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diff --git a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/clean-links/source.html b/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/clean-links/source.html deleted file mode 100644 index 775023e7c..000000000 --- a/plugins/af_readability/vendor/fivefilters/readability.php/test/test-pages/clean-links/source.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1863 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> - - <head> - <title>Bartleby the Scrivener Web Study Text</title> - <meta http-equiv="resource-type" - content="document"/> - <meta http-equiv="copyright" content="Copyright Ann Woodlief"/> - <meta name="generator" content="Me :)"/> - <LINK REL=" stylesheet "=" " type="text/css " href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/myweb.css "/> - <style type="text/css "> -<!-- -body { font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;} ---> -</style> - </head> -<body text="#000000 " background="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/papyrus.jpg - " bgcolor="#DCD1C0 " link="#990000 " vlink="#CC0000 "> - -<!-- BEGIN CODE FOR POP-UP NOTES --> -<div id="overDiv " style="position:absolute; visibility:hidden; z-index:1000; "></div> -<script language="JavaScript " src="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/popnote.js "></script> -<!-- END CODE FOR POP-UP NOTES --> - -<center> - <table width="675 " border="0 " cellpadding="2 "> - <tbody> - <tr> - <td> - <h3 align="center ">Study Webtext</h3> - <h2 align="center "><font face="Lucida Handwriting " color="Maroon - ">"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street " </font>(1853) <br/> - Herman Melville</h2> - <h2 align="center "><a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby.html - " target="_blank "><img src="hmhome.gif " alt="To the story text without notes - " height="38 " width="38 " align="absmiddle "/></a> - </h2> - <h3 align="center ">Prepared by <a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb ">Ann - Woodlief,</a> Virginia Commonwealth University</h3> - <h5 align="center ">Click on text in red for hypertext notes and questions</h5> - <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( - 'Note that this story is told in first-person by this unnamed lawyer. That means that the reader has to figure out what sort of person he is in order to understand the "angle" or bias from which he presents his story. What sort of man would define himself immediately in terms of his age and nothing else?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">I</a> - am a <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( - 'Why does he stress that he is elderly? To show that he has had a wide range of experience? To suggest that he is very set in his ways?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup - ">rather elderly</a> man. The nature of my <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( - 'Why does he say that being a lawyer is an "avocation," meaning a hobby? Is it that Melville is suggesting that he does not take his career all that seriously?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">avocations</a> - for the last thirty years has brought me into more than ordinary contact - with what <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( - 'Notice how he qualifies his statement, as if he is not quite sure they are so interesting.', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup - ">would seem</a> an interesting and somewhat singular set of men of whom as yet - nothing that I know of has ever been written:-- I mean the <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( - 'The job of a law-copyist was to do exactly what the name suggests--to copy precisely, with pen (or quill) and ink, legal documents (rather like a human xerox machine or carbon paper).', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">law-copyists</a> - or <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( - 'The word means "writers." Some critics have looked at this story as Melville\'s lament that the work of (creative) writers is so little appreciated, - especially in financial terms. He struggled all his life to make a living - by writing, whereas his brother Gansevoort, who worked on Wall Street, - led a very comfortable life and never really understood why his brother - bothered to write. - ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">scriveners</a>. - I have known very many of them, professionally and privately, and if I - pleased, could relate divers histories, at which good-natured gentlemen - might smile, and sentimental souls might weep. But I waive the biographies - of all other scriveners for a few <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note the use of the word "passages" here (and only a few). He - is looking at Bartleby\ - 's life as a kind of literary production, but that production will be his, not Bartleby\'s. (Somewhat similar to the way that the copyists copy the lawyer\ - 's words, not their own.)', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">passages</a> - in the life of Bartleby, who was a scrivener the <a href="javascript:void(0); - " onclick="return overlib( - 'Immediately he judges Bartleby, causing the reader to accept the judgment without knowing more at this point about the person.', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">strangest</a> - I ever saw or heard of. While of other law-copyists I might write the - <a href="javascript:void(0); " onclick="return overlib( - 'It is interesting that he assumes he knows "all about" other copyists, in spite of their great differences in class, education, experience, and power. Is this not presumptuous? Is part of his frustration with Bartleby because he will not reveal himself so that the lawyer can assume that he knows "all" about him?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">complete life</a>, of Bartleby nothing of that sort can be done. I believe that - no materials exist for a full and <a href="javascript:void(0); - " onclick="return overlib( - 'Satisfactory to whom? to the lawyer? to the reader? to both?', STICKY) " onmouseout="nd(); " class="popup ">satisfactory biography </a> of this man. It is an irreparable loss to literature. Bartleby - was one of those beings of whom nothing is ascertainable, except from - the original sources, and in his case those are very small. What my own - astonished eyes saw of Bartleby, that is all I know of him, except, indeed, - one vague report which will appear in the <a href="javascript:void(0); - " onclick="return overlib( - 'Note that he promises there will be some sort of answer toward the end. Why does he call it a "sequel"? Does he recruit the reader\'s patience with the story by making this promise? - ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sequel</a>. - <p>Ere introducing the scrivener, as he first appeared to me, it is fit - I make some mention of myself, my employees, my business, my chambers, - and general surroundings; because some such description is indispensable - to an adequate understanding of the chief character about to be presented. - </p><p> <i>Imprimis</i>: I am a man who, from his youth upwards, has been - filled with a profound conviction that <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What sort of person is he, according to this statement? How will this - change or be challenged in the story? - ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the easiest way of life is the best.</a>. Hence, though I belong to a profession - proverbially energetic and nervous, even to turbulence, at times, yet - nothing of that sort have I ever suffered to <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he use the word "invade"? Has he walled himself up? - from what? - ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">invade</a> - my peace. I am one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses - a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquillity - of a snug retreat, do a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What does "snug" suggest about him? He seems to be unwilling - to take risks in his work; how does this apply to his personal life? - ', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">snug business</a> among rich men's bonds and mortgages and title-deeds. The late <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('John Jacob Astor, 1763-1848, a German immigrant, became quite wealthy because of his shrewd dealings with Canadian Indians, trading whiskey and rifles to establish a very properous fur trade. He also stripped all the sandalwood from the Hawaiian Islands and smuggled opium in China. He invested that money in New York, buying foreclosed mortgages during the Panic of 1837 and building tenements, becoming the wealthiest person in the U.S. at the time of his death. Some model!', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">John Jacob Astor</a>, a personage little given to poetic enthusiasm, had - no hesitation in pronouncing my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note how he builds a description of himself. How would you describe him? Would you consider him a "typical" lawyer, businessman, or "boss"?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">first - grand point</a> to be prudence; my next, method. I do not <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('By claiming not be to boasting, he draws attention to the fact that he is indeed boasting; he drops this famous name three times (just to make sure you get it!)', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">speak - it in vanity</a>, but simply record the fact, that I was not - unemployed in my profession by the last John Jacob Astor; a name which, - I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular sound to - it, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('gold. Clearly the lawyer is rather entranced by Astor\'s wealth. . As a "hero" for the narrator, he represents rapacious materialism.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">rings - like unto bullion.</a> I will freely add, that I was <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('In fact, he seems to have been very impressed by Astor and his opinion. Is he trying to convince the reader that he has secure standing in the business community here? Is he trying too hard? Maybe even trying to convince himself? Why does he repeatedly emphasize that Astor is deceased?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">not - insensible to</a> the late John Jacob Astor's good opinion.</p> - <p>Some time prior to the period at which this little history begins, my - avocations had been largely increased. The good old office, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib(' Evidently the job was abolished because it was a sinecure, requiring little of the holder of the job for a great deal of money. Very likely it was a political appointment. New York did abolish this office in 1846 as part of an outdated court system. This would be a perfect kind of job for a writer, supporting his true vocation, but Melville was unable to find such work. His job at the Customs House was too demanding for him to write much and did not pay very much.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">now - extinct</a> in the State of New York, of a Master in Chancery, - had been conferred upon me. It was not a very arduous office, but very - pleasantly remunerative. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, more description of his personality and character.Will we see these characteristics to be true in his encounter with Bartleby? If not, is it because he doesn\'t really know himself?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - seldom lose my temper</a>; much more seldom indulge in dangerous - indignation at wrongs and outrages; but I must be permitted to be rash - here and declare, that I consider the sudden and violent abrogation of - the office of Master of Chancery, by the new Constitution, as a----<a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Note that he does not challenge the reason for abolishing the office, only that it was premature, and should have been done later (after his pockets were "pleasantly" filled.).', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">premature - act</a>; inasmuch as I had counted upon a life-lease of the - profits, whereas I only received those of a few short years. But this is - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is it? It would seem to be rather vital to understand this man and what sort of person he was before his encounter with Bartleby. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">by the way</a>.</p> - <p>My chambers were up stairs at No.--Wall-street. At one end they looked - upon the white wall of the interior of a spacious sky-light shaft, penetrating - the building from top to bottom. This view might have been considered rather - tame than otherwise, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Landscape painters wouldn\'t be the only ones to find this blocked view not "life"! This seems to be an example of his kind of humor, tongue-in-cheek and a little factitious. On the other hand, perhaps the air of death in his chambers is more than a matter of setting.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">deficient - in what landscape painters call "life."</a> But if so, the view - from the other end of my chambers offered, at least, a contrast, if nothing - more. In that direction my windows commanded an unobstructed view of a - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Though it may contrast with the other brick wall, both are solid walls. Again, note his attempt to be humorous. But how funny is this fact of walls, for Bartleby or for him? Be alert that walls are also being used symbolically in this story (it is about "Wall Street!). Also, this office with its "high, blank walls" is prison-like.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">lofty brick wall,</a>black by age and everlasting shade; which wall required - no spy-glass to bring out its lurking beauties, but for the benefit of - all near-sighted spectators, was pushed up to within ten feet of my window - panes. Owing to the great height of the surrounding buildings, and my chambers - being on the second floor, the interval between this wall and mine not - a little resembled a huge square <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('An interesting comparison, since a cistern holds water, which is frequently an image for life. This one, of course, is dry. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">cistern</a>.</p> - <p>At the period just preceding the advent of Bartleby, I had two persons - as copyists in my employment, and a promising lad as an office-boy. First, - Turkey; second, Nippers; third, Ginger Nut.These may seem names, the like - of which are not usually found in the Directory. In truth they were <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He does not ever give their real names. Why would they give each other such nicknames? Does it show affection? lack of respect? equality? Names seem to be very important in this story (except, of course, we don\'t have a name for the lawyer--a significant absence), and perhaps symbolic. Consider how the names fit the persons. Note that none of the characters has a visible family or home.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">nicknames</a>, mutually conferred upon - each other by my three clerks, and were deemed expressive of their respective - persons or characters. Turkey was a short, pursy Englishman of about my - own age, that is, somewhere not far from sixty. In the morning, one might - say, his face was of a fine florid hue, but after twelve o'clock, meridian-- - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is the first of many references to eating (although probably not the most important one!). How do these references play out in the story (culminating in "he lives without eating?")? The only person who does not eat--although we may assume that he is well-fed--is the lawyer/narrator. Is this significant?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">his dinner hour</a>-- it blazed like a grate full of Christmas coals; - and continued blazing--but, as it were, with a gradual wane--till 6 o'clock, - P.M. or thereabouts, after which I saw no more of the proprietor of the - face, which gaining its meridian with the sun, seemed to set with it, to - rise, culminate, and decline the following day, with the like regularity - and undiminished glory. There are many singular coincidences I have known - in the course of my life, not the least among which was the fact that exactly - when Turkey displayed his fullest beams from his red and radiant countenance, - just then, too, at the critical moment, began the daily period when I considered - his business capacities as seriously disturbed for the remainder of the - twenty-four hours. Not that he was absolutely idle, or averse to business - then; far from it. The difficulty was, he was apt to be altogether <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('In other words, he is not much use when he is showing too much liveliness.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">too - energetic</a>. There was a strange, inflamed, flurried, flighty - recklessness of activity about him. He would be incautious in dipping his - pen into his inkstand. All his blots upon my documents, were dropped there - after twelve o'clock, meridian. Indeed, not only would he be reckless and - sadly given to making blots in the afternoon, but some days he went further, - and was rather <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Evidently the lawyer does not like to be disturbed with noise, especially noise of his clerks\' frustration.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">noisy</a>. At such times, too, his face - flamed with augmented blazonry, as if <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Cannel, or soft, coal burns quickly and brightly; anthracite, or hard, coal burns more slowly and intensely.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">cannel - coal</a> had been heaped on anthracite. He made an unpleasant - racket with his chair; spilled his sand-box; in mending his pens, impatiently - split them all to pieces, and threw them on the floor in a sudden passion; - stood up and leaned over his table, boxing his papers about in a most - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He does not behave in an orderly fashion, something the lawyer prizes. He is elderly, like the lawyer! In other words, they should both be more settled and calm because of their age?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">indecorous manner, very sad to behold in an elderly man</a>like him. Nevertheless, - as he was in many ways a most valuable person to me, and all the time before - twelve o'clock, meridian, was the quickest, steadiest creature too, accomplishing - a great deal of work in a style not easy to be matched--for these reasons, - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is he saying that he really should have fired him, and only out of the goodness of his heart has he kept him? How does this prepare the reader for his later relationship with Bartleby?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I was willing</a>to overlook his eccentricities, though indeed, occasionally, - I remonstrated with him. I did this very gently, however, because, though - the civilest, nay, the blandest and most reverential of men in the morning, - yet in the afternoon he was disposed, upon provocation, to be slightly - rash with his tongue, in fact, insolent. Now, valuing his morning services - as I did, and resolved not to lose them; yet, at the same time made uncomfortable - by his inflamed ways after twelve o'clock; and being a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('or at least a man who does not like to have his peace disturbed! Note his willingness to live with a worker who functions well only half of the time. He seems to have some sympathetic perception of Turkey\'s frustration.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">man - of peace</a>, unwilling by my admonitions to call forth unseemingly - retorts from him; I took upon me, one Saturday noon (he was always worse - on Saturdays), to hint to him, very kindly, that perhaps now that he was - growing old, it might be well to abridge his labors; in short, he need - not come to my chambers after twelve o'clock, but, dinner over, had best - go home to his lodgings and rest himself till tea-time. But no; he insisted - upon his afternoon <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he describe his afternoon excitability in these terms? Is he being ironic? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">devotions</a>. His countenance became - intolerably fervid, as he oratorically assured me--gesticulating with a - long ruler at the other end of the room--that if his services in the morning - were useful, how indispensible, then, in the afternoon?</p> - <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Turkey is careful to "keep his place" with his boss, though his "submission" actually seems to be more suited to his morning than his afternoon work.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">With - submission, sir,</a>" said Turkey on this occasion, "I consider - myself your right-hand man. In the morning I but marshal and deploy my - columns; but in the afternoon <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he use this military image? Why does he point out that he "puts himself at their head," in particular?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - put myself at their head</a>, and gallantly charge the foe, - thus!"--and he made a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Look out for more "violent thrusts" in the story. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">violent - thrust</a> with the ruler.</p> - <p>"But the blots, Turkey," intimated I.</p> - <p>"True,--but, with submission, sir, behold these hairs! I am getting old. - Surely, sir, a blot or two of a warm afternoon is not the page--is honorable. - With submission, sir, we both are getting old."</p> - <p><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here we can see his weak--or perhaps his more compassionate--side, and a suggestion of identification with the feelings of his employees.',STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">This - appeal to my fellow-feeling</a> was hardly to be resisted. At - all events, I saw that go he would not. So I made up my mind to let him - stay, resolving, nevertheless, to see to it, that during the afternoon - he had to do with my less important papers.</p> - <p>Nippers, the second on my list, was a whiskered, sallow, and, upon the - whole, rather <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Pirates rarely suffer from indigestion, do they? In what way could Nippers be considered like a pirate?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">piratical-looking</a> young man of about - five and twenty. I always deemed him the victim of two evil powers-- ambition - and indigestion. The ambition was evinced by a certain impatience of the - duties of a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note this word, one which seems to be attached to this job both by the boss (who actually could not function at all without his copyists) and the scriveners.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mere - copyist,</a> an unwarrantable usurpation of strictly profession - affairs, such as the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('taking over without permission In other words, he took it upon himself to draw up legal documents, which he is evidently able to do. Very likely he feels fully capable of doing the lawyer\'s work, though he is not "properly qualified" to do so.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">original - drawing up</a> of legal documents. The indigestion seemed betokened - in an occasional nervous testiness and grinning irritability, causing the - teeth to audibly grind together over mistakes committed in copying; unnecessary - maledictions, hissed, rather than spoken, in the heat of business; and - especially by a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why is he so unhappy about the table? What does this show about him and his job?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">continual - discontent</a> with the height of the table where he worked. - Though of a very ingenious mechanical turn, Nippers could never get this - table to suit him. He put chips under it, blocks of various sorts, bits - of pasteboard, and at last went so far as to attempt an exquisite adjustment - by final pieces of folded blotting-paper. But no invention would answer. - If, for the sake of easing his back, he brought the table lid at a sharp - angle well up towards his chin, and wrote there like a man using the steep - roof of a Dutch house for his desk:--then he declared that it stopped the - circulation in his arms. If now he lowered the table to his waistbands, - and stooped over it in writing, then there was a sore aching in his back. - In short, the truth of the matter was, Nippers knew not what he wanted. - Or, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This observation is probably quite true, and rather perceptive of the lawyer. He does seem to understand and sympathize with his employee\'s situation, but that does not mean he makes any move to change it (except to try rearranging so there are fewer blots for him to deal with).', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">if - he wanted anything</a>, it was to be rid of a scrivener's table - altogether. Among the manifestations of his diseased ambition was a fondness - he had for receiving visits from certain ambiguous-looking fellows in seedy - coats, whom he called his clients. Indeed I was aware that not only was - he, at times, considerable of a ward-politician, but he occasionally did - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In other words, he was practicing law with poorer clients. Remember that in that time one did not need to go to law school; all he had to do was to have enough knowledge of the law to pass the bar exam--and the examiners, who were anxious to keep "lower-class" people out of the profession.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a little business</a>at the Justices' courts, and was not unknown on the - steps of the Tombs. I have good reason to believe, however, that one individual - who called upon him at my chambers, and who, with a grand air, he insisted - was his client, was no other than a dun, and the alleged title-deed, a - bill. But with all his failings, and the annoyances he caused me, Nippers, - like his compatriot Turkey, was a very <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is probably his prime value as a human being, in the lawyer\'s eyes.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">useful - man </a>to me; wrote a neat, swift hand; and, when he chose, - was not deficient in a gentlemanly sort of deportment. Added to this, he - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Appearances are very important to the lawyer evidently. He makes it clear that he will forgive a person much who presents a good exterior to the public.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">always dressed</a>in a gentlemanly sort of way; and so, incidentally, - reflected credit upon my chambers. Whereas with respect to Turkey, I had - much ado to keep him from being a reproach to me. His clothes were apt - to look oily and smell of eating-houses. He wore his pantaloons very loose - and baggy in summer. His coats were execrable; his hat not to be handled. - But while the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In other words, the hat is okay because he doffs it as a sign of respect for his boss.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">hat</a> was a thing of indifference to - me, inasmuch as his natural civility and deference, as a dependent Englishman, - always led him to doff it the moment he entered the room, yet his coat - was another matter. Concerning his coats, I reasoned with him; but with - no effect. The truth was, I suppose, that a man with so small an income, - could not afford to sport such a lustrous face and a lustrous coat at one - and the same time. As Nippers once observed, Turkey's money went chiefly - for red ink. One winter day<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He gives him a coat primarily so he will appear better for him, not out of any real sense of charity. See how this kind of transaction will work with Bartleby. It doesn\'t seem to work so well with Turkey either!', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup"> - I presented Turkey</a> with a highly-respectable looking coat - of my own, a padded gray coat, of a most comfortable warmth, and which - buttoned straight up from the knee to the neck. I thought Turkey would - appreciate the favor, and abate his rashness and obstreperousness of afternoons. - But no. I verily believe that buttoning himself up in so downy and blanket-like - a coat had a pernicious effect upon him; upon the same principle that too - much oats are bad for horses. In fact, precisely as a rash, restive <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib(' "Feelings one\'s oats" has become a cliche today, for it has lost its original metaphorical force. Here, however, Melville is very aware of the original comparison. Evidently a horse with overabundant oats gets very frisky and out of control, even as Turkey seems to be beyond the lawyer\'s control with his new coat. Does Turkey resent this gift, even though he needs it? Is that what makes him "insolent" to his boss? Why would he resent it? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">horse - is said to feel his oats</a>, so Turkey felt his coat. It made - him insolent. He was a man whom prosperity harmed.</p> - <p>Though concerning the self-indulgent habits of Turkey I had my own private - surmises, yet touching Nippers I was well persuaded that whatever might - be his faults in other respects, he was, at least, a temperate young man. - But indeed, nature herself seemed to have been his <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('a maker of wine. In other words, Nippers does not have to drink (as Turkey must at his dinner) to be equally restive and discontent.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">vintner</a>, and at his birth charged - him so thoroughly with an irritable, brandy-like disposition, that all - subsequent potations were needless. When I consider how, amid the stillness - of my chambers, Nippers would sometimes impatiently rise from his seat, - and stooping over his table, spread his arms wide apart, seize the whole - desk, and move it, and jerk it, with a grim, grinding motion on the floor, - as if the table were a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What or whom is he substituting the table for? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">perverse - voluntary agent</a>, intent on thwarting and vexing him; I plainly - perceive that for Nippers, brandy and water were altogether superfluous.</p> - <p>It was fortunate for me that, owing to its course--indigestion--the irritability - and consequent nervousness of Nippers, were mainly observable in the morning, - while in the afternoon he was comparatively mild. So that Turkey's paroxysms - only coming on about twelve o'clock, I never had to do with their eccentricities - at one time. Their fits relieved each other like guards. When Nippers' - was on, Turkey's was off, and vice versa. This was a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Under what circumstances? That anyone employed in such a job will necessarily be discontent and feel less than human? Note that he accepts them with their flaws, perhaps understanding that they may "go with the job." ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">good - natural arrangement</a> under the circumstances.</p> - <p>Ginger Nut, the third on my list, was a lad some twelve years old. His - father was a carman, ambitious of seeing his son on the bench instead of - a cart, before he died. So he sent him to my office as a student at law, - errand boy, and cleaner and sweeper, at the rate of one dollar a week. - He had a little desk to himself, but he did not use it much. Upon inspection, - the drawer exhibited a great array of the shells of various sorts of nuts. - Indeed, to this quick-witted youth the whole noble science of the law was - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again he uses a cliche to make a joke at the expense of one of his employees.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">contained in a nut-shell</a>. Not the least among the employments of Ginger - Nut, as well as one which he discharged with the most alacrity, was his - duty as cake and apple purveyor for Turkey and Nippers. Copying law papers - being proverbially a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('an interesting metaphor, as it suggests emptiness', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">dry, - husky </a>sort of business, my two scriveners were fain to moisten - their mouths very often with Spitzenbergs to be had at the numerous stalls - nigh the Custom House and Post Office. Also, they sent Ginger Nut very - frequently for that peculiar cake--small, flat, round, and very spicy--after - which he had been named by them. Of a cold morning when business was but - dull, Turkey would gobble up scores of these cakes, as if they were mere - wafers--indeed they sell them at the rate of six or eight for a penny--the - scrape of his pen blending with the crunching of the crisp particles in - his mouth. Of all the fiery afternoon blunders and flurried rashnesses - of Turkey, was his once moistening a ginger-cake between his lips, and - clapping it on to a mortgage for a seal. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Would this have been adequate cause for firing a long-time employee? Does this show that the lawyer has a temper? Is he upset because he thinks that Turkey is not taking his business seriously enough?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - came within an ace </a>of dismissing him then. But he mollified - me by making an oriental bow, and saying--"With submission, sir, it was - generous of me <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('in other words, supply you with stationery at my own expense. It must be morning; note his ornate "submissiveness"! Such a response is one that even the angry lawyer will respond to. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to - find you</a> in stationery on my own account."</p> - <p>Now my original business--that of a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('A conveyancer does the paper work to legally transfer property; a title hunter makes certain that titles of ownership are free and clear. Note that his business deals strictly with legal paperwork, not with matters of justice. Such paperwork is necessary only in a society where a person\'s word is likely not to be trustworthy, in other words, a world with flawed and dishonest communications.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">conveyancer - and title hunter</a>, and drawer-up of recondite documents of - all sorts--was considerably increased by receiving the master's office. - There was now great work for scriveners. Not only must I push the clerks - already with me, but I must have additional help. In answer to my advertisement, - a motionless young man one morning, stood upon my office threshold, the - door being open, for it was summer. I can see that figure now--<a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('What an emotional as well as visual description is packed in these few words! We see more than a man; we see what he would become to the lawyer. Do you think that words like "pitiable" and "incurable" would have occurred to the lawyer at that moment? Or is he also juxtaposing his later understanding of Bartleby? (and himself?) ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">pallidly - neat</a>, pitiably respectable, incurably forlorn! It was Bartleby.</p> - <p>After a few words touching his qualifications, I engaged him, glad to - have among <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('here is used as a military image, appropriate for the hierarchy which clearly exists in this office.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my - corps</a> of copyists a man of so <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Note that he chooses Bartleby primarily for his sense of calm and lack of excitability and presentability, and for little else. He takes him at his word about his experience. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">singularly - sedate</a> an aspect, which I thought might operate beneficially - upon the flighty temper of Turkey, and the fiery one of Nippers.</p> - <p>I should have stated before that ground glass folding-doors divided my - premises into two parts, one of which was occupied by my scriveners, the - other by myself. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He has full control over the doors, and thus over the ability to communicate in the office. But he opens them not for logical reasons but almost on whim, depending on his mood or "humor."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">According - to my humor</a> I threw open these doors, or closed them. I resolved - to assign Bartleby a corner by the folding-doors, but on my side of them, - so as to have this quiet man within easy call, in case any <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He will put him on the "communicating" side primarily to take care of trifles, then, not because he cares to communicate with him. At the same time, he is dividing him from his fellow workers.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">trifling - thing</a> was to be done. I placed his desk close up to a small - side window in that part of the room, a window which originally had afforded - a lateral view of certain grimy back-yards and bricks, but which, owing - to <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('At this point, the reader is reminded that they are in New York City, and that the tall buildings block views from windows. (no glimpses of the green of Central Park in this office!) The connection of walls and the urban setting seems important in this story.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">subsequent - erections,</a> commanded at present no view at all, though it - gave some light. Within three feet of the panes was a wall, and the light - came down from far above, between two lofty buildings, as from a very small - opening in a dome. Still further to a satisfactory arrangement, I procured - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Although it is green, it is hardly "natural," especially since it walls Bartleby off from the lawyer\'s sight and his fellow workers. In fact, note that he is walled off, either by the screen, the doors, or the wall outside the window, on all sides. What do you think of this judgment: "Bartleby\'s cubicle faces a ded, blind wall that symbolizes the moral blindness of the laws and the invisibility of the underclass on whose labor prosperity depends." (Robertson-Lorant, 333)', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a high green folding screen</a>, which might entirely isolate Bartleby - from my sight, though not remove him from <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('And the primary function of that "voice" is to summon Bartleby to do "trifling things."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my - voice</a>. And thus, in a manner, privacy and society were - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Brought together for whom? the lawyer? Bartleby? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">conjoined.</a> - </p> - <p>At first Bartleby did an extraordinary quantity of writing. As if long - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is the first of many references to eating (although probably not the most important one!). How do these references play out in the story (culminating in "he lives without eating?")? The only person who does not eat--although we may assume that he is well-fed--is the lawyer/narrator. Is this significant?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">famishing</a>for something to copy, he seemed to <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Now we\'re getting some serious eating imagery', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">gorge</a> himself on my documents. There - was no pause for digestion. He ran a day and night line, copying by sun-light - and by candle-light. I should have been quite delighted with his application, - had be been <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He\'s a tough boss to please! Not only does he like Bartleby\'s extraordinary devotion to his job but he wants him to be happy in the process. Such a man--and the assumptions he has about the ideal employee (not unlike a "happy slave"?) would be most difficult to work for, for there\'s no way he would be pleased with any sort of normal work and attitude.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">cheerfully - industrious</a>. But he wrote on silently, palely, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('A key word for the scrivener who is essentially a human copying machine. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mechanically.</a> - </p> - <p>It is, of course, an indispensable part of a scrivener's business to verify - the accuracy of his copy, word by word. Where there are two or more scriveners - in an office, they assist each other in this examination, one reading from - the copy, the other holding the original. It is a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He is certainly correct, but how would he know? Surely he has never had to do such work!', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">very - dull, wearisome, and lethargic</a> affair. I can readily imagine - that to some <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('ardently optimistic, cheerful. In other words, he concedes that a certain melancholy or maladjustment makes for a better employee.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sanguine</a> temperaments it would be altogether - intolerable. For example, I cannot credit that the <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He has chosen a romantic poet, famed for his adventuresome spirit (although "mettlesome" suggests he doesn\'t care much for poets.) Some interpret this passage as suggesting that no creative person could survive such work, even though it might be necessary for making a decent living. He seems to recognize that legal copying is blinding, cramping, uncreativework. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mettlesome - poet Byron</a> would have contentedly sat down with Bartleby - to examine a law document of, say five hundred pages, closely written in - a crimpy hand.</p> - <p>Now and then, in the haste of business, it had been my habit to assist - in comparing some brief document myself, calling Turkey or Nippers for - this purpose. One object I had in placing Bartleby so handy to me behind - the screen, was to avail myself of his services on such <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Again he reminds the reader that he hopes Bartleby will be available for what he freely admits are trivialities.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">trivial - occasions</a>. It was on the third day, I think, of his being - with me, and before any necessity had arisen for having his own writing - examined, that, being much hurried to complete a small affair I had in - hand, I abruptly called to Bartleby. In my haste and <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('According to his theory of management, when the boss says "jump," his employees should say "how high?"', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">natural - expectancy of instant compliance</a>, I sat with my head bent - over the original on my desk, and my right hand sideways, and somewhat - nervously extended with the copy, so that immediately upon emerging from - his retreat, Bartleby might <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Evidently he doesn\'t know his man at all if he expects him to "snatch" anything! ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">snatch</a> it and proceed to business without - the least delay.</p> - <p>In this very attitude did I sit when I called to him, rapidly stating - what it was I wanted him to do--namely, to examine a small paper with me. - Imagine my surprise, nay, my consternation, when without moving from his - privacy, Bartleby in a singularly <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('These would seem to be very significant adjectives and they are used frequently to describe his voice and demeanor', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mild, - firm voice</a>, replied,<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note that he does not say "no" and that he is very polite. The underlying assumption is that his preferences should matter. Should they? Do they, in this business world? By voicing a personal preference, Bartleby throws a monkey wrench into the whole system." In "Civil Disobedience," Thoreau writes that a person who resists oppression acts as "a counter-friction to the machine" that crushes initiative and creativity. Bartleby is not Thoreau, but he seems to understand the power of passive resistance.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">"I - would prefer not to."</a> - </p> - <p>I sat awhile in perfect silence, rallying my stunned faculties. Immediately - it occurred to me that my ears had deceived me, or Bartleby had entirely - misunderstood my meaning. I repeated my request in the clearest tone I - could assume. But in quite as clear a one came the previous reply, "I would - prefer not to."</p> - <p>"Prefer not to," echoed I, rising in high excitement, and crossing the - room with a stride, "What do you mean? Are you <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('i.e. "looney" (from "lune-ey"). For some reason, there is a common tie between the moon and mild madness! Actually it\'s the lawyer who seems to be "struck," psychologically anyhow. Notice that the imagery of blows and thrusts (like fencing?) will be repeated. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">moon-struck</a>? I want you to help me - compare this sheet here--take it," and I thrust it towards him.</p> - <p>"I would prefer not to," said he.</p> - <p>I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed; his gray eye - dimly calm. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the - least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his manner; in other - words, had there been any thing <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('How is Bartleby not ordinarily human, at this point? Does this mean he is someh divine? saintly? or inhuman? or just very special in some sense because he does not show violent emotion (which the narrator has adjusted himself to with his other two employees.)', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">ordinarily - human</a> about him, doubtless <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Perhaps this is standard business behavior (although the "violence" might not be).', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - should have violently dismissed</a> him from the premises. But - as it was, I should have as soon thought of turning my pale <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('>How is Bartleby like this wise philosopher?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">plaster-of-paris - bust of Cicero</a> out of doors. I stood gazing at him awhile, - as he went on with his own writing, and then reseated myself at my desk. - This is very strange, thought I. What had <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Why does he use the impersonal pronoun here? After all, the real question is what should HE do. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">one</a> best do? But my business hurried - me. I concluded to forget the matter for the present, reserving it for - my future leisure. So calling Nippers from the other room, the paper was - speedily examined.</p> - <p>A few days after this, Bartleby concluded four lengthy documents, being - quadruplicates of a week's testimony taken before me in my High Court of - Chancery. It became necessary to examine them. It was an important suit, - and great accuracy was imperative. Having all things arranged I called - Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut from the next room, meaning to place the - four copies in the hands of my four clerks, while I should read from the - original. Accordingly Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut had taken their seats - in a row, each with his document in hand, when I called to Bartleby to - join this <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is he being ironic here', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">interesting - group</a>.</p> - <p>"Bartleby! quick, I am waiting."</p> - <p>I heard a low scrape of his chair legs on the unscraped floor, and soon - he appeared standing at the entrance of his <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('A telling word which will be used repeatedly. A hermitage is a secluded or hidden residence, in which a hermit may reside (although not necessarily). But the seclusion was actually arranged by the lawyer, not Bartleby (so maybe it encourages his being a "hermit"?) ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">hermitage.</a> - </p> - <p>"What is wanted?" said he mildly.</p> - <p>"The copies, the copies," said I hurriedly. "We are going to examine them. - There"--and I held towards him the fourth quadruplicate.</p> - <p>"I would prefer not to," he said, and gently disappeared behind the screen.</p> - <p>For a few moments I was turned into <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is a reference to Genesis 19:26, where Lot\'s wife was turned into a pillar of salt for disobeying God and looking back to Sodom. Ironically, it seems to be Bartleby who is disobedient. Again, he is "struck" still by astonishment. He is temporarily immobile; Bartleby is also immobile behind the screen.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a - pillar of salt,</a> standing at the head of my seated column - of clerks. Recovering myself, I <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('a military term again. Note that he advances to the screen, not to the man. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">advanced</a> towards the screen, and demanded - the reason for such extraordinary conduct.</p> - <p>"<i>Why</i> do you refuse?"</p> - <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> - <p>With any other man I should have <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Another reminder that he is susceptible to violent rages, although he considers himself a prudent and reasonable man. What about Bartleby restrains--or significantly, "disarms"--him?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">flown - outright into a dreadful passion,</a> scorned all further words, - and thrust him ignominiously from my presence. But there was something - about Bartleby that not only strangely disarmed me, but in a wonderful - manner touched and disconcerted me. I began to reason with him.</p> - <p>"These are your own copies we are about to examine. It is labor saving - to you, because one examination will answer for your four papers. <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Just because something is "common usage", does that make it humane or right?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">It - is common usage.</a> Every copyist is bound to help examine his - copy. Is it not so? Will you not speak? Answer!"</p> - <p>"I prefer not to," he replied in a flute-like tone. It seemed to me that - while I had been addressing him, he carefully revolved every statement - that I made; fully comprehended the meaning; could not gainsay the irresistible - conclusion; but, at the same time, some paramount consideration prevailed - with him to reply as he did.</p> - <p>"You are decided, then, not to comply with my request--a request made - according to common usage and common sense?"</p> - <p>He briefly gave me to understand that on that point <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib(' He does like to think of himself as reasonable. Whether that\'s what Bartleby thinks (the narrator is the one to use this phrase) is another question. Certainly Bartleby is calmer. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my - judgment was sound.</a> Yes: his decision was irreversible.</p> - <p>It is not seldom the case that when a man is <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Has he been browbeaten? (think about that word!) Why is he overreacting?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">browbeaten</a> in some unprecedented and - violently unreasonable way, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, he is struck, and now he doesn\'t even trust himself.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">he - begins to stagger</a> in his own plainest faith. He begins, as - it were, vaguely to surmise that, wonderful as it may be, all the justice - and all the reason is on the other side. Accordingly, if any disinterested - persons are present, he turns to them for some reinforcement for his own - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note his response here of self-doubt. Why is that? Why would he then turn to support to his other employees, whom he does not appear to respect very much? Is there desperation in his appeal?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">faltering mind.</a> - </p> - <p>"Turkey," said I, "what do you think of this? Am I not right?"</p> - <p>"With submission, sir," said Turkey, with his blandest tone, "I think - that you are."</p> - <p>"Nippers," said I, "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p> - <p>"I think I should kick him out of the office."</p> - <p>(The reader of nice perceptions will here perceive that, it being morning, - Turkey's answer is couched in polite and tranquil terms, but Nippers replies - in ill-tempered ones. Or, to repeat a previous sentence, Nipper's ugly - mood was on duty, and Turkey's off.)</p> - <p>"Ginger Nut," said I, willing to enlist the smallest suffrage in my behalf, - "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p> - <p>"I think, sir, he's a little<i> luny</i>," replied Ginger Nut, with a - grin.</p> - <p>"You hear what they say," said I, turning towards the screen, "come forth - and <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His "duty" here is verified by his fellow clerks then. What authority do they hold? As Turkey says repeatedly, he responds "with submission." The idea of "doing your duty" will come back to haunt the narrator toward the end', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">do - your duty</a>."</p> - <p>But he vouchsafed no reply. I pondered a moment in sore perplexity. But - once more business hurried me. I determined <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('This makes twice he decides to "think about it." This will become a pattern in his response to Bartleby. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">again</a> to postpone the consideration - of this dilemma to my future leisure. With a little trouble we made out - to examine the papers without Bartleby, though at every page or two, Turkey - deferentially dropped his opinion that this proceeding was quite out of - the common; while Nippers, twitching in his chair with a dyspeptic nervousness, - ground out between his set teeth occasional hissing maledictions against - the stubborn oaf behind the screen. And for his (Nipper's) part, this was - the first and the last time he would do another man's business without - pay.</p> - <p>Meanwhile Bartleby sat in his hermitage, oblivious to every thing but - his own peculiar business there.</p> - <p>Some days passed, the scrivener being employed upon another lengthy work. - His late remarkable conduct led me to regard his way narrowly. I observed - that he never went to dinner; indeed that he never went any where. As yet - I had never of my personal knowledge known him to be outside of my office. - He was a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again a military image, and a very immobile one at that. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">perpetual - sentry</a> in the corner. At about eleven o'clock though, in - the morning, I noticed that Ginger Nut would advance toward the opening - in Bartleby's screen, as if silently beckoned thither by a gesture invisible - to me where I sat. That boy would then leave the office jingling a few - pence, and reappear with a handful of ginger-nuts which he delivered in - the hermitage, receiving two of the cakes for his trouble.</p> - <p>He lives, then, on ginger-nuts, thought I; never eats a dinner, properly - speaking; he must be a vegetarian then, but no; he never eats even vegetables, - he <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('At this point he doesn\'t actually know that this is true, so why does he imagine that it is?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">eats - nothing but ginger-nuts</a>. My mind then ran on in reveries - concerning the probable effects upon the human constitution of living entirely - on ginger-nuts. Ginger-nuts are so called because they contain ginger as - one of their peculiar constituents, and the final flavoring one. Now what - was ginger? A hot, spicy thing. Was Bartleby hot and spicy? Not at all. - Ginger, then, had no effect upon Bartleby. Probably<a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He seems to be trying to be humorous about it all here. But notice that "the phrase" has already become part of his thinking, perhaps without his realizing it. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup"> - he preferred it should have none.</a> - </p> - <p>Nothing so aggravates an earnest person as a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Some readers see a reflection of Henry David Thoreau, author of "Civil Disobedience," in this stance. However, Thoreau was not passive; he just did not act violently. He refused to compromise to the business world, choosing to live cheaply as possible so that he would be able to write.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">passive - resistance.</a> If the individual so resisted be of a not inhumane - temper, and the resisting one perfectly harmless in his passivity; then, - in the better moods of the former, he will endeavor charitably to <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('This is exactly what he is going to do.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">construe - to his imagination</a> what proves impossible to be solved by - his judgment. Even so, for the most part, I regarded Bartleby and his ways. - Poor fellow! thought I, he means no mischief; it is plain he intends no - insolence; his aspect sufficiently evinces that his eccentricities are - involuntary. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This, of course, is the primary reason he keeps him at this point, not because of any respect or compassion.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">He - is useful to me</a>. I can get along with him. If I turn him - away, the chances are he will fall in with some less indulgent employer, - and then he will be rudely treated, and perhaps driven forth miserably - to starve. Yes. Here <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In other words, he will tolerate Bartleby not because he cares for him, but because he can gain points in heaven for it and feel good about being so benevolent. Note the words "purchase" and "delicious."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - can cheaply purchase</a> a delicious self-approval. To befriend - Bartleby; to humor him in his strange willfulness, will cost me little - or nothing, while I lay up in my soul what will eventually prove a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('An interesting instance of food imagery!', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sweet - morsel</a> for my conscience. But this mood was not invariable - with me. The passiveness of Bartleby sometimes irritated me. I felt strangely - goaded on to encounter him in new opposition, to elicit some angry spark - from him answerable to my own. But indeed I might as well have essayed - to strike fire with my knuckles against a bit of <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('a brand of soft hand soap', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" - class="popup">Windsor - soap</a>. But one afternoon the evil impulse in me mastered - me, and the following little scene ensued:</p> - <p>"Bartleby," said I, "when those papers are all copied, I will compare - them with you."</p> - <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> - <p>"How? Surely you do not mean to persist in that <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('so he\'s a mule? No wonder there is no answer to this insult. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mulish - vagary?</a>"</p> - <p>No answer.</p> - <p>I threw open the folding-doors near by, and turning upon Turkey and Nippers, - exclaimed in an excited manner--</p> - <p>"He says, a second time, he won't examine his papers. What do you think - of it, Turkey?"</p> - <p>It was afternoon, be it remembered. Turkey sat glowing like a brass boiler, - his bald head steaming, his hands reeling among his blotted papers.</p> - <p>"Think of it?" roared Turkey; "I think I'll just step behind his screen, - and black his eyes for him!"</p> - <p>So saying, Turkey rose to his feet and threw his arms into a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('like a fighter. Again we have violent imagery. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">pugilistic - position</a>. He was hurrying away to make good his promise, - when I detained him, alarmed at the effect of incautiously rousing Turkey's - combativeness after dinner.</p> - <p>"Sit down, Turkey," said I, "and hear what Nippers has to say. What do - you think of it, Nippers? Would I not be justified in immediately dismissing - Bartleby?"</p> - <p>"Excuse me, that is for you to decide, sir. I think his conduct quite - unusual, and indeed unjust, as regards Turkey and myself. But it may only - be a passing whim."</p> - <p>"Ah," exclaimed I, "you have strangely changed your mind then--you speak - very gently of him now."</p> - <p>"All beer," cried Turkey; "gentleness is effects of beer--Nippers and - I dined together to-day. You see how gentle I am, sir. Shall I go and black - his eyes?"</p> - <p>"You refer to Bartleby, I suppose. No, not to-day, Turkey," I replied; - "pray, put up your fists."</p> - <p>I closed the doors, and again advanced towards Bartleby. I felt additional - incentives tempting me to my fate. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is provoking Bartleby to fulfill some personal needs of his own. What might they be?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - burned to be rebelled against again.</a> I remembered that Bartleby - never left the office.</p> - <p>"Bartleby," said I, "Ginger Nut is away; just step round to the <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('As we will see later, Bartleby may have good reason for not going there. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Post - Office</a>, won't you? (it was but a three minutes walk,) and - see if there is any thing for me."</p> - <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> - <p>"You<i> will</i> not?"</p> - <p>"I <i>prefer</i> not."</p> - <p>I <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is clearly deeply shaken.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">staggered</a> to my desk, and sat there - in a deep study. My <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('tenacity. They are both being stubborn!', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">blind - inveteracy</a> returned. Was there any other thing in which I - could procure myself to be <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('dishonorably, disgracefully. Evidently he is sensitive about being humiliated.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">ignominiously</a> repulsed by this lean, - penniless with?--<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Not a troubled human being, but his "hired clerk" (almost his slave?) Why does he continue to try to provoke him? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my - hired clerk</a>? What added thing is there, perfectly reasonable, - that he will be sure to refuse to do?</p> - <p>"Bartleby!"</p> - <p>No answer.</p> - <p>"Bartleby," in a louder tone.</p> - <p>No answer.</p> - <p>"Bartleby," I roared.</p> - <p>Like <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('There will be several references to him as ghostly, perhaps showing death-in-life.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a - very ghost</a>, agreeably to the laws of magical invocation, - at the third summons, he appeared at the entrance of his hermitage.</p> - <p>"Go to the next room, and tell Nippers to come to me."</p> - <p>"I prefer not to," he <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is always polite and respectful, even when he is being insulted.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">respectfully - </a>and slowly said, and mildly disappeared.</p> - <p>"Very good, Bartleby," said I, in a quiet sort of serenely severe self-possessed - tone, intimating the unalterable purpose of some <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('What could he have in mind? Oh well, he\'s hungry and doesn\'t want to bother punishing Bartleby.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">terrible - retribution</a> very close at hand. At the moment I half intended - something of the kind. But upon the whole, as it was drawing towards my - dinner-hour, I thought it best to put on my hat and walk home for the day, - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why is he so very disturbed? Does he feel he is being personally attacked? punished? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">suffering much from perplexity and distress of mind</a>.</p> - <p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here he is openly appealing to the reader, perhaps even confessing. Is this whole story an effort to justify what he has done?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Shall - I acknowledge it?</a> The conclusion of this whole business was - that it soon became a fixed fact of my chambers, that a pale young scrivener, - by the name of Bartleby, had a desk there; that he copied for me at the - usual rate of <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This shows that Bartleby was not paid by the hour or salary, but "by the piece," as the others must be.mThat means that the lawyer did not have to pay for work done slowly and poorly, only for acceptable work.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">four - cents a folio </a>(one hundred words); but he was permanently - exempt from examining the work done by him, that duty being transferred - to Turkey and Nippers, one of compliment doubtless to their superior acuteness; - moreover, said Bartleby was never on any account to be dispatched on the - most trivial errand of any sort; and that even if entreated to take upon - him such a matter, it was generally understood that he would prefer not - to--in other words, that he would refuse <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Though he certainly refuses, is it "point blank"? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">point-blank.</a> - </p> - <p>32 As days passed on, I became considerably reconciled to Bartleby. His - steadiness, his freedom from all dissipation, his incessant industry (except - when he chose to throw himself into a standing revery behind his screen), - his great stillness, his unalterableness of demeanor under all circumstances, - made him <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The lawyer convinces himself of Bartleby\'s "virtues." Note that he speaks of him not as a person, but a "valuable acquisition"! Do you think Bartleby is aware of this dehumanizing attitude?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a - valuable acquisition</a>. One prime thing was this,--he was - always there;--first in the morning, continually through the day, and the - last at night. I had a singular confidence in his honesty. I felt my most - precious papers perfectly safe in his hands. Sometimes to be sure I could - not, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('what a curious statement! Is Bartleby in some way connected with the lawyer\'s soul?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">for - the very soul of me</a>, avoid falling into sudden spasmodic - passions with him. For it was exceeding difficult to bear in mind all the - time those strange peculiarities, privileges, and unheard of exemptions, - forming the tacit stipulations on Bartleby's part under which he remained - in my office. Now and then, in the eagerness of dispatching pressing business, - I would inadvertently summon Bartleby, in a short, rapid tone, to put his - finger, say, on the incipient tie of a bit of red tape with which I was - about compressing some papers. Of course, from behind the screen the usual - answer, "I prefer not to," was sure to come; and then, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Is he defending himself here? For whom? Why?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">how - could a human creature</a> with the common infirmities of our - nature, refrain from bitterly exclaiming upon such perverseness--such unreasonableness. - However, every added repulse of this sort which I received only <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Bartleby seems to be conditioning him very well. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">tended - to lessen</a> the probability of my repeating the inadvertence.</p> - <p>Here is must be said, that according to the custom of most legal gentlemen - occupying chambers in densely-populated law buildings, there were several - keys to my door. One was kept by a woman residing in the attic, which person - weekly scrubbed and daily swept and dusted my apartments. Another was kept - by Turkey for convenience sake. The third I sometimes carried in my own - pocket. The fourth I knew not who had.</p> - <p>Now, one Sunday morning I happened to go to Trinity Church, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('In other words, why else would he go to church? His moral condition does not seem to be very strong, or his generosity very deep.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to - hear a celebrated preacher</a>, and finding myself rather early - on the ground, I thought I would walk round to my chambers for a while. - Luckily I had my key with me; but upon applying it to the lock, I found - it resisted by something inserted from the inside. Quite surprised, I called - out; when to my consternation a key was turned from within; and thrusting - his lean visage at me, and holding the door ajar, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Recall that he has already called him a ghost', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the - apparition</a> of Bartleby appeared, in his shirt sleeves, and - otherwise in a strangely tattered dishabille, saying quietly that he was - sorry, but he was deeply engaged just then, and--preferred not admitting - me at present. In a brief word or two, he moreover added, that perhaps - I had better walk round the block two or three times, and by that time - he would probably have concluded his affairs. Now, the utterly <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Why is he so surprised? He has already commended Bartleby for working so many hours overtime--and for no extra pay.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">unsurmised - appearance</a> of Bartleby, tenanting my law-chambers of a Sunday - morning, with his <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This description adds to the idea of Bartleby as being somehow a "living dead" person.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">cadaverously</a> gentlemanly nonchalance, - yet withal firm and self-possessed, had such a strange effect upon me, - that incontinently I slunk away from my own door, and did as desired. But - not without sundry twinges of impotent rebellion against the mild effrontery - of this unaccountable scrivener. Indeed, it was his wonderful mildness - chiefly, which not only disarmed me, but <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('A "real man" would have dealt immediately and definitely with such defiance, right? This does seem to be a royal battle of wills at this point, and he\'s afraid he\'s losing--and losing face (a big kind of loss for a person who cherishes appearances).', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">unmanned</a> me, as it were. For I consider - that one, for the time, is a sort of unmanned when he tranquilly permits - his hired clerk to dictate to him, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Was what Bartleby said an "order"? Or does he just take it that way because his "inferior" is not showing proper respect for his property and rights?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">order - him</a> away from his own premises. Furthermore, I was full of - uneasiness as to what Bartleby could possibly be doing in my office in - his shirt sleeves, and in an otherwise dismantled condition of a Sunday - morning. Was any thing amiss going on? Nay, that was out of the question. - It was not to be thought of for a moment that Bartleby was an immoral person. - But what could he be doing there?--copying? Nay again, whatever might be - his eccentricities, Bartleby was an eminently decorous person. He would - be the last man to sit down to his desk in any state approaching to nudity. - Besides, it was Sunday; and there was something about Bartleby that forbade - the supposition that we would by any secular occupation violate <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('One thing he likes about Bartleby is his dress and observation of "proprieties," in short, how well he makes his boss to appear. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the - proprieties</a> of the day.</p> - <p>Nevertheless, my mind was not pacified; and full of a restless curiosity, - at last I returned to the door. Without hindrance I inserted my key, opened - it, and entered. Bartleby was not to be seen. I looked round anxiously, - peeped behind his screen; but it was very plain that he was gone. Upon - more closely examining the place, I surmised that for an indefinite period - Bartleby must have ate, dressed, and slept in my office, and that too without - plate, mirror, or bed. The cushioned seat of a rickety old sofa in one - corner bore t faint impress of a lean, reclining form. Rolled away under - his desk, I found a blanket; under the empty grate, a blacking box and - brush; on a chair, a tin basin, with soap and a ragged towel; in a newspaper - a few crumbs of ginger-nuts and a morsel of cheese. Yet, thought I, it - is evident enough that Bartleby has been making his home here, keeping - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Presumably the lawyer is also a bachelor. They may have more in common than immediately appears to be! Both are probably well acquainted with loneliness.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">bachelor's hall</a>all by himself. Immediately then the thought came sweeping - across me, What miserable friendlessness and loneliness are here revealed! - His poverty is great; but his solitude, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again his sympathy is aroused. Obviously he can imagine with great feeling--perhaps a feeling that he himself has experienced?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">how - horrible!</a> Think of it. Of a Sunday, Wall-street is deserted - as <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('an ancient ruined city', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Petra</a>; and every night of every day - it is an emptiness. This building too, which of week-days hums with industry - and life, at nightfall echoes with sheer vacancy, and all through Sunday - is forlorn. And here Bartleby makes his home; sole spectator of a solitude - which he has seen all populous--a sort of innocent and transformed <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Marius was a Roman general who was exiled from Rome, captured by enemies, and escaped to Africa, sending back a message to Rome that he was sitting "amid the ruins of Carthage," presumably feeling very much like a ruin himself. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Marius - brooding among the ruins of Carthage!</a> - </p> - <p>For the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The lawyer is changing, having feelingsof melancholy (about the human condition?) he never admitted to himself before.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">first - time in my life</a> a feeling of overpowering stinging melancholy - seized me. Before, I had never experienced aught but a not-unpleasing sadness. - The bond of a common humanity now drew me irresistibly to gloom. A fraternal - melancholy! For both I and Bartleby were <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here he truly connects with Bartleby and so has a new perspective on himself and the connections between human beings.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sons - of Adam</a>. I remembered the bright silks and sparkling faces - I had seen that day in gala trim, swan-like sailing down the Mississippi - of Broadway; and I contrasted them with the pallid copyist, and thought - to myself, Ah, happiness courts the light, so we deem the world is gay; - but misery hides aloof, so we deem that misery there is none. These sad - fancyings-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('fancies, illusions', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">chimeras</a>, doubtless, of a sick and - silly brain--led on to other and more special thoughts, concerning the - eccentricities of Bartleby. Presentiments of strange discoveries hovered - round me. The scrivener's pale form appeared to me <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He imagines Bartleby dead among uncaring people. What does this show about him at this point? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">laid - out</a>, among uncaring strangers, in its shivering winding - sheet.</p> - <p>Suddenly I was attracted by Bartleby's closed desk, the key in open sight - left in the lock.</p> - <p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, he is quite defensive before the reader. Isn\'t he invading Bartleby\'s territory? Or is he justified in poking around his desk? Does that explain the change that will come in Bartleby?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - mean no mischief, </a>seek the gratification of no heartless - curiosity, thought I; besides, the desk is mine, and its contents too, - so I will make bold to look within. Every thing was methodically arranged, - the papers smoothly placed. The pigeon holes were deep, and removing the - files of documents, I groped into their recesses. Presently I felt something - there, and dragged it out. It was an old bandanna handkerchief, heavy and - knotted. I opened it, and saw it was a savings' bank.</p> - <p>I now recalled all the quiet mysteries which I had noted in the man. I - remembered that he never spoke but to answer; that though at intervals - he had considerable time to himself, yet I had never seen him reading--no, - not even a newspaper; that for long periods he would stand looking out, - at his pale window behind the screen, upon the dead brick wall; I was quite - sure he never visited any refectory or eating house; while his pale face - clearly indicated that he never drank beer like Turkey, or tea and coffee - even, like other men; that he never went any where in particular that I - could learn; never went out for a walk, unless indeed that was the case - at present; that he had declined telling who he was, or whence he came, - or whether he had any relatives in the world; that though so thin and pale, - he never complained of ill health. And more than all, I remembered a certain - unconscious air of pallid--how shall I call it?--of <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He finds Bartleby proud but somehow lifeless. Has he yet realized that Bartleby may be fighting for respect?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">pallid - haughtiness</a>, say, or rather an austere reserve about him, - which had positively awed me into my tame compliance with his eccentricities, - when I had feared to ask him to do the slightest incidental thing for me, - even though I might know, from his long-continued motionlessness, that - behind his screen he must be standing in one of those <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('This is the first time he seems to have personally confronted the "view" that Bartleby sees, as well as its significance. He has evidently been watching Bartleby closely in his "hermitage." ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">dead-wall - reveries</a> of his.</p> - <p>Revolving all these things, and coupling them with the recently discovered - fact that he made my office his constant abiding place and home, and not - forgetful of his morbid moodiness; revolving all these things, a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Remember that prudence was his leading characteristic at the beginning of the story. How is this significant at this point? What is the link between prudence and the train of emotions he is experiencing?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">prudential - feeling</a> began to steal over me. My first emotions had been - those of pure melancholy and sincerest pity; but just in proportion as - the forlornness of Bartleby grew and grew to my imagination, did that same - melancholy merge into <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What is it that he is afraid of?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">fear</a>, that pity into repulsion. So - true it is, and so terrible too, that up to a certain point the thought - or sight of misery enlists our best affections; but, in certain special - cases, beyond that point it does not. They err who would assert that invariably - this is owing to the inherent selfishness of the human heart. It rather - proceeds from a certain hopelessness of remedying excessive and organic - ill. To a sensitive being, pity is not seldom pain. And when at last it - is perceived that such pity cannot lead to effectual succor, common sense - bids the soul be rid of it. What I saw that morning persuaded me that the - scrivener was the victim <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He sees him as hopelessly sick. Does this then relieve him of any responsibility for Bartleby\'s well-being? Or does it distance him from Bartleby, so he doesn\'t have to have those uncomfortable feelings? What alternatives would an employer have in such a situation? What would you expect him to do? Why?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">of - innate and incurable disorder.</a> I might give alms to his body; - but his body did not pain him; it was his soul that suffered, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('This is a touching sentence, and probably an accurate observation of Bartleby\'s state. What is interesting is that the lawyer wishes, even desperately, to somehow touch his soul. Is it because his own soul is tied up in Bartleby\'s condition at this point? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">his - soul I could not reach.</a> - </p> - <p>I did not accomplish the purpose of going to Trinity Church that morning. - Somehow, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('A curious statement. Does he feel soiled in some way? Or does he not feel that Trinity Church will help him with his moral dilemma?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the - things I had seen disqualified me</a> for the time from church-going. - I walked homeward, thinking what I would do with Bartleby. Finally, I - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He\'s quite happy that he\'s found a "reasonable" yet compassionate solution to this problem--fire him with severance pay and a promise of a recommendation. Yet he has just concluded that Bartleby\'s problems are not of the body but the soul. Why would he think this could possibly work?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">resolved</a>upon this;--I would put certain calm questions to him the - next morning, touching his history, &c., and if he declined to answer - then openly and reservedly (and I supposed he would prefer not), then to - give him a twenty dollar bill over and above whatever I might owe him, - and tell him his services were no longer required; but that if in any other - way I could assist him, I would be happy to do so, especially if he desired - to return to his native place, wherever that might be, I would willingly - help to defray the expenses. Moreover, if after reaching home, he found - himself at any time in want of aid, a letter from him would be sure of - a reply.</p> - <p>The next morning came.</p> - <p>"Bartleby," said I, gently calling to him behind the screen.</p> - <p>No reply.</p> - <p>"Bartleby," said I, in a still gentler tone, "come here; I am not going - to ask you to do any thing you would prefer not to do--I simply wish to - speak to you."</p> - <p>Upon this he noiselessly slid into view.</p> - <p>"Will you tell me, Bartleby, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib(' Is this any business of his? He seems to be trying to establish a personal connection with Bartleby, rather than the business one alone.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">where - you were born?"</a> - </p> - <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> - <p>"Will you tell me <i>anything </i>about yourself?"</p> - <p>"I would prefer not to."</p> - <p>"But what <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, there\'s emphasis on "reason." Yet people--even the lawyer--often behave from unreasonable motivation (see his prudence and his consciousness of appearances, for example).', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">reasonable - objection</a> can you have to speak to me? I feel friendly towards - you."</p> - <p>He did not look at me while I spoke, but kept his glance fixed upon my - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Earlier he thought Bartleby resembled a bust of Cicero, a Roman philosopher. Why does he note this here? A reader may be reminded of Poe, especially his poem "The Raven" where the raven perches on a bust of Pallas, the Greek goddess of wisdom, saying repeatedly "Nevermore."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">bust of Cicero</a>, which as I then sat, was directly behind me, some - six inches above my head. "What is your answer, Bartleby?" said I, after - waiting a considerable time for a reply, during which his countenance remained - immovable, only there was the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Bartleby\'s first expression of emotion. What do you think has caused this? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">faintest - conceivable tremor</a> of the white attenuated mouth.</p> - <p>"At present I prefer to give no answer," he said, and retired into his - hermitage.</p> - <p>It was rather weak in me I confess, but his manner on this occasion nettled - me. Not only did there seem to lurk in it a certain disdain, but <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Again, he demands that Bartleby assume the proper "employee demeanor" and be grateful for his good treatment. In other words, he should be properly subservient and recognize what a good person his employer is. This is not disinterested moral behavior!', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">his - perverseness seemed ungrateful</a>, considering the undeniable - good usage and indulgence he had received from me.</p> - <p>Again I sat ruminating what I should do.<a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Very upset (but note that he uses a word with the Latin word for "death" in it)', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Mortified</a> as I was at his behavior, - and resolved as I had been to dismiss him when I entered my office, nevertheless - I strangely felt something superstitious knocking at my heart, and forbidding - me to carry out my purpose, and denouncing me for a villain if I dared - to breathe one bitter word against this forlornest of mankind. At last, - familiarly drawing my chair behind his screen, I sat down and said: "Bartleby, - never mind then about revealing your history; but let me entreat you, - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is he really his friend? Or is he just desperate? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">as a friend</a>, to comply as far as may be with the usages of this office. - Say now you will help to examine papers tomorrow or next day: in short, - say now that in a day or two you will begin to be a little reasonable:--say - so, Bartleby."</p> - <p>"At present I would prefer not to be a little <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Note the repetition and linking of these words.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">reasonable - was his idly cadaverous reply.</a>,"</p> - <p>Just then the folding-doors opened, and Nippers approached. He seemed - suffering from an unusually bad night's rest, induced by severer indigestion - than common. He overheard those final words of Bartleby.</p> - <p><i>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here\'s an outbreak of "prefer," consciously from Nippers and less consciously from the lawyer. The contagion is spreading, and the concept of "preferences" mattering has sunk in.', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Prefer</a></i> not, - eh?" gritted Nippers--"I'd<i> prefer</i> him, if I were you, sir," addressing - me--"I'd <i>prefer</i> him; I'd give him preferences, the stubborn mule! - What is it, sir, pray, that he <i>prefers</i> not to do now?"</p> - <p>Bartleby moved not a limb.</p> - <p><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is the first time that the lawyer uses Bartleby"s phrase in the story.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">"Mr. - Nippers," said I, "I'd prefer that you would withdraw for the present."</a> - </p> - <p>Somehow, of late I had got into the way of involuntary using this word - "prefer" upon all sorts of not exactly suitable occasions. And I trembled - to think that my contact with the scrivener had already and seriously affected - me in a mental way. And what further and deeper <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('e seems worried that he may be losing his sanity. Is he? Just because he assumes that it is all right to "prefer not" to do something?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">aberration</a> might it not yet produce? - This apprehension had not been without <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('effectiveness. Why is this sentence so complicated? Is he trying to avoid saying exactly what he means?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">efficacy</a> in determining me to summary - means.</p> - <p>As Nippers, looking very sour and sulky, was departing, Turkey blandly - and deferentially approached.</p> - <p>"With submission, sir," said he, "yesterday I was thinking about Bartleby - here, and I think that if he would but prefer to take a quart of good ale - every day, it would do much towards mending him, and enabling him to assist - in examining his papers."</p> - <p>"So you have got the word too," said I, slightly excited.</p> - <p>"With submission, what word, sir," asked Turkey, respectfully crowding - himself into the contracted space behind the screen, and by so doing, making - me <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He has crossed Bartleby\'s boundaries again.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">jostle - the scrivener.</a> "What word, sir?"</p> - <p>"I would prefer to be left alone here," said Bartleby, as if offended - at being <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In a sense, Bartleby is being ridiculed. Turkey doesn\'t seem to have any idea that he has adopted the word--or the concept of preferring.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mobbed - in his privacy.</a> - </p> - <p>"<i>That's</i> the word, Turkey," said I--<i>"that's</i> it."</p> - <p>"Oh,<i> prefer</i> oh yes--queer word. I never use it myself. But, sir - as I was saying, if he would but prefer--"</p> - <p>"Turkey," interrupted I, "you will please withdraw."</p> - <p>"Oh, certainly, sir, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('You should be at least smiling at this point! Yet this is quite serious; even the obsequious Turkey has been infected. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">if - you prefer that I should</a>."</p> - <p>As he opened the folding-door to retire, Nippers at his desk caught a - glimpse of me, and asked whether I would prefer to have a certain paper - copied on blue paper or white. He did not in the least roguishly accent - the word prefer. It was plain that it involuntarily rolled from his tongue. - I thought to myself, surely I must get rid of a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib(' By this definition, is Bartleby "demented"? Just because others start picking up his phrase? (Then we are all in trouble!) But this is a man who loves order and hierarchy; all of a sudden, his employees are getting quite "uppity" and hard to control.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">demented</a> man, who already has in some - degree turned the tongues, if not the heads of myself and clerks. But I - thought it <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib(' Why wouldn\'t it be "prudent"? Is he not admitting his need to delay?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">prudent</a> not to break the dismission - at once.</p> - <p>The next day I noticed that <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Obviously the intrusive encounter of the previous day has turned Bartleby\'s polite defiance into a fatal direction. Do you think he would have continued to work as before had the lawyer not confronted him?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Bartleby - did nothing </a>but stand at his window in his dead-wall revery. - Upon asking him why he did not write, he said that he had decided upon - doing no more writing.</p> - <p>"Why, how now? what next?" exclaimed I, "do no more writing?"</p> - <p>"No more."</p> - <p>"And what is the reason?"</p> - <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What should he be seeing? That Bartleby is staring at the dead wall? Or what that might mean? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Do - you not see the reason</a> for yourself," he indifferently replied.</p> - <p>I looked steadfastly at him, and perceived that his eyes looked dull and - glazed. Instantly it occurred to me, that his unexampled diligence in copying - by his dim window for the first few weeks of his stay with me might have - temporarily <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He immediately assumes that the problem is a physical one. Evidently his understanding of "seeing" is quite different from Bartleby\'s. Note that Bartleby is now the one talking about "reason." Why does he say it "indifferently"? Does he know the answer?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">impaired - his vision</a>.</p> - <p>I was touched. I said something in condolence with him. I hinted that - of course he did wisely in abstaining from writing for a while; and urged - him to embrace that opportunity of taking wholesome exercise in the open - air. This, however, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He seems to prefer not to leave the office. Surely the lawyer realizes that suggesting exercise is futile; again, he wishes to speak to the body, not the soul.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">he - did not do</a>. A few days after this, my other clerks being - absent, and being in a great hurry to dispatch certain letters by the mail, - I thought that, having nothing else earthly to do, Bartleby would surely - be less inflexible than usual, and carry these letters <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('again, he wants to send him here. He seems desperate to get Bartleby out of the office, but Bartleby refuses to go anywhere. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to - the post-office</a>. But he blankly declined. So, much to my - inconvenience, I went myself.</p> - <p>Still <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His reluctance to act is even more pronounced; he wants to believe everything will be all right if he gives it some time. Maybe his eyes will improve!', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">added - days went by.</a> Whether Bartleby's eyes improved or not, I - could not say. To all appearance, I thought they did. But when I asked - him if they did, he vouchsafed no answer. At all events, he would do no - copying. At last, in reply to my urgings, he informed me that he had permanently - given up copying.</p> - <p>"What!" exclaimed I; "suppose your eyes should get entirely well- better - than ever before--would you not copy then?"</p> - <p>"I have given up copying," he answered, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('No direct confrontation here! This action seems to reflect the willingness of the lawyer to "let things slide" also. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">slid - aside.</a> - </p> - <p>He remained as ever, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His physical immobility is emphasized, and it will remain his major characteristic. Have you seen hints of immobility leading up to this point? Does the lawyer share that tendency?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a - fixture</a> in my chamber. Nay--if that were possible--he became - still more of a fixture than before. What was to be done? He would do nothing - in the office: why should he stay there? In plain fact, he had now become - a millstone to me, not only useless as a necklace, but afflictive to bear. - Yet I was sorry for him. I speak less than truth when I say that, on his - own account, he occasioned me uneasiness. If he would but have named a - single relative or friend, I would instantly have written, and urged their - taking the poor fellow away to some convenient retreat. But he seemed alone, - absolutely alone in the universe. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again the image of ruin and utter loneliness. Yet Bartleby is in a busy office, separated only by a green "wall" of a screen. The narrator seems to be overdramatizing; why might that be? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">A - bit of wreck<</a>/font> in the mid Atlantic. At length, - necessities connected with my business tyrannized over all other considerations. - Decently as I could, I told Bartleby that in six days' time he must unconditionally - leave the office. I warned him to take measures, in the interval, for procuring - some other abode. I offered to assist him in this endeavor, if he himself - would but take the first step towards a removal. "And when you finally - quit me, Bartleby," added I, "I shall see that you go not away entirely - unprovided. Six days from this hour, remember."</p> - <p>At the expiration of that period, I peeped behind the screen, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Of course he was! What would make him expect anything else?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">lo! - Bartleby was there.</a> - </p> - <p>I <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('and his courage! This is not easy for him. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">buttoned - up my coat</a>, balanced myself; advanced slowly towards him, - touched his shoulder, and said, "The time has come; you must quit this - place; I am sorry for you; here is money; but you must go."</p> - <p>"I would prefer not," he replied, with his back still towards me.</p> - <p>"You<i> must</i>."</p> - <p>He remained silent.</p> - <p>Now I had an unbounded confidence in this man's common honesty. He had - frequently restored to me six pences and shillings carelessly dropped upon - the floor, for I am apt to be very reckless in such <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Though money means little to him, so little that he throws it around, it must seem quite different for his impoverished clerks. He seems rather insensitive in this case.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">shirt-button - affairs</a>. The proceeding then which followed will not be - deemed extraordinary. "<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This sounds like a speech he has practiced for some time. In fact, he seems rather proud that he has wrapped up the situation, and Bartleby, paid him off and kept his conscience clean.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Bartleby," - said I, "I owe you twelve dollars on account; here are thirty-two; the - odd twenty are yours.--Will you take it?</a> and I handed the - bills towards him.</p> - <p>But he made no motion.</p> - <p>"I will leave them here then," putting them under a weight on the table. - Then taking my hat and cane and going to the door I tranquilly turned and - added--"After you have removed your things from these offices, Bartleby, - you will of course lock the door--since every one is now gone for the day - but you--and if you please, slip your key underneath the mat, so that I - may have it in the morning. I shall not see you again; so good-bye to you. - If hereafter in your new place of abode I can be of any service to you, - do not fail to advise me by letter. Good-bye, Bartleby, and fare you well."</p> - <p>But he answered not a word; like <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Again, the image of ruin, immobility, and solitude. This is further emphasized by the rest of the sentence. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the - last column of some ruined temple</a>, he remained standing - mute and solitary in the middle of the otherwise deserted room.</p> - <p>As I walked home in a pensive mood, my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('These two emotions have been very prominent in his relation with Bartleby. He is extremely proud of what he has done. "Masterly" seems very significant, as he feels he has established his rightful authority over Bartleby and mollified his conscience with the money.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">vanity - got the better of my pity</a>. I could not but highly plume - myself on my masterly management in getting rid of Bartleby. Masterly I - call it, and such it must appear to any dispassionate thinker. The beauty - of my procedure seemed to consist in its perfect quietness. There was - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This detailed list of what he did NOT do suggests that he had considered each of these actions thoroughly, but each would have been emotional and "disorderly."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">no vulgar bullying</a>, no bravado of any sort, no choleric hectoring - and striding to and fro across the apartment, jerking out vehement commands - for Bartleby to bundle himself off with his beggarly traps. Nothing of - the kind. Without loudly bidding Bartleby depart--as <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Wow, he IS proud of himself. Such pride "goeth before a fall."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">an - inferior genius</a> might have done--I assumed the ground that - depart he must; and upon the assumption built all I had to say. The more - I thought over my procedure, the more I was charmed with it. Nevertheless, - next morning, upon awakening, I had my doubts,--I had somehow slept off - the fumes of vanity. One of the coolest and wisest hours a man has, is - just after he awakes in the morning. My procedure seemed as sagacious as - ever,--but only in theory. How it would prove in practice--there was the - rub. It was truly a beautiful thought to have assumed Bartleby's departure; - but, after all, that assumption was simply my own, and none of Bartleby's. - The great point was, not whether I had assumed that he would quit me, but - whether he would prefer so to do. He was more a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Bartleby prefers; the lawyer assumes! Clearly the question here is which has the most power, and deep down, the lawyer knows that Bartleby is the stronger. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">man - of preferences than assumptions</a>.</p> - <p>After breakfast, I walked down town, arguing the probabilities pro and - con. One moment I thought it would prove a miserable failure, and Bartleby - would be found all alive at my office as usual; the next moment it seemed - certain that I should see his chair empty. And so I kept veering about. - At the corner of Broadway and Canal- street, I saw quite an excited group - of people standing in earnest conversation.</p> - <p>"I'll take odds he doesn't," said a voice as I passed.</p> - <p>"Doesn't go?--done!" said I, "put up your money."</p> - <p>I was instinctively putting my hand in my pocket to produce my own, when - I remembered that this was an election day. The words I had overheard bore - no reference to Bartleby, but to the success or non-success of some candidate - for the mayoralty. In my intent frame of mind, I had, as it were, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('His obsession with Bartleby has led him to assume it is shared by everyone.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">imagined - that all Broadway shared in my excitement</a>, and were debating - the same question with me. I passed on, very thankful that the uproar of - the street screened my momentary absent-mindedness.</p> - <p>As I had intended, I was earlier than usual at my office door. I stood - listening for a moment. All was still. He must be gone. I tried the knob. - The door was locked. Yes, my procedure had worked to a charm; he indeed - must be vanished. Yet a certain melancholy mixed with this: I was <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Again, he is experiencing conflicting emotions. He wants Bartleby to leave but he has also bonded with him without meaning to. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">almost - sorry for my brilliant success</a>. I was fumbling under the - door mat for the key, which Bartleby was to have left there for me, when - accidentally my knee knocked against a panel, producing a summoning sound, - and in response a voice came to me from within--"Not yet; I am occupied."</p> - <p>It was Bartleby.</p> - <p>I was thunderstruck. For an instant I stood <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('This happened at Berkeley plantation to the young statesman, Benjamin Harrison. He was holding a child and another was hanging on to his leg as he lowered a window; all were killed by the lightning. Perhaps Melville knew this story.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">like - the man who, pipe in mouth, was killed</a> one cloudless afternoon - long ago in Virginia, by summer lightning; at his own warm open window - he was killed, and remained leaning out there upon the dreamy afternoon, - till some one touched him, when he fell. "Not gone!" I murmured at last. - But again obeying that <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here he is acknowledging Bartleby\'s strange power over him. He can no longer avoid the issue and talk his way out of it.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">wondrous - ascendancy</a> which the inscrutable scrivener had over me, and - from which ascendancy, for all my chafing, I could not completely escape, - I slowly went down stairs and out into the street, and while walking round - the block, considered what I should next do in this unheard-of-perplexity. - Turn the man out by an actual thrusting I could not; to drive him away - by calling him hard names would not do; calling in the police was an unpleasant - idea; and yet, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Here it becomes quite clear that this has been a power struggle, and that Bartleby in some way is winning. Yet he is "cadaverous," deathlike. Does he represent a death-in-life? Is this what terrifies the lawyer?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">permit - him</a> to enjoy his cadaverous triumph over me,--this too I - could not think of. What was to be done? or, if nothing could be done, - was there any thing further that I could <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The idea of making assumptions about Bartleby has become very important. He cannot assume that he understands Bartleby\'s behavior, and can thus change it, because that behavior is not usual and "rational."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">assume</a> in the matter? Yes, as before - I had prospectively assumed that Bartleby would depart, so now I might - retrospectively assume that departed he was. In the legitimate carrying - out of this assumption, I might enter my office in a great hurry, and pretending - not to see Bartleby at all, walk straight against him as if he were air. - Such a proceeding would in a singular degree have the appearance of a - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is the second time this word has been used in the paragraph. Some readers see sexual undertones in this struggle between the two. Or it could be military imagery again (the thrust of the sword?) ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">home-thrust</a>. It was hardly possible that Bartleby could withstand - such an application of the doctrine of assumptions. But upon second thoughts - the success of the plan seemed rather dubious. I resolved to argue the - matter over with him again.</p> - <p>Bartleby," said I, entering the office, with a quietly severe expression. - "I am seriously displeased. I am pained, Bartleby. I had thought better - of you. I had imagined you of such a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Bartleby is far beyond responding to insults, even gentle ones like this. He cannot be humiliated; his determined self-respect is too strong for that.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">gentlemanly - organization</a>, that in any delicate dilemma a slight hint - would suffice--in short, an assumption. But it appears I am deceived. Why," - I added, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His shock at seeing the money lying there shows that he just now realizes that he cannot buy Bartleby off.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">unaffectedly - starting</a>, "you have not even touched the money yet," pointing - to it, just where I had left it the evening previous.</p> - <p>He answered nothing.</p> - <p>"Will you, or will you not, quit me?" I now demanded in a <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('His strong feelings are now exposed, and he invades Bartleby\'s territory again.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">sudden - passion</a>, advancing close to him.</p> - <p>"I would prefer <i>not</i> to quit you," he replied, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Notice the contrasting emotion here. In fact, the word "gentle" has been applied to him several times already. He is no raving maniac!', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">gently - emphasizing</a> the<i> not</i>.</p> - <p>"What <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In a society based on the power of private property, he is correct. But does it not imply that there may be other, even higher rights?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">earthly - right</a> have you to stay here? do you pay any rent? Do you - pay my taxes? Or is this property yours?"</p> - <p>He answered nothing.</p> - <p>"Are you ready to go on and write now? Are your eyes recovered? Could - you copy a small paper for me this morning? or help examine a few lines? - or step round to the post-office? In a word, will you do any thing at all, - to give a coloring to your refusal to depart the premises?"</p> - <p>He <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Bartleby has no answer to these questions because he does not recognize their validity. Note that hermitage is used again. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">silently - retired into his hermitage</a>.</p> - <p>I was now in such a state of nervous resentment that I thought it but - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why is this prudent? Isn\'t this a rather mild word considering the force of his anger? Evidently he does not trust himself at this point to be "reasonable."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">prudent</a>to check myself at present from further demonstrations. Bartleby - and I were alone. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The printer Samuel Adams was ax murdered by John C. Colt in 1841 when Adams tried to collect a debt. Colt apparently crated Adams\'s body to ship to New Orleans. Shortly before he was scheduled to hang, he married his mistress in his jail cell and was found stabbed to death soon afterward. Colt would seem to have led a far more interesting life than the lawyer!', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - remembered</a> the tragedy of the unfortunate Adams and the still - more unfortunate Colt in the solitary office of the latter; and how poor - Colt, being dreadfully incensed by Adams, and imprudently permitting himself - to get wildly excited, was at unawares hurried into his <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He probably fears that he would be tempted to do the same rash act.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">fatal - act</a>--an act which certainly <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('This is his assumption; there\'s no particular evidence that it was true for Colt (as it would have been true for the lawyer had he done something similar).', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">no - man could possibly deplore</a> more than the actor himself. Often - it had occurred to me in my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why would he have spent so much time thinking about this case?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">ponderings</a> upon the subject, that had - that altercation taken place in the public street, or at a private residence, - it would not have terminated as it did. It was the circumstance of being - alone in a solitary office, up stairs, of a building entirely unhallowed - by humanizing domestic associations--an <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Undoubtedly he sees parallels here. He seems to be learning how to imagine a situation of someone quite different from himself very vividly. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">uncarpeted - office</a>, doubtless of a dusty, haggard sort of appearance;--this - it must have been, which greatly helped to enhance the irritable desperation - of the hapless Colt.</p> - <p>But when this <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Perhaps he is speaking of original sin, finding in himself a urge to murder. However, it was Adam\'s son, Cain, who resented and then murdered his brother.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">old - Adam of resentment</a> rose in me and tempted me concerning Bartleby, - I grappled him and threw him. How? Why, simply by recalling the <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('This Christian injunction conflicts with the principles of private property, ownership, and power he has been operating from previously. He is reminded that he is Bartleby\'s brother, in a sense, not a vengeful god', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">divine - injunction</a>: "A new commandment give I unto you, that ye - love one another." Yes, this it was that saved me. Aside from higher considerations, - charity often operates as <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He misses the point. The "injunction" says one should love one another (as brothers), not with the promise that it will be advantageous and prudent to do so. Is it love for Bartleby that motivates him or fear that he might be "imprudent" enough to murder him?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a - vastly wise and prudent</a> principle--a great safeguard to its - possessor. Men have committed murder for jealousy's sake, and anger's sake, - and hatred's sake, and selfishness' sake, and spiritual pride's sake; but - no man that ever I heard of, ever <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('which he seems to feel he is on the ver', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">committed - a diabolical murder</a> for sweet charity's sake. <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('That was not what Jesus had in mind! If Bartleby has been "sent" to teach him the lesson of brotherhood, the lawyer hasn\'t yet fully comprehended it, and is still deeply concerned with his own welfare. Is this true charity, to do something for "mere self interest"? Is that the kind of charity you would like to be the beneficiary of?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Mere - self-interest</a>, then, if no better motive can be enlisted, - should, especially with high-tempered men, prompt all beings to charity - and philanthropy. At any rate, upon the occasion in question, I strove - to <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He may say that Bartleby is a "poor fellow," but at this point he is primarily interested in calming himself down so that he won\'t murder him. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">drown - my exasperated feelings</a> towards the scrivener by benevolently - construing his conduct. Poor fellow, poor fellow! thought I, he don't mean - any thing; and besides, he has seen hard times, and ought to be indulged.</p> - <p>I endeavored also immediately to occupy myself, and at the same time - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is very deeply affected by what has happened, but again he tries to ignore it, and wallow in wishful fantasy.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to comfort my despondency.</a>I tried to fancy that in the course of the - morning, at such time as might prove agreeable to him, Bartleby, of his - own free accord, would emerge from his hermitage, and take up some decided - line of march in the direction of the door. But no. Half-past twelve o'clock - came; Turkey began to glow in the face, overturn his inkstand, and become - generally obstreperous; Nippers abated down into quietude and courtesy; - Ginger Nut munched his noon apple; and Bartleby remained standing at his - window in one of his profoundest <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('These two words are completely linked by this point. Bartleby is facing a real wall; the lawyer is facing the equally immovable wall that Bartleby presents him.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">deadwall</a> reveries. <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('This is a strange phrase, one which has financial tones. Does he mean that he might be credited with his good behavior (for not killing Bartleby\ either on earth, by his employees and others recognizing his great restraint?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Will - it be credited?</a> Ought I to acknowledge it? That afternoon - I left the office without saying one further word to him.</p> - <p>Some days now passed, during which, at leisure intervals I looked a little - into <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Neither Jonathan Edwards, a Puritan minister, or Joseph Priestley, an English scientist, believed that man has totally free will. Perhaps the lawyer would like to believe that none of this is his fault, and that it was fated to happen. This way he would have to take no responsibility for what has happened and will happen.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Edwards - on the Will,</a>" and "Priestly on Necessity." Under the circumstances, - those books induced a salutary feeling. Gradually I <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('now look who\'s sliding! He doesn\'t exactly choose to believe this, but it certainly does work for him to appease his conscience.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">slid - into the persuasion</a> that these troubles of mine touching - the scrivener, had been all <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('By whom? God? fate? natural law? That does get him off the hook though.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">predestinated - from eternity</a>, and Bartleby was <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('sent to live with, as soldiers may be billeted with citizens. Again, he uses military imagery. As you think about why, consider that the military is highly hierarchical, with superiors giving orders to inferiors which are supposed to be accepted without question.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">billeted</a> upon me for some mysterious - purpose of an all-wise Providence, which it was not for a mere mortal like - me to fathom. Yes, Bartleby, stay there behind your screen, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('However, he does not say this.', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" - class="popup">thought - I</a>; I shall persecute you no more; you are harmless and noiseless - as any of these old chairs; in short, I never feel so private as when I - know you are here. At least I see it, I feel it; I penetrate to the predestinated - purpose of my life. I am content. Others may have loftier parts to enact; - but <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He\'s being very philosophical, resigning himself to the will of fate or Providence. Of course, he may also be being ironic, even laughing at himself. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my - mission</a> in this world, Bartleby, is to furnish you with office-room - for such period as you may see fit to remain.</p> - <p>I believe that this wise and blessed frame of mind would have continued - with me, had it not been for the unsolicited and uncharitable remarks obtruded - upon me by <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The lawyer is very aware of the opinions of others (recall his feelings about how his clerks dressed). Since his benevolence is primarily based on self-interest, it seems logical that it will also be challenged by other self-interests.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">my - professional friends</a> who visited the rooms. But thus it often - is, that the constant friction of illiberal minds wears out at last the - best resolves of the more <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is he generous? Or avoiding the issue--again?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">generous</a>. Though to be sure, when - I reflected upon it, it was not strange that people entering my office - should be struck by the peculiar aspect of the unaccountable Bartleby, - and so be tempted to throw out some sinister observations concerning him. - Sometimes an attorney having business with me, and calling at my office, - and finding no one but the scrivener there, would undertake to obtain some - sort of precise information from him touching my whereabouts; but without - heeding his <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('"Idle" is very much like "trivial," the sort of business Bartleby will have nothing to do with.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">idle - talk,</a> Bartleby would remain standing immovable in the middle - of the room. So after contemplating him in that position for a time, the - attorney would depart, no wiser than he came.</p> - <p>Also, when a Reference was going on, and the room full of lawyers and - witnesses and business was driving fast; some deeply occupied legal gentleman - present, seeing Bartleby wholly unemployed, would request him to run round - to his (the legal gentleman's) office and fetch some papers for him. Thereupon, - Bartleby would tranquilly decline, and remain idle as before. Then the - lawyer would give a great stare, and turn to me. And what could I say? - At last I was made aware that all through the circle of my professional - acquaintance, a whisper of wonder was running round, having reference to - the strange creature I kept at my office. This <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('as it would any prudent man anxious to keep up good appearances.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">worried - me very much</a>. And as the idea came upon me of his possibly - turning out a long-lived man, and keep occupying my chambers, and <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Is this the crux of the problem', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" - class="popup">denying - my authority</a>; and perplexing my visitors; and scandalizing - my professional reputation; and casting a general gloom over the premises; - keeping soul and body together to the last upon his savings (for doubtless - he spent but half a dime a day), and in the end perhaps <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Why would he fancy that Bartleby would outlive him and "claim possession"? Notice that he is worried that Bartleby would continue to live. Is he thus wishing his death as a way of solving his problem?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">outlive - me</a>, and claim possession of my office by right of his perpetual - occupancy: as all these dark anticipations crowded upon me more and more, - and my friends continually intruded their relentless remarks upon the apparition - in my room; a great change was wrought in me. I resolved to gather all - my faculties together, and for ever rid me of this <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('an evil spirit or person who oppresses like a nightmare. Clearly he\'s not feeling Christian brotherhood at this point, for he has demonized him. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">intolerable - incubus</a>.</p> - <p>Ere revolving any complicated project, however, adapted to this end, I - first simply suggested to Bartleby the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is definitely a man who believes in propriety above all; Bartleby is not.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">propriety</a> of his permanent departure. - In a calm and serious tone, I commended the idea to his careful and mature - consideration. But having taken three days to meditate upon it, he apprised - me that his original determination remained the same; in short, that he - still preferred to <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note the Biblical language here. Is that significant?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">abide - with me</a>.</p> - <p>What shall I do? I now said to myself, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This seems to be his way of summoning courage to confront Bartleby! In a way, he is hiding behind his coat (a kind of wall?)', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">buttoning - up my coat</a> to the last button. What shall I do? what ought - I to do? what does conscience say I should do with this man, or rather - ghost. Rid myself of him, I must; go, he shall. But how? You will not thrust - him, the poor, pale, passive mortal,--you will not thrust such a helpless - creature out of your door? you will not <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His primary concern here seems to be dishonor to himself, not true conscience about the moral way to act. Again, he is most concerned about how others will judge him.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">dishonor - yourself</a> by such cruelty? No, I will not, I cannot do that. - Rather would I let him live and die here, and then <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Melville probably knew Poe\'s story "The Cask of Amontillado" in which the main character does exactly this--but before his "enemy" is dead. This image of "living" or "premature death" in Poe\'s story is rather appropriate for this one also. The lawyer still seems to be contemplating murder, in a way.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">mason - up his remains</a> in the wall. What then will you do? For all - your coaxing, he will not budge. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('At least he acknowledges that\'s what he\'s trying to do! Yet he also reluctantly admires Bartleby for his resisting temptation and sticking to his "preferences."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Bribes</a> he leaves under your own paperweight - on your table; in short, it is quite plain that he prefers<a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Bartleby isn\'t exactly "clinging," so why does the lawyer say this? This may represent more the psychological burden that he feels! ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup"> - to cling to you</a>.</p> - <p>Then something severe, something unusual must be done. What! surely you - will not have him collared by a constable, and commit his innocent pallor - to the common jail? And upon what ground could you procure such a thing - to be done?--a vagrant, is he? <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('His inner struggle goes on, as he considers possible legal, but inhumane, ways of solving the problem. It\'s true: he\'s not a vagrant! His answer is a legal one, based on the idea of trespassing on private property, which is the only legal answer. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">What!</a> he a vagrant, a wanderer, who - refuses to budge? It is because he will not be a vagrant, then, that you - seek to count him as a vagrant. That is too absurd. No visible means of - support: there I have him. Wrong again: for indubitably he does support - himself, and that is the only unanswerable proof that any man can show - of his possessing the means so to do. No more then. Since he will not quit - me, I must quit him. I will change my offices; I will move elsewhere; and - give him fair notice, that if I find him on my new premises I will then - proceed against him as a common trespasser.</p> - <p>Acting accordingly, next day I thus addressed him: "I find these chambers - too far from the City Hall; the air is unwholesome. In a word, I propose - to remove my offices next week, and shall no longer require your services. - I tell you this now, in order that you may seek another place."</p> - <p>He made no reply, and nothing more was said.</p> - <p>On the appointed day I engaged carts and men, proceeded to my chambers, - and having but little furniture, every thing was removed in a few hours. - Throughout, the scrivener remained standing behind <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Again we are reminded of this wall in the office. Why does he leave it for the end?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the - screen,</a> which I directed to be removed the last thing. It - was withdrawn; and being folded up like a huge folio, left him the <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Only at this point is the wall taken down, both in the room and to some degree, in the lawyer. Again, note the conjunction of immobility and aloneness.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">motionless - occupant of a naked room.</a> I stood in the entry watching him - a moment, while something from within me upbraided me.</p> - <p>I re-entered, with my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('A symbolic connection of money and his strong emotion.Why is his heart in his mouth? Is that because his smooth talking has not worked?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">hand - in my pocket--and--and my heart in my mouth.</a> - </p> - <p>"Good-bye, Bartleby; I am going--good-bye, and God some way bless you; - and take that," slipping something in his hand. But it dropped to the floor, - and then,<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why is it "strange to say"? What is this strong bond between them? Here we see his great conflict in feelings toward Bartleby. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">--strange - to say</a>--I tore myself from him whom I had so longed to be - rid of.</p> - <p>Established in my new quarters, for a day or two I kept the door locked, - and started at every footfall in the passages. When I returned to my rooms - after any little absence, I would pause at the threshold for an instant, - and attentively listen, ere applying my key. But these fears were needless. - Bartleby never came nigh me.</p> - <p>I thought all was going well, when a perturbed looking stranger visited - me, inquiring whether I was the person who had recently occupied rooms - at No.--Wall-street.</p> - <p>Full of forebodings, I replied that I was.</p> - <p>"Then, sir," said the <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Certainly he is taking the legalistic stance, insisting that legally the lawyer is responsible for his employee. This is the other side of the hierarchical equation; the master has some obligation to care for his servant. Note that the man uses the word "refuses" three times. That is much stronger than anything we have heard thus far about Bartleby\'s adamant stance.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">stranger, - who proved a lawyer</a>, "you are responsible for the man you - left there. He refuses to do any copying; he refuses to do any thing; he - says he prefers not to; and he refuses to quit the premises."</p> - <p>"I am very sorry, sir," said I, with assumed tranquillity, but an inward - tremor, "but, really, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Is this true? Does he feel no responsibility for Bartleby? Even though technically he has none, is that how he feels? His statement here is said to echo Saint Peter\'s denial of Christ in Mark 14:68, 70-71).', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the - man you allude to is nothing to me</a> --he is no relation or - apprentice of mine, that you should hold me responsible for him."</p> - <p>"In mercy's name, who is he?"</p> - <p>"I certainly cannot inform you. I know nothing about him. Formerly I employed - him as a copyist; but he has done nothing for me now for some time past."</p> - <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('An ironic phrase, considering that Bartleby is nothing if not thoroughly settled. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - shall settle him</a> then,--good morning, sir."</p> - <p>Several days passed, and I heard nothing more; and though I often felt - a charitable prompting to call at the place and see poor Bartleby, yet - a certain <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('For whatever reason, we have seen many examples of this "squeamish" unwillingness to confront Bartleby.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">squeamishness</a> of I know not what withheld - me.</p> - <p>All is over with him, by this time, thought I at last, when through another - week no further intelligence reached me. But coming to my room the day - after, I found several persons waiting at my door in a high state of nervous - excitement.</p> - <p>"That's the man--here he comes," cried the foremost one, whom recognized - as the lawyer who had previously called upon me alone.</p> - <p>"You must take him away, sir, at once," cried a portly person among them, - advancing upon me, and whom I knew to be the landlord of No.--Wall-street. - "These gentlemen, my tenants, cannot stand it any longer; Mr. B--" pointing - to the lawyer, "has turned him out of his room, and he now persists in - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('What else would a "ghost" or "apparition" do?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">haunting the building</a>generally, sitting upon the banisters of the - stairs by day, and sleeping in the entry by night. Every body is concerned; - clients are leaving the offices; <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Doesn\'t this seem a bit exaggerated? They seem to be as desperate as the lawyer was. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">some - fears are entertained of a mob</a>; something you must do, and - that without delay."</p> - <p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('They aren\'t the only people exaggerating! It does show how deep the narator\'s feelings are though.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Aghast - at this torment</a>, I fell back before it, and would fain have - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('They will not let him hide this time. Note that he wishes to hide behind the walls of his office to escape the problem.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">locked myself</a>in my new quarters. In vain I persisted that Bartleby - was nothing to me--no more than to any one else. In vain:--I was the last - person known to have any thing to do with him, and they held me to the - terrible account. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('For such a prudent man, this is a major threat. Exposure, or being thrust out from behind walls (of respectability) frightens him greatly. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Fearful - then of being exposed</a> in the papers (as one person present - obscurely threatened) I considered the matter, and at length said, that - if the lawyer would give me a confidential interview with the scrivener, - in his (the lawyer's) own room, I would that afternoon strive my best to - rid them of the nuisance they complained of.</p> - <p>Going up stairs to my old haunt, there was Bartleby silently sitting upon - the banister at the landing.</p> - <p>"What are you doing here, Bartleby?" said I.</p> - <p>"Sitting upon the banister," he mildly replied.</p> - <p>I motioned him into the lawyer's room, who then left us.</p> - <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This interchange is the most extended one they have ever had. Why does Bartleby say he is not particular? Is the problem that the lawyer cannot come up with a job that would suit Bartleby? Is there such a job? Note that he gets increasingly ironic, but Bartleby remains calm and serious, and adamant as ever.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Bartleby," - said I</a>, "are you aware that you are the cause of great tribulation - to me, by persisting in occupying the entry after being dismissed from - the office?"</p> - <p>No answer.</p> - <p>"Now one of two things must take place. Either you must do something or - something must be done to you. Now what sort of business would you like - to engage in? Would you like to re-engage in copying for some one?"</p> - <p>"No; I would prefer not to make any change."</p> - <p>"Would you like a clerkship in a dry-goods store?"</p> - <p>"There is too much confinement about that. No, I would not like a clerkship; - but I am not particular."</p> - <p>"Too much confinement," I cried, "why you keep yourself confined all the - time!"</p> - <p>"I would prefer not to take a clerkship," he rejoined, as if to settle - that little item at once.</p> - <p>"How would a bar-tender's business suit you? There is no trying of the - eyesight in that."</p> - <p>"I would not like it at all; though, as I said before, I am not particular."</p> - <p>His unwonted wordiness inspirited me. I returned to the charge.</p> - <p>"Well then, would you like to travel through the country collecting bills - for the merchants? That would improve your health."</p> - <p>"No, I would prefer to be doing something else."</p> - <p>"How then would going as a companion to Europe, to entertain some young - gentleman with your conversation,--how would that suit you?"</p> - <p>"Not at all. It does not strike me that there is any thing definite about - that. I like to be stationary. But I am not particular.</p> - <p>"Stationary you shall be then," I cried, now losing all patience, and - for the first time in all my exasperating connection with him fairly flying - into a passion. "If you do not go away from these premises before night, - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Perhaps this may be taken two ways, since he is clearly--and unwillingly--bound to Bartleby.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I shall feel bound</a>--indeed I am bound--to-- to--to quit the premises - myself!" I rather absurdly concluded, knowing not with what <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Again, he tries to use psychological force, wanting compliance but met but immobility.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">possible - threat to try to frighten</a> his immobility into compliance. - Despairing of all further efforts, I was precipitately leaving him, when - a final thought occurred to me--<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why then has he never mentioned it? Is this offer made out of love or out of desperation? Also, note the highly negative construction of the sentence. Perhaps he has been affected by Bartleby\'s negativism so much that it affects his language. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">one - which had not been wholly unindulged before.</a> - </p> - <p>"Bartleby," said I, in the kindest <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This indicates that his hospitality is all a ruse, an act. Perhaps Bartleby senses that. He\'s not going to give him an easy way out which will ease his conscience.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">tone - I could assume</a> under such exciting circumstances, "will you - go home with me now--not to my office, but my dwelling--and remain there - till we can conclude upon some convenient arrangement for you at our leisure? - Come, let us start now, right away."</p> - <p>"No: at present I would prefer not to make any change at all."</p> - <p>I answered nothing; but effectualy dodging every one by the <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He is in motion, but escaping from his problem as hard as he can. Is that so different from Bartleby\'s immobility, which is also a kind of escape?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">suddenness - and rapidity of my flight,</a> rushed from the building, ran - up Wall-street towards Broadway, and jumping into the first omnibus was - soon removed from pursuit. As soon as tranquility returned I distinctly - perceived that I had now done all that I possibly could, both in respect - to the demands of the landlord and his tenants, and with regard to my own - desire and sense of duty, to benefit Bartleby, and shield him from rude - persecution. I now strove to be entirely care-free and quiescent; and my - conscience justified me in the attempt; though indeed it was not so successful - as I could have wished. So fearful was I of being again hunted out by the - incensed landlord and his exasperated tenants, that, surrendering my business - to Nippers, for a few days I drove about the upper part of the town and - through the suburbs, in my rockaway; crossed over to Jersey City and Hoboken, - and paid fugitive visits to Manhattanville and Astoria. In fact I almost - lived in my <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('a carriage with open sides and top--not perhaps the most comfortable place to live! It is interesting that he meets Bartleby\'s "stationary" stance with pointless motion of his own. Also, note that he needs this because he lives in the suburbs, away from the callous materialism and injustices of the city.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">rockaway</a> for the time.</p> - <p>When again I entered my office, lo, a note from the landlord lay upon - desk. opened it with trembling hands. informed me that writer had sent - to police, and Bartleby removed <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('The Tombs is a name for the Halls of Justice (jail). However, it also carries symbolic power here, considering the death-in-life theme.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the - Tombs</a> as a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This is ironic, since the word means "a wanderer," and Bartleby is anything but that (although he is homeless). Note the previous comments the lawyer made on this subject.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">vagrant</a>. Moreover, since I knew more - about him than any one else, he wished me to appear at that place, and - make a suitable statement of the facts. These tidings had a conflicting - effect upon me. At first I was indignant; but at last almost approved. - The landlord's energetic, summary disposition, had led him to adopt a procedure - which I do not think I would have decided upon myself; and yet as a last - resort, under such peculiar circumstances, it seemed the only plan.</p> - <p>As I afterwards learned, the poor scrivener, when told that he must be - conducted to the Tombs, offered not the slightest obstacle, but in his - pale unmoving way, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Surely he preferred not to go! Why does he agree instead of resisting? Is it because it IS called the Tombs, and he knows that there (in death) he will not be disturbed? Also note the repeated use of "pale" throughout the story. Why is it used? One meaning of "pale" is "an area enclosed by a fence or boundary"; a "vagrant" would go "beyond the pale."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">silently - acquiesced.</a> - </p> - <p>Some of the compassionate and curious bystanders joined the party; and - headed by one of the constables arm in arm with Bartleby, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Note the contrast between their (funereal?) silence and the city noises. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">the - silent procession</a> filed its way through all the noise, and - heat, and joy of the roaring thoroughfares at noon.</p> - <p>The same day I received the note I went to the Tombs, or to speak more - properly, the Halls of Justice. Seeking the right officer, I stated the - purpose of my call, and was informed that the individual I described was - indeed within. I then assured the functionary that Bartleby was a perfectly - honest man, and greatly to be compassionated, however unaccountably eccentric. - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is trying to personalize Bartleby to a "functionary," whose job, like Bartleby\'s, requires that he not make any personal attachment. Is this likely to do any good? Or does it just relieve his conscience?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I narrated all I knew,</a>and closed by suggesting the idea of letting - him remain in as indulgent confinement as possible till something less - harsh might be done--though indeed I hardly knew what. At all events, if - nothing else could be decided upon, the alms-house must receive him. I - then begged to have an interview.</p> - <p>Being under no disgraceful charge, and quite serene and harmless in all - his ways, they had permitted him freely to wander about the prison, and - especially in the inclosed grass-platted yards thereof. And so I found - him there, standing all alone in the quietest of the yards, his face - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is outside, yet even in this natural setting he is enclosed and facing a wall. There is grass here though (remember the green screen?)', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">towards a high wall</a>, while all around, from the narrow slits of the - jail windows, I thought <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('This may be his vivid imagination at work. They may be looking out windows but they are seeing a person, not a dead brick wall.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - saw peering out upon him the eyes of murderers and thieves.</a> - </p> - <p>"Bartleby!"</p> - <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Perhaps he does, even better than the lawyer knows himself.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I - know you</a>," he said, without looking round,--"and I want - nothing to say to you."</p> - <p>"It was not I that brought you here, Bartleby," said I, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Note his strong emotion here; Bartleby\'s opinion of him matters very much to him.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">keenly - pained</a> at his implied suspicion. "And to you, this should - not be so vile a place. Nothing reproachful attaches to you by being here. - And see, <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Who does he think he\'s fooling? ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">it - is not so sad</a> a place as one might think. Look, there is - the sky, and here is the grass."</p> - <p>"I know where I am," he replied, but would say nothing more, and so I - left him.</p> - <p>As I entered the corridor again, a broad <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Again, an image of food.', STICKY)" onmouseout="nd();" - class="popup">meat-like - </a>man in an apron, accosted me, and jerking his thumb over - his shoulder said--"Is that <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Notice that he is now claiming Bartleby as a friend, not a former employee.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">your - friend</a>?"</p> - <p>"Yes."</p> - <p>"Does he want to starve? If he does, let him live on the prison fare, - that's all.</p> - <p>"Who are you?" asked I, not knowing what to make of such an <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('The lawyer is much more comfortable with officials.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">unofficially - speaking person</a> in such a place.</p> - <p>"I am the grub-man. Such gentlemen as have friends here, hire me to provide - them with something good to eat."</p> - <p>"Is this so?" said I, turning to the turnkey.</p> - <p>He said it was.</p> - <p>"Well then," said I, slipping some silver into the grub-man's hands (for - so they called him). "I want you to give particular attention to my friend - there; let him have the best dinner you can get. And you must be as polite - to him as possible."</p> - <p>"Introduce me, will you?" said the grub-man, looking at me with an expression - which seemed to say he was all impatience for an opportunity to give a - specimen of his breeding.</p> - <p>Thinking it would prove of benefit to the scrivener, I acquiesced; and - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('But he doesn\'t use the name, and keeps calling him the "grub-man."', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">asking the grub-man his name</a>, went up with him to Bartleby.</p> - <p>"Bartleby, this is <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he call him that? It seems to devalue his own claiming of friendship with Bartleby.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a - friend; </a>you will find him very useful to you."</p> - <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Like Turkey, he makes all the sounds of subservience.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Your - sarvant</a>, sir, your sarvant," said the grub-man, making a - low salutation behind his apron. "Hope you find it <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Why does he say this? Is he assuming that Bartleby is too crazy to know where he really is?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">pleasant - here</a>, sir;--spacious grounds--cool apartments, sir--hope - you'll stay with us some time--try to make it agreeable. What will you - have for dinner today?"</p> - <p>"I prefer not to dine to-day," said Bartleby, turning away. "It would - disagree with me; I am unused to dinners." So saying he slowly moved to - the other side of the inclosure, and took up <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Just like the position he had assumed in the lawyer\'s office (although at the beginning, the placement of the desk forced him to look at the dead wall). Now it is clearly voluntary. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">a - position</a> fronting the dead-wall.</p> - <p>"How's this?" said the grub-man, addressing me with a stare of astonishment. - "He's odd, aint he?"</p> - <p>"I think he is a little deranged," said I, sadly.</p> - <p>"Deranged? deranged is it? Well now, upon my word, I thought that friend - of yourn was a <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('a forger is someone who also writes the words of others, representing them as his own. There is a relationship with the scrivener, but he is honest about the words not being his own; he does not plagiarize.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">gentleman - forger</a>; they are always pale and genteel-like, them forgers. - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('He is like the lawyer here, except that the lawyer would not pity a dishonest person. Perhaps the grub-man is even more compassionate. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">I can't help pity 'em</a>--can't help it, sir. Did you know Monroe Edwards?" - he added touchingly, and paused. Then, laying his hand pityingly on my - shoulder, sighed, "he died of consumption at Sing-Sing. so you weren't - acquainted with Monroe?"</p> - <p>"No, I was never socially acquainted with any forgers. But I cannot stop - longer. Look to my friend yonder. You will not lose by it. I will see you - again."</p> - <p>Some few days after this, I again obtained admission to the Tombs, and - went through the corridors in quest of Bartleby; but without finding him.</p> - <p>"I saw him coming from his cell not long ago," said a turnkey, "may be - he's gone to loiter in the yards."</p> - <p>So I went in that direction.</p> - <p>"Are you looking for the silent man?" said another turnkey passing me. - "Yonder he lies--sleeping in the yard there. 'Tis not twenty minutes since - I saw him lie down."</p> - <p>The yard was entirely quiet. It was not accessible to the common prisoners. - The surrounding walls, of amazing thickness, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Again there is silence behind walls.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">kept - off all sound</a> behind them. The <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('The Egyptians, of course, were obsessed with death (and masonry). This is appropriate architecture for the Tombs.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Egyptian - character</a> of the masonry weighed upon me with its gloom. - But a soft <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In the midst of death there is life. Perhaps even in this sad death there is some hope and life for the narrator. Is that possible? At the "heart" of the "eternal pyramids," where death lies enshrined, is life from above?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">imprisoned - turf</a> grew under foot. The heart of the eternal pyramids, - it seemed, wherein, by some strange magic, through the clefts, grass-seed, - dropped by birds, had sprung.</p> - <p>Strangely huddled at the base of the wall, <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('He\'s in a fetal position, and at the base of the impenetrable wall. In the Brittanica film, his hands are pressed together, as if praying---obviously an interpretive directorial decision.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">his - knees drawn up</a>, and lying on his side, his head touching - the cold stones, I saw the wasted Bartleby. But nothing stirred. I paused; - then went close up to him; stooped over, and saw that his dim eyes were - open; otherwise he seemed profoundly sleeping. Something prompted me - <a - href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Only when he is dead does he touch him, and the touch affects his whole body.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">to touch him</a>. I felt his hand, when a tingling shiver ran up my arm - and down my spine to my feet.</p> - <p>The round face of the grub-man peered upon me now. "His dinner is ready. - Won't he dine to-day, either? Or does he live without dining?"</p> - <p>"Lives without dining," said I, and closed the eyes.</p> - <p>"Eh!--He's asleep, aint he?"</p> - <p>"<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('In other words, he is dead and with the great. The phrase comes from Job 3:14 where Job, in his sufferings, wishes he were "at rest, With kings and counsellors of the earth which built desolate places for themselve', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">With - kings and counsellors</a>," murmured I.</p> - <p>* * * * * * * *</p> - <p>There would seem little need for proceeding further in this history. Imagination - will readily supply the meagre recital of poor Bartleby's interment. But - ere parting with the reader, let me say, that if this little narrative - has sufficiently interested him, to awaken curiosity as to who Bartleby - was, and what manner of life he led prior to the present narrator's making - his acquaintance, I can only reply, that in such curiosity I fully share, - but am wholly unable to gratify it. Yet here I hardly know whether I should - divulge <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Note that he does not know if this is true. Perhaps his hesitancy in reporting it is because he sees it in such emotional terms, and he doesn\'t wish to reveal himself.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">one - little item of rumor</a>, which came to my ear a few months - after the scrivener's decease. Upon what basis it rested, I could never - ascertain; and hence how true it is I cannot now tell. But inasmuch as - this vague report has not been without a certain strange <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('In other words, it elicits ideas and feelings which reverberate with his own.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">suggestive - interest</a> to me, however said, it may prove the same with - some others; and so I will briefly mention it. The report was this: that - Bartleby had been a subordinate clerk in the <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('"Dead letters" are those which cannot be delivered for various reasons. Since this was in Washington, D.C. perhaps it indicts the legal profession and/or politicians who were passing laws to buttress the dying institution of slavery.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Dead - Letter Office</a> at <a href="http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/%7Ezeke/bartleby/parker.html" - target="_blank">Washington</a>, from which he had been suddenly removed - by a change in the administration. When I think over this rumor, I cannot - adequately express the emotions which seize me. <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib('Perhaps it does sound like dead men, in the context of this story and what the narrator has come to understand about himself and humanity.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Dead - letters!</a> does it not sound like dead men? Conceive a man - by nature and misfortune prone to a pallid hopelessness, can any business - seem more fitted to heighten it than that of continually handling these - dead letters and assorting them for the flames? For by the cart-load they - are annually burned. <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Notice the stories which the narrator associates with these letters--all tragic stories of blocked communications. Since he is creating the stories, it seems clear that he has been touched deeply by his experience with Bartleby. Could the lawyer at the beginning of the story, as he pictured himself, have imagined such personal tragedies?', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Sometimes</a> from out the folded paper - the pale clerk takes a ring:--the bank-note sent in swiftest charity:--he - whom it would relieve, nor eats nor hungers any more; pardon for those - who died despairing; hope for those who died unhoping; good tidings for - those who died stifled by unrelieved calamities. <a href="javascript:void(0);" - onclick="return overlib(' Some readers interpret this as suggesting that Bartleby has sped to death on an errand of bringing life to the narrator, and thus see him as a kind of Christ figure. Certainly the narrator has come to experience the reality of death deeply. ', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">On - errands of life, these letters speed to death.</a> - </p> - <p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="return overlib('Why does he equate Bartleby with humanity? What does the "Ah" suggest? This statement, which seems to be very emotional, seems to reveal a person quite changed from the one who began this story. Has he been transformed? Some readers think not, and that he despairs for the fate of humanity. Others find this a mockery of the typical sentimental ending of stories published in<i> Harper\'s</i> (as this one was.) Your decision.', STICKY)" - onmouseout="nd();" class="popup">Ah - Bartleby! Ah humanity</a>!</p> - </td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - </center> - <p></p> - <center> - <img src="../bar.gif" width="535" height="15" border="0" align="middle"/> - <p> -<a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby/bartleby.html">Text Without Notes</a> -<br/> <a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby/web-hm.htm">Melville Web Links</a> - </p> - <p> - <img src="../bar.gif" width="535" height="15" border="0" align="middle"/> - </p> - <p> <a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb"><img src="../myhome.jpg" width="50" height="21" border="0" align="middle"/></a> - </p> - </center> - </body> - -</html> |