa fa-eye"></i><span class="action-button-text">137 </span> </div> + <a href="/account/user/login?next=/article/eb9a5e137034/raspberry-pi-3-the-credit-card-sized-pc-that-cost-only-35-all-time-bestselling-computer-in-uk" rel="noindex" class="btn btn-default actionable bold confirm" title="Login to like?" placement="top"> <i class="fa fa-heart-o"></i> <span class="action-button-text trac-togglable-value">1</span> </a> + <a href="#" rel="noindex" class="btn btn-default actionable bold" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#social-sharing-modal-article-66"> <i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i><span class="action-button-text">Share</span> </a> + <a href="#" rel="noindex" class="btn btn-default actionable article-history bold hidden"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i><span class="action-button-text">Back</span> </a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="social-sharing-modal-article-66" class="col-lg-12 modal fade social-share-box"> + <div class="modal-dialog"> + <div class="modal-content"> + <div class="modal-header"> + <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><i class="fa fa-times"></i></button> + <h4 class="modal-title bold">Like It, Share It!</h4> </div> + <div class="modal-body"> + <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A//simplyfound.com/article/eb9a5e137034" rel="nofollow" class="social-share-link"> <span class="fa-stack fa-3x" rel="tooltip" data-placement="top" data-original-title="Facebook"> + <i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x facebook-bg"></i> + <i class="fa fa-facebook-f fa-stack-1x social-fg"></i> + </span> </a> + <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A//simplyfound.com/article/eb9a5e137034&text=Raspberry%20Pi%203%20-%20The%20credit%20card%20sized%20PC%20that%20cost%20only%20%2435%20-%20All-time%20bestselling%20computer%20in%20UK" rel="nofollow" class="social-share-link"> <span class="fa-stack fa-3x" rel="tooltip" data-placement="top" data-original-title="Twitter"> + <i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x twitter-bg"></i> + <i class="fa fa-twitter fa-stack-1x social-fg"></i> + </span> </a> + <a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A//simplyfound.com/article/eb9a5e137034" rel="nofollow" class="social-share-link"> <span class="fa-stack fa-3x" rel="tooltip" data-placement="top" data-original-title="Google"> + <i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x google-bg"></i> + <i class="fa fa-google-plus fa-stack-1x social-fg"></i> + </span> </a> + <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A//simplyfound.com/article/eb9a5e137034&title=Raspberry%20Pi%203%20-%20The%20credit%20card%20sized%20PC%20that%20cost%20only%20%2435%20-%20All-time%20bestselling%20computer%20in%20UK&source=SimplyFound" rel="nofollow" class="social-share-link"> <span class="fa-stack fa-3x" rel="tooltip" data-placement="top" data-original-title="Linkedin"> + <i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x linkedin-bg"></i> + <i class="fa fa-linkedin fa-stack-1x social-fg"></i> + </span> </a> + <a href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A//simplyfound.com/article/eb9a5e137034&title=Raspberry%20Pi%203%20-%20The%20credit%20card%20sized%20PC%20that%20cost%20only%20%2435%20-%20All-time%20bestselling%20computer%20in%20UK" rel="nofollow" class="social-share-link"> <span class="fa-stack fa-3x" rel="tooltip" data-placement="top" data-original-title="Reddit"> + <i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x reddit-bg"></i> + <i class="fa fa-reddit-alien fa-stack-1x social-fg"></i> + </span> </a> + <a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A//simplyfound.com/article/eb9a5e137034&description=Raspberry%20Pi%203%20-%20The%20credit%20card%20sized%20PC%20that%20cost%20only%20%2435%20-%20All-time%20bestselling%20computer%20in%20UK&media=https://d34hb2g9mvfppu.cloudfront.net/m/images/cache/images/2016/02/29/apcnews2012raspberry_pi_logo_mainimage8_jpg8_322_7490af98d726_sm.jpg" rel="nofollow" class="social-share-link"> <span class="fa-stack fa-3x" rel="tooltip" data-placement="top" data-original-title="Pinterest"> + <i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x pinterest-bg"></i> + <i class="fa fa-pinterest fa-stack-1x social-fg"></i> + </span> </a> + <a href="mailto:?subject=Raspberry Pi 3 - The credit card sized PC that cost only $35 - All-time bestselling computer in UK&body=I am sharing this article with you. 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Ut enim ad minim veniam,\n quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo\n consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse\n cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non\n proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/social-buttons/expected.html b/test/test-pages/social-buttons/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63fabd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/social-buttons/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <article class="main-content"> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </article> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/social-buttons/source.html b/test/test-pages/social-buttons/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee9d660 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/social-buttons/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <title>Share buttons removal test</title> +</head> +<body> + <article class="main-content"> + <h1>Lorem ipsum dolor</h1> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <div class="sharedaddy sd-block sd-like" id="like-post-wrapper-70135762-15074-552441e572442" + data-src="//widgets.wp.com/likes/#blog_id=70135762&post_id=15074&origin=longreadsblog.wordpress.com&obj_id=70135762-15074-552441e572442" + data-name="like-post-frame-70135762-15074-552441e572442"> + <h3 class="sd-title">Like this:</h3> + <div class="likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder" style="height:55px"> + <span class="button"> + <span>Like</span> + </span> + <span class="loading">Loading...</span> + </div> + <span class="sd-text-color"></span> + <a class="sd-link-color"></a> + </div> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + </article> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/style-tags-removal/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/style-tags-removal/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bd4dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/style-tags-removal/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Style tags removal", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,\n quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo\n consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse\n cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non\n proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.", + "readerable": false +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/style-tags-removal/expected.html b/test/test-pages/style-tags-removal/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6335f30 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/style-tags-removal/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <article> + <p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + <p> Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p> + </article> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/style-tags-removal/source.html b/test/test-pages/style-tags-removal/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..687ca39 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/style-tags-removal/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"/> + <title>Style tags removal</title> + <style>h1{font-weight:normal}</style> +</head> +<body> + <article> + <h1>Lorem</h1> + <style> + div{font-weight:bold} + </style> + <div> + Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod + tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + <style> + h2 { + color: red; + } + </style> + <h2>Foo</h2> + <div> + Tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, + quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo + consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse + cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non + proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. + </div> + </article> + <style> + * { + color: yellow; + } + </style> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/svg-parsing/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/svg-parsing/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8cbac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/svg-parsing/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "SVG parsing", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\ntempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,\nquis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo\nconsequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse\ncillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non\nproident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/svg-parsing/expected.html b/test/test-pages/svg-parsing/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69deb01 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/svg-parsing/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <svg version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 50 50" height="50" width="50"> + <g> + <clippath id="hex-mask-large"> + <polygon points="15,35 10,35 10,0 10,0 45,0 45,35 45,35 25,35 15,43"></polygon> + </clippath> + <clippath id="hex-mask-small"> + <polygon points="5,1 5,16 3,23 10,20 24,20 24,1"></polygon> + </clippath> + </g> + </svg> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> +</div>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/test-pages/svg-parsing/source.html b/test/test-pages/svg-parsing/source.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4fb905 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/svg-parsing/source.html @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <title>SVG parsing</title> +</head> +<body> +<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod +tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, +quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo +consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse +cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non +proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> +<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod +tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, +quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo +consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse +cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non +proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> +<svg version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 50 50" height="50" width="50" style="position: absolute;"> + <g> + <clipPath id="hex-mask-large"><polygon points="15,35 10,35 10,0 10,0 45,0 45,35 45,35 25,35 15,43"/></clipPath> + <clipPath id="hex-mask-small"><polygon points="5,1 5,16 3,23 10,20 24,20 24,1"/></clipPath> + </g> +</svg> +<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod +tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, +quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo +consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse +cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non +proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> +<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod +tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, +quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo +consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse +cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non +proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> +<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod +tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, +quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo +consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse +cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non +proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/tmz-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/tmz-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39a351a --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/tmz-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Lupita Nyong'o's $150K Pearl Oscar Dress -- STOLEN!!!", + "byline": null, + "excerpt": "Lupita Nyong'o's now-famous Oscar dress -- adorned in pearls -- was stolen right out of her hotel room ... TMZ has learned. Law enforcement sources tell…", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/tmz-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/tmz-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc7242e --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/tmz-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div class="post single-post" id="post-2015_02_26_lupita-nyongo-pearl-dress-stolen-oscars"> + <p class="headline"> + <h4 class="hf2">$150K Pearl Oscar Dress ... STOLEN!!!!</h4> </p> + <h5 class="article-posted-date"> + 2/26/2015 7:11 AM PST BY TMZ STAFF + </h5> + <div itemprop="articleBody" class="all-post-body group article-content"> + <p class="primary-image-swipe"><span>EXCLUSIVE</span> </p> + <p> <img alt="0225-lupita-nyongo-getty-01" src="http://ll-media.tmz.com/2015/02/26/0225-lupita-nyongo-getty-4.jpg"/><strong>Lupita Nyong</strong>'<strong>o</strong>'s now-famous Oscar dress -- adorned in pearls -- was stolen right out of her hotel room ... TMZ has learned.</p> + <p>Law enforcement sources tell TMZ ... the dress was taken out of Lupita's room at The London West Hollywood. The dress is made of pearls ... 6,000 white Akoya pearls. It's valued at $150,000.</p> + <p>Our sources say Lupita told cops it was taken from her room sometime between 8 AM and 9 PM Wednesday ... while she was gone. </p> + <p>We're told there is security footage that cops are looking at that could catch the culprit right in the act. </p> + <p> <img alt="update_graphic_red_bar" src="http://ll-media.tmz.com/2013/11/20/update-graphic-red-bar.jpg"/><strong>12:00 PM PT</strong> -- Sheriff's deputies were at The London Thursday morning. We know they were in the manager's office and we're told they have looked at security footage to determine if they can ID the culprit.</p> + <p> <img alt="0226-SUB-london-hotel-swipe-tmz-02" src="http://ll-media.tmz.com/2015/02/26/0226-sub-london-hotel-swipe-tmz-11.jpg"/> </p> + <a name="continued"></a> + </div> + </div> +</div>
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| TMZ.com</title> + <script + language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="http://ll-assets.tmz.com/www.tmz.com/main/default/cache/d445e4380e66504cd22c77ef054f930a.v2015_03_11_155119.js"></script> + <script src="//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/amzn_ads.js"></script> + <script> + try { + amznads.getAds('3064'); + } catch(e) {} + </script> + <script> + wbads.setEnabled(true); + wbads.init( + '55153744', + 'tmz', + 'article', + { + debug_enabled: true, + device_view: "main" + }, + { + collapse_empty_divs: true, + global_targeting: { + tag: "lupita-nyongo,exclusive,fashion,awards-awards-shows,academy-awards,celebrity-justice" + } + } + ); + </script> + <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="http://ll-assets.tmz.com/www.tmz.com/main/default/cache/spinner.3ab697b3b6a3cf7be0a061af8e9c0e1d.v2014_06_11_152631.js"></script> + <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://ll-assets.tmz.com/www.tmz.com/main/default/cache/style.0c025c59d9785bf4bd93c859ba6c5e03.v2015_03_10_155849.css"/> + <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="http://ll-assets.tmz.com/www.tmz.com/main/default/cache/220084d67afc3f1291993cbd8bf46c77.v2014_10_16_163308.js"></script> + <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="http://ll-assets.tmz.com/www.tmz.com/main/default/cache/ecdb9b872560bac80e1b2efcaf73f7dc.v2015_03_11_155121.js"></script> + <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="http://ll-assets.tmz.com/www.tmz.com/main/default/cache/eda2efbea250c40d4d75dde9b8eebda1.v2015_03_09_212628.js"></script> + <!-- check --> + <script src="http://cdnapi.kaltura.com/p/591531/sp/59153100/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/22960621/partner_id/591531"></script> + <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="http://ll-assets.tmz.com/www.tmz.com/main/default/cache/post_video_embed.589aa778ae630edf34d7163158ccd942.v2015_03_11_154423.js"></script> + <script> + Showtimes.enableAutoLoad(true); + </script> + <!-- Middleware --> + <script> + require(['tmz/middleware/1.0.0/client'], function(mw) { + mw.init("https://mw-api.tmz.com", "85bcfbd793d84806bd67fa8cb9b13525"); + }); + </script> + <link rel="image_src" href="http://ll-media.tmz.com/2015/02/26/0225-lupita-nyongo-getty-01-1200x630.jpg"/> + <meta name="robots" content="all"/> + <meta name="description" content="Lupita Nyong'o's now-famous Oscar dress -- adorned in pearls -- was stolen right out of her hotel room ... 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(PHOTO)" border="0"/> + + </a> + + <figcaption> <a class="hover-text has-adid" href="http://www.tmz.com/2015/03/18/kylie-jenner-17-bathing-suit-photo/" + data-adid="hero7" rel="bookmark"> + + Kylie Jenner -- When I Was 17 ... + + </a> + + </figcaption> + </figure> + </li> + <li class="story"> + <figure> <a class="has-adid" data-adid="hero8" href="http://www.tmz.com/2015/03/18/miley-cyrus-patrick-schwarzenegger-cabo-photos-usc/" + rel="bookmark"> + + <img class="thumb-underlined-4" src="http://ll-media.tmz.com/2015/03/18/0318-miley-patrick-splash-03-117x81.jpg" width="117" height="81" alt="Miley Cyrus -- She's Hung Out With Patrick Schwarzenegger's Cabo Chick" border="0"/> + + </a> + + <figcaption> <a class="hover-text has-adid" href="http://www.tmz.com/2015/03/18/miley-cyrus-patrick-schwarzenegger-cabo-photos-usc/" + data-adid="hero8" rel="bookmark"> + + Miley Cyrus -- She's Hung Out With Patrick's Cabo Girl + + </a> + + </figcaption> + </figure> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="breadcrumbs group"><a href="/" id="breadcrumb-home">Home</a> + <h1 itemprop="headline" class="post-title-breadcrumb">Lupita Nyong'o's $150K Pearl Oscar Dress -- STOLEN!!!</h1> + </div> + <div id="main-content"> + <!-- AROUND THE WEB POSTS START --> + <article class="news single"> + <div class="post single-post" id="post-2015_02_26_lupita-nyongo-pearl-dress-stolen-oscars"> + <div class="headline"> + <h2 class="hf1">Lupita Nyong'o</h2> + + <h4 class="hf2">$150K Pearl Oscar Dress ... STOLEN!!!!</h4> + + </div> + <h5 class="article-posted-date"> + 2/26/2015 7:11 AM PST BY TMZ STAFF + </h5> + + <div itemprop="articleBody" class="all-post-body group article-content"> + <div class="primary-image-swipe"><span>EXCLUSIVE</span> + </div> + <p> + <img alt="0225-lupita-nyongo-getty-01" src="http://ll-media.tmz.com/2015/02/26/0225-lupita-nyongo-getty-4.jpg"/><strong>Lupita Nyong</strong>'<strong>o</strong>'s now-famous Oscar dress + -- adorned in pearls -- was stolen right out of her hotel room ... TMZ + has learned.</p> + <p>Law enforcement sources tell TMZ ... the dress was taken out of Lupita's + room at The London West Hollywood. The dress is made of pearls ... 6,000 + white Akoya pearls. It's valued at $150,000.</p> + <p>Our sources say Lupita told cops it was taken from her room sometime between + 8 AM and 9 PM Wednesday ... while she was gone. </p> + <p>We're told there is security footage that cops are looking at that could + catch the culprit right in the act. </p> + <p> + <img alt="update_graphic_red_bar" src="http://ll-media.tmz.com/2013/11/20/update-graphic-red-bar.jpg"/><strong>12:00 PM PT</strong> -- Sheriff's deputies were at The London Thursday + morning. We know they were in the manager's office and we're told + they have looked at security footage to determine if they can ID the culprit.</p> + <p> + <img alt="0226-SUB-london-hotel-swipe-tmz-02" src="http://ll-media.tmz.com/2015/02/26/0226-sub-london-hotel-swipe-tmz-11.jpg"/> + </p> <a name="continued"></a> + + <div class="related clearfix"> + +<h3><span>See also</span></h3> + + <ul> + <li><a href="http://www.tmz.com/2014/12/31/french-laundry-restaurant-robbed-wine-stolen/">French Laundry -- $300,000 Worth of Wine Stolen From Restaurant You WIll Never Get Into</a> + </li> + <li><a href="http://www.tmz.com/2015/01/08/miley-cyrus-house-burglary-robbed/">Miley Cyrus -- Burglary Victim ... AGAIN</a> + </li> + <li><a href="http://www.tmz.com/2015/01/30/dog-stolen-beverly-hills-store-charlie-switch-lost/">Stolen Beverly Hills Dog -- Hilary Duff & Celeb Posse Scour City</a> + </li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + <!-- ALL POST BODY END --> + </div> + <!--end post-single --> + <div class="email-opt-in-container"> + <iframe id="opt-in-iframe" width="0" height="0" scrolling="no" name="opt-in-iframe"></iframe> + <div class="opt-container"> + <div id="email-opt-in" class="email-opt-in wrapper"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="opt-in-logo"></div> + <div class="content">Get <span class="highlight">TMZ Breaking News</span> alerts to your inbox</div> + <div + id="optin-errormsg"></div> + <form id="opt_in_form" method="post" action="http://www.nl.tmz.com/subscribev2.php" + target="opt-in-iframe" onsubmit="return emailValidation()"> + <input type="text" id="email" name="email" value="[email protected]" placeholder="[email protected]" + size="30" maxlength="150"/> + <input class="opt-in-submit" type="submit" value="SUBMIT"/> + <div class="email-groups"> + <input type="hidden" name="groups[]" value="268"/> + <input type="checkbox" name="groups[]" value="3" id="yesbox" checked=""/> + <label for="yesbox">Yes! 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Although no group claimed responsibility, the bloodshed raised fears that militants linked to the Islamic State were expanding their operations.</p> + <p>The attackers, clad in military uniforms, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gunmen-storm-museum-in-tunisia-killing-at-least-8/2015/03/18/00202e76-cd73-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html">stormed the Bardo National Museum</a> on Wednesday afternoon, seizing and gunning down foreign tourists before security forces raided the building to end the siege. The museum is a major tourist draw and is near the heavily guarded national parliament in downtown Tunis.</p> + <p>Tunisian Prime Minister Habib Essid said that in addition to the slain foreigners — from Italy, Poland, Germany and Spain — a local museum worker and a security official were killed. Two gunmen died, and three others may have escaped, officials said. About 50 other people were wounded, according to local news reports.</p> + <p>“Our nation is in danger,” Essid declared in a televised address Wednesday evening. He vowed that the country would be “merciless” in defending itself.</p> + <p channel="wp.com" class="interstitial-link"> <i> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/18/why-tunisia-the-arab-springs-sole-success-story-suffers-from-islamist-violence/">[Read: Why Tunisia, Arab Spring’s sole success story, suffers from Islamist violence]</a> </i> </p> + <p>Tunisia, a mostly Muslim nation of about 11 million people, was governed for decades by autocrats who imposed secularism. Its sun-drenched Mediterranean beaches drew thousands of bikini-clad tourists, and its governments promoted education and other rights for women. But the country has grappled with rising Islamist militancy since a popular uprising overthrew its dictator four years ago, setting the stage for the Arab Spring revolts across the region.</p> + <p>Thousands of Tunisians have flocked to join jihadist groups in Syria, including the Islamic State, making the country one of the major sources of foreign fighters in the conflict. Tunisian security forces have also fought increasing gunbattles with jihadists at home.</p> + <p>Despite this, the country has been hailed as a model of democratic transition as other governments that came to power after the Arab Spring collapsed, often in bloody confrontations. But the attack Wednesday — on a national landmark that showcases Tunisia’s rich heritage — could heighten tensions in a nation that has become deeply divided between pro- and anti-Islamist political factions.</p> + <p>Many Tunisians accuse the country’s political Islamists, who held power from 2011 to 2013, of having been slow to respond to the growing danger of terrorism. Islamist politicians have acknowledged that they did not realize the threat that would develop when radical Muslims, who had been repressed under authoritarian regimes, won the freedom to preach freely in mosques.</p> + <p>In Washington, White House press secretary Josh Earnest <a href="http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2015-03-18-ML--Tunisia-Attack-The%20Latest/id-653822d829b24cef993c5bd6a7ce44b5">condemned the attack </a>and said the U.S. government was willing to assist Tunisian authorities in the investigation.</p> + <div class="inline-content inline-video"> + <p class="inline-video-caption"> <span class="pb-caption">Gunmen in military uniforms stormed Tunisia's national museum, killing at least 19 people, most of them foreign tourists. (Reuters)</span> </p> + </div> + <p>“This attack today is meant to threaten authorities, to frighten tourists and to negatively affect the economy,” said Lotfi Azzouz, Tunisia country director for Amnesty International, a London-based rights group.</p> + <p>Tourism is critical to Tunisia’s economy, accounting for 15 percent of its gross domestic product in 2013, according to the World Travel and Tourism Council, an industry body. The Bardo museum hosts one of the world’s most outstanding collections of Roman mosaics and is popular with tourists and Tunisians alike.</p> + <p channel="wp.com" class="interstitial-link"> <i>[<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/18/tunisias-bardo-museum-attacked-by-terrorists-is-home-to-amazing-roman-treasures/">Bardo museum houses amazing Roman treasures</a>]</i> </p> + <p>The attack is “also aimed at the country’s security and stability during the transition period,” Azzouz said. “And it could have political repercussions — like the curtailing of human rights, or even less government transparency if there’s fear of further attacks.”</p> + <p>The attack raised concerns that the government, led by secularists, would be pressured to stage a wider crackdown on Islamists of all stripes. Lawmakers are drafting an anti-terrorism bill to give security forces additional tools to fight militants.</p> + <p channel="wp.com" class="interstitial-link"> <i> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/tunisia-after-igniting-arab-spring-sends-the-most-fighters-to-islamic-state-in-syria/2014/10/28/b5db4faa-5971-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html">[Read: Tunisia sends most foreign fighters to Islamic State in Syria]</a> </i> </p> + <p>“We must pay attention to what is written” in that law, Azzouz said. “There is worry the government will use the attack to justify some draconian measures.”</p> + <p>Tunisian Islamists and secular forces have worked together — often reluctantly — to defuse the country’s political crises in the years since the revolt.</p> + <p>Last fall, Tunisians elected a secular-minded president and parliament dominated by liberal forces after <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/tunisias-islamists-get-sobering-lesson-in-governing/2014/11/20/b6fc8988-65ad-11e4-ab86-46000e1d0035_story.html">souring on Islamist-led rule</a>. In 2011, voters had elected a government led by the Ennahda party — a movement similar to Egypt’s Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. But a political stalemate developed as the party and others tried to draft the country’s new constitution. The Islamists failed to improve a slumping economy. And Ennahda came under fire for what many Tunisians saw as a failure to crack down on Islamist extremists.</p> + <div class="inline-content inline-graphic-linked"><span class="pb-caption">Map: Flow of foreign fighters to Syria</span></div> + <p>After the collapse of the authoritarian system in 2011, hard-line Muslims known as Salafists attacked bars and art galleries. Then, in 2012, hundreds of Islamists <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/in-tunisia-embassy-attack-tests-fledgling-democracy/2012/09/20/19f3986a-0273-11e2-8102-ebee9c66e190_story.html">assaulted the U.S. Embassy </a>in Tunis, shattering windows and hurling gasoline bombs, after the release of a crude online video about the prophet Muhammad. + <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23452979"></a>The government outlawed the group behind the attack — Ansar al-Sharia, an al-Qaeda-linked organization — and began a crackdown. But the killing <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23452979">of two leftist politicians</a> in 2013 prompted a fresh political crisis, and Ennahda stepped down, replaced by a technocratic government.</p> + <p>Tunisia’s <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/02/03/tunisia-opts-for-an-inclusive-new-government/">current coalition government</a> includes an Ennahda minister in the cabinet. Still, many leftist figures openly oppose collaboration with the movement’s leaders.</p> + <p>“Ennahda is responsible for the current deterioration of the situation, because they were careless with the extremists” while they were in power, Azzouz said.</p> + <p>The leader of Ennahda, Rachid Ghannouchi, condemned Wednesday’s attack, saying in a statement that it “will not break our people’s will and will not undermine our revolution and our democracy.”</p> + <p>Security officials are particularly concerned by the collapse of Libya, where various armed groups are vying for influence and jihadist militants have entrenched themselves in major cities. Tunisians worry that extremists can easily get arms and training in the neighboring country.</p> + <p>In January, Libyan militants loyal to the Islamic State <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/video-shows-purported-beheading-of-egyptian-christians-in-libya/2015/02/15/b8d0f092-b548-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html">beheaded 21 Christians</a> — 20 of them Egyptian Copts — along the country’s coast. They later seized the Libyan city of Sirte.</p> + <div class="inline-content inline-graphic-embedded"><img class="unprocessed" data-hi-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_1484w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Graphics/tunisia600.jpg?uuid=1_yuLs2LEeSHME9HNBbnWQ" data-low-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_480w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Graphics/tunisia600.jpg?uuid=1_yuLs2LEeSHME9HNBbnWQ" src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_480w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Graphics/tunisia600.jpg?uuid=1_yuLs2LEeSHME9HNBbnWQ"/> + <br/> + </div> + <p>Officials are worried about the number of Tunisian militants who may have joined the jihadists in Libya — with the goal of returning home to fight the Tunis government.</p> + <p>Ajmi Lourimi, a member of Ennahda’s general secretariat, said he believed the attack would unite Tunisians in the face of terrorism.</p> + <p>“There is a consensus here that this [attack] is alien to our culture, to our way of life. We want to unify against this danger,” Lourimi said. He said he did not expect a wider government campaign against Islamists.</p> + <p>“We have nothing to fear,” he said of himself and fellow Ennahda members. “We believe the Interior Ministry should be trained and equipped to fight and counter this militancy.”</p> + <p>The last major attack on a civilian target in Tunisia was in 2002, when al-Qaeda militants killed more than 20 people in a car bombing outside a synagogue in the city of Djerba.</p> + <p>Heba Habib contributed to this report.</p> + <p channel="wp.com"> <b>Read more:</b> </p> + <p channel="wp.com"> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/tunisias-islamists-get-sobering-lesson-in-governing/2014/11/20/b6fc8988-65ad-11e4-ab86-46000e1d0035_story.html" title="www.washingtonpost.com">Tunisia’s Islamists get a sobering lesson in governing</a> </p> + <p channel="wp.com"> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/tunisia-after-igniting-arab-spring-sends-the-most-fighters-to-islamic-state-in-syria/2014/10/28/b5db4faa-5971-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html">Tunisia sends most foreign fighters to Islamic State in Syria</a> </p> + <p channel="wp.com"> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/18/tunisias-bardo-museum-attacked-by-terrorists-is-home-to-amazing-roman-treasures/">Tunisia’s Bardo museum is home to amazing Roman treasures</a> </p> + </article> +</div>
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class="wp-volt-gal wp-volt-gal-p-end-circular wp-volt-gal-promo-stub wp-volt-gal-on-promo-slide wp-volt-gal-embed-promo wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-hide" + data-category="Foreign" data-commercial-node="world" data-first-published="1426686630" + data-permalink="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/at-least-8-dead-in-tunisia-attack-on-leading-museum/2015/03/18/ef22654e-cd72-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69_gallery.html" + data-preroll-zone="" data-published="1426713600" data-section="world" data-show-interstitials="true" + data-show-preroll="true" data-slug="at-least-8-dead-in-tunisia-attack-on-leading-museum" + data-subsection="" data-title="At least 17 dead in Tunisia after attack in capital city" + data-uuid="ef22654e-cd72-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-bar"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav-number"><span class="wp-volt-gal-nav-number-current">1</span> of 24</div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav-buttons"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav-button wp-volt-gal-nav-prev"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav-button wp-volt-gal-nav-next"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-buttons"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-button wp-volt-gal-button-fullscreen">Full Screen</div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-button wp-volt-gal-button-autoplay">Autoplay</div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-bar-pie"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-button wp-volt-gal-button-close">Close</div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-main"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-photos"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" data-caption="Tunisian security forces secure the area after gunmen attacked the famed Bardo National Museum in Tunis, the capital." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/Nic6429732.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4864" data-ratio="1.514" data-title="March 18, 2015" data-uuid="960ee120-cd73-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide-gal-title"></div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" data-caption="Armed Tunisian police officers secure the area. A raid by security forces killed at least two suspected assailants." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/Nic6429739.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="5000" data-ratio="1.403" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="c0a8ee44-cd73-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Members of Tunisian security services take positions after gunmen took hostages at the museum, which is located near the country’s parliament. Tunisia’s prime minister said some attackers may have escaped." + data-credit="Mohamed Messara/European Pressphoto Agency" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/04667704.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="3576" data-ratio="1.457" data-title="March 18, 2015" data-uuid="f66f0046-cd72-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Members of Tunisian security services take up positions. The terrorist strike is the deadliest in more than a decade in the tiny North African nation, whose economy depends a lot on tourism." + data-credit="Mohamed Messara/European Pressphoto Agency" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/04667708.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4096" data-ratio="1.489" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="f7bdd03a-cd72-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Members of the Tunisian security services stand near the parliament building. There was no immediate claim of responsibility in the attack." + data-credit="Mohamed Messara/European Pressphoto Agency" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/04667692.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4096" data-ratio="1.557" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="f92e89f0-cd72-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Members of the Tunisian armed forces arrive after the attack, which followed increasing bloodshed and clashes in neighboring Lebanon." + data-credit="Mohamed Messara/European Pressphoto Agency" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/04667707.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4096" data-ratio="1.605" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="f71c7c30-cd72-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Armed Tunisian policemen stop a vehicle as they secure the area. The attack began as gunmen opened fire on tourists getting off buses outside the Bardo. The attackers then entered the museum." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/Nic6429740.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="5000" data-ratio="1.459" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="d8c9857e-cd73-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Members of the Tunisian security services take up positions.Tunisia has grappled with rising extremism and Islamist militancy since a popular uprising in 2011." + data-credit="Mohamed Messara/European Pressphoto Agency" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/04667719.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4096" data-ratio="1.648" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="0a7ce6b6-cd73-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Tunisian police officers duck behind a vehicle. The nationalities of the victims weren’t immediately clear, but the prime minister said the victims included citizens of Italy, Germany, Poland and Spain." + data-credit="Mohamed Messara/European Pressphoto Agency" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/04667698.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4096" data-ratio="1.499" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="f87cd426-cd72-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Members of Tunisian security services crouch near the country’s parliament, which was evacuated after the attack on the nearby museum." + data-credit="Mohamed Messara/European Pressphoto Agency" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/04667684.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4096" data-ratio="1.5" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="faa5b9ca-cd72-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Police officers are seen outside the parliament in Tunis. Tunisia has been praised as a model of democratic transition after the Arab Spring." + data-credit="Zoubeir Souissi/Reuters" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/2015-03-18T144520Z_01_N07_RTRIDSP_3_TUNISIA-SECURITY.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="3173" data-ratio="1.75" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="ae8ebade-cd93-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Police officers and a journalist run outside the parliament in Tunis." + data-credit="Zoubeir Souissi/Reuters" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/2015-03-18T190845Z_01_NE16_RTRIDSP_3_TUNISIA-SECURITY.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="3500" data-ratio="1.487" data-title=" March 18, 2015" + data-uuid="6141ac7e-cdb0-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="An image taken from video shows tourists running for cover as armed men stand guard." + data-credit="Reuters TV/Reuters" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/2015-03-18T183424Z_01_SIN35_RTRIDSP_3_TUNISIA-SECURITY.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="1200" data-ratio="1.469" data-title=" March 18, 2015" + data-uuid="791412ba-cdb0-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="An image taken from video shows tourists running for cover as armed men stand guard." + data-credit="Reuters TV/Reuters" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/2015-03-18T182452Z_01_SIN32_RTRIDSP_3_TUNISIA-SECURITY.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="1200" data-ratio="1.341" data-title=" March 18, 2015" + data-uuid="87c2ef52-cdb0-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Members of the Tunisian armed forces take up positions during an operation against gunmen at the National Bardo Museum in Tunis." + data-credit="Mohamed Messara/European Pressphoto Agency" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/04668329.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4096" data-ratio="1.504" data-title=" March 18, 2015" + data-uuid="c8f7af26-cdb0-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Escorted by security forces, rescue workers pull an empty stretcher outside the Bardo museum." + data-credit="Salah Ben Mahmoud/AP" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/APTOPIX_Tunisia_Attack-0e618.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="2440" data-ratio="1.459" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="ccafd350-cd92-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="A Tunisian security force helicopter flies over the site of the attack." + data-credit="Salah Habibi/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/Nic6429931.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="5000" data-ratio="1.417" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="c720e424-cd92-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="A member of the Tunisian special security forces celebrates after killing two gunmen who attacked Tunis’s Bardo museum." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/Nic6429847.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="5000" data-ratio="1.551" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="db8f504e-cd92-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Tourists and visitors from the Bardo museum are evacuated in Tunis." + data-credit="Hassene Dridi/AP" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/APTOPIX_Tunisia_Attack-05586.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="2013" data-ratio="1.593" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="fc2a0420-cd92-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="A victim is evacuated by rescue workers outside the Bardo museum." + data-credit="Hassene Dridi/AP" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/APTOPIX_Tunisia_Attack-0515a.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="2347" data-ratio="1.476" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="3c5a5d88-cd93-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Tunisia’s president, Beji Caid Essebsi, center, visited some of the injured who were receiving treatment at Charles Nicole Hospital in Tunis." + data-credit="Stringer/European Pressphoto Agency" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/04668205.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4096" data-ratio="1.396" data-title=" " data-uuid="0c81a9ae-cdb1-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="An injured man arrives on a stretcher at Charles Nicole Hospital after the attack." + data-credit="Sofiene Hamdaoui/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/Nic6429915.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4820" data-ratio="1.488" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="be8e079c-cd92-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="A bus shows damage from the attack." data-credit="Zoubeir Souissi/Reuters" + data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/2015-03-18T172316Z_01_NE01_RTRIDSP_3_TUNISIA-SECURITY.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="3500" data-ratio="1.655" data-title=" March 18, 2015" + data-uuid="fc05c33a-cdb0-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Tunisian security forces open a gate to allow an ambulance carrying wounded victims from the attack to pass." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/Nic6429909.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4480" data-ratio="1.425" data-title="March 18, 2015 " + data-uuid="e6e188fe-cd92-11e4-8c54-ffb5ba6f2f69"></div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-overlay"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-backdrop"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-gradient"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-holder"> + <div 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<div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-container-table"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-top"><span class="cell">At least 17 dead in Tunisia after attack in capital city</span> + + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-mid"> + <div class="cell"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-mid-img-container"> + <img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_606w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/Nic6429732.jpg"/> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-mid-label"><i class="fa fa-camera"></i>View Photos</div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-bottom"><span class="cell">Security forces in Tunisia stormed the country’s most prominent museum, freeing hostages and ending a siege by gunmen.</span> + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-details"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-details-handle">Caption</div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-details-wrap"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-details-main"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-blurb">Security forces in Tunisia stormed the country’s most prominent museum, + freeing hostages and ending a siege by gunmen.</div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-caption"> <span class="wp-volt-gal-caption-title">March 18, 2015</span> <span class="wp-volt-gal-caption-text">Tunisian security forces secure the area after gunmen attacked the famed Bardo National Museum in Tunis, the capital.</span> + <span + class="wp-volt-gal-caption-credit">Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images</span> + </div> <a class="wp-volt-gal-buy-link" href="#" target="_blank">Buy Photo</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-templates"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-pie"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-pie-anim wp-volt-gal-pie-inner wp-volt-gal-pie-spinner"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-pie-anim wp-volt-gal-pie-inner wp-volt-gal-pie-filler"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-pie-anim wp-volt-gal-pie-mask"></div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-interstitial-text">Wait 1 second to continue.</div> + </div> + </div> + <style> + .wp-volt-gal-preroll-video{width:100%;height:100%} + </style> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + (function(){pbSsiSingle=window.pbSsiSingle||{};pbSsiSingle.onReady=pbSsiSingle.onReady||function(){TWPHead.test(!!window.jQuery,"","//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/jquery.1.8.2.js",function(){pbSsiSingle.serverUri="";pbSsiSingle.contextPath="/pb";var pbModules=[];$(".pb-feature-ssi-single").each(function(i,el){var modType=$(el).attr("data-pb-name");if(typeof modType=="string"&&$.inArray(modType,pbModules)==-1){pbModules.push(modType)}});pbSsiSingle.externals.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/feature/resource/render.js?features="+pbModules.join(",")+"&_=f4b3d2");if(!window.EventController){pbSsiSingle.externals.unshift("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/event-controller.v2.js")}TWPHead.load(pbSsiSingle.externals)})};if(!pbSsiSingle.loadInitialized){if(!window.TWPHead){window.head_conf={head:"TWPHead"};var head=document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];var 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deadly terrorist attack in the North African nation in + more than a decade. Although no group claimed responsibility, the bloodshed + raised fears that militants linked to the Islamic State were expanding + their operations.</p> + <p>The attackers, clad in military uniforms, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gunmen-storm-museum-in-tunisia-killing-at-least-8/2015/03/18/00202e76-cd73-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html">stormed the Bardo National Museum</a> on + Wednesday afternoon, seizing and gunning down foreign tourists before security + forces raided the building to end the siege. The museum is a major tourist + draw and is near the heavily guarded national parliament in downtown Tunis.</p> + <p>Tunisian Prime Minister Habib Essid said that in addition to the slain + foreigners — from Italy, Poland, Germany and Spain — a local museum worker + and a security official were killed. Two gunmen died, and three others + may have escaped, officials said. About 50 other people were wounded, according + to local news reports.</p> + <p>“Our nation is in danger,” Essid declared in a televised address Wednesday + evening. He vowed that the country would be “merciless” in defending itself.</p> + <p + channel="wp.com" class="interstitial-link"> <i> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/18/why-tunisia-the-arab-springs-sole-success-story-suffers-from-islamist-violence/">[Read: Why Tunisia, Arab Spring’s sole success story, suffers from Islamist violence]</a> </i> + </p> + <p>Tunisia, a mostly Muslim nation of about 11 million people, was governed + for decades by autocrats who imposed secularism. Its sun-drenched Mediterranean + beaches drew thousands of bikini-clad tourists, and its governments promoted + education and other rights for women. But the country has grappled with + rising Islamist militancy since a popular uprising overthrew its dictator + four years ago, setting the stage for the Arab Spring revolts across the + region.</p> + <p>Thousands of Tunisians have flocked to join jihadist groups in Syria, + including the Islamic State, making the country one of the major sources + of foreign fighters in the conflict. Tunisian security forces have also + fought increasing gunbattles with jihadists at home.</p> + <p>Despite this, the country has been hailed as a model of democratic transition + as other governments that came to power after the Arab Spring collapsed, + often in bloody confrontations. But the attack Wednesday — on a national + landmark that showcases Tunisia’s rich heritage — could heighten tensions + in a nation that has become deeply divided between pro- and anti-Islamist + political factions.</p> + <p>Many Tunisians accuse the country’s political Islamists, who held power + from 2011 to 2013, of having been slow to respond to the growing danger + of terrorism. Islamist politicians have acknowledged that they did not + realize the threat that would develop when radical Muslims, who had been + repressed under authoritarian regimes, won the freedom to preach freely + in mosques.</p> + <p>In Washington, White House press secretary Josh Earnest <a href="http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2015-03-18-ML--Tunisia-Attack-The%20Latest/id-653822d829b24cef993c5bd6a7ce44b5">condemned the attack </a>and + said the U.S. government was willing to assist Tunisian authorities in + the investigation.</p> + <div class="inline-content inline-video"> + <div class="posttv-video-embed" data-duration="87880" data-headline="Gunmen storm Tunisian museum, kill 17 tourists" + data-is-truth-teller="0" data-max-height="-1" data-max-width="-1" data-object-id="5509c662e4b0210747c74e6a" + data-show-endscreen="1" data-show-promo="http://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_1024w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Production/WashingtonPost/Images/2015-03-18T183424Z_01_SIN35_RTRIDSP_3_TUNISIA-SECURITY.jpg" + data-uuid="37493ea0-cd97-11e4-8730-4f473416e759" data-youtube-id=""> + <script src="http://www.washingtonpost.com/posttv/static/js/posttv/posttv-video-embed.v3.js" + type="text/javascript"></script> + </div> + <div class="inline-video-caption"> <span class="pb-caption">Gunmen in military uniforms stormed Tunisia's national museum, killing at least 19 people, most of them foreign tourists. (Reuters)</span> + </div> + </div> + <p>“This attack today is meant to threaten authorities, to frighten tourists + and to negatively affect the economy,” said Lotfi Azzouz, Tunisia country + director for Amnesty International, a London-based rights group.</p> + <p>Tourism is critical to Tunisia’s economy, accounting for 15 percent of + its gross domestic product in 2013, according to the World Travel and Tourism + Council, an industry body. The Bardo museum hosts one of the world’s most + outstanding collections of Roman mosaics and is popular with tourists and + Tunisians alike.</p> + <p channel="wp.com" class="interstitial-link"> <i>[<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/18/tunisias-bardo-museum-attacked-by-terrorists-is-home-to-amazing-roman-treasures/">Bardo museum houses amazing Roman treasures</a>]</i> + </p> + <p>The attack is “also aimed at the country’s security and stability during + the transition period,” Azzouz said. “And it could have political repercussions + — like the curtailing of human rights, or even less government transparency + if there’s fear of further attacks.”</p> + <p>The attack raised concerns that the government, led by secularists, would + be pressured to stage a wider crackdown on Islamists of all stripes. Lawmakers + are drafting an anti-terrorism bill to give security forces additional + tools to fight militants.</p> + <div class="inline-content inline-gallery-embedded"> + <link href="//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/compact/type/ssiSingle/styles/b2571cf5dfafe5a7760aba08fea63fd6.css" + rel="stylesheet"/> + <link href="//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/compact/template/rcbXA58IiRzCmehOAc0OM-Q/styles/6bf32f216c50d6ab0c64d68d81d5ebb5.css" + rel="stylesheet"/> + <link href="//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resource/style-rcbXA58IiRzCmehOAc0OM-Q-6a954a58.css" + rel="stylesheet"/> + <script src="//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resource/headjs-rcbXA58IiRzCmehOAc0OM-Q-6a954a58.js" + type="text/javascript"></script> + <div class="pb-feature-ssi-single pb-f-gallery-gallery" data-pb-content-uri="/pb/galleryEmbed/b9af65dc-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506" + data-pb-name="gallery-gallery" id="gallery-embed_1417452270618_709"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal wp-volt-gal-p-end-circular wp-volt-gal-promo-stub wp-volt-gal-on-promo-slide wp-volt-gal-embed-promo wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-hide" + data-category="Foreign" data-commercial-node="world/africa" data-first-published="1426694580" + data-permalink="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/inside-tunisias-bardo-museum/2015/03/18/b9af65dc-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506_gallery.html" + data-preroll-zone="" data-published="1426694580" data-section="world" data-show-interstitials="true" + data-show-preroll="true" data-slug="inside-tunisias-bardo-museum" data-subsection="africa" + data-title="Inside Tunisia’s Bardo National Museum" data-uuid="b9af65dc-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-bar"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav-number"><span class="wp-volt-gal-nav-number-current">1</span> of 12</div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav-buttons"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav-button wp-volt-gal-nav-prev"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-nav-button wp-volt-gal-nav-next"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-buttons"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-button wp-volt-gal-button-fullscreen">Full Screen</div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-button wp-volt-gal-button-autoplay">Autoplay</div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-bar-pie"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-button wp-volt-gal-button-close">Close</div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-main"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-photos"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" data-caption="One of the many mosaics for which the Bardo National Museum in Tunis is famous. On March 18, 2015, gunmen attacked the museum and killed at least 19 people." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/144714787.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="2940" data-ratio="1.447" data-title="May 17, 2012" data-uuid="e237f42e-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide-gal-title"></div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" data-caption="Detail of a Roman mosaic showing one of the four winds, from the “Triumph of Neptune.” Originally from Maxula-Rades, Tunisia, the piece is now in the Bardo’s collection." + data-credit="Print Collector/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/501584171.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4241" data-ratio="1.018" data-title=" " data-uuid="e6a4638a-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="The Virgil Room. This was originally the center of a harem." + data-credit="Print Collector/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/463921897.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="5124" data-ratio="1.502" data-title=" " data-uuid="e57ec374-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="A Tunisian expert restores a sculpture dating from the Punic era." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/117488252.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="2765" data-ratio="0.79" data-title=" " data-uuid="db9a6f8e-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="The “Good Shepherd” is an example of early Christian art from the 4th century." + data-credit="PHAS/UIG via Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/535823163.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="2856" data-ratio="0.655" data-title=" " data-uuid="da2ffab0-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="The Bardo was expanded and renovated after years of work in 2012." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/144714724.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="3500" data-ratio="1.528" data-title=" " data-uuid="e17ae8fc-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="A hunting scene." data-credit="Wolfgang Kaehler/LightRocket via Getty Images" + data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/453368624.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="5000" data-ratio="1.502" data-title=" " data-uuid="e47bf78a-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="This is the main hall in the Roman section of the museum." + data-credit="Education Images/UIG via Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/144107258.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="3300" data-ratio="0.647" data-title=" " data-uuid="de77c2ec-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="After the renovation, the museum opened its new wing and presented many new materials." + data-credit="Wolfgang Kaehler/LightRocket via Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/453368558.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="5000" data-ratio="1.497" data-title=" " data-uuid="e314250c-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas visited the Bardo in 2012." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/143564307.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="3500" data-ratio="1.453" data-title=" " data-uuid="dd8b05ba-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="A 3rd-century Roman room." data-credit="Education Images/UIG via Getty Images" + data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/144107259.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="3300" data-ratio="0.647" data-title=" " data-uuid="dff7a916-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-slide wp-volt-gal-photo" data-buy="false" + data-caption="The Roman mosaics at the museum attract tourists from around the world. Seventeen of the people killed in the attack March 18, 2015, were foreign visitors." + data-credit="Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images" data-image="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/REF34188.jpg?env=A" + data-max-width="4500" data-ratio="1.502" data-title=" " data-uuid="be2ae21c-cd7d-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506"></div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-overlay"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-backdrop"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-gradient"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-holder"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-main"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-title-subtitle"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-ad"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-ad-wrap"> + <div id="slug_bigbox_gallery" style="display:none;"> + <div id="wpni_adi_bigbox_gallery"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-ad-skip"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-ad-pie"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-ad-skiptext">Skip Ad</div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-close-fullscreen"><i class="close">×</i> + + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-main-nav wp-volt-gal-main-nav-prev"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i> + + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-main-nav wp-volt-gal-main-nav-zoom"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-main-nav wp-volt-gal-main-nav-next"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> + + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-preroll"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-preroll-video"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-preroll-text"></div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-container"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-container-table"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-top"><span class="cell">Inside Tunisia’s Bardo National Museum</span> + + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-mid"> + <div class="cell"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-mid-img-container"> + <img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_606w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Images/144714787.jpg"/> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-mid-label"><i class="fa fa-camera"></i>View Photos</div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-embed-promo-bottom"><span class="cell">Housed in a 19th-century palace, the museum where gunmen killed foreign tourists is famous for its Roman mosaics and other antiquities.</span> + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-details"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-details-handle">Caption</div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-details-wrap"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-details-main"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-blurb">Housed in a 19th-century palace, the museum where gunmen killed foreign + tourists is famous for its Roman mosaics and other antiquities.</div> + <div + class="wp-volt-gal-caption"> <span class="wp-volt-gal-caption-title">May 17, 2012</span> <span class="wp-volt-gal-caption-text">One of the many mosaics for which the Bardo National Museum in Tunis is famous. On March 18, 2015, gunmen attacked the museum and killed at least 19 people.</span> + <span + class="wp-volt-gal-caption-credit">Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images</span> + </div> <a class="wp-volt-gal-buy-link" href="#" target="_blank">Buy Photo</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-templates"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-pie"> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-pie-anim wp-volt-gal-pie-inner wp-volt-gal-pie-spinner"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-pie-anim wp-volt-gal-pie-inner wp-volt-gal-pie-filler"></div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-pie-anim wp-volt-gal-pie-mask"></div> + </div> + <div class="wp-volt-gal-interstitial-text">Wait 1 second to continue.</div> + </div> + </div> + <style> + .wp-volt-gal-preroll-video{width:100%;height:100%} + </style> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + (function(){pbSsiSingle=window.pbSsiSingle||{};pbSsiSingle.onReady=pbSsiSingle.onReady||function(){TWPHead.test(!!window.jQuery,"","//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/jquery.1.8.2.js",function(){pbSsiSingle.serverUri="";pbSsiSingle.contextPath="/pb";var pbModules=[];$(".pb-feature-ssi-single").each(function(i,el){var modType=$(el).attr("data-pb-name");if(typeof modType=="string"&&$.inArray(modType,pbModules)==-1){pbModules.push(modType)}});pbSsiSingle.externals.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/feature/resource/render.js?features="+pbModules.join(",")+"&_=f4b3d2");if(!window.EventController){pbSsiSingle.externals.unshift("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/event-controller.v2.js")}TWPHead.load(pbSsiSingle.externals)})};if(!pbSsiSingle.loadInitialized){if(!window.TWPHead){window.head_conf={head:"TWPHead"};var head=document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];var scriptEl=document.createElement("script");scriptEl.src="//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/head.min.js";head.appendChild(scriptEl);var checkLoad=function(){if(!!window.TWPHead){TWPHead.ready(document,pbSsiSingle.onReady)}else{setTimeout(checkLoad,200)}};checkLoad()}else{TWPHead.ready(document,pbSsiSingle.onReady)}pbSsiSingle.loadInitialized=true}var newExternals=["http://www.washingtonpost.com/rw/sites/twpweb/js/plugin/plugin.jquery.wp-preroll.js"];pbSsiSingle.externals=pbSsiSingle.externals||[];for(var a=0;a<newExternals.length;a++){if(pbSsiSingle.externals.indexOf(newExternals[a])==-1){pbSsiSingle.externals.push(newExternals[a])}}})(); + </script> + </div> + <p channel="wp.com" class="interstitial-link"> <i> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/tunisia-after-igniting-arab-spring-sends-the-most-fighters-to-islamic-state-in-syria/2014/10/28/b5db4faa-5971-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html">[Read: Tunisia sends most foreign fighters to Islamic State in Syria]</a> </i> + </p> + <p>“We must pay attention to what is written” in that law, Azzouz said. “There + is worry the government will use the attack to justify some draconian measures.”</p> + <p>Tunisian Islamists and secular forces have worked together — often reluctantly + — to defuse the country’s political crises in the years since the revolt.</p> + <p>Last fall, Tunisians elected a secular-minded president and parliament + dominated by liberal forces after <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/tunisias-islamists-get-sobering-lesson-in-governing/2014/11/20/b6fc8988-65ad-11e4-ab86-46000e1d0035_story.html">souring on Islamist-led rule</a>. + In 2011, voters had elected a government led by the Ennahda party — a movement + similar to Egypt’s Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. But a political stalemate + developed as the party and others tried to draft the country’s new constitution. + The Islamists failed to improve a slumping economy. And Ennahda came under + fire for what many Tunisians saw as a failure to crack down on Islamist + extremists.</p> + <div class="inline-content inline-graphic-linked"> + <div class="photo-wrapper"> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/foreign-fighters-flow-to-syria/2015/01/27/7fa56b70-a631-11e4-a7c2-03d37af98440_graphic.html"><img class="unprocessed" data-hi-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_1484w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/01/27/Foreign/Graphics/foreignFighters-Jan14-GS.jpg?uuid=CDUNJKYyEeShYhIdBsp38Q" data-low-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_480w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/01/27/Foreign/Graphics/foreignFighters-Jan14-GS.jpg?uuid=CDUNJKYyEeShYhIdBsp38Q" src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_480w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/01/27/Foreign/Graphics/foreignFighters-Jan14-GS.jpg?uuid=CDUNJKYyEeShYhIdBsp38Q"/></a> + <a + href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/foreign-fighters-flow-to-syria/2015/01/27/7fa56b70-a631-11e4-a7c2-03d37af98440_graphic.html"> <span class="overlay"> <span class="headline">Map: Flow of foreign fighters to Syria </span> + + <span + class="view-graphic">View Graphic <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></span> + </span> + </a> + </div> <span class="pb-caption">Map: Flow of foreign fighters to Syria</span> + </div> + <p>After the collapse of the authoritarian system in 2011, hard-line Muslims + known as Salafists attacked bars and art galleries. Then, in 2012, hundreds + of Islamists <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/in-tunisia-embassy-attack-tests-fledgling-democracy/2012/09/20/19f3986a-0273-11e2-8102-ebee9c66e190_story.html">assaulted the U.S. Embassy </a>in + Tunis, shattering windows and hurling gasoline bombs, after the release + of a crude online video about the prophet Muhammad. <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23452979"></a>The + government outlawed the group behind the attack — Ansar al-Sharia, an al-Qaeda-linked + organization — and began a crackdown. But the killing <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23452979">of two leftist politicians</a> in + 2013 prompted a fresh political crisis, and Ennahda stepped down, replaced + by a technocratic government.</p> + <p>Tunisia’s <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/02/03/tunisia-opts-for-an-inclusive-new-government/">current coalition government</a> includes + an Ennahda minister in the cabinet. Still, many leftist figures openly + oppose collaboration with the movement’s leaders.</p> + <p>“Ennahda is responsible for the current deterioration of the situation, + because they were careless with the extremists” while they were in power, + Azzouz said.</p> + <p>The leader of Ennahda, Rachid Ghannouchi, condemned Wednesday’s attack, + saying in a statement that it “will not break our people’s will and will + not undermine our revolution and our democracy.”</p> + <p>Security officials are particularly concerned by the collapse of Libya, + where various armed groups are vying for influence and jihadist militants + have entrenched themselves in major cities. Tunisians worry that extremists + can easily get arms and training in the neighboring country.</p> + <p>In January, Libyan militants loyal to the Islamic State <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/video-shows-purported-beheading-of-egyptian-christians-in-libya/2015/02/15/b8d0f092-b548-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html">beheaded 21 Christians</a> — + 20 of them Egyptian Copts — along the country’s coast. They later seized + the Libyan city of Sirte.</p> + <div class="inline-content inline-graphic-embedded"> + <img class="unprocessed" data-hi-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_1484w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Graphics/tunisia600.jpg?uuid=1_yuLs2LEeSHME9HNBbnWQ" + data-low-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_480w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Graphics/tunisia600.jpg?uuid=1_yuLs2LEeSHME9HNBbnWQ" + src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_480w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Foreign/Graphics/tunisia600.jpg?uuid=1_yuLs2LEeSHME9HNBbnWQ"/> + <br/> + </div> + <p>Officials are worried about the number of Tunisian militants who may have + joined the jihadists in Libya — with the goal of returning home to fight + the Tunis government.</p> + <p>Ajmi Lourimi, a member of Ennahda’s general secretariat, said he believed + the attack would unite Tunisians in the face of terrorism.</p> + <p>“There is a consensus here that this [attack] is alien to our culture, + to our way of life. We want to unify against this danger,” Lourimi said. + He said he did not expect a wider government campaign against Islamists.</p> + <p>“We have nothing to fear,” he said of himself and fellow Ennahda members. + “We believe the Interior Ministry should be trained and equipped to fight + and counter this militancy.”</p> + <p>The last major attack on a civilian target in Tunisia was in 2002, when + al-Qaeda militants killed more than 20 people in a car bombing outside + a synagogue in the city of Djerba.</p> + <p class="trailer"></p> + <p>Heba Habib contributed to this report.</p> + <p></p> + <p> <i></i> + </p> + <p></p> + <p channel="wp.com"> <b>Read more:</b> + </p> + <p channel="wp.com"> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/tunisias-islamists-get-sobering-lesson-in-governing/2014/11/20/b6fc8988-65ad-11e4-ab86-46000e1d0035_story.html" + title="www.washingtonpost.com">Tunisia’s Islamists get a sobering lesson in governing</a> + </p> + <p channel="wp.com"> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/tunisia-after-igniting-arab-spring-sends-the-most-fighters-to-islamic-state-in-syria/2014/10/28/b5db4faa-5971-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html">Tunisia sends most foreign fighters to Islamic State in Syria</a> + </p> + <p channel="wp.com"> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/18/tunisias-bardo-museum-attacked-by-terrorists-is-home-to-amazing-roman-treasures/">Tunisia’s Bardo museum is home to amazing Roman treasures</a> + </p> + <p channel="wp.com"></p> + </article> + <div class="clear"></div> + <div class="post-body-sig-line"> + <div class="post-body-bio">Erin Cunningham is an Egypt-based correspondent for The Post. 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src="http://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_60x60/WashingtonPost/Content/Blogs/worldviews/201503/Images/2015-03-18T000133Z_01_NIR01_RTRIDSP_3_ISRAEL-ELECTION.jpg" width="60" height="60"/> <img class="photo right big-img" src="http://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_138x92/WashingtonPost/Content/Blogs/worldviews/201503/Images/2015-03-18T000133Z_01_NIR01_RTRIDSP_3_ISRAEL-ELECTION.jpg" width="138" height="92"/> <div class="headline ">How Netanyahu won - and what happens now</div> <div class="clear"></div> </a> + </li> + <li class="last"> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/singapore-tries-to-imagine-a-future-without-lee-kuan-yew/2015/03/18/b12acc7c-cbe7-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html?tid=pm_world_pop"> <div class="number left">5</div> <img class="photo right small-img" src="http://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_60x60/2010-2019/Wires/Videos/201503/Reuters/Images/Singapore_Lee_Kuan_Yew-0934c.jpg" width="60" height="60"/> <img class="photo right big-img" 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d=document.open();d.domain='"+a+"';void(0);",b=e.contentWindow.document}b.open()._l=function(){var b=this.createElement("script");a&&(this.domain=a),b.id="boomr-if-as",b.src=d,this.body.appendChild(b)},b.write('<body onload="document._l();">'),b.close()}}(); + </script> + </body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/wapo-2/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/wapo-2/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bae11fb --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/wapo-2/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Where do strained U.S.-Israeli relations go after Netanyahu’s victory?", + "byline": "By Steven Mufson", + "excerpt": "Few foreign leaders have so brazenly stood up to President Obama and the relationship could face its next test this month.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/wapo-2/expected.html b/test/test-pages/wapo-2/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5641fde --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/wapo-2/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <article> + <p>President Obama told the U.N. General Assembly 18 months ago that he would seek “real breakthroughs on these two issues — Iran’s nuclear program and Israeli-Palestinian peace.”</p> + <p>But <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/netanyahu-sweeps-to-victory-in-israeli-election/2015/03/18/af4e50ca-ccf2-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html" title="www.washingtonpost.com">Benjamin Netanyahu’s triumph</a> in Tuesday’s parliamentary elections keeps in place an Israeli prime minister who has declared his intention to resist Obama on both of these fronts, guaranteeing two more years of difficult diplomacy between leaders who barely conceal their personal distaste for each other.</p> + <p>The Israeli election results also suggest that most voters there support Netanyahu’s tough stance on U.S.-led negotiations to limit Iran’s nuclear program and his vow on Monday that there would be <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/on-final-day-of-campaign-netanyahu-says-no-palestinian-state-if-he-wins/2015/03/16/4f4468e8-cbdc-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html" title="www.washingtonpost.com">no independent Palestinian state</a> as long as he is prime minister.</p> + <p>“On the way to his election victory, Netanyahu broke a lot of crockery in the relationship,” said Martin Indyk, executive vice president of the Brookings Institution and a former U.S. ambassador to Israel. “It can’t be repaired unless both sides have an interest and desire to do so.”</p> + <p>Aside from Russian President Vladimir Putin, few foreign leaders so brazenly stand up to Obama and even fewer among longtime allies.</p> + <div class="inline-content inline-video"> + <p class="inline-video-caption"> <span class="pb-caption">Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu pledged to form a new governing coalition quickly after an upset election victory that was built on a shift to the right. (Reuters)</span> </p> + </div> + <p>In the past, Israeli leaders who risked damaging the country’s most important relationship, that with Washington, tended to pay a price. In 1991, when Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir opposed the Madrid peace talks, President George H.W. Bush held back loan guarantees to help absorb immigrants from the former Soviet Union. Shamir gave in, but his government soon collapsed.</p> + <p>But this time, Netanyahu was not hurt by his personal and substantive conflicts with the U.S. president.</p> + <p>“While the United States is loved and beloved in Israel, President Obama is not,” said Robert M. Danin, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. “So the perceived enmity didn’t hurt the way it did with Shamir when he ran afoul of Bush in ’91.”</p> + <p>Where do U.S.-Israeli relations go from here?</p> + <p>In the immediate aftermath of Tuesday’s elections, tensions between the two sides continued to run hot. The Obama administration’s first comments on the Israeli election came with a tough warning about some of the pre-election rhetoric from Netanyahu’s Likud party, which tried to rally right-wing support by saying that Arab Israeli voters were “coming out in droves.”</p> + <p>“The United States and this administration is deeply concerned about rhetoric that seeks to marginalize Arab Israeli citizens,” White House press secretary Josh Earnest told reporters aboard Air Force One. “It undermines the values and democratic ideals that have been important to our democracy and an important part of what binds the United States and Israel together.”</p> + <p>Earnest added that Netanyahu’s election-eve disavowal of a two-state solution for Israelis and Palestinians would force the administration to reconsider its approach to peace in the region.</p> + <p>Over the longer term, a number of analysts say that Obama and Netanyahu will seek to play down the friction between them and point to areas of continuing cooperation on military and economic issues.</p> + <p>“Both sides are going to want to turn down the rhetoric,” Danin said. “But it is also a structural problem. They have six years of accumulated history. That’s going to put limits on how far they can go together.”</p> + <p>The first substantive test could come as early as this month, when the United States hopes that it can finish hammering out the framework of an agreement with Iran.</p> + <p>Netanyahu strongly warned against making a “bad deal” during his March 3 address to a joint meeting of Congress, an appearance arranged by Republican congressional leaders and criticized by the Obama administration for making U.S.-Israeli relations partisan on both sides so close to the Israeli election.</p> + <p>If a deal is reached and does not pass muster with Netanyahu, he is likely to work with congressional Republicans to try to scuttle the accord.</p> + <p>“The Republicans have said they will do what they can to block a deal, and the prime minister has already made clear that he will work with the Republicans against the president,” Indyk said. “That’s where a clash could come, and it’s coming very quickly.”</p> + <p>The second test — talks with Palestinians — could be even more difficult. In his September 2013 address to the United Nations, Obama hailed signs of hope.</p> + <p>“Already, Israeli and Palestinian leaders have demonstrated a willingness to take significant political risks,” Obama said in his speech. Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas “has put aside efforts to shortcut the pursuit of peace and come to the negotiating table. Prime Minister Netanyahu has released Palestinian prisoners and reaffirmed his commitment to a Palestinian state.”</p> + <p>Today, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/18/what-netanyahus-election-victory-means-for-the-palestinians/" title="www.washingtonpost.com">the signals could not differ more</a>. The Palestinian Authority has said that after it joins the International Criminal Court at The Hague on April 1, it will press war crimes charges against Israel for the bloody Gaza conflict during the summer. Israel, which controls tax receipts, has pledged to punish the Palestinian Authority by freezing its tax revenue.</p> + <p>The United States, which gives hundreds of millions of dollars of economic aid to the Palestinian Authority, would be caught in the middle. It has been trying to persuade both sides to stand down, but Netanyahu’s declaration that there would be no Palestinian state on his watch makes that more difficult.</p> + <p>“Now it’s hard to see what could persuade the Palestinians” to hold up on their ICC plans, Indyk said. “That has nothing to do with negotiations, but if both sides can’t be persuaded to back down, then they will be on a trajectory that could lead to the collapse of the Palestinian Authority because it can’t pay wages anymore.</p> + <p>“That could be an issue forced onto the agenda about the same time as a potential nuclear deal.”</p> + </article> + <div class="post-body-sig-line"> + <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/people/steven-mufson"><img class="post-body-headshot-left" src="http://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/files/2014/07/mufson_steve.jpg&h=180&w=180"/></a> + <p class="post-body-bio has-photo">Steven Mufson covers the White House. Since joining The Post, he has covered economics, China, foreign policy and energy.</p> + </div> +</div>
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guid="http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/netanyahu-win-points-to-two-more-years-of-strained-us-israel-ties/2015/03/18/ca175d64-cd76-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506_story.html"></span> + </div> + </a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clear"></div> + </div> + <div class="pb-scatter"> + <div id="main-content" class="pb-layout-item pb-chain pb-two main-content" + data-pb-columns="2"> + <div id="article-business_1401912605633_632" class="moat-trackable pb-feature pb-chained pb-f-article-article-body pb-f-theme-normal" + data-pb-async="false" data-pb-columns="" data-pb-name="article-article-body" + data-pb-content-uri="/pb/business/economy/netanyahu-win-points-to-two-more-years-of-strained-us-israel-ties/2015/03/18/ca175d64-cd76-11e4-a2a7-9517a3a70506_story.html" + data-pb-content-editable="" moat-id="article-article-body|article-business"> + <div id="article-body" class="article-body"> + <div class="inline-content inline-photo inline-photo-normal"> <a name="1c164a7079bfe20ebd611d79f96418b5a225cbc6"></a> + <img class="unprocessed" + src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_400w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/National-Economy/Images/Nic6429750-1140.jpg?uuid=zLIZQs2KEeSip5UXo6cFBg" + data-hi-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_1484w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/National-Economy/Images/Nic6429750-1140.jpg?uuid=zLIZQs2KEeSip5UXo6cFBg" + data-low-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_400w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/National-Economy/Images/Nic6429750-1140.jpg?uuid=zLIZQs2KEeSip5UXo6cFBg"/> + <br/> <span class="pb-caption">Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reacts as he visits the Western Wall in Jerusalem on March 18 following his party's victory in Israel's general election. (Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images)</span> + </div> + <div class="pb-sig-line hasnt-headshot has-0-headshots hasnt-bio is-not-column"> <span class="pb-byline">By <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/people/steven-mufson">Steven Mufson</a></span> + <span + class="pb-timestamp">March 18 at 12:22 PM</span> <span class="pb-tool email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Reader feedback for 'Where do strained U.S.-Israeli relations go after Netanyahu’s victory?'"><span class="fa fa-envelope"></span> + </a> + </span> <span class="tweet-authors"><span class="pb-twitter-follow unprocessed"><a href="https://twitter.com/@StevenMufson" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false" data-lang="en">Follow @StevenMufson</a></span> </span> + </div> + <article> + <p>President Obama told the U.N. General Assembly 18 months ago that he would + seek “real breakthroughs on these two issues — Iran’s nuclear program and + Israeli-Palestinian peace.”</p> + <p>But <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/netanyahu-sweeps-to-victory-in-israeli-election/2015/03/18/af4e50ca-ccf2-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html" + title="www.washingtonpost.com">Benjamin Netanyahu’s triumph</a> in Tuesday’s + parliamentary elections keeps in place an Israeli prime minister who has + declared his intention to resist Obama on both of these fronts, guaranteeing + two more years of difficult diplomacy between leaders who barely conceal + their personal distaste for each other.</p> + <p>The Israeli election results also suggest that most voters there support + Netanyahu’s tough stance on U.S.-led negotiations to limit Iran’s nuclear + program and his vow on Monday that there would be <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/on-final-day-of-campaign-netanyahu-says-no-palestinian-state-if-he-wins/2015/03/16/4f4468e8-cbdc-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html" + title="www.washingtonpost.com">no independent Palestinian state</a> as long + as he is prime minister.</p> + <p>“On the way to his election victory, Netanyahu broke a lot of crockery + in the relationship,” said Martin Indyk, executive vice president of the + Brookings Institution and a former U.S. ambassador to Israel. “It can’t + be repaired unless both sides have an interest and desire to do so.”</p> + <p>Aside from Russian President Vladimir Putin, few foreign leaders so brazenly + stand up to Obama and even fewer among longtime allies.</p> + <div class="inline-content inline-video"> + <div class="posttv-video-embed" data-duration="76000" data-headline="Israel's Netanyahu works on forming coalition" + data-is-truth-teller="0" data-max-height="-1" data-max-width="-1" data-object-id="5509aa07e4b0210747c74e5c" + data-show-endscreen="1" data-show-promo="http://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_1024w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/03/18/Production/Daily/A-Section/Images/2015-03-18T140126Z_01_JER07_RTRIDSP_3_ISRAEL-ELECTION.jpg" + data-uuid="a41ef658-cd8a-11e4-8730-4f473416e759" data-youtube-id=""> + <script src="http://www.washingtonpost.com/posttv/static/js/posttv/posttv-video-embed.v3.js" + type="text/javascript"></script> + </div> + <div class="inline-video-caption"> <span class="pb-caption">Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu pledged to form a new governing coalition quickly after an upset election victory that was built on a shift to the right. (Reuters)</span> + </div> + </div> + <p>In the past, Israeli leaders who risked damaging the country’s most important + relationship, that with Washington, tended to pay a price. In 1991, when + Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir opposed the Madrid peace talks, President + George H.W. Bush held back loan guarantees to help absorb immigrants from + the former Soviet Union. Shamir gave in, but his government soon collapsed.</p> + <p>But this time, Netanyahu was not hurt by his personal and substantive + conflicts with the U.S. president.</p> + <p>“While the United States is loved and beloved in Israel, President Obama + is not,” said Robert M. Danin, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign + Relations. “So the perceived enmity didn’t hurt the way it did with Shamir + when he ran afoul of Bush in ’91.”</p> + <p>Where do U.S.-Israeli relations go from here?</p> + <p>In the immediate aftermath of Tuesday’s elections, tensions between the + two sides continued to run hot. The Obama administration’s first comments + on the Israeli election came with a tough warning about some of the pre-election + rhetoric from Netanyahu’s Likud party, which tried to rally right-wing + support by saying that Arab Israeli voters were “coming out in droves.”</p> + <p>“The United States and this administration is deeply concerned about rhetoric + that seeks to marginalize Arab Israeli citizens,” White House press secretary + Josh Earnest told reporters aboard Air Force One. “It undermines the values + and democratic ideals that have been important to our democracy and an + important part of what binds the United States and Israel together.”</p> + <p>Earnest added that Netanyahu’s election-eve disavowal of a two-state + solution for Israelis and Palestinians would force the administration to + reconsider its approach to peace in the region.</p> + <div></div> + <p>Over the longer term, a number of analysts say that Obama and Netanyahu + will seek to play down the friction between them and point to areas of + continuing cooperation on military and economic issues.</p> + <p>“Both sides are going to want to turn down the rhetoric,” Danin said. + “But it is also a structural problem. They have six years of accumulated + history. That’s going to put limits on how far they can go together.”</p> + <p>The first substantive test could come as early as this month, when the + United States hopes that it can finish hammering out the framework of an + agreement with Iran.</p> + <p>Netanyahu strongly warned against making a “bad deal” during his March + 3 address to a joint meeting of Congress, an appearance arranged by Republican + congressional leaders and criticized by the Obama administration for making + U.S.-Israeli relations partisan on both sides so close to the Israeli election.</p> + <p>If a deal is reached and does not pass muster with Netanyahu, he is likely + to work with congressional Republicans to try to scuttle the accord.</p> + <p>“The Republicans have said they will do what they can to block a deal, + and the prime minister has already made clear that he will work with the + Republicans against the president,” Indyk said. “That’s where a clash could + come, and it’s coming very quickly.”</p> + <p>The second test — talks with Palestinians — could be even more difficult. + In his September 2013 address to the United Nations, Obama hailed signs + of hope.</p> + <p>“Already, Israeli and Palestinian leaders have demonstrated a willingness + to take significant political risks,” Obama said in his speech. Palestinian + Authority President Mahmoud Abbas “has put aside efforts to shortcut the + pursuit of peace and come to the negotiating table. Prime Minister Netanyahu + has released Palestinian prisoners and reaffirmed his commitment to a Palestinian + state.”</p> + <p>Today, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/18/what-netanyahus-election-victory-means-for-the-palestinians/" + title="www.washingtonpost.com">the signals could not differ more</a>. The + Palestinian Authority has said that after it joins the International Criminal + Court at The Hague on April 1, it will press war crimes charges against + Israel for the bloody Gaza conflict during the summer. Israel, which controls + tax receipts, has pledged to punish the Palestinian Authority by freezing + its tax revenue.</p> + <p>The United States, which gives hundreds of millions of dollars of economic + aid to the Palestinian Authority, would be caught in the middle. It has + been trying to persuade both sides to stand down, but Netanyahu’s declaration + that there would be no Palestinian state on his watch makes that more difficult.</p> + <p>“Now it’s hard to see what could persuade the Palestinians” to hold up + on their ICC plans, Indyk said. “That has nothing to do with negotiations, + but if both sides can’t be persuaded to back down, then they will be on + a trajectory that could lead to the collapse of the Palestinian Authority + because it can’t pay wages anymore.</p> + <p>“That could be an issue forced onto the agenda about the same time as + a potential nuclear deal.”</p> + <div class="extra"> + <p></p> + </div> + </article> + <div class="clear"></div> + <div class="post-body-sig-line"><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/people/steven-mufson"><img class="post-body-headshot-left" src="http://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/files/2014/07/mufson_steve.jpg&h=180&w=180"/></a> + <div + class="post-body-bio has-photo">Steven Mufson covers the White House. 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d=document.open();d.domain='"+a+"';void(0);",b=e.contentWindow.document}b.open()._l=function(){var b=this.createElement("script");a&&(this.domain=a),b.id="boomr-if-as",b.src=d,this.body.appendChild(b)},b.write('<body onload="document._l();">'),b.close()}}(); + </script> + </body> + +</html> diff --git a/test/test-pages/webmd-1/expected-metadata.json b/test/test-pages/webmd-1/expected-metadata.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ceddcf --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/webmd-1/expected-metadata.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "title": "Babies Who Eat Peanuts Early May Avoid Allergy", + "byline": "By Brenda Goodman, MA\n WebMD Health News", + "excerpt": "Life-threatening peanut allergies have mysteriously been on the rise in the past decade, with little hope for a cure. But a groundbreaking new study may offer a way to stem that rise, while another may offer some hope for those who are already allergic.", + "readerable": true +} diff --git a/test/test-pages/webmd-1/expected.html b/test/test-pages/webmd-1/expected.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54d6db4 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test-pages/webmd-1/expected.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +<div id="readability-page-1" class="page"> + <div id="textArea" class="copyNormal"> + <h3></h3> + <p>Feb. 23, 2015 -- Life-threatening peanut allergies have mysteriously been on the rise in the past decade, with little hope for a cure.</p> + <p xmlns:xalan="http://xml.apache.org/xalan">But a groundbreaking new study may offer a way to stem that rise, while another may offer some hope for those who are already allergic.</p> + <p>Parents have been told for years to avoid giving foods containing peanuts to babies for fear of triggering an allergy. Now research shows the opposite is true: Feeding babies snacks made with peanuts before their first birthday appears to prevent that from happening.</p> + <p>The study is published in the <i>New England Journal of Medicine,</i> and it was presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology in Houston. It found that among children at high risk for getting peanut allergies, eating peanut snacks by 11 months of age and continuing to eat them at least three times a week until age 5 cut their chances of becoming allergic by more than 80% compared to kids who avoided peanuts. Those at high risk were already allergic to egg, they had the skin condition <a href="http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/default.htm" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="Article">eczema</a>, or both.</p> + <p>Overall, about 3% of kids who ate peanut butter or peanut snacks before their first birthday got an allergy, compared to about 17% of kids who didn’t eat them.</p> + <p>“I think this study is an astounding and groundbreaking study, really,” says Katie Allen, MD, PhD. She's the director of the Center for Food and Allergy Research at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute in Melbourne, Australia. Allen was not involved in the research.</p> + <p>Experts say the research should shift thinking about how kids develop <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/food-allergy-intolerances" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="Article">food allergies</a>, and it should change the guidance doctors give to parents.</p> + <p>Meanwhile, for children and adults who are already <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/nut-allergy" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="Article">allergic to peanuts</a>, another study presented at the same meeting held out hope of a treatment.</p> + <p>A new skin patch called Viaskin allowed people with peanut allergies to eat tiny amounts of peanuts after they wore it for a year.</p> + <a name="1"> </a> + <h3>A Change in Guidelines?</h3> + <p>Allergies to peanuts and other foods are on the rise. In the U.S., more than 2% of people react to peanuts, a 400% increase since 1997. And reactions to peanuts and other tree nuts can be especially severe. Nuts are the main reason people get a life-threatening problem called <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/anaphylaxis" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="Article">anaphylaxis</a>.</p> + </div> +</div>
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+ </script> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript" src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/PageBuilder_Assets/JS_static/widgets/webmd.m.add_article_save.js"> +</script> + <div id="readspeaker_area" style="display: none;"> + <div id="readspeaker_button1" class="rs_skip"> <a accesskey="L" href="http://app.readspeaker.com/cgi-bin/rsent?customerid=5841&lang=en_us&readid=textArea" + target="_blank" onclick="readpage(this.href, 'xp1'); return false;"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/modules/article/readspeaker/listen_en_us.gif" alt="Listen to this page using ReadSpeaker" title="Listen to this page using ReadSpeaker"/> + </a> + + </div> + <script src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/javascript/readspeaker/en.js" + type="text/javascript"> +</script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + (function(){ + $(document).ready(function(){ + webmd.readspeakerPrep.init({pages:5}); + }); + })(); + </script> + <div id="xp1"></div> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + $(function(){ + var el = $("#readspeaker_area"); + if(el){ + if(s_sponsor_program == "" || typeof(s_sponsor_program) == 'undefined' ){ + el.addClass('non-spon-listen'); + el.find('a').append("Listen"); + el.css("display", "block"); + } + } + }); + </script> + <div id="textArea" class="copyNormal"> + <h2>Babies Who Eat Peanuts Early May Avoid Allergy</h2> + + <div class="subhead_fmt"></div> + <div class="author_fmt">By <a rel="author" href="http://www.webmd.com/brenda-goodman" onclick="return sl(this,'','prog-lnk');">Brenda Goodman, MA</a> + <br/>WebMD Health News</div> + <div class="reviewedBy_fmt">Reviewed by <a onclick="return sl(this,'','prog-lnk');" href="http://www.webmd.com/hansa-bhargava">Hansa D. Bhargava, MD</a> + </div> + <div class="clearBoth_fmt clearing-div"></div> + <h3></h3> + + <p></p> + <p>Feb. 23, 2015 -- Life-threatening peanut allergies have mysteriously been + on the rise in the past decade, with little hope for a cure.</p> + <p xmlns:xalan="http://xml.apache.org/xalan">But a groundbreaking new study may offer a way to stem that rise, while + another may offer some hope for those who are already allergic.</p> + <p>Parents have been told for years to avoid giving foods containing peanuts + to babies for fear of triggering an allergy. Now research shows the opposite + is true: Feeding babies snacks made with peanuts before their first birthday + appears to prevent that from happening.</p> + <p>The study is published in the <i>New England Journal of Medicine,</i> and + it was presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, + Asthma and Immunology in Houston. It found that among children at high + risk for getting peanut allergies, eating peanut snacks by 11 months of + age and continuing to eat them at least three times a week until age 5 + cut their chances of becoming allergic by more than 80% compared to kids + who avoided peanuts. Those at high risk were already allergic to egg, they + had the skin condition <a href="http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/default.htm" + onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="Article">eczema</a>, or + both.</p> + <p>Overall, about 3% of kids who ate peanut butter or peanut snacks before + their first birthday got an allergy, compared to about 17% of kids who + didn’t eat them.</p> + <p>“I think this study is an astounding and groundbreaking study, really,” + says Katie Allen, MD, PhD. She's the director of the Center for Food and + Allergy Research at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute in Melbourne, + Australia. Allen was not involved in the research.</p> + <p>Experts say the research should shift thinking about how kids develop + <a + href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/food-allergy-intolerances" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" + class="Article">food allergies</a>, and it should change the guidance doctors give to + parents.</p> + <p>Meanwhile, for children and adults who are already <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/nut-allergy" + onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="Article">allergic to peanuts</a>, + another study presented at the same meeting held out hope of a treatment.</p> + <p>A new skin patch called Viaskin allowed people with peanut allergies to + eat tiny amounts of peanuts after they wore it for a year.</p> + <p></p> <a name="1"> </a> + + <h3>A Change in Guidelines?</h3> + + <p>Allergies to peanuts and other foods are on the rise. In the U.S., more + than 2% of people react to peanuts, a 400% increase since 1997. And reactions + to peanuts and other tree nuts can be especially severe. Nuts are the main + reason people get a life-threatening problem called <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/anaphylaxis" + onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="Article">anaphylaxis</a>.</p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="attribution_rdr"> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var pagination_title=new Array(); + var pagination_current=1; + + pagination_title[1]=""; + pagination_title[2]="A Change in Guidelines? continued..."; + pagination_title[3]="Gathering Evidence"; + pagination_title[4]="‘Landmark’ Results"; + pagination_title[5]="More Hope on the Horizon continued..."; + </script> + <div class="pagination_fmt"> + <div class="left_fmt"></div> + <div class="right_fmt"> <span class="current_fmt">1</span> + <span class="pipe_fmt">|</span> + <a href="?page=2" + title="Page 2" onclick="return sl(this,'','pagenum-art_2');">2</a> + + <span + class="pipe_fmt">|</span> <a href="?page=3" title="Page 3" onclick="return sl(this,'','pagenum-art_3');">3</a> + + <span + class="pipe_fmt">|</span> <a href="?page=4" title="Page 4" onclick="return sl(this,'','pagenum-art_4');">4</a> + + <span + class="pipe_fmt">|</span> <a href="?page=5" title="Page 5" onclick="return sl(this,'','pagenum-art_5');">5</a> + + <div + class="outline_fmt right"> <a href="?page=2" onclick="return sl(this,'','pagenum-art_next');">Next Page <span class="symbol_fmt">></span></a> + + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="moduleSpacer_rdr"></div> + <div id="remoteAd_rdr"> + <div class="centerAd_r1_rdr"> + <div class="centerAd_BG_fmt"> + <div class="conta" style="color:#737373; 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Quiz Yourself</a> + + </li> + </ul> + <script class="oas_template" id="oas_top_picks" type="text/html"> + <a class="{type_prefix}{type}" onclick="return sl(this,'','rltd-p-893_{link_position}');" href="{href}">{alt}{i_tag}</a> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + webmd.oas = window.webmd.oas || {}; webmd.oas.mapping = window.webmd.oas.mapping || {}; webmd.oas.mapping['oas_top_picks'] = ['x62','x63','x64','x65','x66','x67']; + </script> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + function moveMustSeeArticles() { + /* make the swap function available internally */ + function doSwap() { + /* get must-see articles, remove from the DOM */ + var msa = $('#mainContentContainer_area .related_reading_rdr').clone(); + $('#mainContentContainer_area .related_reading_rdr').remove(); + + /* get the pagination if it exists */ + var pagination = $('.attribution_rdr .pagination_fmt'); + var contextual = $('.other_context_links_rdr'); + var article = $('.article_rdr'); + + /* certain pages use another format: + // the top picks module is in .related_wrapper .dyn_related + // as the second div with this class. + // it has an id, unlike the other div */ + var dyn_related = $('.related_wrapper .dyn_related[id]'); 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+ </script> + <div id="rightAd_rdr"> + <div class="rightAd_top_fmt"></div> + <div id="rightAd_fmt" class="rightAd_BG_fmt loaded"> + <div id="ads2-pos-121-ad" class="ad_placeholder"></div> + </div> + <div class="rightAd_bottom_fmt"></div> + </div> + <div class="moduleSpacer_rdr"></div> + <script> + webmd.ads2Consumer.defineAd({targets:{art:'091e9c5e810fb2ee',cc:'17',env:'',hcent:'893',leaf:'&leaf=',mcent:'',mic:'',pt:'1625',sec:'',pug:'__',scent:'',tmg:'',tug:'2321',uri:'%2fallergies%2fnews%2f20150220%2fchild-peanut-allergy-findings'},blockCodes:'_age121_l23_age122_j30_t780_',id:'ads2-pos-121-ad',pos:'121',sizes:[[300,250],[300, 600],[300,1050]]}); + </script> + <div id="thumb-link1" class="unified_right_rdr"> + <h2></h2> + + <div class="unified_right_inner_rdr"> + <div class="entry_fmt" id="x20"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/the-truth-about-mucus" + onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_1othr');"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/features/_2012/04_2012/truth_about_mucus_features/69x75_truth_about_mucus_features.jpg" alt="blowing nose"/> + </a> + + <div class="header_fmt">Article</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/the-truth-about-mucus" + onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_1othr');">The Truth About Mucus</a> + + </div> + </div> + <div class="entry_fmt" id="x21"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/postnasal-drip" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_2othr');"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/news/2011/11_2011/acne_and_sore_throat/69x75_acne_and_sore_throat.jpg" alt="woman with sore throat"/> + </a> + + <div class="header_fmt">Article</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/postnasal-drip" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_2othr');">What Is Postnasal Drip?</a> + + </div> + </div> + <div class="clear_fmt"> </div> + <div class="entry_fmt" id="x22"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/ss/slideshow-bad-bugs" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_3ss');"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/news/2012/08_2012/new_tickborne_disease/69x75_new_tickborne_disease.jpg" alt="lone star tick"/> + </a> + + <div class="header_fmt">Slideshow</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/ss/slideshow-bad-bugs" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_3ss');">Identify Bugs and Their Bites</a> + + </div> + </div> + <div class="entry_fmt" id="x23"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/ss/slideshow-natural-relief" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_4ss');"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/slideshows/12_natural_ways_to_defeat_allergies/69x75_12_natural_ways_to_defeat_allergies.jpg" alt="Woman blowing nose"/> + </a> + + <div class="header_fmt">Slideshow</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/ss/slideshow-natural-relief" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_4ss');">12 Natural Ways to Defeat Allergies</a> + + </div> + </div> + <div class="clear_fmt"> </div> + <script class="oas_template" id="oas_urr_1" type="text/html"> + <a onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_{link_position}{onclick_append}');" href="{href}"> + <img src="{img}" alt="{alt_text}" /> + </a> + <div class="header_fmt">{text}</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> + <a onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link1_{link_position}{onclick_append}');" href="{href}">{alt}</a> + </div> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + webmd.oas = window.webmd.oas || {}; webmd.oas.mapping = window.webmd.oas.mapping || {}; + webmd.oas.mapping['oas_urr_1'] = ['x20','x21','x22','x23']; + </script> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="ContentPane45"> + <style> + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 { + box-sizing: border-box; + position: relative; + width: 300px; + height: 90px; + padding: 5px 9px 0 79px; + background: url(http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/mobile/app-marketing/allergy/modules/gen_allergy_woman_sneezing_sm.jpg) no-repeat 10px 50%; + border: 1px solid #989898; + font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif; + margin: 0 auto 1em; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 p, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 a, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 input, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 label, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 h1, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 h2, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 h4, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .pane h1, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .pane h2 { + font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif; + } + + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 *, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 *:before, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 *:after { + box-sizing: border-box; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .pane { + display: block; + } + /*#allergyappsmsemailgen90 .paneIntro,*/ + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .paneSystemError { + display: none; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .paneBusy { + display: none; + margin-top: 1em; + overflow: hidden; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .paneBusy p { + line-height: 20px; + float: left; + margin-left: .5em; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .loading_small { + float: left; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .paneSystemError p { + margin: 10px 0; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .paneDone { + display: none; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 h1 { + margin: 12px 0 0 0; + line-height: 1em; + color: #222; + font-size: 27px; + font-weight: bold; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 h2 { + margin: 18px 0 10px 0; + line-height: 1em; + color: #222; + font-size: 18px; + font-weight: normal; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 h3 { + margin: 0; + line-height: 1em; + color: #222; + font-size: 14px; + font-weight: bold; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 p { + margin: 0; + line-height: 1em; + color: #222; + font-size: 14px; + font-weight: normal; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .allergyapplogo { + width: 163px; + height: 20px; + font-size: 0; + line-height: 0; + background: url(http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/mobile/app-marketing/allergy/modules/webmd-allergy-app-logo_163x20.png); + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 form { + position: absolute; + bottom: 0; + left: 0; + width: 100%; + height: 64px; + padding: 0 9px 9px 79px; + display: none; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .sender, + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 .controls { + float: left; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 form p { + color: #222; + line-height: 1em; + font-size: 14px; + font-weight: bold; + text-align:left; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 input[type=text] { + position: absolute; + bottom: 4px; + left: 79px; + width: 133px; + height: 30px; + margin: 0 10px 0 0; + padding: 0 4px; + background: #fff; + color: #666; + border: 1px solid #d5d5d5; + border-radius: 3px; + font-size: 14px; + font-weight: normal; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 input[type=submit] { + position: absolute; + bottom: 4px; + right: 9px; + width: 67px; + height: 30px; + margin: 0; + padding: 0; + background: #f57f20; + color: #fff; + border: none; + border-radius: 3px; + font-size: 15px; + font-weight: bold; + } + #allergyappsmsemailgen90 input.invalid { + background: #fcc; + border: 1px solid #ffb3b3; + box-shadow: inset 0 0 1.2rem #ffabab; + color: #f33; + } + </style> + <div id="allergyappsmsemailgen90" class="small"> + <div class="allergyapplogo thankyou">WebMD Allergy App</div> + <div class="pane paneForm"> + <form action="#" method="get"> + <p>Send yourself a link to download the app.</p> + <div class="sender"> + <input type="text" id="email" name="toAddress" value="Your email address" + class="placeholder"/> + </div> + <div class="controls"> + <input type="submit" value="Submit"/> + </div> + </form> + </div> + <div class="pane paneBusy"> + <div class="loading_small">Loading ...</div> + <p>Please wait...</p> + </div> + <div class="pane paneSystemError"> + <p>This feature is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.</p> + </div> + <div class="pane paneDone"> + <h3>Thanks!</h3> + + <p>Now check your email account on your mobile phone to download your new + app.</p> + </div> + </div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + require(['allergy_app/1/allergy_app_sms_email'], function(allergyappsmsemail) { + var allergyappsmsemailgen90 = webmd.object(allergyappsmsemail); + allergyappsmsemailgen90.init({wrapper:'allergyappsmsemailgen90'}); + }); + </script> + </div> + <div id="ContentPane46"> + <div id="thumb-link2" class="unified_right_rdr"> + <h2></h2> + + <div class="unified_right_inner_rdr"> + <div class="entry_fmt" id="x24"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/cat-allergies" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_1othr');"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/features/_2011/11_2011/healthy_cat_gift_guide_features/69x75_healthy_cat_gift_guide_features.jpg" alt="cat lying on shelf"/> + </a> + + <div class="header_fmt">Article</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/cat-allergies" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_1othr');">Causes of Cat Allergies</a> + + </div> + </div> + <div class="entry_fmt" id="x25"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/indoor-outdoor-relief-14/video-allergy-testing-and-shots" + onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_2othr');"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/reference_guide/allergy_tests_ref_guide/69x75_allergy_tests_ref_guide.jpg" alt="Allergy prick test"/> + </a> + + <div class="header_fmt">VIDEO</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/indoor-outdoor-relief-14/video-allergy-testing-and-shots" + onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_2othr');">Types of Allergy Tests</a> + + </div> + </div> + <div class="clear_fmt"> </div> + <div class="entry_fmt" id="x26"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/allergies-assessment/default.htm" + onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_3othr');"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/health_checks/allergy_sinus_symptoms_evaluator/69x75_allergy_sinus_symptoms_evaluator.jpg" alt="Man sneezing into tissue"/> + </a> + + <div class="header_fmt">Assessment</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/allergies-assessment/default.htm" + onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_3othr');">Get Personalized Allergy & Sinus Tips</a> + + </div> + </div> + <div class="entry_fmt" id="x27"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/rm-quiz-indoor-allergies" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_4rmq');"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/quizzes/indoor_allergies_rmq/69x75_indoor_allergies_rmq.jpg" alt="Woman holding feather duster up to face, twitching"/> + </a> + + <div class="header_fmt">Quiz</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/rm-quiz-indoor-allergies" onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_4rmq');">Test Your Indoor Allergy Smarts</a> + + </div> + </div> + <div class="clear_fmt"> </div> + <script class="oas_template" id="oas_urr_2" type="text/html"> + <a onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_{link_position}{onclick_append}');" href="{href}"> + <img src="{img}" alt="{alt_text}" /> + </a> + <div class="header_fmt">{text}</div> + <div class="link_fmt"> + <a onclick="return sl(this,'','thumb-link2_{link_position}{onclick_append}');" href="{href}">{alt}</a> + </div> + </script> + <script type="text/javascript"> + webmd.oas = window.webmd.oas || {}; webmd.oas.mapping = window.webmd.oas.mapping || {}; + webmd.oas.mapping['oas_urr_2'] = ['x24','x25','x26','x27']; + </script> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="ContentPane47"></div> + <div id="ContentPane25"> + <div id="newsletter-mapping-center"></div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + require(['newsletter/1/mapping-centers-desktop','css!newsletter/1/newsletter-module-desktop.css'], function(module){ + module.init({ + selector: "#newsletter-mapping-center", + template: { + successMsg: '<p class="success"><span>{email}</span><br //>You will receive your first newsletter with our next scheduled circulation!</p>', + content: '' + + '<div class="newsletterFmt"></div>\n' + + '<div class="wrapper">\n' + + '<div class="nls-header">{header}</div>\n' + + '{preContent}' + + '<div class="nls-content">\n' + + '{preForm}' + + '<form class="nls-form" action="#" novalidate="novalidate">\n' + + '<div class="validationWrapper"><div class="checkbox-container clearfix">{inputs}</div></div>\n' + + '<div class="privacy-disclaimer">' + + "<em>By clicking submit I agree to WebMD's <a href='http://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/about-privacy-policy' target='_blank'>Privacy Policy</a></em>" + + '</div>' + + '<div class="input-container">\n' + + '<div class="email-container validationWrapper">\n' + + '<input type="email" class="nls-email" name="email" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" placeholder="Enter email address" /> ' + + '<button name="nl-submit" formnovalidate class="off {submitClass}" type="submit"><span>Submit</span></button>\n' + + '<div class="clearfix"></div>' + + '</div>\n' + // .email-container + '</div>\n' + // .input-container + '</form>\n' + + '<a class="nl-link" href="https://member.webmd.com/newsletters/newsletters.aspx" onclick="return sl(this,"nw","nl-multie_s")">Sign up for more topics!</a>' + + '{postForm}' + + '</div>\n' + // .nls-content + '{postContent}' + + '</div>', + submitClass: 'webmd-btn webmd-btn-pr webmd-btn-s', + successHeader: '<h2>Thank You For Signing Up.</h2>', + promo: '<div class="promo"><div class="promo-content clearfix"><img src="{image}" alt="WebMD App" /><div class="promo-description"><p>{text}</p><p class="promoLink"><a href="{url}" class="webmd-btn webmd-btn-pr webmd-btn-m" 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This so-called "superbug" scenario is not science fiction. It's an urgent, worldwide worry that is prompting swift action.</p> + <p xmlns:xalan="http://xml.apache.org/xalan">Every year, about 2 million people get sick from a superbug, according to the CDC. About 23,000 die. Earlier this year, an outbreak of CRE (carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) linked to contaminated medical tools sickened 11 people at two Los-Angeles area hospitals. Two people died, and more than 200 others may have been exposed.</p> + <p>The White House recently released a <a onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" href="http://www.webmd.com/click?url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/national_action_plan_for_combating_antibotic-resistant_bacteria.pdf">comprehensive plan</a> outlining steps to combat drug-resistant bacteria. The plan identifies three "urgent" and several "serious" threats. We asked infectious disease experts to explain what some of them are and when to worry.</p> + <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/css/contextual_related_links.css"/> + <a name="1"> </a> + <h3>But First: What's a Superbug? </h3> + <p>It's a term coined by the media to describe bacteria that cannot be killed using multiple <a href="http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/rm-quiz-antibiotics-myths-facts" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="">antibiotics</a>. "It resonates because it's scary," says Stephen Calderwood, MD, president of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. "But in fairness, there is no real definition."</p> + <p>Instead, doctors often use phrases like "multidrug-resistant bacteria." That's because a superbug isn't necessarily resistant to all antibiotics. It refers to bacteria that can't be treated using two or more, says Brian K. Coombes, PhD, of McMaster University in Ontario.</p> + <p>Any species of bacteria can turn into a superbug.</p> + <p>Misusing antibiotics (such as taking them when you don't need them or not finishing all of your medicine) is the "single leading factor" contributing to this problem, the CDC says. The concern is that eventually doctors will run out of antibiotics to treat them.</p> + <p>"What the public should know is that the more antibiotics you’ve taken, the higher your superbug risk," says Eric Biondi, MD, who runs a program to decrease unnecessary antibiotic use. "The more encounters you have with the hospital setting, the higher your superbug risk."</p> + <p>"Superbugs should be a concern to everyone," Coombes says. "Antibiotics are the foundation on which all modern medicine rests. Cancer <a href="http://www.webmd.com/cancer/chemotherapy-what-to-expect" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/organ-donation-facts" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="">organ transplants</a>, surgeries, and <a href="http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/delivery-methods" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="">childbirth</a> all rely on antibiotics to prevent infections. If you can't treat those, then we lose the medical advances we have made in the last 50 years."</p> + <p>Here are some of the growing superbug threats identified in the 2015 White House report.</p> + </div> +</div>
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+ if (el) { + if (s_sponsor_program == "" || typeof(s_sponsor_program) == 'undefined') { + el.addClass('non-spon-listen'); + el.find('a').append("Listen"); + el.css("display", "block"); + } + } + }); + </script> + <div id="textArea" class="copyNormal"> + <h2>Superbugs: What They Are and How You Get Them</h2> + <div class="subhead_fmt"></div> + <div class="author_fmt"> By <a rel="author" href="http://www.webmd.com/kelli-miller" onclick="return sl(this,'','prog-lnk');">Kelli Miller</a> + <br/>WebMD Health News</div> + <div class="reviewedBy_fmt"> Reviewed by <a onclick="return sl(this,'','prog-lnk');" href="http://www.webmd.com/hansa-bhargava">Hansa D. Bhargava, MD</a></div> + <div class="clearBoth_fmt clearing-div"> </div> + <h3></h3> + <p> </p> + <p>April 17, 2015 -- Imagine being sick in the hospital with a <a href="http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/bacterial-and-viral-infections" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="">bacterial infection</a> and doctors can't stop it from spreading. This so-called "superbug" scenario is not science fiction. It's an urgent, worldwide worry that is prompting swift action.</p> + <p xmlns:xalan="http://xml.apache.org/xalan">Every year, about 2 million people get sick from a superbug, according to the CDC. About 23,000 die. Earlier this year, an outbreak of CRE (carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) linked to contaminated medical tools sickened 11 people at two Los-Angeles area hospitals. Two people died, and more than 200 others may have been exposed.</p> + <p>The White House recently released a <a onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" href="http://www.webmd.com/click?url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/national_action_plan_for_combating_antibotic-resistant_bacteria.pdf">comprehensive plan</a> outlining steps to combat drug-resistant bacteria. The plan identifies three "urgent" and several "serious" threats. We asked infectious disease experts to explain what some of them are and when to worry.</p> + <p></p> + <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/css/contextual_related_links.css"/> + <div class="slideshow_links_rdr contextual_links_fmt"> + <h4></h4> + <p> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-closer-look-at-mrsa" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-app-ssh');">A Closer Look at MRSA</a> </p> + </div> + <div class="moduleSpacer_rdr"> </div> + <a name="1"> </a> + <h3>But First: What's a Superbug? </h3> + <p>It's a term coined by the media to describe bacteria that cannot be killed using multiple <a href="http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/rm-quiz-antibiotics-myths-facts" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="">antibiotics</a>. "It resonates because it's scary," says Stephen Calderwood, MD, president of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. "But in fairness, there is no real definition."</p> + <p>Instead, doctors often use phrases like "multidrug-resistant bacteria." That's because a superbug isn't necessarily resistant to all antibiotics. It refers to bacteria that can't be treated using two or more, says Brian K. Coombes, PhD, of McMaster University in Ontario.</p> + <p>Any species of bacteria can turn into a superbug.</p> + <p>Misusing antibiotics (such as taking them when you don't need them or not finishing all of your medicine) is the "single leading factor" contributing to this problem, the CDC says. The concern is that eventually doctors will run out of antibiotics to treat them.</p> + <p>"What the public should know is that the more antibiotics you’ve taken, the higher your superbug risk," says Eric Biondi, MD, who runs a program to decrease unnecessary antibiotic use. "The more encounters you have with the hospital setting, the higher your superbug risk."</p> + <p>"Superbugs should be a concern to everyone," Coombes says. "Antibiotics are the foundation on which all modern medicine rests. Cancer <a href="http://www.webmd.com/cancer/chemotherapy-what-to-expect" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/organ-donation-facts" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="">organ transplants</a>, surgeries, and <a href="http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/delivery-methods" onclick="return sl(this,'','embd-lnk');" class="">childbirth</a> all rely on antibiotics to prevent infections. If you can't treat those, then we lose the medical advances we have made in the last 50 years."</p> + <p>Here are some of the growing superbug threats identified in the 2015 White House report.</p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="attribution_rdr"> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var pagination_title = new Array(); + var pagination_current = 1; + pagination_title[1] = ""; + pagination_title[2] = "Urgent Threat: Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)"; + pagination_title[3] = "Urgent Threat: Clostridium difficile (C. diff) continued..."; + </script> + <div class="pagination_fmt"> + <div class="left_fmt"> </div> + <div class="right_fmt"> <span class="current_fmt">1</span> <span class="pipe_fmt">|</span> <a href="?page=2" title="Page 2" onclick="return sl(this,'','pagenum-art_2');">2</a> <span class="pipe_fmt">|</span> <a href="?page=3" title="Page 3" onclick="return sl(this,'','pagenum-art_3');">3</a> + <div class="outline_fmt right"> <a href="?page=2" onclick="return sl(this,'','pagenum-art_next');">Next Page <span class="symbol_fmt">></span></a> </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="moduleSpacer_rdr"> </div> + <div id="remoteAd_rdr"> + <div class="centerAd_r1_rdr"> + <div class="centerAd_BG_fmt"> + <div class="conta" style="color:#737373; 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float: right;"/> </a>Top 12 News Topics</div> + <ul class="top12List_fmt"> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">1<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/melanoma-skin-cancer/news/20150414/skin-cancer-young_adults" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_1');">Skin Cancer</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">2<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/news/20150415/heavy-snoring-apnea-tied-to-earlier-brain-troubles" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_2');">Snoring</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">3<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/news/20150416/new-synthetic-drug-flakka-triggers-crazed-behaviors" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_3');">Flakka</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">4<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/news/20150406/fit-at-50-cardiac-arrest-during-exercise-unlikely-study-finds" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_4');">Fit at 50</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">5<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/news/breaking-news/20150302/autism-early-diagnosis" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_5');">Autism</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">6<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/diet/20150406/weight-watchers-jenny-craig-beat-other-commercial-diet-plans-study-finds" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_6');">Diet Plans</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">7<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/20150402/travelers-bringing-drug-resistant-bacteria-to-united-states" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_7');">Shigella</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">8<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/news/20150330/fecal-transplant-treats-serious-recurrent-intestinal-infection" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_8');">Fecal Transplant</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">9<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/brain/news/20150324/colorado-marijuana-metals-fungus" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_9');">CO Marijuana</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">10<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20150220/child-peanut-allergy-findings" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_10');">Peanut Allergies</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">11<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/men/news/20150313/more-sex-better-testosterone-levels" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_11');">Testosterone</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">12<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/news/breaking-news/future-of-health/#future-of-health" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-news_12');">Future of Health</a> </div> + <div class="clearBoth_fmt"> </div> + </li> + </ul> + <div class="top12_footer_fmt"> </div> + </div> + <div class="moduleSpacer_rdr"> </div> + <div class="top12_rdr"> + <div class="top12_header_fmt"> + <a onclick="window.open(this.href, 'popup','width=512,height=240,scrollbars=no,resizeable=no,status=yes');return false;" href="/www/topics-placements-lists"> <img border="0" alt="" title="WebMD Editors determine the topics and placement on our lists..." src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/modules/top12QuestionMark.gif" class="top12_questionMark" style="margin: 1px 5px 0px 0px; float: right;"/> </a>Top 12 Topics</div> + <ul class="top12List_fmt"> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">1<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/morgellons-disease-what-is-it" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_1');">Morgellons</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">2<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/arthritis-lyme-disease" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_2');">Lyme Disease</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">3<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/arthritis/ankylosing-spondylitis-assessment/default.htm" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_3');">Ankylosing Spondylitis</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">4<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eating-disorders/binge-eating-disorder/ss/slideshow-binge-eating-disorder" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_4');">Binge Eating Disorder</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">5<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-type-2-diabetes-overview" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_5');">Type 2 Diabetes</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">6<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/ss/slideshow-ra-overview" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_6');">Rheumatoid Arthritis</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">7<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/ss/slideshow-multiple-sclerosis-overview" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_7');">Multiple Sclerosis</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">8<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/psoriasis/ss/slideshow-severe-psoriasis-9" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_8');">Psoriasis</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">9<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/ss/slideshow-schizophrenia-overview" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_9');">Schizophrenia</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">10<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/ss/slideshow-brain-foods-that-help-you-concentrate" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_10');">Brain Foods</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">11<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/children/central-precocious-puberty" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_11');">Early Puberty</a> </div> + </li> + <li> + <div class="top12_number_fmt">12<span>.</span></div> + <div class="top12_link_fmt"> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/anaphylaxis-15/understanding-anaphylaxis-basics" onclick="return sl(this,'','top-twlv-az_12');">Common Anaphylaxis Triggers</a> </div> + <div class="clearBoth_fmt"> </div> + </li> + </ul> + <div class="top12_footer_fmt"> </div> + </div> + <div class="moduleSpacer_rdr"> </div> + </div> + <div id="ContentPane32"></div> + <div id="ContentPane33"></div> + <div id="ContentPane34"></div> + <div id="ContentPane26"> + <!--<ul><li>$adsystem = DFP</li><li>$pos = 113</li><li>$print = false</li></ul><ul><li>adtype = iFRAME</li><li>iframeheight = 600</li><li>iframewidth = 160</li><li>adserver = as.webmd.com</li></ul><ul><li>affiliate = 20</li><li>apg = 4286</li><li>artid = 091e9c5e8117ec19</li><li>au1 = </li><li>au2 = </li><li>bc = _cust4_k_</li><li>brand = 0</li><li>cc = 17</li><li>env = </li><li>hcent = </li><li>mcent = </li><li>micro = </li><li>pkg = &leaf=</li><li>pos = 113</li><li>pug = __</li><li>scent = </li><li>sec = </li><li>segval = </li><li>site = 2</li><li>tile = 1390870376</li><li>tmg = </li><li>transactionID = 93834023</li><li>tug = </li><li>uri = %2fnews%2f20150417%2fsuperbugs-what-they-are</li></ul>--> + <script> + var priTopId = '4286', + secTopId = ''; 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We’ve got the dirty truth on how and when to wash your hands.</p> + <p class="watchbutton"> + <a href="http://www.webmd.com/men/video/dirty-truth-handwashing" onclick="return sl(this,'','lnch-mvid_1_watch');"> <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/modules/multi_watch.jpg" alt="Click here to watch video: Dirty Truth About Hand Washing" height="23" width="100"/> </a> + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="expander"> + <div class="vidheader"> <span class="toggle"> + <a href=""> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/modules/vid_plus.jpg" alt="click to expand section" height="14" width="14"/> + </a> + </span> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/video/causes-cures-bad-breath" onclick="return sl(this,'','lnch-mvid_2_txt');">Truth About Bad Breath</a> </div> + </div> + <div class="pushsize" style="display:none;"> + <div class="video" style="display:none;"> + <div class="vidwidth"> + <div class="vidheader"> <span class="toggle"> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/modules/vid_minus.jpg" alt="click to hide section" height="14" width="14"/> + </span> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/video/causes-cures-bad-breath" onclick="return sl(this,'','lnch-mvid_2_txt');">Truth About Bad Breath</a> </div> + <p class="thumb"> + <a href="http://www.webmd.com/video/causes-cures-bad-breath" onclick="return sl(this,'','lnch-mvid_2_img');"> <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/dam/editorial/dental-health/miscellaneous/causes-cures-bad-breath/graphics/thumbnails/final/causes-cures-bad-breath-48x48.jpg" alt="Click here to wach video: Truth About Bad Breath"/> </a> + </p> + <p class="text">Suffer from chronic halitosis? Get the truth on the causes and cures for your stinky breath.</p> + <p class="watchbutton"> + <a href="http://www.webmd.com/video/causes-cures-bad-breath" onclick="return sl(this,'','lnch-mvid_2_watch');"> <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/modules/multi_watch.jpg" alt="Click here to watch video: Truth About Bad Breath" height="23" width="100"/> </a> + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="expander"> + <div class="vidheader"> <span class="toggle"> + <a href=""> + <img src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/modules/vid_plus.jpg" alt="click to expand section" height="14" width="14"/> + </a> + </span> <a href="http://www.webmd.com/video/dangers-gum-disease" onclick="return sl(this,'','lnch-mvid_3_txt');">Dangers of Gum Disease</a> </div> + </div> + <div class="pushsize" style="display:none;"> + <div class="video" style="display:none;"> + <div class="vidwidth"> + <div class="vidheader"> <span class="toggle"> 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